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I
THE
GENERAL GAZETTEER;
OR, COMPENDIOUS
GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.
^
•«•
5*i.*
CONTAiMiNO
A DESCRIPTION OF THE
EMPIRES, KINGDOMS, STATES, PROVINCES, CITIES, TOWNS, FORTS, SEAS,
HARBOifRS, RIVERS, LAKES, MOUNTAINS, CAPES, ftc.
IN THE
KNOWN WORLD; s
WITH THE
GOVERNMENT, CUSTOMS, MANNERS, AND RELIGION OF THE
INHABITANTS)
TKX
Extent, Boundaries, and Natural Productions of each Country) i;he
Trade, Manufactures, and Curiosities of the Cities and Towns; their
Longitude, Latitude, Bearings and Distances in Englilh Miles from
remarkable Places} and the various Events by which they have been ^i^ingui(hed.
INCLVPING
An Account Qf the Counties, Cities, Boroughs, Market-tqw.ns, and
principal Villages, in Great Britain and Ireland.
ILLUSTRATED BY MAp^
OlICINAtty wbittbn
By R. BROOKES, M. D.
THE TENTH EDITION,
' with additions akd improvements.
LONDON:
printed for B. law, C. DILLY, J. JOHNSON, C. O. AND J. ROBINSON,
W. RICHARDSON, OGILVY AND SON, F. AND C. RIVINCTON, P. WYNKR,
R. BALDWIN, W. LOWNDES, J. SCATCHERD, W. BENT, C. AND T. WILKIE,
T. KAY, J. NUNN, T. N. LONGMAN, VERNOR AND HOOD, B. CROSBY, CADELL
AND OAV^IES, LBB AND HURST, AKD MURRAY AMD HtGHLBY.
"Jl"
.'•'.•'
/
. .1 * ■•'
••:^,'.i'i:/;i
Advirtisement /<? /^^ TjNTH Edition.
This edition has been carefully ^^jfed and corrected -y federal-
hundred new articles are addedy other conftderable improvements
introduced y and the various events brought down to OBober 1796:
it is aljo illujirated by a new Jet of map y with the Eaft and Weft.
Indies in addition to thofe given with the former editions. <- ^
*#* The Maps given with this work arty the World, placed before the
5 Europe, Afra, Africa, A^or/^ America, South America, Eaft
• iiu. .J, At\A fFe/i ltiC^*iS, placed before their refpe£five Defcript ions*
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'i fever a(
'ovementj
er 1796;
before the
rica, ^<7/?
■',■'«■
' -ft r
PREFACE
TO THE EIGHTH EDITION,
■.">
S the fcience of Geography is in a conftant ftatc of improvement*
either from new ciifcoverics in the globe, or from the new points
of view in whiclj objcdls already known may be confidered, a work of
this nature muft require frequent rcviOon. in proportion as the fpirit
of enterprrfe, and perfeverance of rcfearch, continue to exhibit new
<iifcoveries, it ts our duty to apply with adiduity to the various fources
of information ; and to enrich cuir work by an interefting felc6lion of
Jfuch objects as may c-laim attention, not merdy from their novelty, but
from their importance in a delineation of the workL, and the hiilory of
the human race.
In one refped, in the geography of an extenfive country, the annals
of literature have not prefentcd a more important objedl of attention
than the great revolution in France. In other countries, hiilory has
not often to record more than a change in the form of government, or
the transfer of dominion from one family to another. TThe revolution
in queilion, or, more properiy fpeaking, the fubverfion, has operated
on every pofTible objeo. The deflruaion of a monarchy which had
fubflded for ages; the abolition of all di(Hn£lions of rank ; the con>
iifcation of the wealth of the mod powerful ecclefiaflical orders; a total
change in the fentiments, habits, and manners of the people ; and the
introdudion of principles, the tiltinr'ite operations of which the moft
acute penetration cannot difcern — theae are topics which we leave to
the difciiflion of the hidoriari and politician. Connected with thefe,
however, is another important circumdance, which claims the indif*
pen(able attention of the geographer. The local divifion of the country
has iikewiiie undergone a great revolution: indead of the former divi-
lion anto provinces, or military governments, it is now fotmed into
eiglTty-<hree departments, fubdivided into diflri6ls, cantons, and muni-
■cipaiities. To underftand the events of the prefent period, it became
jieceffary, in coiirfe, to introduce this new divifion into our Gazetteer;
but, at tne fame time, for the ilKidration of former hiftories, it appeared
equally expedient to reta'm the names of the late provinces. In the
account of every town, therefore, the name of its department is firft
mentioned, and then that of the late province ; and all alterations intro>
duced in each place by the revolution have been careftiUy noticed. Wc
have derived our information on this fubjedl from the " Nouvelle Geo-
graphie de la France," recently piublilhed.
1 he revolutions in Poland, by which that country has fuflained fuch
a diminution of territory and power, and the different provinces, tranf-
ferred, in confequence, to the dominion of Ruflia, Aultria, and PrufTia,
are diftindlly noticed. ;, . ; ;
L *_.. '■ ■ A 3 • t^* •■ ■
12724;; .
IV
PREFACE.
M
K
The late new dlvifion of the vaft empire of Ruilla into forty-on«
|overnnientSy with the acquifition of the Crimea, and other territories
from the Turks, has likcwife been introduced, for the firft time, into
any work of this kind. It may be added, that, in the defcription o^
almoft all the towns in the nortn of Europe, the reader may find much
new information. ^JX
In the geography of the Eafl Indies we have hitherto, in coirimon
with our competitors, been extremely deficient. The ufual divilion of
thofe vaft regions was eToneous; many important places were omitted;
and fuch as were noticed were uniformly faid tobe'uider the dominion
of a fovc'cign, the Great Mogul, whofc authority, in la6l, was merely
nominal, even in the fmall territory of Delhi, to which his once cx-
tcnfive empire is reduced. If we now claim a diftinguifhed fuptriority
in this refpeft, it may be fufficicnt to add, that this is the only Gazetteer
in which have been introduced the new acquKiiions in the geography of
this country, for which the world has recently been indebted to the in-
defatigable major Rennell.
To the fame judicious author we are likewife oblige I for much curi-
ous information refpefling the Caucafian naticns between the Black Sea
and the Cafpian, as well as for the alliltance he has afforded to the
members of the African afTociatioh, in digeftliig the accounts they have
received of fome of the interior parts of that quarter of the globe.
The late voyages to New South Wales have been confultcd, and fomc
newly difcovered iflands in the South Pacific Ocean are now inferted.
With refpeft to North America, we are indebted to Mr. Morfe's
American Geography for the infertion of many cities, towns, lakes,,
and rivers, which appear in no other Gazetteer. - '
In Great Britain, arid particularly in Scotland, great part of our work
■will be found confiderably improved, if not intirely new : moft of the
lakes, in both parts of theiiland, are inferted for the firfl time: and parr
ticular attention has been paid to the noble improvements in the inland
navigation of the two countries. It is but juft to acknowledge here,
that we have derived much valuable information from two excellent
works, ** England Delineated," by J. Aikin, M. D. and " Scotlan4
Delineated," by an anonymous aiithor.
The articles that were not in the laft edition of this work amount
to confiderably more than one thoufand ; and a great number of articles,
particlarly in Swiflerland and Italy, have been either newly written, or
greatly improved.
Another important obje<El was to bring down the events by which
each place has been dilHnguifhed, to the clofe of the year 1793. This
has been done in every part, which was not a£lually printed off at the
time when the event occurred. — In a word, no pains have been fpared
to render this eftablifhed work worthy of the reputation it has acquired,
and fuperior to every attempt of the kind, not only in extent and variety,
but in authenticity and accuracy of information,
' ^794- r '""■■
-■••■( ♦ I ■ '\.
•F
•I V
A iu;
'3 ii
\
Mom
AN INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHY.
TH E fcience which treats of the conftruftion, figure, difpofition, and
relation of all parts of the univerfc, is called Cosmography ; that is,
a defcription of th. world : and as the univerfe is reprefented by the celeftial
and terreftrial globes, cofmography has two principal parts; namely, Astro-
nomy, which is the fcience of the celelHal bodies; and Geography, which
is a defcription of the earthi As thefe two fciences have, in many re(pe^«
a neteflary connexion, we Ihall take a curfory view of each* * ' . re • - . j
' •'' ' 0/ the Vr.i'verfe. ' •^. '' •'"- ' -^ -'- ' .
Astronomy is a fcience, which has been the ftudy and admiration of the
moft remote ages. The true fvftcm of the univerfe was known in the earlieil
times. Pythagoras, in particular, who flouriflied near 500 years before
Chrift, was undoubtedly acquainted with the prefent do^rine of the plane-
tary motions, which be is liippofed to have learned during his rendence
with fome more enlightened nations iu the Eaft. His di(ciples not only
taught, that the earth had a diurnal muiian on its own axis, and annually
revolved, with other planets, round th- San, but gave fuch an account of
the comets as is agreeable to modern difcoverics. The heavens and ftars
they fuppofed quie^ent ; and their apparent diurnal motion firom eaft to weft
was imputed to the Earth's motion from weft to eaft. Hefice this dod^rine,
ibr many ages, was called the Pythagorean Syftcm. It was followed by
Philolaus, Plato, Archimedes, and others, but loft under the reign of the
Pexipatctic philofophy, when the P^oicmaic Syftem (fo called from Ptolemy,
an Egyptian philolopher, who lived about 138 years after Chrift) was uni-
verfally adopted. This fyftem fuppofes the Eartb at reft in the centre of the
univerfe, and that the heavens revolve round it from eaft to weft, carrying
all the celefHal bodies along with them, in twenty- four hours. Among the
ancient philofophers, the principal aflertors of this fyftem are Arittotlc and
Hipparcnus. Being confonant to appearances, it was adhered to for many
ages, till happily, in the year 1530, the true fyftem was revived by Nicolaus
Copernicus, a native of Thorn, in Weftern Pruifia.
The Solar, or Planetary Syjlem, ftiould, in ftrift propriety, be diftinguiftiedt
from the Syjiem of the Univerfe : for the fixed ftars, from their immenfe dif-
tance, and the little relation they feem to bear to our globe> are reputed no
part of the former. It is highly probable, indeed, that each fixed ftar is
itfelf a fun, and the centre of a particular iyftem, furrounded by planets,
&c. whichi at difterent diftances, and in different periods, revolve round
their refpeftive funs, by which they are enlightened, warmed, and cheriftied.
H?nce we have a very magnificent idea of the univerfe, and its immeniity j
and hence alfo arifes a kind of fyfteno of fyfteitut
O/tie Solar Syjfem. "^J^ . tr > [ . ,
As by the uni'verfe is to be underftood the whole frame of nature, to the
utmoft extentjjf the creation, by the folur fyftem is meant that portion only
of the univerle which comprehends the Sun, planets, fatellites, and comets.
Of this fyftem the Sun is the centre ; and there are (even planets which re-
volve round him, each in its path or orbit. The names of thefe planets, in
the order of their diftance from the Sun, are Mercury, Venus, the Earth,
^ vars, Jupiter, Saturn, and the Georgian. The firfl two, becaufe they move
within the .^rbit of the Earth, are called inferior planets ; and the laft four,
on account of their moving without that orbit, are called fupcrior platyrts.
A
3
vi
INTRODUCTION.
U.
V,
1 1
I
J
i
i
•1 s
1
/J r • •[) t The Sun. ' ,.. ^ \*'r.
The Sun, the centre of onr fyftem, the parent of the feafonsi^antl " great
delegated fource of light and life," is in the form of a fpheroid, higher un>-
der the equator than about the poles. His diameter is 763,000 miles, his
folid bulk a million of times larger than the Earth's; and his distance from
the Earth b 9^,175,127 miles. This dilbuice is fo prodigious', that a can-
non-ball, which moves at the rate of about eight miles in a minute, would be
fomething more than twenty-two years and a naif in goilng from the Eaxth to
the Sun. This luminary was generally confidered by the aiicients as a globe
of pure fire ; but from a number of maculx, or daric fpots, which, by means
of a tele(cope> may be (een on different parts pf his furface, this opinion ap-
pears to have been ill-founded. Thefe fpots are fuppofed to be immeiue
excavations in the body of the Sun. Their motion is from ca(t to well ; and
as they are obferved to move quicker when they are near the central regions,'
it follows that the Sun mull be a fpherical body, and revolve on his axis, in
* contrary direAion, or from weft to eaft. The time ia which he performs,
this revolution is iwenty-five days and fix hours.. •, .
7'he Planets,
\A' ' -vri
■^.h
'.-?.'. t
The planets are all opaque fpherical bodies, and have no Kght of their
own, but Ihine by means of that borrowed fight which they receive from
the Sun; it being afcertained, from telefcopicd oblervations, that only tiiat
fide of the planets which is turned towa'.d the Sun is ever enlightened ; whil«
the oppofite fide, which the folar rays cannot reach, remains conftant4y dark...
|*'rom the regular appearance and dilappearance of feveral remarkable darli;
fpots, which, by means of a telefeope, are conftantly to be feen- on their
bodies, it may be demonftrated, that each has fuch a motion round its axis,
as correfponds with the diurnal rotation of the Earth; and fsom their leem-
irig fometimes. to be llationary, and at other times retrograde, it is equally-
certain, that they muA have fuch a progreifive motion rQund the Sun as an-
swers to the annual revolution of the Earth in its orbit. As the Earth, more-
over, is fimilar to the other fix planets, it may reafonably be concluded, by
analogy, that they muft be defigned for the fame purpofes, alf hough, from
their different proportions of heat and cold, it is not credible that beings of
our make and temperament could live upon all of them^ Wc now proved
to the confideration of each planet in particular^
1. Mercury, the neareft planet to the fun, revolves round that luminary
in about eighty-feven days und twenty-three hours, or. Iktle lefs than three
of our months, which is the length of his year. Beinff feldom feen, how-
ever, on account of his proximity to the Sun, and no fpots appearing on his
dilk, the time of his rotation on his axis, or the length of his days and
nights, is unknown. His diftance from the Sun is 36,841,468 miles: his
diameter 3,100; and, in his annual revolution round the Sun, he moves at the
rato of 105,000 miles an hour.. Thefe calculations, as well as thofe of the
other planets which follow, are founded on aftronomical obfervations made
on the tranfitof Venus over the Sun, 'in the year 1761. Mercury feems,
when viewed in different pofitlons, with a good telefcope, m have all the
phafes or appearances of the Moon, except that he can, at no time, be feen
uitirely round, or quite full; becaufe his enlightened fide is never turned
^redly toward us, but when he is fo near tho Sun as to be hid in his beams.
2. Venus, which is the brightefl, and, to appearance, the largeft of all the
planets, is the next beyond Mercury. She is 08,891,486 miles from the Sun,
and, oy moving at the rate of 76,000 miles an hour, completes her annual
revolution iu 224 days and feventeen hours, or about feven months and &
INTRODUCTION.
til
ind " great
higher un<-
> miles, his
ftance from
that a can-
;, would be
he Earth to
I as a globe
1, by means
spinion ap-
le immeivfe
3 well ; and
ral regions,
his axis, in
ie performsL
♦.".-.1 ':. •<'
jht of their
eceive from
at only that
!ned ; whii«
lant4y dark«
rkabie darti;
en- on their
md its axis,
their feem-
is equally
Sun as an-
arth, more-
icluded, by
ugh, from
.t beings of
►w proceed
Lt luminary
than three
cen, how-
ring on his
days and
miles: hi:^
oves at the
ofe of the
ions made
ury feemff,
ve all the
e, be feen
rer turned
his beams,
of all the
the Sun,
er annual
ths and &
lialf. Her diameter is 9,360 miles, and her diurnal rotation on her axis is
performed in tivc.vy-four days and eight hours. When this planet appears
tb the weft of the Sun, fhe rifes before him in the morning, and is called the
rooming ftar ; and when flie appears to the eaft of that luminary, (he fhine*
in the evening, and is called the evening ftar. She is in each fituation, alter-
nately, for about 290 days; and during the whole of her revolution, appears,
through a telefcope, to have all the various appearances of the Moon.
3. The Earth, the next planet beyond Venus, is 95,173,127 miles dif-
tant from the Sun, and by travelling at the rate of 58,000 miles an hour,
performs its annual revolution in 365 days, five hours, and 49 minutes,
which is the l^ace of our year. This motion, although 120 times fwifter
than th^c of a cannon-ball, is little more than half the velocity of Mercury
in his orbit. The diameter of the Earth is 7.970 miles ; and as it turns round
its axis every twenty-four hours, from well to eaft, it occafions an apparent
motion of a:ll the heavenly bodies from eaft to weft, in the fame time. The
Hue which it defcribes in its annual motion is called the ecliptic, and pro-
ceeds from weft to eaft, according to the order of the figns of the zodiac.
This motion is the caufe of the different feafons of fpring, fummer, autumn,
and winter, and confequently of the different length of day and night ia
thefe feafons. In its progrefs through the ecliptic the Earth every where
keeps its axis in a fituation parallel to itfelf, and equally inclined to the plane
of the ecliptic, which is about twenty-three degrees and a half. The rota-r
lion of the Earth on its own axis in twenty- four hours, makes it day in thofe
parts which are turned toward the Sun, and night in the parts which are
turned from hini. The Earth was long confidered as a circular plane, ex-,
tending on all fides to an infinite diftance; and the heavens' above it, in
which the Sun, Moon, and ftars appear to move daily from eaft to weft, wer^
imagined to be at no great diftance from it, and to have been created folely
for the ufe an4 oma,ment of bur globe. But this opinion is no longer enter-
tained but by the vulgar and uninformed. It is now received as an incon-
trovertible point, that the Earth is of a fpherical figure, nearly refembling
that of a globe. This is evident from the voyages of feveral celebrated cir-
cumnavigators, and particularly commodore Anfon, who, by fleering con-
tinually weftward, arrived, at lepgth, at the place whence he departed;
which could never have happened, had the Earth been of any othjr than 9.
fpherical figure. This form is alfo evident frprn the circular appearance of
the Tea itfelf, 'awl'the circumftances which attend large objeds when fecn at
a diftance on its furfece: Tor, when a fhip is failing from the Ihore, we firft
lofe fight of the hull, aftierward of the rigging, and, at laft, difcern the top
of the raaft only.' This is evidently occafioaed by the convexity of the
water between the eye and the objeft ; for* otherwife, the l^rgeft and mofjt
confpicuous part would Se vifible the longeft. Another proof of the
giobular form of the Earth is taken from its fhadow on the face of the Moo..,
m the time of an eoHpfe: for, as the Moon has no light but what fhe receives
from the Sun, and the Earth, during the eclipfe, being interpofed between them,
the Moon' muft be oblcured, either totally, or in part. And fince, in every
lunar eclipfe which is not total, the obfcure part always appears to be bounded
by a circular line, the Earth itfelf rauft be fpherical; it being evident, that no-
-thing but a fpherical body can, in all fituations, eaft a circular ftiadow. The
unevenneffes on the furface of the Earth, which are caufed by mount.ains
and vallies, do not afford an objcdlion to its being confidered as a circular
body : for the moft lofty mountains bear lefs proportion to the vaft mag-
nitude of (he Earth, than the fmall rifmgs on the coat of ^n orange do to the
orange itfelf, or a grain of fand to an artificial globe of a foot in diameter,
^wordingly, wt find* that thefe trifling protuberances oci^fion no irregu-
• ••
VUI
INTRODUCTION.
;>1
I- 1
larities in tlie (hadow of ihe Earth, during the time of a lunar rclipfe. On
the contrary, its circumference appears to be even and regular^ as if caft by
a body perfeftly globular. It has been demonilrated, however, that the
Earth is not a perre£l globe. Mr. Richer,, in a voyage to Cayenne, near the
equator, in 1672, found that the pendulrip of his clock no longer made its
vibrations fo frequently as in the latitude of Paris, and that it was abfo-
liitely neceifary to fhorten it by. a line and a quarter, a little more than the;
eleventh part of a Paris inch, in order to make it agree vviih the times of the
ftars paffmg the meridian. A pendulum, like any other falling body, is-
a£led upon by the force of gravity ; and, in confequence of Richer's difco-
very (which has been fince confirmed by repeated expeiiments) it was ob-
ferved, that fince the gravity of bodie? is by fo much the lefs powarful as
thofe bodies are further removed from the centre of the Earth, the region of
the equator mud be abfolutely much more elevated than that of France ; and
that, therefore, the figure of the Earth could not be that of a fphere.
Newton and Huygens were the firft who perceived the extenlive application
of which this difcovery was capable. It is impoilible, in this fkctch, to
enter into all the principles and calculations that were employed in this in-
quiry. It will be fufficient to obferve, that the firft of thefe great philofo-
phers found, by mathematical calculations, that the polar diameter of the
Earth is to the equatorial as 229 is to 230 ; or, that the regions of the equator
are elevated about thirty-five miles more than at thoie of the poles ;. and that
the true figure of the Earth, confequently, was that of an oblate fpheroid«
Or a body nearly reifembling an orange.
4. Mars, the next planet beyond the orbit of the Earth, is diftant from
theSun 145,014, 148 miles. He moves attheraceof 55,000 miles an hour, and
completes his revolution round the Sun in little lefs than two of our years.
His diameter is 5,150 miles; and his diurnal rotation on his axis is per-
formed in twenty^ four hours and, thirty-nine minutes. He fometimes ap-
pears gibbous, but never horned, like the Moon; which. evidently demon-
ftirates, that his orbit includes that of the Earth, and that he fhines not by
any native lig^Ht. This planet is diverfified with fpots like the Moon, by
whidh hi^ diurnal rotation is afcertained in the diredlion from weft to eaft ;
and from his ruddy and obfcure appearance, as well as from otlier circum-
in;&nc6s, it is concluded, that his atmofphere is nearly of the fame denfity
.With that of the Earth,
5. Jupiter,, the largeftof all the planets, is ftill further in the fyftem than
M^rs. His diftance from the Sun is 494,990,976 miles. He travels at the
rate of 29,000 xnyUs aa hour, and completes his annual revolntion in fome-
thing lefs than twelve of our years. His diameter is 94,100 miles ; and he
performs his diurnal rotation in nine hours and fifty-fix miinutcs. The tele-
fcopic appearance of this planet afforjls a vaft field for the curious inquirer.
It is furrounded by feveral faint fubftances, refembling belts or bands, which
are parallel to the plane of its orbit. They are not regular or conftant in
their appearance: for fometimes one only is to befeen, and fometimes five;
and, in the latter cafe, two of them have been known to difappear during the
time of obfervation. When their number is moft conftderable, one or more
dark fpots are frequently formed between the belts, which increafe till the
whole is united in one large dufky hand. This planet is alfo diverfified with
- a number of large fpots, which are on the brighteft parts of the Surface ; but,
Jike the belts, they are fubjed to various mutations, both in their figure
and periods. It has been conjedured that thefe belts are feas, and that the
Variations obfefved, both in them and the {pots, are occafioned by tides,
which are differently affefted, according to the pofi:tpn$ of hb moons. Thefe
inoons> or fatelUtes, which are four in number, wtrc difcovered by Galileo,
INTROPUCTIOK. . . U
tn the 7th of Janawy 1610, foon after the invention of the telefcoper bnt
the belts were not difcovercd till near twenty years after. tj
6. Saturn, the next planet beyond Jupiter, is 907,956,130 miles from
the Sun; and, by travelling at the rate of 22,000 miles an hour, performs
his annual circuit round that luminary in about twenty-nine and a half of
our years. Hb diameter ^s 77,990 miles ; and he is furrounded by belts, like
Jupiter, 1 v^ obfervations on which Dr. Herfchel determined, in January 1794..
that his d oal rotation on his axis is performed in 10 hours and 16 mi«
nutes. Saturn is obferved to be attended by feven fatellites. Of thefe* five
were difcovere J in the lall century : a fixth was firft obferved by Dr. Herfchel,
on the 28th of Auguft 1788 ; and a feventh he difcovercd on the 17th of
September, the fame year. A magniiicent luminous ring encompafles this
planet, at fuch a diilance, that feveral of the liars may frequently be feen
between the inward furface of the ring and the body of the planet ; its
diftance from which is nearly equal to its breadth, which is about 21,000
miles. This rij)£; vas difcovercd by Huygens, about the year 1655.
7. The Georgian, the moft remote planet in our fyftcm, had efcaped
the obfervation of every adronomer (at leall as a planet) till the 1 3th of
March 1781, when it was feen by Dr. Herfchel, who gave it the name of
Georgium Siaus, as a mark of refpe^ to his prefent majeily, ani to convey
an idea to pofterity of the time and place of the difcovcry. Foreign aftro-
nomers, however, in general, call it by the name of the difcoverer. Its
diflance from the Sun is 1,816,455,526 miles, which is nineteen times
greater than that of the Earth. Its diameter is 35,226 miles; and it re-
volves round the Sun at the rate of 7000 miles an hour, in about 8z years.
It (hinps with a faint fleady light, fomcwhat paler and fuinte than Jupiter;
but its apparent diameter being only about four feconds, it can feidom be
feen plainly by the naked eye, but may be eafily difcovercd in a clear night,
when above the horizon, by a good teleicope. Two fatellites, atten^ng
upon it;, have fince been difcovered. . ,. ^ • . /
'.,'„, . ,. ; . "** f--- - ■ -.^ .^uiiTti W^. "ii •- ■'' <bfri*'
.,i*¥i^v^- -*>/»*>^s . -.^'^NTtis^ '^oe Secondary PlAneti, : | rjj viuO jjtr .eh? •;! ersit
Befide the primary pTanets, there are fourteen others, called fecondary
planets, fatellites, or moons, which regard their primaries as the centres of
their motions, and revolve round them in the fame manner as thofe prima-
ries do round the Sun ; namely, the Moon, which attends our £arth; the
four fatellites of Jupiter ; the feven that belong to Saturn ; and the two that
attend the Georgian. From the continual change of their phafes or appear-
ances, it is evident that thefe alfo are opaque bodies, and fhine only by the
reflefiion of the light which they receive from the Sun.
TheMooN, which is the condant attendant of our globe, is the mod
confpicuous of thefe fatellites. She accompanies the £:trth in iis aoauai
progrefs through the heavens, and keeps revolving round it continunlly by
a different motion, in the fpace of a month. I'he diameter of the M&on is
2,180 nilles; her diftance from the Earth 240,000 miles ; and, in bulk, (he
is fixty times lefs than the Earth. The rotation of the Moon on her axis is
performed exactly in the fame time that llie moves once round the Earth, as
IS evident from her always prefenting the fame face to us durinjr the whole
of her 'monthly revolution. On viewiag the Moon with the naked eye, wc
difcern a number of fpots, which the imagination naturally fuppofes to be
feas, continents, and the like; but on viewing her through a telefcope, the
Jiypothefis of planetary worlds receives additional confirmation. V'aft ca-
vitier and afpcrities are obferved upon various parts of her (iirface, exaftly
r&fei jling valUcs and moontains; and e/ery other appearance feems :» viv-
r .
1'".!
m-^
INTRODUCTION.
dicate, that (he tx a body of the fame nature with the Earth. Dr. Herfchel,
the fuperiority of whofe telefcopes is well known, has ftated, in the Philo-
fophical Tranfa£tions for 1787, nis obfervations on three different volcanoes
in the Moon. Several allronomers have given exaA maps of the Moon^
with the figure of every fpot, as it appears through the beft telefcopes,
diflinguifhing each of them by a proper name. One of the moft remarkjible
circumftances attending the Moon, is the continual change of figure to
which (he is fubjedl. While that half of her which is toward the Sun is
illumined, the other half is dark and invifible. Hence, (he difappears,
when fhe comes betveen the Earth and the Sun, becaufe her dark fide is
then toward us. When fhe is cone fomewhat forward, we fee a little of
her enlightened fide, which ftilT increafcs to our view as fhe advances, until
flie comes to be oppofite the San, when her intire enlightened fide is toward
the Earth, and fhe appears with a full-illumined orb, which we call the FuU
Moon ; her dark fide being then turned away from the Earth. From the
full fhe decreafes gradually as fhe proceeds through the other half of her
courfe ; fhowing us lefs and lefs of her bright fide, every day, till her next
change or conjunflion with the Sun, and then fhe difappears as before.
Thefe different appearances of the Moon, which we call lier phafes, are fuf-
ficient to demonftrate, that fhe fhines not by any light or her own : for,
otherwifc, as her form is fpherical, we fhould always behold her, like the
Sun, with a full orb. There are other phenonienons of the Moon, the difr
cufiion of which, in this curfory view, would be too intricate to admit of a
popular illuftration. We fhall, therefore, only obferve further, that of all
the celeftial orbs, this planet, next to xS^t Sun, has the moft beneficial infiu-;
ence on our globe. How cheerlefs and uncomfortable would be our nights,
but for the confUnt returns of light, which this our fifler orb, our faithful
and infeparable companion, difpenfes in fuch agreeable viciffitude \ How
highly ufeful are even her ecltpfes, in our agronomical, geographical, and
chronological computations ! How falutary is her attraftive influence,
which fwells the tides, perpetuates the regular returns of ebb and flow, and
thus tends, not only to preferve the liq^aid element itfelf from putrefafiion,
but the lurrounding continents, in courfe, from infection and difeafe!
r^.. f jttiK;
The Comets
I2 .\.
- Comets are folid opaque bodies, of diftftrent magnitudes, like the planets.
Their number is unkngwn ; but they have been found to move round the
Sun, and to crofs the orbits of the planets in all manner of direflions. They
are principally diftinguiflied from the planets by long fiery tails, which con-
tinually iffue from the fide that is furtheft from the Sun. The orbits, in
which thefe vaft bodies move, are exceedingly long ovals, or very eccentric
ellipfes, of fuch amazing circumferences, that in k)me parts of their circuit
through the heavens, they approach fo near the Sun, as to be almoft vitrified
by his heat; and then go cfi^ again into the regions of infinite fpace, to fuch
immenfe diftances, as to be totally deprived of the light and heat which the
reft of the planets receive from that luminary. The paths whicn they de-
fcribe, and the laws to which they are fubjeft, have been difcovered by
Newton. Their revolutions are governed throughout by the fame law, of
defcribing equal areas in equal times, which is known to regulate the mo-
tions of all the other bodies in the fyftem.
0/ the Fixed Start.
What a magnificent idea of the Creator and his works is prefented in tbil
account of the folar fyftem ! In the centre is placed the Sun, a fhipendous
body qi fire, around whofe orb, the planets, fateltites and cozneti, perfarm
INTRODUCTION.
Dr. Herfchcf,
in the Philo-
ent volcanoes
•f the Moon,
ft telefcopes,
ft remarkable
of figure to
rd the Sun is
s difappears,
dark fide is
Je a little of
yances, until
tde is toward
call the Full
I. From the
r half of her
till her next
rs as before.*
afes, are fuf-
er own : for,
^er, like the
aon, the dif^
o admit of a
, that of all
neficial influ-
i our nigKts,
our faithful
Btude! How
aphical, and
; influence,
id flow, and
)utrefa(aion,
fel
the planets,
e round the
>ns. They
which con-
orbits, in
y eccentric
leir circuit
aft vitrified
:e, to fuck
which the
n they de-
overed by
le law, of
:e the ino<
in this
ipendous
perform
^
their revolutions with an exa6tnefs and regularity whick nraft fil^ the mind
with the moft fublime conceptions of their divine ori)2;in. Who can con*
template the magnitudes and diftances c(f thofe vaft bodies, and not be ft ruck
with the wonders of Omnipotence ? But what muft be our aftoniftunent*
when informed, that this glorious fyftem is only a {inaU part of the unirerfe,
and that, if it were utterly annihilated, it would be miited no more, by an
eye that could take in the whole creation, than a grain of fand on the fea-
(here. To form fome idea, therefore, however imperfcA, of the extent of
the univerfe, and the more elorious works of creation, we muft extend our
views to thofe nomerous and fplendid orbs, which are difperfed far beyond
the bounds of our folar fyftem.
The fixed ftars are diftinguiihed from the planets by being more luminous,
and by continually exhibiting that appearance which we call the twinkling
of the ftars. This ftrifes, probably, from their appearing fp extremely fmall»
tha the interpofrtf >n of any very minute fubftknce (of which there aro
many conftantly flf ating in our atmofphere) deprives us of the fight of them)
but as the interpofed oody foon changes its place, we again fee the ftar;
and this fucceiTion being perpetual, occ^ions the twinkling. But a more
remarkable property of the fixed ftars (and from which they obtain: their
name) is their never changing their ittuation with regard to eack other, as
the planets do; for although the rotation of the Earth, on its axis, occaiions
an apparent diurnal motioiw of the whole frame of the heavens, in a con-
trary direction, yet any two fixed ftars being obferved, at diftant intervals
of time, will always be found to preferve the fame relative pofii^n during
the whole of-fhts revolution.
The fixed ftars are not placed in one concave furface, fo as to be all
equally ditlant from us, but are fo difperfed tiirough illimitable fpace, that
there mull be as great a diftance between any two neighlwuring ftars, as
there is between quo: Sun and thofe which- are the neaixit to him* Were.i^
deflator, therefore, to be placed near any fixed ftkr, ht wotdd cpnfider that
alone as a real Son, and the reft as fo many luminous points, placed in the
firmament at equal diftances from him. The ftars which are the neareft to
us feem the largeft, and are therefore called ftars of the firft magnitude* and
(o on as far as the fixth, which includes all the ftars that are vifible without
a telefcope; and, fince the invention of that inftrument, their number is coa->
fidered as immenfe. But the immenfity of their number is not alone worthy
«f admiration c their immenfe diftance from us, and from each other, muft
equally exalt our ideas of the wonders of Omnipotence, and the incon^
ceivable extent of the creation. The neareft ftar to us, or fuppofed ta be
fuch from being the largeft in appearance, is Sirius, or the dogftar ; and the
£arth, in its revolution ro^nd the Sun, is 195,000,000 miles nearer to this
ftar in one part of it« orbit, than in the oppofite one ; and yet its magnir
tnde appears not to be in the leaft aft«£ted by it. The diftance of this ftar
from tne Sun is computed to be ajdove 32 millions of millions of miles» whick
b further tha^i a caikon-ball would fly in feven millions of years.
The ftars being at fuch immenfe diftances from the Sun, cannot receive
irom him fo ftrong a light as they feem to poflTefs, nor even a degree of
brightnefs fufHcient to make them vifible to us ; for his rays would be fo
diffipated before they could reach fuch remote objedVs, that they could never
be tranfmitted to our eyes, fo as to render thofe objedls vifible by refledtion.
The ftars, therefore, ihine by their own nptive luftre, and, in this refpe^,
are totally different from the planets. ■'. 1^ vi' a !• v*'! i
The vulgar and uninformed imagine, that all the ftars were made only to
give a faint glimmering light to the inhabitants of this globe ; although
many of theft ftart are/ fo ^r from bmeiiting us, that they csnaot be fe«a
)tU
INTRODUCTION.
til
without a teleicope; and there are intiamerabte others which the eye, even
by the aid of that inftrument, can never reach. Wf: have already intimated,
that there is an inconceivable number of funs, fyftems, and worlds, difperfed
through infinite fpace; infomuch, that our folar fyllem, compared with the
whole, appears but as an atom, and is almofl loft in the immeniity of the
creation. . The Georgian planet, neverthelefs, revolves in an orbit of above
i,8oo>ooo,QOO miles from the Sun, and fome of the comets make ex-
curfions of many ttiillions of miles beyond this ; and yet, at that aftoniih-
ing diftance, they are incomparably nearer to the Sun than to any other
fixed ftar ; as is evident from their keeping clear of the attraction of the
ftars, and returning periodically by virtue of that of the Sun. It cannot be
imaeiiied, therefore, that the omnipotent Creator, who a£ls with infinite
wifdom, and never a6ls in vain, Ihould have created fo many glorious funs«
fitted for fo many important purpofes, and placed at fuch diftances from
each other, without fuitable objeds fufficiently near them to be benefited by
th^ir influence. On the contrary, it is reafonable to conclude, that they
were created for the ia^ne purpofes with our Sun ; to beftow light, heat, and
vegetation, on. a certain number of planets revolving round them. And,
from analogy we may infer, that all thefe innumerable fyftems are with
equal wifdom contrived for the accommodation of rational inhabitants;
perhaps of ftill higher orders of intelligent beings, all capable, in the difFereat
fcales of exiftence, of a perpetual progreffion in knowledge and virtue, in
perfedionand felicity, ..»;,((.»' N'i;^ ii;i />;ft't^' ^.•'
Ifr^
■vi;i
DESCRIPTION OF THE ARTIFICIAL SPHERE.
GN the convex part of the terreilrial globe, which is an artificial fpherical
body, is ^ruly reprefented the whole world, as it coniifts of land and
water. The circumference of the globe is divided into 360 degrees, every
degree containing 60 geographical miles ; confequently the globe is 2 1 ,600
fuchmiles round : but, as 60 geographic miles are about 60 miles Englifh
ineafure, the circuit of the globe is therefore 24,840 Enghfh miles. The
circles reprefented on the globe are, i. The Equator, and the circles paral-
lel to it. z. The Meridian, and the reft of the meridional lines. 3. The
Horizon. ,4; TheEcliptic. 5, The two Tropics; and 6. The two Polar
Circles. r<'j :, ,-,, :. uh '-./.-
• The EojirATOR, or E<^inoctial» is a great circle, ninety degrees dif-
cant from the poles of the world, and fo named, becaufe it divides the world
into two equal parts: that in which the ardtic pole is found, is called the
northern half ; and that in which the antardic pole is placed,, is the fouth-
em half. It is divided into 360 degrees, or 180 degrees eaft, and the fame
weft, from the flrft meridian, which on Englifh globes paiTes through Lon-
don; and it:, principal ufe is to fhow the longitude of any place, eaft or
weft, from fuch, firft meridian. When the Sun is in this circle, there is an
equality of days and nights jill over the world: hence thefe points are
called the equinoxes.
The Meridian is a great circle, fuppofed to pafs through the poles of
the world and, tho^e of the hotution,^ cutti.ig the fphere into two equal parts,
the 9;ie oriental,, and the other occidental. It alfo pafTes through the zenith
and nadir in every place, and cuts the horizon at right angles. It is called
the Meridian, becaufe it marks. half the fpace of time during which tl e Sun
and the ftars appear above the horizon. As there is an infinite numbtt of
zeniths and horizons, the number •£ Meridians is alfo infinite ; tor the
^
INTRODUCTION.
xm
Meridian is changed, di well ar the zenith and norizon, ertry T.ep we take
toward the eaft or weft ; but if we pafs in a right line northward or fouthwi^rd,
we ftill continue under the fame Meridian* tliough we conftantly change tJ^p
zenith and horizon. However, geographers only, reckon 360 Meridians,
which are fuppofed to pafs through every degree of the equjnodlial. It has
been cuftopiary for geographers to eAabliih a Firft Meridian; though this is
altogether arbitrary : Ptolemy placed it at the ifland of Ferro, which is thie
mod weftcrn of the Qanarics; but the common method, at prefent, is fur
every geographer to make the Meridian of the capital of his country the. Firft
Meridian; and, accordingly, the longitudes in this Didlionary are reckoned
eaft or weft frOm the Meridian of London. The ufe of the brafs Meridian
of a globe is to (how when it is noon or midnight at the place to which it
is applied; and alfo to find the latitude of places, nbrth or fouth, froni th^
equator.
parts, called fig
and each of thofe into 30 more, called degrees, correfponding to the i2
months, and the days of the month.
The Horizon is a great circle, which divides the world into two equal
parts or hemifpheres, of wliich one is fuperior and vifible, and the other in«>
ferior and invifible. When the Sun is above this circle it is then day, an4 '
when it is funk 18 degrees beneath it, ni^ At then commences. This circle
is of wood, and the brafs meridian is inclofed therein with all the reft of '
the fphere : it is alfo immoveable, and on it are marked the degrees of the
12 figns of the ecliptic, and the days of the 12 months of the year. ^
The Tropics are two fmall circles parallel to the equinoiStial, defcribei
by the firft j^oints of the firft degrees of the figns termed Cancer and Capri^
corn, that it, where they touch the ecliptic. They are diftant from the
equinoflial very near 23 degrees and a half. The Sun defcribes (hefe i
Tropics about the 20th day of June, and the 21ft day of Dtcember. When'
he touches the Tropic of Cancer, he makes the longeft diay for thie inhabi- '
tants between the equator and the north pole; and, when he comes to the '
beginning of Capricorn, he makes the longeft day for the people between ''
the equator and the fouth pole. On the contrary, the Ihorteft dayto thi"
former will be when the Sun teaches the Tropic lof Capricorn, and to^ ^
the latter when he comes to the Tropic of Cancer. For this reafon, thofe.'
points are called the winter and the fummer Tropics, or the fouthern and ^
northern; and they are as it were the two barriers, beyond which the Sua '
never pafiles.
The Polar Circles are diftingnilhed by the names ofthe atiHic and '"
antarflic, or the north and the fouth, and are circles parallel to the equinoc- '
tial. They are termed Polar, becaufe they are near the poles of the world, ' '
being only 23 degrees and a half from each pole. ' '
The Map of the Worldt at the beginning' of this book, teprefents the'
globe, taken out of its horizon, cut through, turned up, and fqueezed '
flat. The circles bounding the projeftion, reprefent the brafs meridian^
and the curve lines running acrofs, at every 10 degrees^ fhow the latitude* ?
north or fouth, from the equator. The top and bottom are the north and
fouth poles ; and the curve lines uniting them, are the other meridians on
the globe, which are drawn at every lo degrees on the equator^ and (how
the longitude, eaft or weft, from the meridian of London. The equator or
cquinodial is the ftraight line gunning acrofs the meridians exaftly in the '
xiiiddle. The tropics and polar^fircles are delineated at their proper diftancei
pn each fide toward the north and fouth. . - • ^,:C,. '• » - * 1 -'i '
3&r
INTRODUCTION.
^ .-
*v •
•• -' ' OftheZMts, " ' / .. - .
The Zones are five broad fpaces encompafling th6 globe, and are diflin-
Saifhed chiefly by the temperature of the air. The torrid i^one contains all
le fpace between the two tropics, and is fo calleJ from its exceflive heat,
the Sun being vertical twice every year to all that inhabit it. This circle
is about 47 degrees broad. The two temperate Zones are fo called from
their lying between the two extreme degrees of heat and cold, viz. between
the torrid Zone and the frigid Zones, the one being called the Northern
temperate Zone, and the other the Southern temperate Zone. Thefe are
both 43 degrees broad. Of the two frigid Zones, the one encompalTes the
arflic or north pole, and extends to the diftance of 23 degrees and a half
from it i and the other, the antar^ic or fouth pole, to the fame diilance.
\A
, - * -^ Of the Climates, . *
A Climate is a fpace of the Earth comprehended between two parallels,
at the end of which the length of the lontjeJl days are increafed half an hour
in the fummer fcafon. I'he better to un<)ier[land this we muft obferve, that
under the equator the longell day is no more than twelve hours, and that
in proportion as we advance toward the polar circle, the days of each
climate increafe half an hour, till we arrive at the polar circles ; for then
the longeil days confift of 24 hours. Thus there are 24 Climates in all, on
each fide of the equator. It is eafy to know in what Climate a city is, by
obferving the longeil day ; as for inftance, at London, where the days are
16 hours long, we need only fubtra£t 12 from the number, and there will
remain four ; then multiply this by two, and you will have eight, which is
the Qimate of London. The fame may be done on any other Climate.
.i.i.'-
\ ^
"^ ' •• » ■• ' . Of the Points of the Compa/s.
:[ The Earth maybe confidered, with regard to the four cardinal Points,
which are the north, fouth, eaft, and wefl; and all the points included be-
tween them may have refpeft to a particular place. By this mi^ans we know
the fuuation of th'? different countries of the worla, with regard to each
other; for fome are oriental or toward the ead, with regard to thofe that
.are occidental, or lie wefterly of them. Thus Ireland is to the weft of
England, Poland is to the eaft of Germany, and Africa is to the fouth
'of Europe. We may eafily diftinguifh the points that lie between thofe that
arc cardinal : thus, -though Spain is to the fouth of France, yet it likewife
lies to the weftward thereof; but as they do not lie exadly fouth or well of
■each other, Spain may be faid to lie fouthwell of France ; and for the fame
reafon, on the contrary, France will be northeaft with regard to Spain.
The like may be fattd of any two other countries.
lUO
.;i< ,.,,. / Of the Terms itfed h Geography.
' The word Geography comes from the Greek, and fignifies a defcription of
the Earth. By the Earth is meant the terraqueous globe, compofed of land
and water, and it is commonly called the terreftrial globe. Chm-ography is
thedelcription of a cobntry, province, or county ; as, for inftance, Dorfetlhire.
Topography is the defcription of a particular place, as a town and the like.
tiydrograyhy is a defcription of the water, fuch as oceans, feasi and lakes.
• As the Earth may be reprefented either in the whole, or in part, it form*
the difference between geographical charts or maps, which, however, may
be fediaced to two kinds; namely, general and particular. Among the
former is the map of the world, or planifpliere, which Ihowsthe two furfaces
INTRODUCTION.
xf
d are diftin-
contains all
ceflive heat.
This circle
called from
nz. between
he Northern
Thefe are
>mpafl*es the
and a half
diflance.
wo parallel,
half an hour
>brerve, that
irs, and that
ays of each
es; for then
tes in all, on
a citv is, by
the days are
id there will
;ht, which is
Jlimate.
■dinal Points,
included be-
ns we know
ard to each
Ito thofe that
the weft of
to the fouth
ten thofe that
t it likewifc
h or well of
'or the fame
d to Spain.
jfcription of
lofed of land
ihorography is
]Dorfet(hire.
jnd the like.
|nd lakes.
irt, it forms
Iwever, may
jAmong the
two furfaccs
of the whole tenreflrial globe, cut in two bv the meridian pafling through
the equinoxes ; as alfo the maps which defcribe fome principal part of the
|riobe; fuch as Europe, Afia, or Africa; and even kingdoms ; as Sweden,
Spain, or Great Britain. However, thofe maps may be called particular,
which reprefent any particular country ; but they are more properly fuch as
give an account onW of a part, as Naples in Italy, Normandy in France,
and Staffbrdfhire in England.
After all, nothing can give a better or more general idea of the Earth
than a globe, becaufe it is of the fame ihape and figure ; but as it is im-
poifible to make one large enough to fhow every part of the land and fea
diftinAly, there is a neceffity of having recourfe to general and particular
maps.
Geography, as well as other arts and fciences, has terms proper to itfelf;
fome of which have relation to the land, and others to the water.
A Centinent is a large part t>f land that comprehends feveral countries not
feparated by any fea : thus Europe is a continent.
An IJIand, or IJle^ is a portion of land intirely furrounded by water.
A Peninfuluy or Cherfinefus , is a c^uantity of land which is joined to a con-
tinent only by a neck of the fame, it being every where elfe encompaflfed
with water ; as the peninfula of the Crimea.
An IJibmust or neck of land, is that part by which a peninfula is joined to
the land ; as the ifthmus of Darien.
A ProtMontmy is a high part of land, which projedts into th6 fea, and is com-
monly called a Cape, when it appears like a mountain ; but when the ad-
vanced part has little elevation, it is termed a Point. Thus the Cape of
Good Hope is a mountainous promontory.
An Ocean is a large colleflion of waters furrounding a confiberable part of
the Continent ; fuch as the Atlantic and Northern Oceans.
A Sea is a fmaller colleftipn of waters, when underftood in a flrift fenfe,
as the Irifh Sea; but, in general, every part of the ocean may be called the
fea ; and it is ftill more general, when the terraqueous globe is faid to cdnfift
of land and fea.
A Channel is a narrow fea, confined between an ifland and a continent, or
between two iflands; as the Englilh Channel, and St. George's Channel.
A Gulfxs a part of the fea furrounded by land, except in one, part, where
it communicates with the ocean ; as the Gulf of Bengal, the Gulf of Florida ;
and yet thefe are more properly feas than the Mediterranean, the Bahic,
and the Black Seas, which, properly fpeaking, are gulfs, as well as the Gulf
•f Venice.
A Bay is faid to differ from a gulf only in being lefs, and more narrow
at the entrance than within ; but this is far from being true ; for a bay has
a wider entrance in proportion than a gulf, and it may be alfo larger than
fome pulfs; as for inftance, the Bay of Bifcay ; though it muft be acknow-
ledged that bays in general are much fmaller.
A Creek is a fmall inlet, and is always much lefs than a bay.
A Road is a place upon any coaft where there is a good anchorage, and
where veflels, in fome fenfe, are fheltered from the wind.
A Strait is a narrow paflage which joins two feas, two gul^, or a fea and
% gulf; fuch as the Sound, near the Baltic ; and the Straits of Gibraltar,
between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.
A Lake is a colledtion of ftanding water furrounded by land, having no
vifible communication with the fea. Thus the Cafpian Sea is truly and
properly a lake. Smaller lakes are thofe of Ladoga, Geneva, and ievcral
othersi
XVI
INTRODUCTION.
, DefcriptioH of a Map. ^^
The top of mod modern Maps is confidered as the north, the bottom tf
the fottth, the ri^ht hand as the eaft, and the left hand as the weft. In old
^aps, where this rule is not always ftridllv followed* a flower de luce is
generally placed on fon;e part of it, pointing toward the north, by which
le other points arc eafily known.
On the top of the Map, between the marginal lines, are placed the feveral
£gurc5, which Ihow the number of degrees of eaftern of weftern longitude
of every place that is direAly under thofe figures. At the bottom of moft
Maps are placed the fame figures as thofe at the top ; but in Maps of the bell
ibrt, inflead thereof are placed the number of hours or minutes every place
in it lies diftant, eaft or weft, from its chief town or firft meridian. For in-
fiance, every place which is fituate one degree eaft of another, will appear
to luve the Sunyb^r minutes of time before it ; and Any one place, fituate one
degree weft of another, will appear to have the Sun/oar minutes of time aftti
it. Again, a place fituate fifteen degrees eaft of us, as Naples, will appear
to hav9 the Sun one complete hour before us at London ; and a place fituate
fifteen degrees weft of us, as the ifland of Madeira, will appear to have the
San one hour after us at London. Jrf.Vr •
On the right and left hand of every Map, between the marginal lines, are
placed figures that ftiow the number of degrees, either north or fouth latitude
>rhich every place parallel with them is diftant from the equator. Thus
I«oadon i& fituate 51 degrees 30 minutes of north latitude; thai is, it is
ib many degrees and minutes north from the equator. Over moft Maps are
drawn lines from the top to the bottom; and from the right hand to the left ;
thofe which run from the top to the bottom, are lines of longitude, and thofe
trkich crofs tliem, lines of latitude ; but thefe are fometimes omitced, when
a Map is too full to admit of them.
JCmgdoms or Provinces are liivided from each othpr by a row of fingle
points, ai^d diey are often ftained with different colours. Cities X)X great
icfv-ns are made like little houfes, with afmall circle m the middle cf them ;
but fmaller toiuns or villages are marked only with, little circles. Mountains
are imitated in the form of little rifing hillocks ; tvad^forejls are reprefented by
a colleftion of little trees. The names o{ villages are written in a running
hand, thofe oi cities in a Roman charader, and thofe o( provinces in large capi-
tals. Thtfea is generally left as an empty fpace on the Map, except where
there are rocks, fands, or fhelves, currents of water or wind. liocks are
fometimes made in Maps like little pointed things fticking up fharp in the
fea. Sands otjhelves are denoted by a great heap of little points placed in the
ihape of thefe fands, as they have been found to lie in the ocean, by found-
ing the depths. Currents of water are defcribed by feveral long parallel
^rooked ftrokes, imitating a current. The courfe ofviinds is reprefented by
the heads of arrows pointing to the coafts toward which the wind blows.
Small rivers are defcribed by a fingle crooked waving line, and large rivers
by fuch double and treble lines made ftrong a,qd, b,l<ic)j:. . fridges are 4^9X0."
guifhed by a double line acrofs the rivers. u; ^vV,i'>'- V ^^ «» . - ' r a<f
tiSiit, >■-■•■; '■ 1" .rHsS'i o«J ,.^*'Ji owi fiiUH r.ciitw ajji^Uf. v.oivn & .: W-^'Z i"* .
i::
i
ft
<». « .. ■■■_,
r*
A
dL \m 4;
r"k
TH£
GENERAL GAZETTEER;
OR, COMPENDIOUS
i;- ; ") ' W««' .
GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.
A A R
A A, a river of Dutch Brabant, which
waters Helmont, and falls into the
Doinmel, near Bois-le-duc.
Aa, a river of the United Piovinccs,
which waters ZwoU, and enters the Vccht,
oppoHte HaHelt.
Aa, a river of Weftphalla, which rifes
near Munfter, waters that city, and falls
into the Embs.
Aa, a river that rifes in the department
of Somme, in France, becomes navigable
near St. Omer, and paiies on to Graveuncs,
where it enters the German Ocean.
A A, a river of Courland, that rifes in
Saniojitia, and falls into the c^If of Riga.
Aa, a river of Swiiferland, which
rifes in the valley of Engelberg, and
crolTing Underwalden, faus into the
Waldftaetter See. Near the abbey of
Engelberg, it has a noble cataraft.
Aar, a large river of Swiflerland,
which iSiies from a lake, near Mount
Saalbc'rg, in the s of the canton of Bern,
and running NW through the whole
extent of the lakes of Bncntz and Thun
to }^ern, takes a circuitous coiirie to So-
leure, whence it flows E to Arburg, and
NE to Brug, below which it is joined
by the Reuis and Limmat, and then enters
the Rhine below ^urzach. Gold dult is
found in its bed, conveyed to it by the
river Emme. ,
Aarberg. See ARBfERC; and for
other words beginning witW Aa, look'
tttulcr a fihglc A.
ABE i vv.
Abach, a town of Bavaria, on tht
Danube, (tw^n miles sw of Rati(boD»
It has a citadel, and is remarkable for
Roman antiquities, and fome fine fpringa
of mineral water. Lon. 1 1 59 E, lat*
48 53 N-
Abakanskoi, a fbitified town of
Siberia, in the province of Tobollk^
feated oh the Janeika. Lon. 94. 5 e»
Abalak, a town in Siberia, two miles
from Tobolflc ; famous for an image of
the Virgin, conftantly yifited by a great
number of pilgrims j the clergy cairy it
every year in proce^ion to Tobolflc*
Lon. 68 20 E, lat. 5S 11 ,N,
Abano, a village Hve miles sw
of Padua, in Italy, famous for warm
baths. In one^ called Bagno dl Fango,
the patients are covered with the waim
mud, in hopes of a cure.
ABARANER,a tbwn of Armenia, where
the archbiihop of Nakfivan often reftdes s
be is an Armenian, and yet there are 300
RomaA catholics faid to be In this pbce.
It is 20 miles n of Nakfivan. Lon. 63
59 B, lat. 39 o N.
Ab ASK A J A, a town of Sib^Ia, on the
river Ifchim. The church is furrounded
by a rampart and paiiiades, and gamfoneJ
by dragoons. Lon. 69 5 E, lat. 50 10 N.
Abeville, a town of France, in the
department of Somme and late province
of Picardy, feated in a pleafant valley,
where the Somme divides into feveral
ABE
ABE
/ *
branches} and feparates the town into two
parts. A manut'afture of woollen cloth
waii let up here in 1665 : they alio ii^ake
failcloth, coarfe linen, and bbck and green
foap. It is 54 miles s of Calais, and 80 n by
W of Puris. Lon. i 55 e, lat. 50 7 N.
Abbey Boya.b. See Boyle.
Abbey Holm. Sec Holm.
Abbey Milton. See Milton.
Abbots, or ArtwooD Castle, in
Staffordfhire, fituate on a lofty round pro-
montory, and a Iteep ridge of hilU (con-
jetSlured to have been one continued for-
tiBcation, and a work of the ancient
Britons) feven miles from Wolverhamp-
ton.
Abbots-Bromley, or Pagets-
Bromley, a town of StaH'oi-dflurc, with
a market on Tutfday. It is fix miles e
of Stafford, and 119 NW of London.
Lon I 53 w, lit. 5a 51 N.
Abbotsbury, a town in Dorfetflu.
where there is a famous fwannery. It li;
a market on Thurlday, and is Icven mil
•sw of Dorcheiter, and 127 w by s of
London. Lon. 3 4.2 w, ht. 50 38 N.
Abbots-Langley, a village in Herts,
four miles sw of St. Alban's, famous
for being the birthplace of Nicholas
Breakfpeare, who, under the name of
Adrian iv, was the only Engli/hman that
ever became pope, and whole arrogance
was liich, that he obliged the emperor
Frederic the Firft to proftrate himfelf
before him, kifs his foot, hold his ftirrxip,
and lead the white paltry on which he
ro«.le ; and yet he luttered his mother to be
maintained by the ahns of the church of
Canterbury.
Abenrade, a town of Denmark, in
Slefwick, in a territory of its own name.
It is a flourifhing place, and feated on a
fpacious bay of the Baltic, furroundcd on
three fides by high mountains. Lon. 9
14. K, iat. 55 6 N.
Abk.sspurc, a town of Bavaria, on
the river Abens, near the Darube, 1 5
miles sw of Ratiibon. Lon. 11 55 E,
lat. 4H 46 N.
Abkravon, a town in Glamorgan-
fliire, feated at the mouth of the Avow,
19 miles NW of Cowbridge, and 195 wof
London. Lon. 3 48 w, lat. 51 35 n.
/\berbrothwick, or Abroath,, a
roy^i borough of Angusftire. It is a
Imall neat town, in which is a confiderable
nitinufarture of failcloth and linen, and
the magnificent ruins of an abbey, faid
io have been founded by William the
Lion in 1178. It is 15 miles ne of
St. Andrews, and 40 NNE of Edinburgh.
Lon. 2 39 w, lat. 56 36 n.
Aberdeen, Old, a city in Aberderj*-
fhue, on the s bank of the river Don,
over which is an old bridge, of one arcli,
relting upon two oppofite rocks. The
town coniilts only ot one llreet ; but has
an ancient Gothic cathedral, in which arc
two places of worlhip \ a.id a collcj^r,
calK-d King's College.
Aberdeen, New, a handfomecity in
Aberdernflure, fituate abont one mile
from Old Aberdeen, on an eminence, on
the s lide of the river Dee } over whicli,
about two miles above the town, is an
tlejrant bridge of feven arches. The
college, founded by earl Marifchal, 1 593,
and called Marifchal College, is, like the
college in Old Aberdeen, an ancient edi-
fice, and a very refpe6\able fi:minary.
Befide two papift churches, and the college
kirk, there is an elegant epifcopal chapel,
with I'cveral meeting-houles. The other
public buildings arc, a handfome towa-
noufe, Gordon's hofpital, an infirmaiy,
ami a gi-ammar fchool. The harbour, at
the mouth of the Dee, is defended by a
Strong dune pier, lately eret^ed. Belide
the coafting trade, vetlel* are . fent hence
to France, Spain, Portugal, and to tlie
northern (tates of Europe. The manu-
faf^tures are (tockings, cottons, &c. and
here is a fine falmon fifheiy. The number
of inhabitants in Old and New Aberdeen,
and the luburbs, is eitimated at 20,000.
Aberdeen is 84 miles Nw of Edinburgh.
Lon. I 50 w, lat. 57 6 N.
Aberdeenshire, a coimty of Scot-
land, bounded on the NW by Bamffihire
and the river Deveron ; on the N and N e
by the German Ocean 5 on the s by the
counties of Kincardine, Angus, and Perth \
and on the w by Invemefsftiire. Its
length, from N£ to sw, is 80 miles j
its breadth not quite 30. The NE part,
extending toward the river Ythan, is
culled Buchan. There is much excel-
lent paiture in the high parts j and the
Ir-vcl trait, called Strathbogie, contains
many well cultivated fields.
AaERnouR, a village in Fifefliire,
on liie N coatt of the futh of Forth,
about 1 2 miles from Edinburgh. At this
place, the gallant earl of Murray was
mtudered in 1592, on fufpicion of having
gair.ed the affeftions of the queen.
Aberford, or Aberforth, a tow^
in the w riding of Yorkfhire, with a
market on Wednefday. It is 16 miles
sw of York, and 184 nnw of London.
Lon. I 21 w, lat. 53 50 N.
Aberfraw, a village In the ifle of
Angiefey, formerly a place of great ac-
covnki the princes of N Wales having
A B K
A B R
then a palace here. It is fix raile* NW of
Newburgh.
AbergaVemmY, a welUboilt town in
Moninouthlhire, containing about 500
houfck, with two parilh churches, and an
old calile. It ha* a market on ruelUay
and Friday» and in 16 miles w of Mon-
mouth, and 143 w by N ut London. Lon.
3 5 w, lat. 51 50 N.
Aeernethy* atom in Murrayflurc,
on the river Spey, formerly the leat ot the
Pi^tidi kings, and aftcrwaid the lee of
an archbiHiup.
Aberystwith, a fmall town in Car-
diganfhire, on the Riddul, near its con-
Huence with the Iftwith, where it fall*
into Cardigan Bay. 'I'he market, on
Monday, is confidi^rable. It is 30 miles
NK of Cardigan, and 203 WNW of Lon-
don. Lon. 4. o w, lat. ,51 25 N.
Abex, a country of Africa, on the
Red Sea, which bounds it on the e;
AbyjFmia and Nubia lie on the w; Kgypt
on the N i and the coalt of Ajan to the s.
Suaquam is the capital. It is a iandy
and barren country, being, deltitute of
water. The inhabitaats aie Mahome-
tans. -
Abiad, a lo\vn on the coaft of Abex,
on a high mountain, and remarkable ibr
its trade in ebony and aromatic plants.
Abiarrasso, a fmall town of Italy,
feated on a canal, in the duchy of Milan.
Lon. 9 z4 H, lat. 45 20 N.
ABiNCDOM, a town in Berks, on the
Thames, with a market, on Monday and
Friday. The aflizes, fedions, and other
county meetings, are often held here. Jt
has a handlbme townhail for the .lilizes,
i:c. and two churches. Thetownconlillsof
I'everal well built Itreefs, which centre in
a Ijpacious corn-itiarket j und great quan-
tities of malt are made here, and ftnt in
baj-gcs to London, it fends one member
to parliament, and is fcven miles s of.
Oxford, and 56 W of London. Lon. i
Z2 w, lat. 51 42 N.
Abiul, a town of Beira, in Portugal,
containing i^joo' inhabitants. Lon^ 7 10
w, lati 40 7^0 N.
Abkhas, one of the feven nations in
the countries comprehended between the
Black Sea and the Cai'pian. Their prin-
cipal and moit ancient eitablilhmetkts are
on the ibatbera Hops of the mountains
-comprehended between the river Cttban
and the Bla^k Sea. They arc tributary
to the Turks, apd are divided; into tw6
governments^, the wefterri and the eal^i.}
dach fubje^: tQ;ai>aihaw^Gbnuiiofllychoien
out of th« principal ait ivt familieti; one.
pf «^<»njr«lide« at.Sotchukka^^, and thc'
Lon. from 7a to Sj* e, lat.
other at SoghumkaU. The Abkhat fpeak
an original language, eflentialty different
from all the kno>yn languages, though
appearing to have a very remote affinity
to that of the Circalfiuns. They have,
at preltnt, very little religion, althoueh
they It ill prefervc Ibme traces of Chrlltr-
anity. 'I heir capital is Anacopir, for-
merly Nicopfis.
Abl,ay, a counfiy in Great Tartary,
fubjt'H to the Kullians: but their chief is
a Culmuck.
5 1 to 54<' N.
Abloe, a town of Little Tartary, be-
tween the river Dnieper, and the Black
bea. Lon. 33 15 E, lat. 46 to N. >
Abnakis, Indians of North America,
betweeji New lingland and Canada. They
hate labour, and could never be bixjught
to cultivate the ground.
Abo, a feaport, the capital of Swedifh
Finland, on the point where the gulphs of
Bothnia and Finland imite. It contains
lijveral brick hoiifes; but the generality
aie of wood painted red. The inhabit-
ants export linen, com, flax, and iron.
Here is a univerfity, founded in 1640, by
queen Chriitiana; and here likewife is a
royal botanic garden, eftabliflied by the
late unfortunate Gultavus. Abo is an
cpifcopal lee, 140 miles ne of Stockholm.
Lon. 22 18 E, lat. 60 27 N.
Abo-flot, or Abo-hus, an ancient
fort in Finland, on a pcninfula, near the
mouth of the Aura. It has often fuffered
from thi enemy and by fire.
Aboutice, Abutish, or Abohibe,
a town in Upper Egypt, near the Nik,
where there grows plenty of poppies, of'
which the belt opium is made. Lat. zti
50 N.
Abrahamsdorf, a fmall town in
Hungary, but well inhabited. Lon. 19
50 E, lat. 46 20 N.
Abrantes, a town of Portugal, in
Eltramadura, on th? river Tajo. It con-
tains 35,000 iiihabirants, has four con-
vents, and an hofpital. Lon. 7 18 w,
lat. 39 13 N.
Abrejro, a town of Tra-los-monies,
in Portugal. I^n. 7 10 \v,lat. 41 10 N.
Abrolhos, dangerous fhoals, about
50 miles from the coaft of Brafilj near the
iilaivl of St. Barbe. ;•;•;-;■
Abrug banya, a populous town In
Tranfylvania, on the river Oropay, 35
miles above Alba Julia, near vvhich are
mines of gold and lllver. Lon. 23 24 £»
lat. 46 50 N. '
AsRTjy.zo, a province of Naples,
boxwded on the ^ 'by the gulph of Venice i
9S the M and w>hy Atttonia, Umbria^
■ '■- ::' . ■•' B 2 ' '■ ■■<.'■'■
■\'
r
\
A B Y
A C Kt
^1
5: i
ir
jff
and Cunfigoa i\ R«flia; •tti elk the rainv fcafon» to prevltnt -all their' ftock«f
s by Terra di Lavora and Moiift. It i» cattle from b«ine deftroyed. Accordingi
divided into two n^rts by the river Ptf- to Mr. Bruce, tm celebrated river Nile
carai whereof one U called Uheriore* and his its fburce in this country^ near tht
has Aquila for its capital j and the other village of Gee(h> in Ion. 36 55 E, and lat.
Citeriore, of which Solmona is the capital
Bcfide the Appcnnine Mountains, there
are two ethers, called Monte Cavallo and
Monte Mayailo. This country is fertile
in com, rice, fruit, and faffron j but the
woods abound with bears and wolves.
Abspbrg, a fmall town in Suabia, In
the Norgow, near Anfpach.
Abstkinen, a bailiwic beyond the
rivtr Memel, in the circle of Tajpieu, be-
longing to the kingdom of Pruma. It is
a mountainous, but pleafant countrj^ and
10 59 H. Gondar is the metropolis.
There is a remarkable coincidence betwetn
the cuttomt in the court of ancient PerHa
and thofe of Abyflinia. The religion of
the country is a mixture of Judailin and
of the Chriftianity of the Greek church ;
and the language i» Ethiopic, which bears
a great affinity to the Arabic.
Acadia. See Nova See via.
Ac AM BO u, a kingdom on the coaft of
Guinea, in Africa, whofe king is abiblute,
and all hia fubjefls (laves; which, how-
abounds in com and cattle. "'^ ever, does not prevent them from being
Abydos^ a town and caltle of Natolia, haughty and infolent.
on the ftrait of Galiipoli. He r^ all (hips ACAKNY, an inland country of Guinea^
from the Archipelago are fearched. Lon. aflfording the beft gold, in great plenty.
There is a town of the fame name. Lon.
o 30 B, lat. 8 30 N.
ACAPULCO, a confiderable town of
Mexico, feated on a bay of the S Sea.
The harbour U very coraioodious, and
will hold near 100 ve(rels. Every year 3
rich (hip is fent to Manilb ; and another
returns annually thence to this port, laden
with the bett commodities of the £
Indies. One of thefe, laden with filver^
was taken by commodore Anfon, in i74-3>
Lpn. 102 10 w, lat. 17 22 s.
Ac ARIA, a towm of S America, in
Paraguay, built by the Jefuits in 1^24.
Lon. 51 5 w, bt. 26 o s.
AcBARABAO. See Agra.
AcERENZA, a town of Naples, in the
province of Bafilicata, formerly the (ee
Lon. 16 5 E, lat. 40
37 36 B, lat. 40 i6 N.
Abyo, or Abuyo, one of the Phil-
llppine iflands, between Mindinao and
Luzon, where the Spaniards have a fort.
Lon. 122 15 E, lat. 10 o N.
Abyssinia, a kingdom of Africa,
bounded on tlie N by Sennar, or Nu-
bia ; on the E by the Red Sea and
Dane 3 la; on the w by Gorham; and
oh the S by Gingia and Alaba } lying
between 6 and 20*^ N, lat. and 26 and
40^ £ lon. It is about 900 mile, long,
and 800 broad. The rainy feafon con-
tinues from April to September. Thi» is
(licceeded, without interval, by a cloud-
kls (ky, and a vertical fun. Cold nights
as inftantly follow thefe fcorching days.
The earth, notwithftanding thel'e days, is
perpetually cold, lb aslo feel difagreeable of an archbilhop.
to the Iblcs of the feet; partly owing to 20 N.
the fix months rain, when no fun appears,
and partly to the perpetual equality of
nights and days. There is no country in
the world that produces a greater variety
ef quadrupeds, both wild and tame; but
there are no tigers. The hyenas, how-
ever, are very nun^eroub, and dreadful in
their ravages. Bcfide many Ipecies of
eagles, vultures, 8ic. there is a Ipecies of
gkde, called haddayn, which is very fre-
quent in Egypt, and comes punftuaUy
into Abyflinia, at the return of the fun,
after the tropical rains; and Itorks cover
the plains in May, when the rains become
conliant: there are few owlsj but thefe
are of an immenle fwe and beauty. The
molt remarkable infeft is thjt Ttfaltfal.or
fly, vv'hich is lo fatal to cattle, ^d evm
to the camel, that, in fome particular
countries, great eiaigrations are obliged
t» ta/to place -in the;begi|ining of the
AcERNO, a town of Naples, in Prin-
cipato Citeriore, with a bi(hop's liie,
12 miles NE of Salerno. Lon. 15 6 E»
lat. 40 45 N.
AcERRA, a town of Naples, on the
river Agno, (even miles ne oH Naples.
Lon. 14 30 E, lat. 40 55 N.
AcH, a town of Suabia, in the land-
gravate of Nellenburg, on the river Ach,
14 miles NE of Schafthaufen.
Ac HAM, a country in Afia, bounded
on the N by Boutan, on the E by China,
on the s by Burmah, and on the w by
Hindooftan. It is very little known t6 th»
Europeans.
AcHEEN^ a kirigdom in the nw p«Mt
of the iibnd of Simtatra, ncyw very dif-
ferent from earlier times^'when it was
powerful coov.gh to expel ' the Portuguefe
from the iilandr and it* fo¥creign«k at"
GKiyed'CmbaffiM! from foin» «fi tk« g»M^clt>
A C H
A C R
•otmtate* of EtiTpe. It is compftrativrly
healthy, being more free from woods and
fwamps than the other parts of the idand.
Its chief produfVs are fine fruits, rice,
cotton, gold duft, and fulphui^. Tht
Achinefe arc, in general, talkr, ftouter,
»nd much darker- complexioned than the
•ther Sumttrans. They are' more aftive
and indultriom than their neighbours, and
have more fagacity and penetration. They
are Mahometans.
AcHEEN, the capital of a kingdom oif
the (ame itume, in Sumatra, feated o» a
river which flows into the Tea, near the
Nw point of the iUand, or Acheen Head,
about two miles from the mouth, in a
wide valley, formed like an amphitheatre
by two lofty ranges of hills. The river,
which empties itlelf by feveral channels,
is very fballow at the bar. The houfes
are built of bamboos and rough timbers,
and are raifed ibme feet from the ground,
this part of the country being overflowed
In the rainy feafon. It is an open town,
in the centre of which is the king'$
palace, a rude piece of architecture, a
mile and a half in circtmiference, fur-
rounded by a wide and deep moat, zna
iirong walls. A large manufafturt of a
thick kind ot cotton cloth, and of ftuif
for the fhort trowfers worn by the Malays
and Achenefe, is eftablifhed here. Pay-
ments are commonly made in gold duft,
which |s carrjM about in ''adders. The
Achinefe are bold and expert navigators.
Crime? are punilhed here with remaikahle
rigour J but the rod of juftice, it is fup-
poled, falls only on the poor. Petty theft
IS punifhed by fufpending the offender
from a tree, with a gun, or other heavy
weight, tied to his feet j or by cutting off
a finger, hand, or |eg, according to the
nature of the theft. Many of thefe muti-
lated people are to be fcen daily in the
fireets. An adulterer loli?s the protection
of his friends, and is delivered up to the
relations of the huiband, who convey him
to a large plain, and form themlelves into
a circle, in the midit of which the culprit
is placed } a large weapon is then delivered
to him by one of his relations, and if he
can- force his way t' ough, and efcape, he
is not liable to further pcolecution ; but
he is molk commonly cut to pieces in an
inftant; and his relations biiry him as
they would a dead buffalo, on no account
admitting the oorpfe into their houfe. ot
performing any funeral rites. Highway-
robbers and houfebreakers are drowned j
Und their bodies are expoied, a few days,
on a ftake; but if a prieft be robbed, the
otfendtr in burnt alive. Vet, alter all,
the Achirncfe are ftippofed to be the mofk
difhoneft and flagitious people in the Eaft.
Acheen is looo miles s£ of Madras.
Lon. 95 34 E, lat. 5 21 N.
AcHONRV, a fmall town of Ireland,
in the county of Sligo, on the Shannon.
AcHMETscHET, A towTi of Crim Taf-
tary, in the KufTian piuvince of Taurida
and government of Catharinenllaf. Lon.
33 ao E,lat. 4.5 o N.
Achy R, a (troiig to\vn and caftit of the
Ukraine, on the river Uorfklo, 117 mll:;k
E of Kiow. Lou. 36 10 El iat. 49 32 N.
ACIERNO. SeeAcERNO.
AcKEN; a fmall town in the duchy of
Magdeburg. It has a citadel, and ftandt
on the Elbe, five miles from DeflTaw.
AcOMA, a town of New Mexico^
feated on a high mountain, with a firopg
cattle. It is the capital of the province.
Lon. 104 n w, lat. 35 o N.
* Ac<^, a to%vn of France, at the
foot of the Pyrenees, in the department
of Arriege and late province of Foix,
Its vicinity is noted for hot fprings. Lon.
I 40 E, lat. 43 o N.
Ac(^A, a town in Tufcany, noted for
warm baths. Lon. 12 10 E, lat. 43 45 N.
Acc^A-CHE-FAVELLA, a celebrate4
fountain of Naples, in Calabria Citeriore,
ne-i- the mouth of the river Grata, and itk
ruins are called Sibari Rovinata,
AcquAPENDENTE, a large town of
Orvieto, with a bifhop's fee, feated on a
mountain near the river Paglia, 50 milcfe
N by w of Rome. Lot). 12 17 E, lat;
42 43 N.
AccHjARiA, a fmall town in Frigana^
a diftrilt of Modena, remarkable for its
medicinal waters. It is 12 miles s of
Modena. Lon. 11 19 £, lat. 44 12 H.
AcQUAvivA, a town of Naples, In
Terra di Bari. Lon. 16 20 E, lat. 41 10 K.
Acqui, a town ofMontferrat. It hag
commodious buths, is a bifhop's fee, and
feated on the Bormia, 25 miles NW pf
Genoa. Lon. 8 35 E, ht. 44 40 n.
AcRA, a town pn the coaft of Guinea,
where the Englifli, Dutch, Mid Danes
have forts, and each fort its village.
Lon. o 2 \v, lat. 5 0 N.
Acre, a feaport of Paleltine, formerly
called Ptolemais. It is abilhop's fee. It
was famous in the time of the aaifades,
and underwent feveral (icges ; but is now
inconfidcrablc, an-J entirely fupported by
its harbour. It is 28 miles s of Tyre,
and 37 N of Jerufalem. Lon. 35 25 Ef
lat. 32 32 K.
AcRON, a territory on tlie Gold coaft
of Guinea. The Dutch have a fort here
called Fort Patience ; and mwler it is thd
A D I
ADZ
.
Tillage, inhabited only by finiermen. The
other inhabitant* are iiulbandmen, and fell
their com to other countries. There is
plenty of game, which is very commodi-
ous for the Dutch fafloiy . This is called
liittle Acron, Great Acron being further
inland, and a kind of republic.
AcROTBRi, a town in the ifland of
Santorim. Lon. z6 i e, lat. 36 25 n.
Acton, East, a village in Mlddlefex,
fix miles w of London, noted tbr it^
medicinal waters.
AcTbN-BuRNEL, a Village in Shrop-
fliire, eight miles from Shrewsbury. A
parliament was held here l^ the reign of
^Edward i, when the lords fat in the cattle,
and the connmons in a bam, which is ftiU
ftanding. A great part of the caftle re-
mains) the walls exceedingly ftrong, and
adorned with 6ne battlements and rows of
windows curioufly carved ; and mull, from
its prefent appearance, hive been a mag-
nificent;ftructure.
Adam's-Pike, a high mountain inrtie
ifland of Ceylon; on the top of which
they believe the firftman was created,:
and there is a ftiapc of. a man's foot, cut
out of the rock,, about iive or. fix f«;et in
length, which they pretend is the print of
his fopt. And near this is a reef of rocks,
which run over to the continent, called
Adam's Bridge i for they fay it was made
by angels to carry him over to the main
wnd. However, we muft obferve, that
thefe are European names; for the hrii
nuui is not called Adam by the natives.
A'dana, an ancient and handffome town
«f Natolia, in a chantking climate, with a
bifhop's fee. It is feated on the Choquen,
25 miles NE of Tarfus. Lon. 36 iz e,
lat. 37 »6 N.
Adda, a river, which rifes in the
country of the Grifons, and falls into the
Fo, near Cremona.
.AdeI: a kingdom of. Africa, called
alfo Zeila, from its capital. It lies on
the s coaft of the ftrait of Babelmandel.
It feldom rains here, and yet the countiy
i J fmitful, being well watered by rivers.
If abounds with wheat, millet, frankin-
ceiifcj and pepper; and the tails of their
ihitji weigh Z5lb. each. The inhabitants
ai'e Mahometans.
Aden, once a rich but now abandoned
feaport of Arabia Felix, 60 miles E of
Mocha. Lon. 46 30 E, lat. 13 10 N.
Adenbitrg, or Addenburg, a town
of Weftphalia, in the duchy of Berg, i %
miles N£ of Cologne. Lon. 7 16 e, lat.
51 Z N.
Adige, a rivfr of Italy, which has
ito iburce to the s of the lake Glace,
among .the Alps, and runs » by Trent*
and e by Nerqna, into th»j gulf of Venice.
Admiralty Is^^ands, a clulter of
iflands in the S Pacific Ocean, to tlw N\V
of New Ireland. They were difcovered
in 1767; Ib-ne of them appear of confi-
derable extent ; and the centre one is liip-
pofed to be in lon. 14.6 44 e, lat* 2 18 sfo
Adon, a town of Hungary, in the pro-
vince of 8tuhl-Weiff?mburg, leated in a
fruitful country near the Danube. Lon.
i9i5E, lat. 47 35 N.
Adoni, a town of Golcopda, in the
peninfula of Hindoftan, on one of the
branches of the Tungebadda. It is 175
miles sw of Hydrabad, and 310 Nw of
Madras. Lon. 77 o E, lat. 15 37- N..
ApouR, a river of France, which rif^
in the department of the Upper Pyrenees,
and running by Tarbes and Dax, falls into
the bay qf Bilc3|y below Bayonne.
Adra, a feaport of Granada, in Spain,
47 miles SE of Granada. Lon. z 37 w^
lat. 36 4>N.
Adria, a town in the territory of
Venice, which gives name to the Adriitic
Sea. It is a bifliop's leCj 25 miles ssw
of Venice. Lon. la yB, ht. 45 8 N.
A-DRIANO,. a mounta,in of .Spain, in
Bifcay. The;re is a road over it to Aalba
and Old Caltile, which is very diiticult:
at its beginning there is a dai'k path of 1 50
paces, cut through a rock ; after which is
the mountain that muft be palled over.
It is one of; the h'gheft of the Pyre-
nees; and is only inhabited by a few
ihepherds.
Adrianofle, a celebrated town of
Turkey in Europe, in Romania, with an
ai'chbiihop's iee; fituate in a fine plain,
on the 'river Marazi, 115 miles nw of
Conftantinople. The grand lignior often
vifits this place. It is eight miles in.cir-f
cumference, but the ftreets aie nairow.and
crooked. Lon. x6 27 e, lat. 41 45 N.
Adriatic Sea, ee Venice, Gulf
OF.
Adventure Island, a finail irtand
in the S Pacific Ocean, fo called from die
Ihip Adventure, in which capt. Furneaux
failed. Capt. Cook found the people to
be mild and cheerful, with little of that
wild appearance which lavages in general
have. They were, however, almoft totally
devoid of aftivity or genius, and were
nearly on a level with the wretched natives
of Tierra del Fuego. Lon. 147 29 W,
lat. 43 21 s.
Adula, a mountun of Spain, la
Navaije, between Painpeluna and St. Jean
de Pi6 deK^rr.
Aoz£NOta, a, fmuU town of ^pjun.
i%\
■vmnnty^fim^'ni?^-
';iw»,t-^-.. , X
'^^mii»»m^'
"■«i^#.
iins > by Ti-enti
in; gulf oi Venietr.
IDS, a clulttr oH
)<:ean, to the n\V
r wer(; difcovered
I appear of coafi-
ceiitre one is iup-
■^ E, liX' » 1 8 ifc
iigary, in the pro-
burg, leated in a
t Danube. Lon.
Jolcopda, in the
on one of the
adda. It is 175
and 310 nw of
at. 15 37. N..
ance, which rif^
Upper Pyrenees,
id Dax, falls into
Bayonne,
anada, in Spain,
Loi}, a 37 w>
the territory of
to the Adriatic
i 2.5 miles S8W
' Ut. 45 8 N. -
n ot .Spain, in
over it to Aalba
i very difficult :
lark path of 150
; after which is
be palled over,
of the Pyre-
ited by a few
iratcd town of
nania, with an
n a fine plain,
miles Nw of
id fignior often
It miles in.cir-r
aie naiTow and
at. 41 45 N.
ENicE, Gulf
a final] ifland
:alle4 from tlie
apt. Furneaux
the people to
little of that
ges in general
alinofi totally
as, and were
etched natives
n. 147 49 w,
if Spain, la
a and St. Jean
vn of Spalny
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AGE
t0-
L«»
L?o
y
in Valcntia, fcatcd on mount Pcgna Golora.
Lon. 2 16 \v, lat. yj 10 N.
^-c;ai)ES, or TEcates, three fmall
itluntls on the w fide of Sicily, between
Murlt;lla and Trapani; their names aie
Levenzo, Favignana, and Maretama.
Aershot, a to\yn in Brabant, on the
river Demur, ten iniles E of Mechlin.
Lon, 4 49 E, lat. 51 I N.
^TNA. See Etna.
AFRICA, one of the four principal
parts of the world ; bounded on the N
by the Mediterranean Sea; on the \v
by the Atlantic Ocean ; on the E by the
ilthmus of Suez, the Red Sea, and the In-
dian Ocean ; and on the s by the Southern
Ocean. Ic is a penini'ula of prodigious ex-
tent, being, joined to Afia by the iithmus
of Suez, which is 60 miles over. In its
gieateft length, from the moft nortliern
purt to the Cape of Good Hope, it i$
4600 miles J and in the broade(t part,
fiom Cape Verd to Cape Guardafui, it is
■5500, The greateft part of it is within
the torrid zone, which renders the heat
alinoft infupportable in many places. How-
evei-, the coafts in general are very fertile,
the fruits excellent, and the plants extra-
ordinaiy. There are more wild beafts
t^ian in any other part of the world : there
are alio Ibme animals peculiar to this
countrj'j as the hippopotamus, or river
horle J the rhinoceros, with two horns on
its nofe ; and the beautiful ftriped zebra.
Befide thefe, they have crocodiles, oftriches,
camels, and many other animals not to be
met with in Europe. There are feveral
deferts, particxilarly one' of a large extent,
called Zahara; but thefe are not quite
without inhabitants. There are many
large rivers j but the principal are the
Nile and the Nigen, of which lait, the
Senegal and the Gambia are only branches.
The mott confiderable mountains are the
Atlas, the Mountains of the Moon, and
the Sierra Leone, or the Mountains of the
Lions. The inhabitants confift of Pagans,
Mahometans, and Chriftians. The firft,
which poffefs the greateft part of the
country, from the tropic of Cancer to the
Cape of Good Hope, are the moft nu-
merous, and are generally black. The
Mahometans, who are tawny, poffefs
Egypt and the coaft of Barbary. The
people of Abyifinia are denominated Chql--
tians, but retain many pagan and jewifli
rites. In the N of Africa are fome Jews,
wlw manage all the little trade of th^t
part of the countiy. The principal divj-
iions of Africa are Barbary, Egypt, Bile-
dulgerid, Zahara, Negroland, Guinea,
i^ornouo Caihna, Fezzan, Senna, Nubia,
;vA^.', .,^>-
AbyfTmia, Abex, Loango, Congo, An-
gola, Benguela, Mataman, Zanguebai-,
Monomotapa, Monomugi, Sofola, Caf-
fraria, and the country of the Hottentots.
In 1788, an affociation was formed for the
purpofe of having the interior regions of
Africa explored} and Mr. Ledyard and
Mr. Lucas were fcle6led as their milFion-
aries. Mr. Ledyard died en the journey ;
but Mr. Lucas is ftill purfuing his re<
ieai'ches. Tuc aHTociation have aljready
colledcd much geographical infoima-
tion.
Africa, a feapott of the kingdom of
Tunis, 70 miles SSE of Tunis. It was
taken by Charles v, who demolifhetl the
fortifications. Lon. 11 xo E, lat. 35
36 N.
Afrk^e, St. a fmall town of France,
in the depaitment of Averion, fix miles
E of Vabres.
Agades, a kingdom of Africa, in Ne-
groland, with a town of the fame name,
tributary to the kin^ of Tombu6^ou. It
produces excellent ienna and manna. Lon.
13 20 E, lat. 19 10 N.
AoAMENTicus, a mountain of n
America, in the diftri^ of Main. It m
a noted landmark for failors, about eight '
miles from the fea, in lat. 43 16.
AoATHA, St. a town of Naples, in
Princiuato Ulteriore, with a bifhop's fee,
20 miles N£ of Naples. Lpn. 14 36 E,
lat. 41 5 N.
AcATTON, a town near the mouth of
the Formofa, on the coaft of Guinea, 80
miles s of Benin. Lon 7 6 E, lat. 7 20 N.
Agde, a town of France, iin the depart-
ment of Herault and late province of Lan-t
guedoc, feated on the, river Herault, not
far from its mouth in the gulf of Lyons,
where there is a. fort to defend the entr:mce.
It is 17 miles NE of Narbonne. Lon,
3 33 e, lat. 45 T9 N.
Ac EN, an ancient town of France, in
the late province of Guienhe, the epifcor
pal lee of the departnient of Aveiron. It
is feated in a fertile country, on the banks
of the Garonne. Prunes, on account of
their antifcorbutic proiperty, form here a
confidejable obi?6l of commerce } of which
the Dutch take gr^at quantities for long
voyages. Great part of the hemp in the
neighbourhood is manufa^ured \c\iQ table
linen, which is fent to Cadiz, and thence
exported to the Spanifh ifiands. Here are
likewife manufaftures of cambists, ferges,
and failcloth. Agen is 108 miles S£ of
Bourdeaux. Lon. o 40 K, lat. 42 12 N.
Agenabat, a town orTrai\lylvania i
10 miles NE of Hermanfta4t. Lon. a^
50 £, lat. 46 3a N. r. . ,.
A G N
A J A
\''h
\h\
I >
Acer, a town of Spain, In Catalonls.
Lon. I 50 E, lat. 41 50 N.
AcGA, or AnooNA, a town and
country on the coaft of Guinea, in which
Is a very high hill, called the Devil's
Blount, luppofed to contain a j}ic;it quan-
tity of cotJ. The Englilh have a fort
here. Lon. o c, lat.-6 o N.
Acr.ERHuys, a fortrefs of Norway, In
a province of the fame name, which is full
oi mountains. It U 30 miles NW of
Fredcrickniali. Lon. 10 ao £, lat. 59
30 N. See CHRISTlANtA.
AcHRiM, a village in the county of
Galway, memorable for the decifive vic-
tory, j^nincd in 1691, by the army of
king William, over that of James 11.
Aghrin, a town in the county of
Wicklow, 13 miles sw of Wicklow.
Xon. 6 21 w, lat. 52 45 n.
AciMERE, or AzMERE, the capital
of a territory of the fame name in Hin-
doftan Proper, built at the foot of a
very high mountain j on the top of which
is a fortrefs of great Itrength. It is 230
miles w of Agra 5 and yet the famous
emperor Acbar, fays major Rennel, made
a pilgrimage on foot, to the tomb of a
faint there, to implore the divine bleffing
on his family, which, at that time, con-
fifted only or daughters : but after this
pilgi'image, he had three ions added to it.
Jehanguire, his Ibn, occafionally kept his
court nerc} and this occafioned the vifits
of fir Thomas Roe to this place from
Surat. Lon. 75 20 e, lat. 26 35 n.
Agincourt, a village of P'rance, in
t'nt department of the Straits of Calais
aiid late county of Artols, feven miles n
of Hefdin. Neai* this place, Henry v,
Icing of England, obtained a fignal vic-
tory over the French, in 1415.
Agm AT, a town of Morocco, on a river
of the fame liame, and on the declivity of
00c of the mountains of Atlas, 1 6 miles
s of Morocco. Lon. 7 1 5 w, lat. jp
56 N.
AcMONDESHAM. SeeAMERSHAM.
Agnadelloa, a village of the Mila-
ncfe, famous for a viLT:ory gained by
I-ewis XII, over the Venetians, in 1509,
and by the duke of Vendome over prince
Eugene, in 1705. It Is leated on the
canal between Adda and Serio, five mlle'si
SE of CaiTana. Lon. 9' 26 £, lat. 45
Agnano, a circular lake, in the king-
dom of Naples, feven miles from Puzzoli.
It is about half a mile in diameter, f\ir-
roun'^ed by mountains ; and on Its margin
is fituate th^ famous Grotta del Can^.
See Cane> Grotta del.
A CO ST a, a town of Sicily, with an ex-
cellent harbour. The greateft part of it
was deftroyed by an earthquake in 1693.
Lon. 15 15 e, lat. 37 35 N.
Agra, the capital of a province of the
f.^me name, in Hindoftan Proper, featcci
on the s bank of the river Jumna, which
Is feldom fordable. It was once the molt
I'plendid of all the Indian cities, and now
exhibits the moft magnificent ruins. About
the year 1566, the emperor Acbar made
it his capital, and gave his name to it j
fmce which time it is often named Acba-
rabad. It was then a fmall fortified
town ; but it ibon fprung up to an ex-
tenfive well built city, regularly fortified
according to the Indian method, and with
a fine citadel of ret! freeftone. Perhaps
it has fcldorti happened t'lat a city of fuch
great extent and magnificence has declintd
lo npidly. Agra is 100 miles s by E of
Delhi. Lon. 78 33 e, lat. 27 o N.
Agreda, a town of Spain, in Old Ca-
ftlle, eight miles sw of Taracona. Lon.
2 o w, lat. 41 53 N.
Agria, a fmall, but ftrong town, of
Upper Hungaiy, with a biftiop's fee and
a citadel. It was taken by the Turks in
1596, and retaken in 1687. It •" feated
on the river Agria, 47 miles ne of Buda.
Lon. 20 10 e, lat. 48 10 n.
Ac RIG nan, oneof theLadroneiflands,
40 miles in compafs. Lon. 146 o E, lat.
19 40 N.
Agua de Pao, a town in the ifland of
St. Michael, one of the Azores. Lon. 25
40 w, lat. 38 0 N.
Aguas Bellas, a town of Portugal,
in Eftramadura. Lon. 8 5 w, iat. 39
40 N.
Aguila, a town of the kingdom of
Fez, felted on the river Aguila.
Aguilar, a town of Spain, In Na-
varre, 24 miles w of Ettella. Lon. z
30 e, ht. 42 35 N.
Agurande, a fmall town of France^
in the depai-tment of Indre and latt; pro-
vince of Berry. Lon. 2 10 e, lat. 47
20 N.
Ahuys, a ftrong town of Sweden, in
the province of Gothland, with a good
harbour, 15 miles se of Chriltianltadt.
Lon. 14 15 E, lat. 56 15 N.
AiACCio, or Ajazzo, a fine feaport
of Corfica, on the \v fide of the Ifland,
built on a point of land that juts into the
gulf. Lon. 8 50 E, lat. 35 50 N.
AjAZZo, a leaport of Natolia, In the
province of Caramania, fcat^d on the
Mediterranean, 30 miles N of Antloch*
and 40 w of Aleppo, where ft:ood the
city o|' Iflus, and wnere A)c](;^der foujjjUt
A I L
A I X
h'u fecond battle with Daiius. Lon. 33
10 E, lat. 37 o N.
Aicii, a town of Bavaria, on the Par.
It was taken and burnt by the Swedes in
J634. Lon. II *o E, lat. 48 30 N.
AiCHsr AT, a town of Francouia, capi-
tal of a bilhopric of the fame name. It
is n.'markablc for a curious pirn- of work-
manftiip, called the Sun ot the Holy Sa-
crament, which is in the church : it is of
maffy gold, of great weight, and is en-
riched with 350 diamonds, 1^.00 pearls,
250 rubies, and other ureci-jus (tones. Thij
place is leafed in a valley, on the river Alt-
jnul, 30 miles s of Nuremberg. Lon. 11
10 E, lat. ii8 57 N. The bilhopric is
45 miles in length, and 17 in breadth.
AiELLO, a fmajl town of. Naples, in
Abruzzo Ulteiiore, belonging to the he-
reditary prince of Modena. Lon. 15 20
£, lat. 41 40 N.
AlCLE, a town of Swiflferland, in the
canton of Bern, feated on the Rhone, lix
miles from its entrance into the lake of
Geneva. All the houfes, even the meaneft,
are built of white marble, found in the
neighbourhood.
AiGLE, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Ome and late province of
Normandyj 47 miles sw of Rouen, Lon.
JOE, lat. 4S 45 N.
AiGNAN, St. a town of France, in the
department of Loire and Cher and late pro-
vince of Blafois, It is in the form of
an amphitheatre, at the foot of which
runs the Cher, at the diftance of 60 miles
from Bourges.
AiouE MoRTP, a town of France, in
the department of the Mouths of the
Rhone and late province of Languedoc. It
is very Itrong, on account of its iituation
among the moraffes, though at fome dif-
tance' from the lea. It had a harbour,
which is now choked up. Lon. 4 3 £|
lat. 43 34 N.
Aigue-Perse, a town of France, in
the department of Puy-de-Dome and late
province of Auvergne, 18 miles N of
Clermont, and 261 s of Paris. It ha§ a
fountain, once regarded as a prodigy, its
rold water haying the appearance of
boiling : but the cliymilts can now imitate
thele C0I4 fermentations by a mixturt: of
ferruginous and vitriolic particles. The
Tvater of this fpripg is faicl to be fatal tq the
aniii]als that drinJl^ i(. ' Lon 3 zo £, lat,
46 6 N. '
AiLAH, 9 town of Arabia Petrea,
9r\ the E fide of the R'-'d Sea, near the
ro^(| which the pilgrinis tajte from Egypt
fjo Mecca. Lon. 3<J 40 E, lat. 29 10 N,
AiLESBUHV) tl^c l^r^cit and molt po-
pulous town in Buckiaghainihirf, with a
market on Saturday. It confiUs uf iLverid
Ih'cets lying about the niai'Jcet^lace, which
is large, and in the middle of it is a very
convenient hall, in which this town ihares
the alHzes with Buckingham. It is ajlu
the centre of the bufme'li^ of the y;iJc of
Ajleibury, which occupies the centre nt
the C'.jumy, and is one of t;^ molt fertile
trails In Etigland. The inhabitants of
this town, and its neighbourhood, 1\r\<.
the art of rearing early ducklings, whic.i
iii carried to fuch an extent, that it is laid
30001. have been received at rVilcHiury,
for the I'upply of the J^ondon market, in
fix weeks, uiually terminating in Maich.
This town fends two ineinbers to jtarlia-
menr J and is 16 miles S£ of Buckingham,
and 41 WW of London. Lon. o 42 w«
lat, 51 50 N.
Ails A, a great infulated rock, to the
s of the ide of Arran, in Scotland. Ity
bale is two miles in circumference, jt
confilts of a ftupendous aflfemblage of pre^
cipitous cliffs, rifin^ in a wild feriej^
forming a pyramidal mountain, 900 feci
high, acceflible only on the NE. The
ruins of a chapel, and of a caftle, ai*e ItjU
feen ; and within 30 yards of the latter, i^
a fpring of fVefh water. The lower parti*
are inhabited by goats and rabbits, and the
lofty lummit^ ^-e the refuge of innujjoer-
able feafowls.
AiME, or AxiMA, a fmall town In Sa-
voy, on the river Ifere.
AtN, a department of France, lately
the province of Brcffe. It takes its name
from a river wii h rifes at the foot of
Mount Jura, and falls into the Rhone^
above Lyons.
AiNSA, a town of Spain, in Arragon,
on the river Ara.
AiRg, ^ town of France, in the depart-
ment of Landes and late province of Gaf-
cony, feated on the river Adour, on the
declivity of ^ mountain, 65 miles s of
Boi^rdeaux. Lon. o 16 e, lat. 43, 42 N.
Aire, a ftrong town in the department
of the Straits of Calais and late province
of Artois. It is feated on the river Lis,
2 2 miles :,' of Punkii'k, and communicate?
with St. Omcr, by a canal from the river
Aa. Lon. 2 29 E, Lit. 30 42 N.
Afs^JE, a department of France, in-
chuiing the late provinces of SoilTonnois
apd Vermant|ois. It takes its name from
a river, v/hicl) runs by Soiffoni, apd fail*
into the Olle, near Compjegne-
Aix, an ancient city of" France. It
was the capital of the late province of
PiQvence, when it had a parliament. It
U now the raetropolitaii fee of the depart-
ALA
A I. B
MI
\Al
?f
menf of the Mouths of the Rhone, fcated
in a nlain, where there are hot baths near
the river Arc. It is 75 miles e of Mont-
pellier. Lon. 5 31 e, lat. 43 %z N.
Aix, an ancient town of Savoy, on the
lake of Bourgct. Here arc itiintral watti5,
much frequented. It is eiglit milts n of
Chamherry. Lon. 6 10 e, lat. 45 40 N.
Aix, a fmall ifland of F" ranee, between
the ille Af Oleron and the continent. It is
memorable for an exneilition of the Enylifh
"^ '757i acainft Rochefort, when they
ret\irn('d witjiout doing any thing, except
demollfliinj^; the fort of this ifland. It is
17- miles NW of Rochefort. Lon. i 5 W,
lat. 46 5 N.
Aix-i,.a-C'hap1:'I.i.v, a fne and iin-
periul city of Wcllphali;). The emperor
Charlemagne was lo dclightcil widi the
ht;auty of th^' place, that he chofc it for
his refidence. He is interred in the church
of Notre Dame, where they keep his
ivv'ord and belt, and the Foijr Kvangciifts,
written in letters of gold, which are made
ufe of at the coronation of the emperors.
Its famous mineral waters draw a great
number of perfons every year. In 1 668 and
1748, it was d i It ingu idled by two cele-
brated treaties of peace. It was taken by
the French in 1792, retaken- by the
Auftrians in 1793, and again taken by the
French in 1794. It is feated in a bottom,
iiuTounded by mou)itains, a 2 miles ne of
Liege. Lon. 6 3 E, lat. 50 48 N.
Akissat, a town of Natolia, the an-
cient Thyatyra, built in a fine plain above
17 miles over, which is fown with corn
and cotton. It is inhabited by about 5000
Mahometans, and is feated on the river
Hermits, 50 miles SE of Pergamo. Lon.
a8 30 E, lat. 38 48 N.
Alaba, or Alava, one of the three
divifions of the province of Bilcay, in
Spain, bounded on the N by Guipufcoa
and Bilcay Proper, on the E by Navarre,
on the s by Old Caftile, and on the w
by that province and Bilcay Proper. Vit-
toria is the capital.
A L AD u LI A, a province of Turkey in
Afia, between Amalla and the Mediterra-
nean, toward Mount Taurus. The coun-
try is rough, ftony, and inacceflible, on ac-
count of the great number of mountains.
But there are good paftures, and they breed
excellent horfes and camels.
Alagoa, a town in the ifle of St.
Michael, one of the Azores.
Alais, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Gard and late province of
Languedoc, feated on the river Gardon,
near a beautihil meadow, at the foot of
the Ccvennes. It contains io,oco inlia-
bitants, was lately :;n epifcopal fee, and
has a titadfl. It is 37 miles N of Mont-
pcllicr. Lon. 4 10 £, lat. 44 S N.
Aland, a clu(ter of iflands, at the
entrance of the gulf of Bothnia, in the
Baltic Str.i. The principal iOand, whici^
gives name to the re(t, is 40 miles long,
and from 12 to 16 broad. It is inchuied
in the government of Swedifli Finland, aiwl
is 75 iiiiles NE of Stockholm. Lon. 20
o E, lat. 60 o N.
Alatamea, pronounced Ottamav/-
haw, a nol>lt' river ot N AmTica, called
alio ^T. CJtoRot's HiVHR. It riles in
the Allegany moimfains, and tuking a
foutheadtrly dirf(!:Unn throir.,h Geoigia,
empties itl'elf, by fcvenl mouths, into
the Atlantic Ocean, about 60 miles sw
of the rivL-r Savannah.
Alatri, a town of Italy, in Cam-
pagna di Knma, on a hill, with a bifliop's
leej 40 inilos se of Rome. Lon. 13 8,
E, lat. 4T 30 N.
Al. TYR, a town of Ruflia, In Afia,
on the river Suru, 40 miles e of Kaian.
Alauta, a river of 'J nkey in Eu-
rope, which riles in thq mountains that
fepai'ate Moldavia and Tranfylvania, runs
thrpugh Walachia, and enters the Danube,
near Nicopolis.
Alba, a town of Italy, in Montferrat,
with a bifliQp's feej feated on the river
Tanaro, 20 miles se of Turin. Lon.
8 5 E, lat. 44 46 N.
Alba-Julia, a city of Tranfylvania,
with a bifliop's fee, and a univerfityj
leated on the declivity of a hill, near the
river Ompias, 25 miles w of Herman-
iladt. Lon. 24 o E, lat. 46 26 x.
Albania, a province of Turkey in
Europe, on the gulf of Venice; bounded
on the s by Livadia, on the E by Thef-
lalia and Macedonia, and on the N by
Bolhia and Dalmatia. It produces excel-
lent wine; and the inhabitants are good
horl'emen, and great thieves. They ar^
of the Greek church, and dcfcended from
the ancient Scythians. Durazzo is the
capital.
Albano, a town of Italy, on a lake
of the fame name, in Campagna di Roma,
with a bifliop's fee. The territory about
it produces the belt wine in all this coiin-
try, and many noblemen have gardens
here, where they fpend the fummer. It
is 15 miles se pf Rome. Lon. iz 50 E,
lat. 41 43 N.
Albano, a town of Naples, in Bafi-
licata, remarkable for the fertility of the
Ibil, and the nobility df the inhabitants,.
Albanopolis, a town of Turkey in
Europe, fonncrly the capital of Albania,
ALB
ALB
ftatcd on the river Drino, 43 miles b of
AlelHo. Lon. ao n E, hit. 41 48 N.
Allan's, St. an ancimt borough oF
Hcrt«, on the river Coin, (o calkd from
St. Alban, who was the lirlt martyr in
EnglamI, and was buried on a hill in the
neighbouihood. Ofta, kitig of the Mer-
cians (to atone tor the nninler of FUhcl-
bert, prince oi' the Rait Anglfs) frc\4<?(i a
Hionaltcry here, and dedicated it to St.
Alban. Edward vi incorpor.ited the town,
which is governed liy a mayor, high
fteward, recorder, ii aldermen, 6cc. He:e
are tliree chxuchis, bclide the ancient one
that belonged to the monaftcr^^, which the
inhabitants purchaicd of Kdward vi for
400I. and is' now a pari(h church. TIk"
finine of St. Alban itood in the ealf piirt ;
and in tlic paveuftnt are to be k^-n fix
holes, in which the liipportcrs of it were
fixed. Here alio is the moiuuncnt of
Offa, and of Humphrey duke oi Gioti-
ccller, whole leaden coJfin was dilcoveied
in a vault, in 1703, the body prelerved
almolt imire by a pickle. Not a vellige,
bellde this church, remains of the abbey,
except the gateway. In the church of St.
Michael is the monument of the iilullrio\is
Francis Bacon, vLl'count St. Alban's.
In the centre of the town ftood one of the
magnificent crofles, erei^ed by Edward i,
in honour of his queen Flluanorf and a
building erefted in its Itead, in 1703, itill
retains tlie name of the Crofs. Near the
town, is a kind of fortification, fuppoied
by fome to be the camp of OUorius, the
Ri'^man propraetor j but others imagine it
Xo have been the fite of the Saxon royal
palace at Kingibury. St. Albans is fa-
mous for the victory obtained by Richard
duke of York, in 1455, over Henry vi ;
and for a vi6tory which queen Margaret
gained in 146 1 , over the earl of Warwick.
This town rofe Worn the ruins of thu an-
cient city of Verulam, many vcftiges of
which are to be fecn in the neighbourhood.
The market is on Wednelday and Satur-
day. St. Aiban's fends two' members to
pailiament, and is zi miles N by w of
London. Lon. o 14 w, lat. .51 4s n.
Albany, a fort belonging to the fing-
lifli, on the. sw of Hudlbn's Bay. Lon.
81 20 W, lat. 52 10 N.
Albany, a city of N America, in the
ftate of New York, on the \v fide of
Hudfon's river, 160 miles N of New
York. It contains 600 houfes, and 4J000
inhabitants, collected from almoit all parts
of the noithem world. Adventurers are
led here, by the advantages for trade,
which this place affords ; it being fituate
on one of the fineit rivers in the world,
and the ftorehoufe of the trade tonne! from
Canada and the Lakes. Lon. 7 5 20 w,
lat. 41 -^6 N.
Albany, or Breadalbane, a dif-
triit of Scotland, in Perthlhire. Alb, my
gives the title of duke to his niajclty'k
lecond I'on, Frederic duke of York.
Albarazin, an ancient and ftrong
town of Spain, in Arragon, with abifhop's
li^e. It>j wool is the belt in Arvagon. It
is leated on the Ciuadalavir, loomileuBof
Madrid. Lon. 1 16 w, lat. 40 30 N.
ALBA7IN, a town of Great Tartary,
with a Urong fortrels to defend it againtt
the C'liinefe and Mongul Tartars. It is on
the road from Mofcow to Pekin. Lon.
103 30 E, lat. 54 o N.
Alhemarlf, a town of France, in
the department of Lower Seine and late
province of Nomiandy. From this town
the Rnglilh fan.ily of Keppel take (he tit It;
of eari. Its ferges are in high efteem.
It is feated on the declivity' of a hill, 35
miles 'nne of Ivouen, and' 70 nnw of
Paris. Lon. i 50 E, laf. 49 50 N.
Albengua, an ancient Itrong leaport
of Italy, in the territory of Genoa, with
a biOiop's fee. It is furrounded with
oiive trees, and leated on the Mediter-
ranean Sea, 37 miles sw of Genoa. Lon*
S 3 E, lat. 444 N.
Albisola, a town belonging to the
republic of Genoa. Here is a porcelain
manufarture, and ieveral country houfes
of the Genoefe nobil' y. It was bom-
barded, in 1745, by the Englifh. Lon.
8 20 E, lat. 44 15 N.
Albret, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Landes and late province of
Gaicony, 37 miles s of Bourdeaux. Lon.
o 30 w, lat. 44 10 N.
Alburg, a town of Denmark, in
N Jutland, with a bifliop's fee. A great
number of eels are taken here ; and it has
a- confiderahle trade in herrings and corn,
and amanufa^ure of guns, piitols, faddles,
and gloves. It is feated on a canal, 10
miles from the fea,and 30 N of VViburgh.
Lon. 9 46 E, lat. 56 50 N.
Albuquerque, a town of Spain, in
Eftramadura, defended by a ftrong caltle.
It has a confiderahle trade in wool and
cloth, and is 22 miles sw of Alcantara.
Lon. 7 3 w, lat. 38 50 N.
Alb Y, an ancient town of France, lately
the capital of the territory of the Albigeois
in Languedoc, and an archiepifcopal :ee.
It is now the epifcopal fee of the depart-
ment of Tarn, and contains 10,000 inha-
bitants. In point of architeflure and de-
corations, the principal church is one of
the moft curious in France* The inha-
A L C
A L D
Iti
M ',
! I I.
I
A
i
SI
i
^Uint( were called Alblgcnrrt : theywerr
tbr fiifl that dii'puted the uurhurtty of the
Bope, and were corulcmncd by a cuujicil
We in 1 176. The environs of Alby nrc
chaiTning, and produce uU kind» of graini
cxccUtrnf wifict, (Jax, hemp, faifron, ani-
ftedi coriander, and woad. The fine
pilturc^ atFotd wool of u Koud q^^Uty,
which in maDufai^ured into knit flocKingit
iar the foldier^, ratteens of all colours,
ilialioont, coarl£ wooUcnsii &c. The wax
candk-D of Alby arc equal in whitenef* tP
thoil- of Mai>$. This towq U 4.1 miles Ni^
of Touloufc, and 335 s of Paiis. J.on,
% 14. i, lat. 44 15 N'
Alcala-dk-Guadaira, a towp o(
Spain, in Andalufia, on the river Gua-
dalra, five mjle« SE of Seville. Loi). 5
s& w, lat. 37 28 N.
Alcala-db-Hbnarek, a town of
Spain, ii> New Caftile, with a famous uoi-
vttrijty, a fine library, and a coftle. It U
furropndpd by a wall, and feated on thr
jriver Henarez, 15 mile« cne of Madrid.
]U>n. 3 6 w, lat. 40 zd N.
Alcala-de-Keal, a town of Spain,
m Andajufia, \vith a famous monaueryt
&atttd near the river Salado, fi)( miles s of
pcvill^. Lop. j 21 w, lat. 37 3I N,
Alqama* % handiome town of titc
United Provinces, in N Holland. In the
CQvirons, tbey nfi^ke the b^il butter and
cl^eef^ va Hpll^pd, and have th^ finfil
tulips. J\\i ) 7 miles n by \v gf Amltcr-
dam, l^on. 4 44 {;, lat. 5^ 40 n.
Alcamo, 4 tpwn of Sicily, in the val-
ley of Mazaro, at the foot of Mount .Bwir
fi^L Lon. 13 5? t^, lat. 38 9 N.
Alcantara, a fortified town of Spain,
in Elt^amaduxa, a^d thi: chief place of
the knights of that name. It l\as a magr
pincent bridge ovtr the Tajo, built by thj;
•mperor Trajan. It vva* taken by tlu;
tail of Galway in 1 706, but retaken the
fatne year. It i^ 42 miles N by w C'X*
Seville. Lpn. 6 7 w, lat. 39 %q n.
Alcantara, a town of Spain, in An-
dalufia. Lqn. 5 lo w> Ut. 37 40 N.
Alcaraz, a town of Spain, in La
Maucha, defended by a ftrong calUe. It
has a remarkable ancient aqueduct* and is
fituafe neai- the foujice of thp Guadal-
quiver, 135 mil*;s sjSE of Madrid. Lon.
» 5 w, lat. 38 :iS N.
Alcaz^R-j * town of Spain, in New
Caftile, on, th« river Guadamana. It has
a fortrcl's on a high hill, and lies in a very
fruitful country,, 1,00 miles nw of Car-,
thagjena. Lo»j, 4 20 W, Ut. 38 15 N.
Afe.C4?^AR LSQUER, a town in the
klngdoiii ftf Fea, feated on the ftraits of
Gipr4(PC> h w»4 tftkco by Alphonlb,
king pf Portugal, io 1468} but (cohtfttr
abjndont-d. Lon. 5 30 \v, lat. 35 o M.
Alcazar-dl-Sal, a toywn of Portu-
gal, inKltiamadiira, withacaltle reckoned
impregnable. Fine white ialt is made
here, whence the town tukcs its name.
It is Icatcd on tlur river Cadoan, 1 5 miles
hum the leu, and 35 »E of Lilbon. Loa>
9 o w, lat. 3S 18 til.
Alconchoe, a calHe of Spain, on the
frontiers of Litramadura, Icatcd oo the
river Alcaraqxie, that falls into the Gtia-
diana, 20 miles s by w of Badajoz. Loo,
6 58 vv, lat. 38 12 N,
Alcoutim, a town of Portugal, in
Algarva, i'eated on the river Guaiiliana,
1 6 miles from its entrance into the gulf oi
Cadiz, and 22 nne of Tavira. Lon. 7
20 w, lat. 37 2C N. •
Alcudia, a town in Majorca, confift-
ing of about 1000 huuies, between two
large harbours. Lon. 3 o e, lat. 39 50 N,
Aldborough, a borough and feapoit
in Suiiblk, with a market on Wednesday
and Satuiday ; uleafantly feated in a dale,
between a high hill and the fca. A river
runs on the SW) :md the harbour is
tolerably good, but fmali. It lends two
members to parliament. The town was
formerly much longer; but the lira ha»
taken away whole Itreets. It is 40 miles
E of Byixy, and <^4 ne of London. Louw
I 42 E, l:ir. 52 16 N.
Aldborough, a borough in the w
rilling of Vorkrture, on tlie Oule, which
icQils two mtmb(,rs to parliament, but has
HOW no market. It is 15 miles nw of
York, and 205 n by w of London. Lon,
I 10 \v, lat, 54. 8 N.
Ald£a, a town of Portugal, in Eftra-
madura, 10 miks se of L>lbon. Lon,
i 55 \v, Ut 38 36 N.
Alder,hury, a village in Wiifftiire,
on a healthy hill, two miles fronvSalilbury,
and near the Avon, It carries on a ma*
nufa6tur« of futtians, and received confj'-
derable damage by a fire in 1777, when
200 houfes were deftroyed.
Alderholm, a pleafant ifiand of
Sweden, fonned by the three arms of a
river, rurming through Gentle, a town of
Norland. A confiderable trade is carried
on here in planks and deals,
Alderney, an ifiand in the Englifli
Chaiuu-1, eight miles in circumtierence,
feparated from France by a ftrait called tht
Kacp of Alderuty, which is a veiy dan-
gerous palfage, on account of' the rockii
under water. It is a healthful illtind, and
fertile in corn and pal^ure ; but has only
one church, in a town of the fame nanic,
Loft. ^ 7 w, lat. 49-45 N. - ^ ■*•' • -*
ALE
A L/ H-
but foofi tkfim
lat. 35 o M.
wn ot Portu-
altle reckoned
iuit is made
:c« its name,
oan, I 5 milrb
Liibon. Lou«
Spain, on the
catcii oa the
into the Gua^
ulajoz. Loo,
Portugal, in
ct Guuliana«
ito the gulf ol
ira. Lon. 7
lore a, confift'
betwevn two
lat. 39 50 N,
h and leapoit
n Wednelday
ted in a dale,
ca. A river
: harbour i«
It lends two
he town was
the lea ha»
[t is 4.0 mii«s
ndon. Lmu
in the w
Oule, which
ent, but has
iks NW oi'
>ndon. Lon,
[al, in Eftra-
>on. Lon,
Wiltftjire,
|in.Sali(bury,
on a ma-'
tcived conft'-
1777, when
iHand of
arms of a
a town of
is carried
|he Englilh
lumtercnce,
V called tht
, veiydan-
thtt rockii
lifland, and
has only
ane oannc.
AtEOtlTTF, a town ef Portugal, in
Alcntejo, on th« I'iver t'aia, tvhicli tails
into the OuwMan«, n little below Budijuz.
it is fcven miles »l of Portakgre. Lon.
7 15 w, lat. 39 2 N.
A LK 1*7110, a fertile province of Por-
tugal, between the Tajo and the Uua-
disna.
AtEli90H, a large and handfomc town
of France^ in the department of Omc and
late province of Normandy. Near it are
ftone «juarrie», ift which they find a fort of
cryltal like Briltol itones. It itt fcated in
-an open counti-y,' abounding in all ibrts of
corn and fruits, on the river Snrte, ao miles
N of Mans, and 87 sw of Paris. Lon.
o 10 £, lat. 48 iS N.
Aleppo, the capital of Syria, inha-
bited by Turks, and four forts of Chrif-
tians, who have each a bilhop and a
church, and the free exercile ot their reli-
gion. The city and Aiburbs contain
23 5,000 pcrfons. Next to Conft;intinople
and Cairo, it is the raoft confidtrable city
in the Turkifh empire. It Hands on eight
hills, in the middle of a plcaf-'nt fruitful
plain, and i» of an oval figure. The caftle
itands on the higheft hill, in the middle of
the city j and the houfes are better than in
other places in Turkey. As ul'ual in the
Ealt, they confift of a large court, with a
dead wall to the ftreet, an aicade running
round it, paved with marble, and a mar-
ble fountain in the middle. 'I'he city and
luburbs are fcven miles in conipafn. The
Itrceta are naI•ro^^•, but well paved with
large fquare Itones, ami kept very clean.
They have a great many llately mofques
and caravanferas, with fountains and re-
fcrvoirs of water, and vineyards and gaixlena
well planted with moft kinds of fruit. The
water in all th* vwlls in the city is brackilh j
but good water is brought froni Ibmc
Iprings about five miles off, by an aque-
duft, faid to have been built by theemprefs
Helena. The Chrittians have their houl'es
and churches in the i'uburbs, and carry on
a confiderabl^ trade infilks,'camblets, and
Turkey leather. Several European nations
have fa^ftories here, and the merchaftS live in
greater fplendor and lafety than in any other
city in the Turkilh empire j which is owing
to particular capitulations with the Porte.
Coaches or carriages ai'e not ufed here, birt
pef Ibns of quality ride on horiebaek,' with vt
nuAibt<r (rf l«;rvants before them, according
to-thetr rank-, Thff English, French, and
Dutcb'con(ul9, are much relpeifed, and ap-
pear abroad, the Euglifli elpeciall^^ \*iiht
tttkickt of djfftkiftion'. The heat of th« couh'^
try raale^ittohVenient for the inbabitaMt^
to>l]««p iii UMt«t)enMri inUnt ckyrover'atfl
Arabia, and In many rther parts of (1«
Eatt J for which rcalon, (htir houfc^s are
Hat on the top. This praflice accotmti
ior the early acquaintance of thefe nation*
with artronoiny, and exidains Ibme part*
of eht' holy Icripiure. As the Turks are
very uniform in their way of living, thi«
account of Alemxj may give an idea of
other Turkilh cities. Eighteen miles it
of Aleppo, is a large plain, called tl;*
Valley of Salt, bounded by low rockjf
hills, which form a kind of natural bafin,
that retairs the rain dcl'cending from the
rocks, together with the water rifingfrom
a lew fprmgs, and caufc the whole to b*
overflowed in winter. The extent of the
lurface prevents this water ffou. *)eing of
any p-cat depth j lb that it is loon evapo-
rated by the lun, when it Icavci a cake of
fait, in fome places haH' an inch thick s
and, in April, people are employed to
gather this fait, which \i fufficient to fup-
ply all this part of the conntry. Aleppo
is I'cated on a fmall brook, 70 miles E of
Alexandnftta, and 170 N by e of Damaf-*
cus. Lon. 37' 20 E, lat. 35 45 N.
Aj.essano, a town of Naples, in the
province of Otraftto, with a bilhop'f fee,
I J miles sw of Otwnto. Lon. 18 25 e,
lat. 40 10 M.
Alessia, a tov»rrt of Albania, with a
bifhop's fee, near the mouth of the Drino.
Lon. 20 6 E, lat". 41 8 N.
Alessio, a town of Turkilh Dalmatla,
with a bilhop's lee, feateii on a rtiountain,
23 miles from Spalatro.
Alet, a town of France, in the depart -
rtumt of Aude and late province of Lan-
guedoc. It was lately an epifcopal fee*
and is remai'kable for its bathsi and for the
grains of gold and filver found in the ftreani
which runs from the Pyrenees, at the foot
of which it ftands. It is feated on tht;
river Aude, 15 miles s of Carcaflbne.
Lon. 2 25 e, lat. 42 59 N.
Aleutian Islands. Sec Archi-
pelago, Northern.
Alexandretta, or Scanderook,
ar tdwrt of Syria, in Afia, at the exlre-
mit?y of the MidetefraneaM Stai and the
leaport of Aleppo. It is now, properly
fpeaking, nothing but a village without
walk, in which thfc tombs are more nu-
ihefousthahthi!houf((s. Thero::^ is f\rt)jeft
to many grtrat inconveniencres ; but the
ejftreftit un\^holefomcnefs of the air is the
wotf!. This' aAhuafly carries off one third
of the cfew^'of tht veflels which rertiaiii
fitt-e dtiting t?!? fumrter ; ahd (hips have
even frequehtly loft all their rtett in twd
moftths. On this Account, while the hiat<
atf catecffiiy^/ fee yriacipat inhctbitants re->
A L F
A L G
.'< ii
111
■ '!
' -I
i J
I, ;
i!
'iS,
I
tire to the neighboiiring villages, amo/g
the mountains, where there is excellent
water and delicious fruits. It is 70 miltS
TV of Aleppo. Lon. 36 13 E,kt. 36 35 N.
Alexandria, a conildersble town of
Italy, in the duchy of Milan, with a
bidiop's lee, and a <trong calile. Ii was
taken by prince Eugene in 1706, by the
French in 1-45, and by the king of Sar-
dinia the year after. It is Icatcd on the
Tanaro,4o miles s by E of Milan. Lon.
843 £, lat. 44 55 N.
Alexandria, a town of Virginia,
on the fouth bank of the river Potomac.
The Ctuation is elcvattd and plealant, but
the water lb had, that the inliabitants
are obliged to lend neai-ly a mile for what
is drinkable. The original lettlers laid
out thj ftreets on the plan of Philadelphia.
It contains upward of 300 houles, many
of which are handlbme. Nine niilcs below
the .town, on the Virginia bank of Poto-
mac, where it is nearly two miles wide,
is mount Vernon, the celebrated feat of
general Waftiington. Alex?.ndria is 100
miles N of Kiclunond. Lon. 77 o w,
lit. ^8 30 N.
Alexandria, or Scanderia, an
ancient and once rich and famous town of
Egypt, now much decayed, though there
are Itiil fome remains of its ancient I'plen-
dour, particularly two obelilks tull of hie- ■
roglyphics ; and Pompey's pillar, which is
one» entire piece of granite, 70 feet high,
and 25 in circimiference. The ancient
Pharos, lb famous in antiquity, that it
' was numbered among tne leven wonders
of the world, is now turned into a callle
called Pharillon, uled to dircft vcU'els into
the haibour. This city was firlt built by
Alexander the Great, and now confifts
chiefly of one long street, facing the har-
bour, the reft being a heap of luins : p.irt
of the walls ave ftanding, with great
fquare towers 200 paces diltant; each cf
which would contain 200 Ibldiers, and
had a ciftern in it, to which the water of
the Nile was conveyed j and its gates are
of Thebaic a.id granite mai-ble. It was
fcrmerly a place of great trade, ail the
treafures of the E Indies being depofited
there : but fmce the dilcovery of the (ape
oi' Good Hope, this crade is in a great
meafure loft. The l«nd on which the
town ftands is fo low, that the feamen can
Lardly dilcoyer it till they .ire very near.
This place is fubjeft to th^ grand fignior,
v^o, however, has but a limited autho-
rity. It is leated on the taoii wefterly
brarch of the nver Nile, 125 miles Nvv
of Cairo. Lon. 3111 £, lat. 30 21 n.
Alfacs, the name ot'cerUiaiilaud»
near the mouth of the Ebro, in the piln-
cipality of Catalonia, in Spain.
Alfeizekao, a town of Portugal,,
in Ellrajnadura, on, the feafide. Lon.
9 10 w, lat. 39 30 N.
AlfelD; a town of Germany, in the
bifliopric of Hiidelheim, jfmiks sswof
Hildefheim. Lon. 10 4 e, lat. 51 38 N. ■
Alfidena, an anci'.nt town of Naples,
in Abruzzo Ceteriore. Lon 14 ao E>
lat. 4t 48 N.
Alford, a town in Lincolnfhire, v/ith
a market on Tueiday ; leated on a linall
brook, lix miles from the tea, and 20 N of
Bolton. Lon. o 13 E, lat. 53 16 N.
Alkreton, a town in Derbyfliirff,
with a nrarket on Monday; pleafantly
feated on a Irnall hill, 13 miles N of
Derby, and 141 NNVV of London. Lon.
I 25 w, lat. 53 8 N.
Algagioia, a I'mall fortified feaport
in Cor'.ita. It was almoll deltroyed by
the rnalcconttnts in 1731, but has been
refcored. Lon. 8 55 e, lat , 42 30 N.
Algarva, a province of Portugal, 67
miles in length, and 20 in breadth: bound-
ed on the w and s by the li;a, on tb-^ e by
the Guadiana, and on the N by Alentejo.
It is fertile in iigs, almonds, dates, olives^
and excellent wine j and the lilhery brings
in large iiims.
A^GEZiRA, a ftrong town of Spain, in
Andalulia, on the Itraits of Gibraltar j bur
at prelent in a mean condition, the harbour
being derayed. It is 10 miles NW of
Gibraltar. Lon. 5 22 w, lat. 36 14 n»
Algher, or Algeri, a town of the
ifland of Sardinia, leated on the NW coaft,
with a bifhop's fee. It is fix miles s of
Sali'uil. Lon. 8 40 £, lat. 4040 N.
ALGIERS; one of the ftates of Bar-
bary, bounded on the E by Tunis, on the
N by the Mediterranean, on the s by
Mount Ath^s, and on the w by Morocco.
It extends 600 miles from E to w The
air is very t'*niperatc, and the land to-
w.aixl the N fc'i tile in corn. The valleys
aie full of fruit; but a great part is dry,
mountainous, and barren. l"he melons
hive an exquilite taite, fome of which arc
ripe in funiiner, and others in whiter.
'Ihe Items of the vines are fo large, that
a man can hardly grai'p them with his
arms ; and the bunches ot grapes arc; a foot
and a half long. It is divided into three
provinces, namely, Tlemfam on the W»
Titterieon the s,and Conltantiaon the h,
of the city of Algiers. The Turks, who
have the government in their hands, are
not above 7000 in number j and yet the
Moon, or natives of Atiica, havenolhare
in it. . Ix in only ^ kind uf republic undec
• I
ii
A L G
ALL
the pvoteftion of the grand hgnior, and It
is "-overned by a fovcicign, called the dty,
wIk), howtvtr, can do nothing of conic-
qiience withoxit the council of the Janilfu-
The Arabi, who live in tents, art
lies
K dilHni^t people, govt vntd by their own
laws and niagiftrates, though the Turks
intcrpole us ottcn as they pleufc. The dey
of Ah^leii is an ablblute nionaith, but
eJe».1ed by the Turkifti Ibldicrs, and' fre-
quentlv ilej)oiI;d, and put to death by
theui.' The revenues of the ^overnmtni
ai'ifc from the tribute paid by ilie Moois
and Arabs, a detachment of the anny
being fent into each prcvintf, every year
to coUetf it ; and tlie prizes they take at
fea fometinits equal the tuxes they la^'
upon the natives. The dey has leveral
thuui'and Moors in his lervice, both horle
aiul foot ; and the deys or viceroys of
tiie provinces, have each an army under
his connnand. Their religion is Maho-
nietanilin, and their language a dialect: of
the Arabic. They have likewiff a iitrgon,
compoled ot' Italian, French, and Spaniih,
called Lingua Franca, that is anderftood
by tlie conunoa people and merchants.
The complect ion of the natives is tawny,
and they are Itrong and well made.
Algiers, a large and (trong town of
Africa, in Barbary, the capital of the
country of Algiers. It is built on the de-
clivity of a mountain, and is in the form
of an amphitheatre next the harbour ; in-
lonuich, that the houi'es appearing one
above I'nother, make a very line appear-
«icc from the lea. The tops of the hun;ts
are all flat, for .which reafon they walk
upon them in the evening to fake the air j
bclides, they are covered with earth, and
lirve for a ibrt A' gardens. The ftreets
are narrow, and ferve to keep off the ex-
treme heat of the fun. The mole of the
harbour is 500 paces in length, extending
from the continent to a In/d! illand, where
there Is a calHe and a largebatvery of guns.
The number of inhabltantij is laid co be
I CO, 000 Mahometans, 15,000 Jews, and
4000 Clu'Iithin Haves. Their chief iub-
iiltence is derived from their piracies, f(;r
they make prizes of all Chriltian Ihlps
that are not at peace with them. The
country about Algiers is adorned with
gardens and rine villas, watered by foun-
tains and rivulets ; and thither the inhabi-
tants refort in the hot lealbns. Algiers
has, for ages, braved the reientinent of
the moft powerful Itatcs in Chriltendom.
The emperor Charles v loft a fine fleet
and army, in an extiedltlon agalnit it, in
154.1. I'he Englim burnt their veflels in
tlic hirbwui' in 1635 smd 1670. It w^s
bombarded by the French in 1688. In
1775,, the Spani;u-ds made a defcent near
the city with a formidable aiiny, but were
defeated with great llaughter. In 1784,
they fent a powerful fleet to attack the.
forts that defend the harbour; but they
were repelled by the Algciines, althougU
they made eight fucceliive attacks with
great fpirit and bravery. In 1767, the
Altfcriiies took tlte lead of the other
Itatt >i of Barbary, in refufmg to pay any
longer their u!ual tribute to the Porte. Al •
gitrb is fitULite oppofite Minorca, 380 miles
w of Tunis. Lon. 2 iS f, lat. 34.9 n.
Alhama, a town of Spain, in Gra-
nada. A little below it are hot baths,
accounted the belt in Spain. It is Icateit
in a valley, fmrounded by craggy moun-
tains, 25 miles svv of Granada. Lor- 3
2+ \\, lat. 36 56 N.
Alicant, a leaport of Spain, in Va-
lencia j remarkable for its excellent wine,
and the fertility of its foil, which pix>-
duces excellent truits, and plenty of role-,
jnary of an extraordinary hze. It has a
great trade, and the Englifli, Dutcf,
French, and Italians, have confuls here.
The caftle, on a high rcick, was reckoned
impregnable} but it was taken by the
Englilh in 1 706. It was likewife taken by
the French and Spaniards, after a litge of
alraoft two years; and then part ot tS:
rock was blown up. It is feated on tl«
^lediterranean, on a bay of the fame
name, 25 miles s of Valencia. Lon. o o
lat, 38 16 N.
Aligata, a town of Sicilv, remark-
able for corn and good wine. It is leated
on a peninfula, 22 miles SE of Gergeiiti.
Lon. i^ 4.8 E, lat. 37 II N.
Allahabad, a city of Oude, in Hin-
dooltan Proper, f ated at the confluence
of the two great rivers the G.mges and
Junma. It wks founded by the emperoi-
Acbar, who intended it as a place of arms ^
but its fortifications will haidly refill the
battering of a field pic^t. It is 470 niiJrs
NW of Calcutta. Lon. 82 o E, lat. 25 4.5 n,
ALLEGANVorApPALACKKANMoCN-
Tains, a long range of mouniuns in N
America, between the Atlantic, ^he Mil-
fiifippi, and the lakesj; extending nearly
f)arailcl with the leacoait, 900 2niles> m
ength, and fro.n 60 to 200 in brtauUi.
The diflerent ridges which coaipole tlii>
imiTitnle range have ditfwtnt natnt in the
diftVicnt Itutes. Advancing from the At-
lantic, the firft ridge ot Pemiiylvarii*,
Virginia, and N Ciuolina, is the Blue
Ridge> or South Mountaiu, from 113 to
200 miles from the lea, and about 4 :,w>j
iTiit high fidm its bafe. Between th^»
liV:
&
ALL
tnA the North Mountain, (pleads a large
fertile vale. Next lies the Allegany t Avhich
is the principal ridge, and has been de-
icriptivcly culled the back-bone of the
United s'fates. Beyond this is the long
ridge called the Laurel Mountains, in a
fpur of which, in lat. 56" is a Ipring of
water, 50 feet deep, very cold, ar't as
bhie as indigo. From thefe feveral ridges
proceed innumerable namelefs branches or
ipurs. The Kittatiny, or BUfc Moun-
tains, ran through the northern parts of
New Jerfey and Pennfylvania. 1 he ge-
neral name for thefe moimtains Icems not
yet to have been determined. Mr. Evans,
arx American geographer, calls them the
Endlefs Mpuntains: others have called
them the Appalachiatty from a tiabe of
Indians, who live on a river proceeding
from this ride, called the Appalachikcla ;
but the moft common name is the Allegany
Mountains, fo called from the piincipal
ridge. ^ Thele mountains are not contu-
fediy fcattered and broken, rifmg here and
there into high peaks overtopping each
other, but Itrctch along in uniform
ridges, fcarcel/ half a mile high. They
fpi'ead as they proceed s, and Ibme of
them tenninatc in high perpendicular
bluffs. Others gradually fublide into a
level countiy, giv? ig rif« to the .rivers
which mn Ibutherly into the gulf of
Mexico. In the back parts of Fennfyl-
vania, fcarcely one acre in ten of this
range is capable of culture : but this is
not the cafe in all parts ; for numerous
trails of fine arable and pafhire land in-
tervene between the ridges, having gene-
rally a rich black foil. Indeed, ibme of
'^he mount:iins will admit of cultivation
almoft to their tops.
Allegany, a river of N America,
which rifes in the Allegany Mountains in
lat. 4.2*'. At Fort Venango, at the mouth
of French Creek, it is 200 yards wide,
■ and navigable for light batteairs. At Fort
Pitt it joins the Monongahela, and then
aflum^s the name of Ohio. See Ohio.
Allchurch, a village of Worcefter-
rtilrc, formerly a borough, and feven miles
in circumference. It has an almfhoule
founded in 1580, and the Koman Ickntld
ftreet paif - through it. The bilhop of
Worceller had foniierly a pnlace here ;
and the church, feverai parts of which
aie of Saxon architecture, contains many
antique monuments. It is five miles E
by N of BVoiiifgrove.
A L LEG Ran* A, one of the Canary
Ifl-.mds, lying to the N of Graciofa, and
to the t of St. Clare. There are l»v?ral
csitlcs that defer.d the harbour*
A L M
Allen, a fmall river In Flint/hire,
which finks under ground, near Mold, and
is loft for a fhort fpace.
AlleNdorf, a town In the landgra^
vate of Hefie Caflel, remarkable for its
fait- works, and three (tone bridges. It
is feated on the Wefer, 15 miles e of
CalTel. Lon. 9 59 E, lat. 51 19 N.
Aller, a rivei', which rifes in the
duchy of Magdebuig, waters Zell, and
enters the Wefer below Verden.
Alleria, a decayed town in Corfica,
a bifhop's fee, and the place where king
Theodore firft landed in 1735. Lon. S
50 E, lat. 4z 5 N.
Alher, a department of France,
lately the province of Bourbonnois. It
is fo called from a river which flows by
Moulins, and fiilis into the Loire, above
Orleans.
Alloa, a commercial town, on the
frith of Forth, in Clackmannanfhire. It
confifts of one fpacious ftreet, well paved,
and fhaded with rows of linie-'rees.
Here is a cuftomhcufe for the co^iven' 're
of the Ihipping in this part of U • nr •
and It is the refort of all the cc; vciieis
in the neighbourhood. It has a glalshouie
and Ibme other manufaftures. Lon. 3
45 vv, lat. 56 10 N.
Almacarron, a feaport of Spain, in
Murcia, at the mouth of the Guadabn-
tine, ncLr the Mediterranean, -xo miles s
\v of Carthageria. Lon. o 56 w, lat. 37
23 N.
Almanza, a town of Spain, in New
Cartile, remarki'ble for the viftoiy gained,
bv the French and Spaniards over the
allies in 1707, when moft of the Englifh
were killed or taken, having been alian-
doned by the Portuguefe horle at the firlt
charge. It is 50 miles svv of Valencia.
Lon. o 56 w, lat. 38 54 n.
Almeda, a town of Portugal, InEftra-
madura, feated on the Tajo, oppofite
Lifbon. Lon. 9 4 w, lat. 38 33 N.
Almeida, a town of Portugal, in the
province of Tra-los-'hiontesj on the con-
fines of Leon, 17 miles N\v of Cividad
Kodrigo. Lon 6. 15 w, lat. 40 45 N.
Almeida, a fortified town of Portu-
gal, in the province of Beira, on the river
Coa. Lon. 815 w, lat. 40 38 n.
Almendvalaio, a town of Spain, In
Eftramadura, near the borders of Portu-
gal. Lon. 5 6 w, lat. 38 36 N.
Almeria, a fe..port of Spam, in the
province of Granada, with a bilho^'s fee^
leated on the river Almei/'j, 62 miles sb
of Granada. Lon. 2 o w, iat, 36 51 N.
Almissa, a Ihiall town, at the mouth'
of r\c Cetinr, ia Dalmalia, fiuhOUs for
H
%
ALP
ALT
1 FHnt/hIre>
X Mold, ani
:he landgra-
able toi" its
bridges. It
miles £ of
I 19 N.
riles in the
-s Zell, and
;n.
I in Corfica,
where king
j6. Lon. S
of France,
bonnois. It
ich flows by
Loire, above
iwn, on the
lanlhire. It
, well paved,
lime-trees.
I convcn' <cc
of U ■• nr •
e CO.;. vc;ieis
a glaishoule
:s. Lon. 3
of Spain, in
le Guadalan-
, lo miles s
5 w, lat. 37
m, in New
oiy gained
over the
the Englifti
been al)an-
at the fii-ll
if Valencia.
al, InEftra-
oppofite
33 N.
igal, in the
)n the con-
of Cividad
40 4.5 N.
of Portu-
)n the river
18 N.
[f Spain, in
of Tortu-
|N.
brt, in the
UIjo^'8 fee,
|-z miles SB
36 51 N.
ItUfe month'
lOUS for
Is
m
Its piracies. It is 10 milti E of Spalatl'O. winter feafon, v>'hen he invaded Italy, ani
Lon. 17 45 E> lat* 44 4 N. lolt molt ot hii elephants among them. '
Almondbury, a village in the W Alps, Upper, u department ol Fiance,
ridine of Vorklhire, formerly a Roman including pai t of the late province of
town, cali. -^ Campodonum, and afterward Dauphiny. It Is fo called horn its vi-
a feat of the Saxon kings. It had once cinity to the moimtains of the fame name.
a caltle and a cathedral, and is feated on Alps, Lower., a department of
the Caldcr, two miles SSE of Huddersfield. France, including p«rt of the late province
Almon'DSBURV, a village In Glou- uf Provence.
cefterlhire, wh«re Alemond, tather of Eg- Alpux ar es, high mountains of Gra «
bert, the firft fole monarch of England, is nada, in Spain, near the Mediterranean,
faid to have been buried. Here is a forii- They are inhabited by the Morifcoes, who
ficattun of the Saxons, with a double ditch,
which commands an extenfive view of the
Severn. It is eight miles N ol" Briftol.
Almunecar, a town of Spain, in
Graiiada, feated on the Mediterranean,
with a good harbour, defended by a Itrcng
caltle, 30 miles sse of Alhama. Lon.
3 45 w, lat. 36 30 N.
Alnwick, the county- town of Nor-
thumberland, with a market on Saturday.
It is leated on the river Alne, and is a
populous well-built town, with a town-
iiouie. It has three gatea, which rtinain
almoft entire, and Ihow that it was tor-
merly furrounded by a wall. It was de-
fended by an old ftately Gothic caftle, tlie
feat of the duke of Northumberland, which
has been lately repaired and beautified.
It is 30 miles N of Ncwcaftle, a6 s of
Bei'wick, and 305 N by w of London.
Lon. I 30 w, lat. 55 25 N.
Alost, a town of Flanders, on the
river Dender, 15 miles N w of Brull'els,
Lon. 4 11 E, lat. 50 58 N.
Alpnach, a town of Sw.'fTerland, in
Undei'walSen, feated on lake Alpnach, an
ajTn of the lake of the Four Cantons, with
which it unites near Stantzftadt.
Alps, the higheft mountains in Eu-
rope, lepa»"ating Italy from France and
Germany. They begin on the fide of
'^raiice toward the Mcditcn'unean, between
th;^ territoiy of Genoa and county of
J .kc ; and terminate at the gulf of Ca>'-
mero, which is part of the gulf of Venice.
They confift of lofty chains of mountains,
rang!..., one upon another, with only nar-
row valltys between. They are com{>ofed
of itupendous rocky maiies, two, four,
and even fix being piled upon each other,
and from 4000 to iiooo feet high. There
are few palles over them, and tholie of
ditficult accefs, which are the chief fecu-
nj^rof Piedmont againft the attempts of
France. Swiflerland takes up a gooti part
of thefe mountains, or rather the vailies
between them, and for that rcafon is le-
cure agair.ll the Germans and French.
't'hc fimous Hannibal attempted to crofs
, tiic Alps on the iide of Pivdmont, ia the
carcfiilly cultivate the ground, which pro-
diices excellent wines and fruits.
Alresford, a town in Hampfliire»
with a market on Thurfday. It has
iwo piincipal llreets, which are large
and broad, and a fmall manufafture of
liafeys. It is 18 miles ene of South-
ampton, and 57 vvsw of London. Lon.
I 1 w, l.\t. 51 6 N.
Alsace, a late prcvince of France,
bounded on the e by the Rhine, on the
s by Swilfcriand and Fnmclie Comte,
on the w by Lorrain, and on the N by
the palatinate of the Rhine. Ii is a rLrtile
country, producing plenty of all Ibrts of
corn, wine, pafture, wood, flax, tobaccor
puU'e, and truit. There are mines of
lilver, copper, and lead, as well as mi-
neral waters, it is diverfified 'vith plca-
fant hills, and mountains covered with
foiefts, in which are pine trees 1 20 feetJ
hij^h. The language is the German, it
having been part of the empire. It is now
included in the departments of the Upper
and Lower Rhinp.
_Alsen, an idand of Denmark, in the
Little Belt, or entrance into the Bailie,
between SlclWic' and Funen. It has no-
thing remarkable hut two callles, and is iGo
miles \v of Copenhagen.
Alsfeld, an ancient town of Ger-
many, in the landgravate of Hefle Caflcl,
12 miles Nw of Marpurg. Its inhabit-
ants were the Hill of this country who
embraced the reformation. Lon. 9 o E,
lat. 50 55 N.
Alsheda, a town of Swede*, in the
province of Smoland, near which a gold
mine was difcovered in 1738.
Alston- MOOR, a town In Cumber-
land, with a market on Satvrday, feated
on a hill, at the foot of which runs the
Tyne, with a ftrong bridge ever it j and
near the town is plenty of lead ore. It
is 20 miles E by s of Carlille, and 303
N.NW of London. Lon. 2 14 Wj lat. 54
50 N.
Altamont, a town of NipL-s, in
Calabiia Cittriore, 15 niiios NWof Bafig-
niano, Lw,. 16 '«i e^ lut. 39 5c n.
C
1
\i !l
; i
H' U
'*-■■ , 1
Ht .1
' i
* . (
I ::!
ALT
AtTAMURA, a t6wn of KaplfD, in
Bari, at the toot of the Appcnnincs. Lon.
36 58 £, lat. 41 6 N.
ALTEA,a feiportof Spain, in Valencia.
It was taken in 1705, tor the archduke
Charles ; but loft, after the famous battle
of Alnianza. It is featcd on the Medi-
terranean, 41 miles SE of Valencia, and
J 10 sby E of Madrid. Lon. o 15 e, laf.
3'i 34 N.
Ai>TENA, a fiouridiing leajjortot Ger-
many, in the duchy of Hollteni, commo-
dioutly featcd on the Elbe, in the viiinity
of Hamburgh The Danes built it in that
fituation, that it might rival Hamburg in
commerce. It was burnt by the Swedes
in 171a, but has been beautifully rebuiu.
Lon. 9 52 E, lat. 53 37 N,
Altenburg, a town of Germany, in
the circle of Upper Saxony, with a ciifllc j .
formerly an imperial tov/n, but now be-
longing to the houfe of Saxony. It is
feated on the F'- 'Te, 20 miles s of Leip-
fic. Lon. 12a." 5° 59 ^^
Altenburg, a of Tramylvania,
j8 miles s of WeiHen...arg. Lon. 23 15
E, lat. 46 o N.
Altenburg, or Owar, a town of
Lower Hungaiy, on the Danube, 1 5 miles
s of Prelburg, and 40 SE of Vienna.
Lon. 17 J 3 E, lat. 4B o N.
Altenburg, or Oldenbut^g, an
ancient town, of Germany, in Holftein.
See Oldenburg.
Altesson, a town of Piedmont, be-
tween the rivers Dore and Stura. Lon.
7 20 E, lat. 44 36 N.
Altezey, a town and caftle of Ger-
»any, in the palatinate of the Khin-, ca-
pital of a territory of the fame name, j 5
miles sw of Mcntz. Lon. S ii k, lat.
4.9 40 N.
Altkirch, a to\^^l cf France, in the
«lepartinent of the Upper Rhine and lare
pro\'incc of Ahuce, on th>.* river Hie, 45
hiiles ssw of Stiafbur^-. Lon. 7 ;0 H,
k». 4.7 40 N.
Altmore, a town of Irchmd, in the
county of Tyrone, ii.*en miles Nw of
Dungannon. Lon. 6 45 w, lar, 54 43 n.
Alton, a town in Hampfhire, wi^h
a mark't on Saturday. It has one chmch,
a famous freelchool, a large manufarture
of plain and figured bavagons, ribbed drug-
gefs, and fergei de Nifmcsj and round the
town are plantations of hops. It is feated
rn the Wey, 18 miles ene of Southamp-
ton, and 48 wsw of London* Lori. a
56 w, lat. 51 22 N.
Altorp, a town of Germany, in the
tfrritoiy of Nureniburgi svllh a famous
■^minrfjty, a library, an«l a phyfic gard«»
A M A
It IS fubjeft to the houfe of Brandcnburif,
and is 10 miles se of Nurcmburg. Lon.
1 1 22 e, lat. 49 20 N.
Altorf, a town of Germany, in the
circle of Suabia, 20 miles ne of Con-
ftance, andfubjefi to the houfe of Auftria.
Lon. 9 30 E, lat. 47 50 N.
Altorf, a town of Swiflcrland, capi-
tal of the canton of Uri, on the lake cf
Lucem, near the fpot where it receives
the river Rufs, 20 miles SE of Lucero.
Lon. 8 25 E, lat. 46 55 N.
Altringham, a town Ia Cheftiirej
with a market on Tueiday, 10 miles t
of Warrington, artd iSo nw of London-.
Lon. X 32 vv, lat. 53 z\ N.
Alva-de-tormes, a town of vSpaIn,
in Leon, with a cartls, leated on tlie
Tonnes, la miles se of Salamanca. LoJi»
5 4 w, lat. 41 o N.
Alvestoij, a village in Grouccfter-.
fhirc. On the top of a hill, near the
Severn, is a large round camp, called
Oldbury, where leverai antiquities have
been dug up. It is eight mile« N by E of
Briftol.
Alzira, a town of Spain, in Valen-
cia, on the river Xucar, 17 miles s of
Valencia. Lun. o 10 e, lat. 39 6 n.
AmadaM, or Hamadan.. a town of
Perfia, 200 miles ne of Bagdad. Loa.
47 4E» la-t. 35 15 N-
Amadia, a trading town of Afia, ia
Ctirdiftan. belonsrinfr to the Turks; feated
on a high mountain, 40 miles S£ at
Ge7iia. Lon. 41 5E, lat. 36 5 N.
Amak, .iu ifland of Denmark, ca
which part of Copenhagen, called ChriA
tian-Shafen, is built. It is four miip*
long and two bioad, and is chiefly peopled
by the defccndants of a cnloi^ trom E
fiiefland, to whom the ifland was con-
signed by Chriftian 11, at the requeft of
his queen, for the purpofe of fupplying
her with vegetables, cheefe, and butter.
From the intermarriages of thefo colonifts
with the Danes, the prefcnt inhabitants
are chiefly defcendedj but as they wear
their own drefs, and enjoy peculiar pri-
vileges, they appeal- a diftinft race. The
men wear broad-brimmed hats, blick
jackets, fuU-glated breeches of the facme
colour, bofe at the knee, and tied round
the waift. The women are chiefly dreffed
in black jackets and red petticoats, with
a piece of blue glazed cloth bou4(Loi|
their heads. The ifland i» laid o«ir ia
gardens and paftures; and ftilt, accoi^-
ing totheoriginaldefign, fuppUes Ccpea«
hag-n with milk, butter, and vegetables.
It has twr» churches, in which the *r.iri»ftcr»
prvkih 9Cc»itonaliy ia JDukch aiul Da tt|u
A M A
A M B
SE of Lucern.
1 lA Cheftilrcj
V, 10 milts E
Amal, a town of Sweden, in th« pro-
vincL- 'jf Gothland, with a good harbour on
lake VVtnnLr, 175 n.iles sw of Upfal.
It cai-ries on a great trade in tirnbtr, deals,
and tar. Leu. iz 40 _E, lat. 59 o n.
AmaLFI, an ancii.i)t aichiipifcopal
town of Naples, in Principato Citerioi-e.
Flavio Gioia, who iu faid to have in-
vcurcd the mariner't ccmpafs, about the
bfwinmuT of the 14th century, was a na-
♦ ve or this town. It is itatcu in a
ciiarming country, on the wtllcni coalt of
thegiilf of Salerno, 1 3 miles sw of Salerno.
Lon. 14 45 E, hit. 40 a8 N.
A.MANP, St. a town of France, in the
department of Cher and late territory of
Bourbonnois, feated on the livcr Chei-,
Lon.
;o E,
10 miles s of Eourgts,
lat. 46 45 N.
Af.iAND, St. a town of France, in the
department of the North and in the late
French Flanders. It had lately a cele-
brated abbey. 'NVhen the PruUians and
Auftrians invaded France in 1792, it was
taken by them, but evacuated on their
retreat. It is feated on the Scarpe, fcven
miles N of Valenciennes. Lon. 3 35 E,
lat. 50 27 N.
Amantea, a feaport of Naples, in
Calabria Citeriore, near the Iniy of Eufe-
juia, 20 miles sw of Cofenza. Lon. 16
10 £, lat. 39 li N.
Amapall.'., a feaport of N y'lmerlca,
in Guatimala, Icaled on a gulf of tiie fime
name, 220 miles se of Guatimala. Lon.
So 40 w, lat. I?. 30 N.
Ai\TA3iA, :;n -ancient town of Natolia,
the birtiipbce of Slrabo, tlie j^cographer.
It is the refulence of a bafliaw, and gives
Its name to a province, where there are
the belt wines and fruits i:f N !'olia. It
v,as deftrcyed by an earthquake, July 3,
1794. It is feattd near the river Cafal-
mack, 36 miles u of Tocat. Lon. 36 o
F, lat. 40 31 N.
Amazon, or Orfllana, a river of
S America, which has its fource in Peru,
not far from the Pacific Ocean, and run-
ning E falls into the Atlantic Ocean di-
reilly under the cquinoftial line. Its
courfe is 3000 miles, and it is the grcateft
liver in the world: its mouth is 150 miles
broad} and it receives, in its progix'ls,
near 200 other rivers, many of which have
a cour/e of 5 or 600 leagues, fome of
the.n not inferior to the Danube or the
Nile J and 1500 miles from its mouth, it
is 30 or 40 fathoms deep. In the rainy
leafon it overflows its banks, and fertilizes
the adjacent country.
Amazonia, a countiy in S America,
bovnded on the n by Tcrni Firniii vxi
Guiana, on the E by the Atlantic Ocean
and Brafil, on the s by Paragua, and on
the w by ru. It is laoo miles long,
and 960 bi. id. It was diicovered, in
1580, by Francifco Orellana, who, com-
ing from Peru, failed down the river
Amazon to the Atlantic . Obfcrving com-
panies of women in arms on its banks, h6
called the country Amazonia, and gave
the name of Amazon to the river, which
had tbrmerly been called Maragon. But
this was probably a fiiSlion, for M. Con-
damine could perceive no fuch women.
The loil is vei y rich and fertile j the trees
and plants are verdant all the year. The
rivers and lakes arc infefted by alligators
and water-lerpen»s. Their banks are in-
habited by ditil-rcnt tribes of Indians, go-
venied by petty fovereigns, diftinguimed
from their fubjecls by coronets of beautiful
feathers. The Spanial-ds have made many
attempts to fettle this country j but diffi-
culties and dlfaflers have hitherto rendered
their dcfigns abortive. On that part of
the coalt between Cape North and th«
mouth of the Ahiazon, the Portuguefe^
indeed, have fome fettlements.
Amberg, a town of Germany, capital
of the Upper Palatinate of Bavaria. Jt
has a ftrong caltle, and is feated on the river
Ills, 40 miles E of Nuremburg. Lon. la
7 £, lat. 49 30 N.
Ambert, a town of France, in the de-
partment of the Puy de Dome and late
province of Auvcrgnc, feated in a beauti-
ful valley, on the river Ore. There are
no lefs than 60 papermakers in its vicinity,
who manufacture paper for printing cards,
and engraving. It has alio a trade in
coarle laces, camlets, fen-ets, &c. It is
21 miles E of Iffoire, and 300 s by E of
Paris. Lon. 3 50 E, lat. 4525 n.
Ambleside, a tovwi of Wcilmorland,
with a market on Wednefday, feated cu
Winander-mere, 13 miles nw of Kendal,
and 271 NNw of London. Lon. 3 6 \v,
lat. 54 28 N.
Ambleteuse, a feaport of France^.
in the department of the Straits of Calali
and late province of Picardy, eight miles
N of Boulogne. Lon. 1 41 e, iat. 50
49 ^'•
Amboise, a town of France, in the
department of Indre and Loire and late
province of Tourainc, feated at the con-
fluence of tlie Loire and Maflee. The
Itaircafe of the caftle, being without fteps>
may Ije afcenJed to the very top. Here
Lewis XI inftituted the order of St. Mi-
chael ; and here, in 1 560, was formed the
famous confpirafcy againft the Lxuifes,
kj!«wn by the naume of Amboife. It is i &
• - - C 1
A M E
A M E
: .
miles I of Tou y, a.-.'l Ji8 s f y \v of
Paris. Lon. o 54 e, lat. \7 15 n.
. AmsOYNA, au ifland of Afia, in the
Indiao Ocean, with a garrifon town of the
fziTK name. It is the chitt'ot" the Moluc-
ca!, and remarkable for the quantity of
cloves and nutnicg» it protluc.s. Tlie
En^jlifli and Dutch had faaoi ies here at the
beginning of the 1 7th ccntuiy ; but the
.Putch expelled the Englijli, and tortured
and put to dtuth many of them. The
native wear large whifkers, and their
'drcfs is only a flight piece of ftuff wrapped
'found their middle. The men buy their
."wives of their parents, and if they prove
"tarren, the marriage U vwd. They are
generally Mahometans; but there are
loree Roman catholics amoag them. Lon»
'127 oE, lat. 4. o s.
^ Ambresbury, a town in Wiltlhire,
imth a market on Friday, fix miles n of
. Saltn>ury, and 78 w of London. Lon.
'3 4.0 \v, lat. 51 UN.
Ambrvm, one of the New Hebrides,
in the S Pacific Ocean. Loj. 168 xi £,
' at. 16 lo N.
^ Am£Dabad, a coiifiderable city, the
. «apUal of Guzerat, in Htndooftan Proper.
.' It is one of the beft fortified places in
' Iiidia, but was taken by general Goddard,
"in 1780, from the Poosah Mahrattas, to
_ ■whom it was reftored in 1 7 8 3 . Travtilers
. Jbave dwelt much on it» beauty and con-
' Tenlent fituaticn. It is feated in a level
. country, on the banks of a navigable
river that falls into the gulf of Cambay,
321 miles N of Bor-;jay. Lon. 72 37 e,
lat. 12 58 N.
Amednagur, a city of Hindooftan,
'^ in the Deccan ; once the capital of the
ibubah of the lame name, which is now
bttfer known by that of Dowlatabad.
This city was the refidence of the emperor
Aurungzebe, during his conqueft of the
Deccan and the Cai-natic. It is 1 8 1 miles,
by Pconah, from Bombay. Lon. 75 o e,
kt. 19 10 N.
Amelia, an ancient town of Italy, in
J flkc duchy of Spoleto, with abifliop's lee;
feated on a mountain, between the Tiber
and Nira, in a fertile countiy, 20 miles
sw of Spoleto, and 4.5 N of Rome. Lon.
12 30 E, lat. 42 33 N.
■l- AMERICA* one of the four parts of
the world, and by much the largeft. It
is bounded on all Ades by the ocean, as
appears from the lateit difcoveries ; it be-
ing formerly fuppofed to join to the north-
■. - eaft part of Afia. It took its. name from
Amt-ricus Vefpucius, a Florentine, who
having accompanied C^eda, a S]>anifh ad-
TeMturer, to Aincricx, ami drawn up aa
stmtstine hiftory of his roytge, publiftvi
it , and It was read with admiral ton . In hi*
narrative, he had infinuated, that the glory
of having firtt difcovercd the continent of
the new world belonged to him. Thiswa»
in pait believed ; the country began to b«
calkd after the name of its fuppofed firfl dtf-
coverer ; and the anaccountable caprice of
mankind has perpetuated the error. But
America was hrft dilcovered by Cbriftophcr
Columbus, a Genoefe, in 140 1. It is
called the New World with great pro-
priety ) for not only the men* but the birds
and beafts differ, in fome refpe^s, from
thofe known before. It has likewife a
great number of trees and plants, that
grew no where elf'e, before they were tranf-
planted to other places. All the men,
•xcept the Elkimaux, near Greenland,
fccm to have the fame origin; for they
agree in eveiy particular, from the ftrait*
of Magellan, m the s, to Hudfon's Bay»
in the n. Their ikms, untefs daubed with
greafe or oil, are of a red copper colour,
and they have no beards, or hair on any
other part of their bodies, except their
heads, where it is black, ftraight, and
coarfe. Many arc the conjeAures about
the peopling of this vaft continent, and
almoft as various as their authors. Ame-
rica is fo long, that it takes in not only all
the Torrid, but alfo the Temperate and
part of the Frigid Zones. It i» hard to
lay how many difFercnt languages there
are in America, a vaft number being
fpoken by the different people in difiirent
parts; and as to religion, there is no
giving any tolerable account of it in ge-
neral, though fome of the moft civilized of
the aborigines feem to have worihipped
the Tun. The principal naotive ot the
Spaniards in fending ib many colonies
here was the thirft of gold i and indeed
they and the Portoguefe are pofleffed of
all thole parts where it is found in the
greatefl plenty. This valt continent is
divided mto N and S America, whick
are joined by the ifthmus of Darien. Il;
has the loftiefl mountains in the world,
fuch as thofe that form the imraenfe chais
called the Andes} and the mofl ftupen-
dous rivers, fuch as the Amazon, Plata,
Oronoko, Miffiffippi, Illinois, Mifaures,
Ohio, St. Lawrence, Hudfon, Delaware,
Sufquehannab, Potoittac, Sec. Befide the
aborigines, whc; inhabit the interior
parts, and the UnitedvStates of America^
who pofTefs fome of^ the fuieft provincea,
that formerly beldnged to Great Britain,
the different European povvtrt have /ich
and flourifhing coloifies here. The United
States poflefvNvw England,' NewYbrk,
ige, publiflh<4
ration. In hi*
that the glorj
c continent of
m. Thitwa*
ry began to b<
ppofcdfirftdif-
able caprice of
\e error. But
byCbriftopher
14.01. It is
ith great ]fro.
n,butthebirdK
refpe^ft. from
ha» likewife a
td plants t that
hey were tranf-
All the men,
>ar Greenland*
vigin; for they
from the ftratts
Hudfon's Bay»
[ef» daubed with
, copper colour,
or hair on any
et| except theiv
Ic, ftraight, and
}nje£luret about
t continent, and
author*. Ame-
es in not only ail
; Temperate and
, It i» hard to
languages there
number being
:ople in different
in, there i» no
int of it in ge-
moft civilized of
lave worlhipped
motive ot the
many colonies
AA\ and indeed
are poflefled of
is found in the
[aft continent is
lerica, whick
of Darien. It;
in the world,
imraenfe chais
le moft fttipen-
.mazon, Plata*
lois, Mifaures,
ifon, Delaware,
&c. Befidethe
the interior
:t8 of America,
left provinces,
. Great Britain,
}^rt have ^ich
•e. The United
;d, Ntv»YVk.
■»
I ?
1!
i? n i
II
"rit^ :-t=i.
0
.-^■... I
:%
4
/
-f "f.^^■\A^l■,
■^vp.#^- >«a
V
i
/
■ ^', ••*?»4H*«,.. » ,
longitude Wear m o from. Lopdon.
lOO
. I
a^
I
'II 1
I 'H
■I '
h
'if!
'•»-■•• V »'t«*-aMp-, »* -'rtrv:
. ►.M.-^V'H *• Hf* ..HI.' v-^''-#» • *■•• «»%■
,^ • — . i,V - ii • . .
A M O
A M S
>'fw Jerfey, Pennfylvania, Delawaf c, Ma-
ryland, Virginia, NortK and South Ca-
rolina, Kentucky, and all the country to
the N of the Ohio, extending from Penn-
fyl vania on tlK E , the lake* on the N , and the
MiiniTippion the w. Thecounti its pofleflfed
by Great Britain are, Labrador or New
Britain, Upper and Low«r Canada, Nova
Scotia, and New Bi-unfwick. In N Ame-
rica, Spain poffeflt* Eaft and Well Florida,
Louifiana, New Mexico, Caiifornia, and
Old Mexico or New Spain: in S Ame-
rica, tliey have Terra Firma, Peru, Chili,
and Paragua. In S America, the Portu-
guefe have Brafil : the French, Cayenne j
and the Dutch, S\irinam, both in Guiana.
Amersfort, a town of the United
Province*, in Utrecht, feated in a fertile
eoimtiy on the river Embs, la miles E
of Utrecht. Lon. 5 az E, lat. 52 14 n.
Amersham, or Agmondesham» a
borough of Bucks, with a market on
Tuefjky. It fends two members to par-
liament, and is 2 6 miles s E of Buc k ingham,
and a9 NW of London. Lon. o 35 w,
lat. 51 40 N.
Amid, a town of Natolia, 40 miles
X of Amafia. lU>o. 36 40 e, bt. 40
30 N.
Amiens, an ancient city of France
in the department of Somme and late pro-
vince of Picardy, the epifcopal town of
the department. The nave of the ca-
thedral is a finifhed piece of building, and
thr whole itrufture ftately ; befide which,
there are 10 parifli churches, one in the
fuburbs, and an academy of belles lettres.
Three branches of the river Somme enter
this city. It was taken by t-he Spaniards
w» ^597» but retaken by Henry iv, who
built a citadel here. It has manufaftures
?n linen and woollen cloth, eftabliftied by
Colbert, which employ, in the city and
adjacent countiy, 30,000 people. It is
io miles SE of Abbeville, and 75 N of
Palis. Lon. t 18 t, lat. 49 54 n.
Ammercot, a fort in Hindooftan
Proper, in a very extenfive I'andy defer t,
between the Indus, the territories of Agi-
mere and Moultan, and the Puddar. This
place is celebrated as the retreat of the
^mperor Humaioon, during his troubles ;
and here was bom his fon, the illuftrious
Acbar. It is 190 miles N by E of Tatta.
Amol, a town of Afia, in Ulbec Tar-
tary, feated on the river Gihon, 60 miles
wofBf>>.hara. Lon. 64 30 E, lat. ')9xoN.
Am ikgus, an iiland of the Archijpe-
1 ago, fertile in wine, oil, and com. The
belt cultivated parts beloug to a monaftery ;
and the greateit inconvenience which the m-
want of fuel. It is 30 miles in circum-
ference, and 67 N of Candia. Lon. «6
15 e, lat. 36 zo N.
Amour, a river of Afia, which riJe$
in S-.reria, runs E through Chinefe Taf-'
tary, and falls into the hay of Corea.
Amoy, an ifland on the $w coaft of
China. The Englilh had a faftory here,'
but abandoned it, on account of the im-
pofitions of the inhabitants. ' -
Amphipolis, a town of Txukey in
Europe, anciently the capital of Macedo-'
nia, on the river Strj'mon, 70 miles ne of
Salonichi. Lon. 14 16 E, lat. ^t ^9 ».
Amplepuis, a town of Fi-ance, {n
the department of Rhone and Loire. It
is celebrated for its wines, and is' 16 roilec
E of Roanne. : -- ; .
Ampthill, a town in Bedfordfljiire^
with a market on Thurfdav, feated pTe«»
fantly between two hills, but in a bafreii
ibil. It is noted for having been thcTe-
fiUencc of Catharine of Arragon, queen
of Henry vni, during the time that her tiir-
jutt divorce was in agitation. Thiseyenrii
commemorated by a poetical infcripH^
on a column where thie old caltje ^'^o^
It is fix miles s of Bedford, a-d 45 itiik
of London. Lon. o 30 w, iat. 5* d »*,,
Ampurias, a feaport of Spatn. Iji
Catalonia, at the mouth of the rivet fKJ-
via, 60 miles ne of Baicelona. Lcii. j
6 t, lat. 42 5 N.
Amras, a caftle, in Germsu^y, l^atwl
in the Tirol, two miles SE oflnfpnjciK.
It is remarkable for a rich library, adorned
with the portrait^ of many, li:arned mc^.
Lon. II 29 E, lat^ 47 9 N. " r
Amsterdam, a rich and populgus
city in Holland, capital of the United Pro-
vinces. The walls are high, and well
fortified } and the bridge vvhich joins tlte
rampart is built over the river Amftel,
and is one of the fineft pieces of arrhi-
tefture in thefe parts. Few citie* lutv,«|
their public buildings fo fine, numerous*
and w^il kept. Here are many handibm*
churches, and liolpitals for perfons of qil
religions and countries. The exchaajre
is one of the principal onuments of the
city, ahd the narbour is one of the largdt
and fineft in Europe, where a vaft number
of merchant flWps may always be lees ;
thoueh "ler? is a bar at its entrance,
which ik tiowever, a great lecurity aeaii^ft
foreign enemies. The fdundation ot tlu«
town is laid upon piles, driven into a mo*
rafs, and under the ftadthoufr idonc ar«
1 3,000- The ^eets are fpacioits and well
paved, and moll of them have c&nals,
with rows of trees :;n each fide, It it
cempv..;<d m I^ at>ou( UU m Viz m
■• ^ C I ■ -■
A N C
AND
London, and is governed by a coUeg« of
30 fcnators, who hold their places for lifc>
and 1 1 buigomafters, four of whom ire
ajways fitting. It fuin:ndered to thi; king
of Pi-uiiia in Oft. 1787, when that prince
invaded Holland, in favour of the Itadt-
holdei', but was ev"u.cutcd on the rellora-
':ion of the latter to his rights. I*- re-
ceived the FrtTitch trcOps, Jan. 19, 1795,
without any refiftance. It is feated at the
confluence of the rivers Araftel and Wye,
^5 miles N of Antwerp, 175 e by n of
, London, 240 n by e of Paris, and 560
MW of Vienna. Lon. 4 50 e, lat. 52 33 n.
", AnDVELL, a village near Waie, in
iteitfordfhire, famous for giving rife lo the
New River, which fupplies London with
watef,,
* , Anadir, a river of Siberia, that fails
ifltp the Eafte;rp Ocean.
i^NAGNi, a town of Italy, in Cam-
pa'gna di Roma, with a bifhop's fee, 3a
rniTe$ e of Rome. Lon. 13 25 E, lat.
., Anacopir, the capital of the naMon
qf'the Abkahs, on the river Makai, which
j^Js below it into the Black Sea.
.^Anattom, an illund, one of the Nev/
Hebrides, ^n the S Pacific Ocean. Lon.
'79 9. E, lat. io 10 s.
/ Ancarano, a town of Italy, in the
jn'arquifate of Ancona, fiveiniles n of Af-
/coji,, and .82 ne qi Rome. Loij. 1329
X, Jlat,'.4i,48 N.
;A{ifc ASTER, a village in Lincplnfnijre,
*iVii)iieS s'qf Lincoln. It'was anciently
i' jRonldii villige, oh' i Roman highway,
and lies uijider a hill which abounds with
*;iAitiquities^ *, ',"•" " ''
, ANCtNis, a town of 'Pr'a'iice, feated on
'the Loirei'in the department of Lower
Xoij'e'. and late provi.ice of Bretagne, ;o
'iniles t cVNanfes. Lon. i 5 w, lat. 47 1 5 n.
■ " A.nC|>Am, a town of Gci'many, in Po-
*jiKrahia, lt;ated on the river Pene, 20 miks
^W"'ci^.GripfwaJd. Lcn. .1,4- e, lat. 53 52 N.
',''' Ancober, a territory oh the gold
toalt 6f Guinea, hiving a river of rhe
ftKue name flowing through it, th^■ brinks
(bf which are adorned with Jqfly trees.
Oh the weflern bank is apop\:lous village.
■ AtfCbNA, a marguilate in Italy, in tire
'Ecclefiaftical S^att.
.,' "ANCofiA, an ancient "town and citadel
'df Italy, on the gulf of Venice, in the
' nfiart^'uifete of Ancona. It waa originally
fcuih ■ u^on a hill, and the cathalral
fftahds' upon the higheft pan, but the
fco'ufes ttav$: been gradually extended down
I the fide of the eminence toward the lea.
_ The commerce of Ancona has rapidly in-
crfafecl'df lite years j for which it is 'in-
dtbtcd to pope Clement .xii, who made
it a free port, and built a moic, to
rentier the harbour fafe : it is ercfted on
the ruins. of the ancient mol{ raifed by '
the emperor Trajan, and is above 2000 ftet
in length, 100 in breadth, and about 60 in
depth from the furiace of the' fea. Near
this fbnds the Triumph::! Arch cf Tra-
jan, which, next to the Mailbn Qitarrct at
Nili-Ties, is the mcft entire monument of
Roman magnificence exifting. Hei t; like-
v.'ife Clement erefted a lazareti;6, which'
advances a little Vi-ay into the fca, in the
form of a pentagon, and is a noble as'
well as ufef':! edifice. Great numbers of
Jews are fettled in this city, wl.ere they
have a fynagogue ; and, akliough all re-
ligions arc tolerated, theirs is the only
foreign woi /liip allowed to h?. publicly cx-
erci;ed. Ancona was taken by the PVtnrh
in June i7i>6. It is 116 miles n by E of
Rome. Lon. 1335 E, lat. 4;; 38 ^v^
AND/U.USIA, a province of Spain, 25O
miles in length, anrt 1 50 in brtadth. It is-
bounded on the s by Granada,' on the w
by A.Igarva and th<i Atlaniic, on the t;
by J£i[tj-amadura, an^l dn,t:ie£ byMiu-cis.
The Guadalquivei- runs through its whole
length; and it is the molt fertile* and
trading country in Spain. The capital is
Se->nlle. ' '■ . .
ANDAMAfi ISLAhlDS, on the E fide of
the entraiice into the bay of Bengal. The
inhabitants are an inoffienfivc people, and
live chiefly on rice, fiuits, and herbs, with
which they funiifii the "ilupii that touch
there. ■
Andaye, a for'ined tovvn of France,
In the department of the Lower Pyrenees
and late territory of BafOjUCi, famous for
its brandy. It is ftuatc at ti'e mouth of the
river BidalToa, oppoilte Fcntarabit in
Spain, 18 niiJes s\v of Bayonne. • Lcn. i
45 \v, lat. 43 25 \v.
And ELY, a town of France, in the
department of Eure and late province of
Normandy, d.ivided by a paved .road into
two little towns calle.d Great :ind Little
Andely, a mile fro 1 each other. Great
Andely is in a valley, on the littlf river
Gambons. It hao a fo\intain, whicii bears
the name of St. Clotilda, and to which pil-
grims refort on the feftival of that Ihiiir.
Little Andely is on the Seine. Fire cloths
muiuifaftured here are faid to be equal
to t'hofe of England. Andely is the birth-
place of Nicholas Poulfin, the Raphael of
France. It is ao miles se of Rouen,
and 60 NW of Paris. Lon. i 30 e, lat.
49 20 N.
AKiDERNACH, an ancient city of G..-r~
many, in tlie vleilorate of Coloj^ne, f«:att4
ri|
tl:
it »»,'.
AND
A N G
•« the Rhine, lo miles nw of CoWcntz.
Lon. 7 21 E, lat. so 39 u.
Andero, St. a feaport of Spain, in
Bifcay, where tlic Spaniards build and lay
up feme of their men of war. It is 60
miles w ot'Bilboa. Lon. 4 30 £, lat. 43
iS N.
Andes, or Cordilleras, a chain
•f mountair.s in S Arnerica, running from
>i to, s along the coaft of the P.icific
Ocean. They exceed in length any tiiain
of mountainji in the other parts .of tlie
globe ; extending from the iithmus of I)aT
ricn to the ftraits of Ma^Uen, dividing',
the whole fouthern part of America, and '
running a length of 4300 miles. They
are much fuperior in height to any other
mountains ; for the plain of Quito, which
may be confidered as the baft of tiie Ands-u,
is elevated further above the fea ^han the
top of the Pyrenees; and they rlie,, ii^
different places, mare tlun one third
above the Pike of Teneriff, once thought
to be the higheft land in the ancient he-
mlfphere. The Andes may literally be
fi^id to hide their heads iu the clov^ds : the
ftorms often roll, and the thunder bujift;^,
below their fummlts, which, thoijgh ex-
poied to the rays of the fun In the_ torrid
zone,, are covered with everlafting' fnow.
From experiments made with a barometer
on the mountain of Cotopaxi, it appeared
that its fummit was elevated 6252 yards
kbpve the, furface of the fea, fpmethipg
f^ore than three geographical mileii. In
thefe mauntain^ are. many volcanps.
ANDOy£R, a borpugh in Hampfl)Ire,
with a market on . Saturday. It leads
two members to parliament, and is go-
verned by a juayor. It is 10 miles n
by w of Winchefter, and 65 w by s
vf London. Jpon. 1 20 w, lat. 51 14 N.
Andrarum, a town of Swpden, in
Gothland, tluee riujes s of Chriltlan-
ftadt: heJie is the greateft alum work in
the kingdom.
Andrew, St. a fort of the United
Provinces, at the E end of the ille of
Bommel VVaert, tai'-en by the French in
J 794, immediately retaken by the allies,
and agair, taken by the French before the
f lofc of the year.
Andrew, St. a town of Gsi-many,
in Carinthia, with a bifliop's fee, I'eated
en the river Levant, 95 miles s by w of
Vienna. Lon. 15 10 E, lat. 46 52 l^.
Andrew's, St. a cjty in Fifclhire,
with a iiniverllty. It was formerly tKr
Ifee of an archbidiop, and is fcated at the
bottom of a bay, on the level top of a
iinall hill, extending' B and w, having
^ oueu profpe^ of the GtrnuDi Occdu.
" J'- • •■ • r ■ .
The univerfity, which was founded by
bilhop Wardlaw, in 14x1, confiits of
three colleges. The cathedral, the chapel
of St. Reguluo, the church of St., Salva-
tor, and the priory, have been n®ble Gothic
ftrui^l:ures. The caftle was the fcene of
the cruelty and puiiilhmeiit of card'.al
Beton: the window is ftiU fticwn, from
which he beheld the martyrdom of George •
Wifhart, who was burnt on the fpot
beneath ; and in this cattle he hitnfelf was "
aiTaflinated in 1546.. The boules, though -
built of ftone, are gone to dec.iy, ther*
being no manufactures to fupport the nu-
merous itiliabitants J nor is the harbour ia '
a go^d condition. It i? 30 miles NKof.
Edinl^urgh. Lon. :; 45 w, lat. 56' 1 8 N,
Andri.v, a town of Naples, , in B^ri,^
with a bifhop'".!} fee, four miles a^of Bsir^.,
letta. Lon. I $3 a E, lat. 41 25 N.' ,"
Andro^, ah, ifl^hd and tovyn' |i^ tbff
Archijiolago. The inhabitants ^e of the*
Greek church, and have a bjlhop and -'fe- "
veral monafttries. The principal riche?
of this ifland confift In filks, and the fields
are pleafan^ and fprtjle; being jplantc4,
with oranges, citrons, mulberries^ pome-
granates, and %s. It lies to the N ©f'
Candia. Lon. 25 30 E, lat. 37 50 N.
Anduxar, a, town of Spain, in An-,
dalufia, defended by a caftle, iand feated'
op the Guadalquiver, 35 miles E of Cor--
dova. Lcn. 3 34'w, lat. 37 5? N,, ,
Anecada, one of the Engli(]h,yirgin
Ifland^iJ. Lou. 64 7 w, lat. 18 40 N.. , „'
Angelo, St. a town of Naples, ' itj;'
Ca| lata, f^vcs miles N of Manfredonia,;
and L from the fea • Lon. 16 135, lat^
41 40 N.
Anoelos, - jpulou^ town of Mex-
ico, with a bUhyp s fee. The t is ex-
cellent,, and the land abounds ui corn.
It is 62 miles se of Mexico. Lcn. ^9
22 w, lat. 19 30 N.
A N G e R s , an anci«nt to wr T France, ii^
the late grovince of Anjoi^, .md the epif^
copal fee of the department of Maine
and Loire. It is feateJ near the conflu-
ence of the Sarte and Loire, and i'? uvided
by the Maine into two part ac wdF-
tern, e-tending into the plain, and theeaftt
ern, which riles on the acclivity of a hill.
Its environs prefent a pieafing view of nu-
merous country houfcs, upward of a hua-.
dred windmills, well-cultivated kitchen-
gardctis, and eminences that produce good
whitp winf . The cathedral is an elegant
ftruiiure : the exquifit* neatneft of thy
wainfcot of the choir, the width of the m\ e,
and the principal gate, fuiTounded by three
iieeples (of which the centre one nas no
fupport but thiif bafes of tht other tMr»i
m
It
III
I
A N G
A N G
I 1 ! i:
! I
f
'it
.1
■I , .
;.■ ■ *
1. !
'i
■I;!
m
It
are partlcuhrlv admired. In this csthe-
drai i; t-l'.'.- ^omb of Kf.nii, kirg of Sicily,
arifi :l'vcrnl bjih-^ps, in whiru marble; an 1
here is (hown an urn, which is pretended
to hive been ufccl :it th» wtviding of Cana.
Ilf^t'ore the latf diilblurion ot' cunvfiUs,
roonhs of evciy order wer.' to be ft.ii :it
Angers; and out of fonr ablx'ys that
belon!:ced to the Bcntdlclinecs, tltrf; were
particularly beautiful. 11^ re is an ^ca-
fl«^y of belles lettres, eilahlinieil in 1^85.
The inhabitants are computed at 30,000 ;
and here is a conliderable maiiiifaflure of
haiidkerchiefs and ikikioth. The pro-
ducr of the Hate ouairies, at the extre-
mity of tliie fuburb of Brefliguy, forms
likewife an important article of com-
merce : this flate is 16 common, that the
moft paltry hovel in the fuburbs is covered
with it} on which account Angers fc?s
been called the Black City. The cartk,
flank^ by 18 great- round towers, is vc-
markable on)y foi its advau'.aj^eous fi: na-
tion on arock, and tlicwliMT!.;nts diii his.
It is 50 niiles e of Naiik:., .-tu^ 1/5 bw
cf Paris. Lon. o 55 \v, iu. 47 30 n.
An<jh}era, a town of Italy, in the
Milancfe,' capital of a county of the
iaine name. It is feated on the call fide
oi' the lake Maggiore, 30 miles N\v of
Milan. Lon. 8 40 e, lat. 45 41 N.
Anglesey, an iiland and the moft
weftern county of N Wales. It is 24
miles in length, 14 in breadth, and fends
two mefnbers to parliament. It is in tlie
diocfefe of Bangor, is divided Into fix
hundreds, containing two market-towns,
ind 74 parifties. It is feparated from
Carnarvonfhire by a lone and narrow
ftrajt calkd the Menai. 1 hat part of the
iiland which borders this ftrait is finely
WOO'' I, recalling to the mind its ancient
ftite when it was the celcbj'atcd feat of
the Di;uids, whoa; terrific iv!i;u(-us ritc6
weie performed in the gloom of the thickcit
ivQod'j. R'lde mounds, and heaps <'f
ftiTics, faid to be dniidic.;! remains, are
(till to he fctn. iiut a little wiy within,
the whole appears a n:\ked trai^l, without
trees 01' hedges, watered V-y, nunierous
rill*, fertile in grafsand corn, and abound-
ing in cat' It. Vaft <juantities of c<)pper
are procured from a famous nu'ne on Parys
mountain. In the N,w part ol the ifland
is a quarry of green marble, inter.iuxed
with that curious f^ibftance called afbefto?.
Angol, a toWn of S .'\mcrica, in
Chili, 1*5 mills N of Baldiviu. Lon. jz
39 w, lat. 37 36 s,
Angola, a kingdom of Africa,bouudcd
on the N by Congo Proper, on the * by
Mal«mba, on the i by Bengucla, and on
the w by the ocean. It produces Indian '
ccirn, beans, oranges, lemons, and Icveral
ctiitr fruits. The inhabitant* are very
la/y, generally idolaters, and take as many
wives as they think fit. The country is
divided among fcveral petty princes, and
the Portugucfe have levcral fettlemcnts
on the coalt J but the EngliOi and Dutrli
traffic with the natives, and purchale a
great number of ilavcs.
Angoulesme, a town of Frnice, in
the department of Charcntc -nd late pro-
vince of Angoumols, feattn' on a mown-
tai'n fiirrounded by rocks. The river
('harente runs at the foot of it ; and
there are fomc fine paper manuia£lures"
in its environs. It is ao miJes w of
Limoges, and 250 s by w of Paris. Lon.
o 14 li, lat. 45 39 N.
Angoumois, alate province of France,-
bounded on the N by Poitou, on (he e
bv Limofin and Mnrche, on the s by
Perigord, and on the w by Saintonge.
It is now included in the depaitment of
Chai-ente.
Angora, a city of Natolia, in the
teirltoiy ol' Amafia, compiited to contain
100,000 inhabitants. It is a Greek
archblfiiop's fee, and remarkable fbr fome
remains of antiquity. The caftle has a
triple inclofure, and the walls ai^ of
white marble and rtone, refembling' por-
phyry. Here ;»re bred the fineft goats in
the world j ami the hair is of a fine white,'
almoft like filk, which Is worked intd^
the firtfeft fttiffs, particularly camlets.
Near this city Pornpey gained a great
vi(5tory over Mlthridates', and Tainei-lane
defeated Bajazet. It is iii miles Se ot
Coiiftantinopl'e. Lon. 31 s E, i.it. 39 30 N.
Ancra, a fcaport, capital of Terccra,
one of (he Azores. It is a bifliop's iee,'
and the refidehcc of the j^overnor of tlw
Azoios. Lon. 27 7 w, lat. 38 39 N.
Angrocna, a town of Piedmont,
fcven miles w of Pignerol. Lon. 715
E, l.'l. 45 o N-
Anguim.a, or Snake Island, a
lon^ and narrow ifland, winding ibmc-
whiit in the manner of a make. It is
woody, but pevtetlly level; and is the
molt northerly of the Kn'glifll Leeward
Iflands, in the W Indies, 60 miles N\v
of ot. Chriftopher's. Lon. 6i 35 w, lat#
18 15 N.
ANGUiLLAfiA, a town of Italy, in (he
natrimoriy of St Peter, 15 miles N\v of
R<)riit. ' ^
AficCSSllME, a county of Scotland
(Ibmetlmes c died FOrkaR, from the name
of the county town) bounded on the N by
Aberde&nllu're, on the N£ by Klncaidjipe-
ANN
fliiu', on the K by the German Ocean, on
ilw s liy thie frith of Tay, snd on the
\v by Ferthlhire. Its Lngth and bivi/ith
are n*;nly equal, about 35nnit:s, Ir his
jiiaiiV likf: and hills, but is liiiitt>.l in
coiu and paitur*.'*. The principal rivers
are t'.ie North and South Elk.
Anualt, a principality of Ct rrnanv,
in the circle of Upper Saxony, 4-"- miles
in lem^th, and L-ight in br.-adth; bounded
on the s by Mansfield, on the w by Hal-
bcrrtadt, on the E by Saxony, and on the
N by Magde''iirsr. It abound:; in corn,
and is wutLied by the Salde and the
Mulda.
Anhalt, an ifland of Denmark, lyins^
in the Catetjate, ei^ht miles from tiie
coaft of Jutland, and lo from Zealand.
ANN
bitatlons 'of the nariv.^^ ; and the othtr
p:»rt» ol the illand, elriciiiliy toward the
fca, are covered with tnrs ai\ I l)u(hcs of
a hixiuiant growth. It h nla.ite about'
187 E Ion. and 20 s lat.
A'>JN.\N', a borough of Annrmdile, in
Dimifijcsfhire, feated on the r:v::- Annan,
about three miles N of SoKvay r:i:h, and
60 8 of Edinburgh. Lon. 3 4 w, lit.
55 o N.
Annan, a river of Scotland, whlcU
rlfing in the Mottat Hills, and flowing,
in a fouthcrly direction, through Annan-
dale, empties itlelf into Solvvay Fritii.
Ann AND ALE, a dilfrid of Dunifries-
Ihire in Scotland, fo f.iUni from the rlv«.r
Annan. The motintains in the northern
pirt of this diltriil, fometimes named
It is dangerous to feamen, for which ■«• Moffat Hills, are the hi'^iiclt in t!ic s wf
reaton there is a lighthoufe.
Vnian, a conntiy on the e coaft of
Africa, near the Red Sea, lying between
43 and 50" E, lon. and betu-een tlie
ccjuator and 10° N latitude.
AsjeNoo, a I'lrall town and faflory
on the coaft of Mrlabar, hclonj;ing to the
K India company. Th'vir ir.jrchandilb
conlifts chieflv in pepper and cahcoijs.
J. on. 77 I E, lat. I) o N.
Amj<5V, a late province of France,
bounded on tlie N bv Maine, on the w
by l^retigr.e, on t'le s by Poitou, and on
the y. by Touraine. It formerly belonged
to the fovereigns of England. It now
forms, with the late prov'nccs of NTaino
and Touraine, the four departments <A
Mtilne and Loire, I nd re and Loire, Maine,
and Sarte.
Ankam, a rivulet in Lincolnfhire,
itoled for its fine edj. It empties itleif
into the Humbcr, and has been made
navigable for (loops as t'ai* as (jlandtoiil"
bridge.
Anna, a town of Arabia Pttrea, en
Scotland. From thi K;di'lcer.d iht- Tweed,
the Clydf, and tha Annan.
A VNANO, a ibrt in tlie dut I\y of Milan,
featc i on the IVnaio, 1 ?. Miiles 3 of Cafal.
Lon. S 51^ H, ht. 44 ;6 n.
AnnaPOLIS, ttie capifal of Marylmd,
In N Aiiieiica, rituavutiiu mouth of the
Severn river. Alth/>u;h a place of little
noto in tlie commercial v/orid, it is one
oi' the wealt'iieft towns of its fize in
A.iiu rica. The houfes, about 260 iii
miiuber, are p-eneraHy hrge and cK-gant.
The delign of thclt who pLinncd the city
Mas to have tlie whole in the form of a
circle, with the ftreets, like r;\dii, be-
!^inntng at the centre, where ti'e ftadthouf*
/taii'.ls, and thence diveitnn^j into eveiy
diiw'lion. The principal pint of the
biiildinj^s are arranged agr..'ea'i!e to thi*
plan, rhe (fjdtho'iio ij the nobleft build-
ing of the kins.', in America. vVimapoli*
is 30 miles s of Jialtlmorc. Lon. 77 so
w, lat. 39 o. N.
Ann'apolis, a fortlHed town of Nova
Scotia, in N America. It liand* on th»
the weftem bank of the Euphrates, and E fide of the bay of Fundy, and has ono
the plealanteflr place in thefe parts, there of the fineft harbours in the world. Lon*
being pLnty of olives, oranges, citrons,
lemons, pomcgranvites, and dates. The
fields are Ibwn with cotton ; and tlie corn
grows extremely hii;h. It is 130 miles
w of Bagdad, and 120 ;.s\v of Moulfoi.
Lon. 41 o E, lat. 33 35 N.
Annamooka, one of the Friendly
Iflands in the S Pacific Ocean, difcovercd
by Tafman in 1643, and vifiicd liy cap-
tain Cook in 1774 and 1777. It is
well cultivated in many places"; coufift-
jng of plantations o.'" yams-flud plantains.
Many of them are extenfive, nnd inclofed
with neat fences of reed. ?^he bread-*
5-
64 5 w, lat. 44
Annecy, a town of Savoy, in the
duchy of Genevois, f'eated an the river
Siers; and on a lake of its own name,
aur.ut 10 miles hng, and four broad. Ir
is 70 miles s of Geneva, and 22 nb of
Cha'ii^tny. Lon. 6 5 e, lat. 45 53 N.
At^.N'OBON A, an Ifland of Africa, on
the c.>aft of Guinea, fo called, becaufe it
was found cui on New-year's-day. It it
wtU ilocked with cattle and fi*uit, and the
air is more healthful rhan in other iflands
on the lame coaft. It abounds with palm-
trees, cocoas, oranges, lemons, bananas.
1
9.
' ill
Vk
fruit and cocoa-nut trees are 'nterfperfcd and feveral other traits; with hoes, goats
with Uttic ordtT} Qr.t chiefly ear vji<« Ui\-i Oi«^ ftnd ciuck«ft| which are all extreme
'jl
\ ii
I m
7v!
ANT
fjr cheap. The governor Is a Portuguefft.
Lon. 5 lo E> lat. i 50 s.
Annonav, a town of France, in the
^partmtnt of Ardeche and late province
of Dauj-'hiny. Very Hnc paper is inanu-
fawSlured hcrc} nnd it was in this place
tliat the two brothers Montgolfier, paper-^
makers, difcovtrtd, in 1782, the nkt of
rarefied air in floating balloons, by a firc-
pkce fulpi-ndwd under them. Annonay
ts i'taivA on the confluence of the rivtis
Canccs anri Dcumes, iz miles s\v of
Vkniie, Lon. 4 55 k, lat. 4.5 13 n.
Ano-Capri, the largeft town in the
iQand of Capvi, belonging to the kingdom
of Naples.
AiNsPACfi, a town and caftle of Ger-
in?.ny, in Franconia, and capital of the
miugravate of Anfpach. The prcicnt
prince lately abdicated his dominions, in
confidjratiou of a ftipulatcd revenue, in
favour of the king ot Prulfia, who is of
fhe fame family} and having married
Elifabeth dowager lady Craven, in i79i>
has lince fettled in England. The palace
at Anfpach, which is near the caftle,
has a remarkable cabinet of curicfities.
It h featcd on a river of the fame name,
15 miles sw of Neuremburg. Lon. 10
«^7 B, lat. 49 ao N.
Anstruther, a borough on the se
eoaft of Fifefhire, 25 miles NE of Edin-
burgh. Lon. 2 34 w, lat. 56 15 N.
■ Amteqjiiera, a town of Spain, in
Granada, divided Into the Upper and the
lowtr. The Upper is icatcd on a hill,
and has a caftle : the Lower ftands In a
fertile plain, and is watered by many
Crocks. There Is a large quantity of
jalt in the mountain j and five miles from
the town, a fpring famous for the cure of
•the gravel. It is" 26 miles N of Malaga.
Lon. 4 30 w, lat. 57 1 N.
Antkquiera, a town of N America,
In New Spain, in the province of Guaxa-
qua, 75 miles SE of Guaxaqua.
■ Antibhs, a feapoit of France, in the
department of Var and late province of
Provence, with a ftrong caftle. Its terri-
tory produces excellent fruit j and it is
feated en the Mediterranean, nine miles
v,- of Nice. Lon. 7 13 E, lat. 43 35 N.
Antic osTE, a barren ilbnd of N
America/ in the mouth of the river Si.
Lawrence. Lon. 64 16 \v, lat. from 49
to 5?- N.
Antigua, one of the Enpllrti Leeward
Jflands in .he W Indies, about 20
miles in length and breadth. The in-
habitants are in great want of water, and
aro obliged to lave the rain-water in
i-JiVms, and to fetch it frpm other jflands,
ANT
The chief produce Is fugar,. of whit-fc
it annually makes 16,000 hogfheada. It
was taktn by the French in i73z, but
rcftored in 1783. The capital is St.
John's. It is 60 miles E of St. Chrjf-
topher's. Lon. 6i 5 w, lat. 71 5 n.
An'tillf.s, the name which the French
give to the CaribbejJ Klands, dilcovered by
Columbus, in 1492. See Indies, West.
A.ntio, a promontory of Italy, in the
pauimcny of St. Peter, near w.iich is a
hiubour, lately made. It takes Its name
from the ancient city of Antlum,the ruin*
of which extend over a long tract of land.
An'tioca, or Antioch, an ifland
in the Mediterranean, near Sardinia, taken
from his Sardinian majefty, by the French,
in Feb ruary 1793, but evacuated foon after.
Antioch, now Anthakla; an an-i
cicnt and celebrated town of Syria, of
which it was formerly, the capital ; but it
is now almoit come to nothing: ho.wcver,
the magnificent ruins of it ftiil remain.
It is featedon the river Orontes, now called
Affi, 15 miles E of tlie Mediterranean,
and 40 sw of Aleppo. Lon. 36 45 E,
lat. 35 17 N.
Antiochetta, a tcnnTi of Turkey in
Afia, in Cai-amania, with a bilhop's fee,
oppofitc the ifland of Cyprus. Lon. 33
15 E, lal;. 36 42 N.
Antiparos, the ancient Olearos, an
ifland of the Archipelago, two miles w
of Paros. It is only a rock, 16 miles in
circuit; yet, in fome parts, is well culti-
vated,and produces as much barley as feryes
a fmall village. It has a grotto, which
is one of the greateft curlofities in nature :
it appears to be about 80 yards high and
1 00 broad ; and the roof forms a pretty
good arch, which entertains the eye with
a vaft variety of figures, of a white
tranfparcnt cryftalline fubftance, very na-
turally refembling vegetables, marble
pillars, and a fuperb mai'ble pyramid,
Lon. 25 44 E, lat. 37 8 N.
Antivari, a town of Turkifh Dal*
matia, with a Greek archblfhop's fee, 10
miles N of Dolcigno. Lon. 19 10 e, lat.
42 19 N.
Antoime, St. a town of France, Is
the department of Ifere and late province
of Dauphii\y. Here was lately a monal-
tery, the church of which is magnificent.
It was the principal feat of an order of
Hofpitalitrs, united to tha^ of Malta in
1777, and whole origin may be traced
to an hofpital, built (near a chapeli^ the
depofitoiy of the relics of St. Anthony)
by Gafton and his fon Girin, in 1095, tot
the relief of devotees, futfering under 4
d if order, iince called Saint Anthony 'i
ANT
A F A
Fire. It is five miles ne of St. Mar-
ctllan.
AntoNio, St. one of the Cape de
Vertl Ulands, 15 miles from St. Vinctnt.
It is full of high mountains, whence pro-
ceed Ih'fams oi excellent water, which ren-
der the land very fruitful. The principal
town is feated among the mountains.
Xxjn. 25 o \v, lat. 17 o N.
Antrim, .a county of Ireland, In the
province of Ulftcr, bounded on the e by
St. George's Channel, on the w by Lon-
dondeny, on the u by the ocean, and on
the SE by Down. It is 46 miles in
length, and a8 in breadth, and is pretty
i'ruitful. It contains 56 pariihes; and
lends 10 nvrtnbers to parliament.
Antrim, the capital of the county of
Antrim, at the N end of the lake Lough-
Neagh. It is a poor place, but lends'
two members t6 parliament, and is 13
miles- w of Carrickfergus. Lon. 6 6 w,
lat. 5+ 43 N.
Antrum, a mountain of the Swifs
Alps, in thfe Vallais, by which there is
a pafTage frorti the Vallais into the valley
of Aiitrona in the Milanefe.
'AMtwerp, a city of I'.rabant, capital
of the marquif5»te of the fame name,
with a bifribp's lee. About 200 years
ago it was the greateft pla.ce for trade in
Europe : but the civil wars, caufed by
the tyriftny of Philip li, diminifhed that
comiTierce, which was effeftually anni*
hihitcd in 1648; -when, by the treaty of
Mimfter between Spain and the United
Proviftces, the navigation of the Scheld
vvas fhut. See ScHELD. The river is
commodious, being 22 feet deep, and
400 yards wide ; fo that large vefleb
mav come Up to the quay. The cathe-
iiiMJ is a fine ftruiSlure, and contains an
alil-mblage of paintings by the greateft
mafters of the Flemilh I'chool, particularly
Rubens nnd Quintin Matlys. Ruben's de-
fcent from the crols is'efteemed hismaiter-
{)iect*. On a pifture of the fallen angels,
)y the father-in-law of Matfys, appears a
hornet on one of the thighs. Concerning
this it is related, that Matfys, who was
originally a blacklmith, falhng in love with
the painter's daughter, and applying to the
f;ithcr h;r hi« conlent, was refilled, as no
one, he laid, (hould have her, but a pain-
ter. On this, Matfys went to Italy to
ftudy the art, and, in a few years, returned
a great mafier himfelf ) and this hornet
he painted on the thigh of the falling an-
g'l. The painter perceiving it, fome time
after, attempted to beat it off: attonifhed
at the exquifite deception, he inquired
why had done it j aiul thus di.rcovering the
fuperlor fklll of Matfys, he immediatdj
confcntcd to the marriage. There are
many fine paintings in the other churches,
and in private colleftions. The ex-
change, once fo thronged, and from
which fir Thomas Grelham took the
model of that for London, is now the
abode of Iblitude and filence ; and ierves
no other purpofe than the accommodation
of an academy for painting, fculpturc,
architefture, and the mathematics. The
townhoufe, in the great niarket-place, is
a noble itruclure. . Here is ftill leen a
houle, built in 1568, for the accommoda-.
tion of the merchants of the Hanfe
Towns J and hence they went to the
Exchange, m procelfion, preceded by a
band of mtific. In the principal itreet
is a crucifix of bronze, 3 3' feet high., on
a marble pedeitai. This was made from
a demolilhed ftatue of the cruel duke of
Alva, which he . himfelf had fet up in
the citadel. The citadel is efteemed onp
of the ftrongeft . fortrelfcs of the Low
Countries. Antwerp was taken by the
prince of Parma in 1585, after a long
and memorable fiege. It has been taken
moreeafily fince, by the French in 1700,
by the allies in 1706, by the French ia
1746 and 1792, by the Auftrians in
1793, and by the French again in 1794..
It is 32 miles N of Bruflels, a» N£ of
Ghent, and 65 s of Amfterdam. Lon.
4 28 £, lat. 51 13 N.
Anzerma, a town and ]ifoyInce of
?opayan, in S America, where there are
mines of gold. The town is feated on the
river Coca. Lon, 75 25 W, lat. 4 58 «.
AORNUS. See BijORE.
AousTA,.a town of Piedmont, capital
of a duchy of the fame name, and a bi-
ftiop's fee. It is remarkable for levcral
monuments of the Romans. It is feated
at the foot of the Alps, on the Doria,
50 miles NW of Turin. Lon. 7 30 £,
lat. 45 48 N.
AovsTA, a dutchy of Piedmont. It
is a valley 30 miles in length, and abounds
in paftures, and all forts of fruits.
ApAMEA, or Afamea, a town of
Syriaj on the river Alfi, 35 miles s of
Anticch. Lon. 36 56 e, lat. 34 32 n.
Apanomia, a town of the ifland of
Santorini, in the fea of Candia. It has
a i'pacious harbour, in the foiTn of a half-
moon, which is fo deep, that fhips can-
not, anchor there. Lon. 25 59 E, lat. 36
i8 N.
Apee, one of the New Hebrides, near
Malicollo, in the S Paciiic Ocean. Lon.
168 32 E, lat. 16 46 s.
APENRADti} a town of Denmark, It^
'..it,
\:i
:i ■
I' 'i'
ih'
M"
if I
£
''. '^'y\'
I fji
A Q^U
Stcf»rck» with a citideli fcatct! at the
bottom of a gulf of the Baltic Sea, 17
miles N of Slel'wick. Lon. 9 38 E, lat.
556 N.
Aphiom Karahissart, a town of
Natolia,callcdAphiom,becaufe it produces
a great deal of opium, called aphium by the
1-'urk». Lon. 31 48 e, lat. 38 35 n.
Appalachian. See Alleganv.
Apfalachikola, a riverofN Ame-
rica, formed by the junflion 01 the Cha-
tahcmchce and Flint, which rife in the
Appabchian Mountains, and running
nearly parallel in a foutherly direfliou,
ft>w vmited into the gulf of Mexico.
Appennines, a chain of mountains
«»jiich divide Italy throughout its whole
I*ngth, as far as the fouthera extremity of
the kingdom of Naples* Hence proceed
sll the rivers which water Italy.
Appbnzel, a town of Swifferland, ca-
pital of the canton of the fame name, which
IS divided into twelve communities; fix.
cillt'd the interior, are Roman catholics ;
the fix exterior, are proteftants. It is 4.0
miles £ of Zuric. Lon. 9 31 £, lat. 47
APP&EBT, the county-towD of Wcii-
morland, with a good: corn' market on
Monday. It has gone greatly to decay,
being only on« broad ftreet of inean houfes.
At the upper part is the csftle; at the
)«wer end is thfrchuixh; and here is alfo a
♦ownhoufc. The town is almoft encircled
by the river Bden : it fends, two mem-
bers to parliament'; and it 10 miles se
of Penrith, and z66 rnw of London.
Lon. s 34 Wi lat. 54 34 N^
Apt, an aixient town of France) in the
(lepartinent of the Mbwths of the Rhone
aud late province of Provenee. Its com-
mence conlifts in pranes, coarfe ferges, and
wax chandlery, for vvhich laft there is a
great demand. There are many fine Ronian
antiquitiesi and it is fcated on the Ca-
laron, lo miles N of Aix, and 25 se of
Orange. Lon. 5 30 E, lat. 43 51 n.
Apitlia, the i fide of the kingdom
«f Naples, on the gulf of Venice. It is
divided into three provinces, whofe mo-
«lern names are Capitanata^ JBarij and
©tranto.
Apuryma, or Aporamiay a rapid
river of S America, in Peru.
A^ua-Necra, a town of Italy, in the
Mantuan, on the river Chiefa, j% miles
w of Mantua. Lon. 10 25 H, Iat« 45
12 N.
Aquila, a town of Naples, capital
of AbroTTO Ulteriore, with a bifhop's
fee, and a caftlc. An eavtb^v^ak^ hap-
A R Af
I)encd here in 1700,. by which 1400 per-
bnii were killed. It is feuted on the
Polcara, 5* miles ne of Koine. Lon.
13 39 E, lat. 42 10 N.
A<^iLEiA, a decayed trading town
of Italy, in Venetian Friuli. It has a
patriarch, who refidcs at Udina. It is
featcd near the gulf of Venice, 57 miles
NE of Venice. Lon. 13 8 e, lat. 46 o N.
Aquino, a towii of Naples, in Terra,
di Lavora. It is a bifhop's fee, but was
ruined by the emperor Conrade ; confid-
ing only of about 35 houfes. It was
the birthplace of Juvenal, and is 30
miles Nw of Capua. Lon. 13 50 Ef lat.
41 36 N.
Arabia, a country of Afia, bounded
on the w by the Red Sea and the i<lhmus
of Suez; on the nb by the Euphrates,
which divides it from Diarbekar, the
ancient Mefopotamia; on the E by the
gulfs of Perfia and Ormu8 ; and on the
s by the Indian Ocean. It lies between
35 and 60' E lon. and ii and 30" N .'at.
extending 1430 miles in length and 120a
in breadth. It is divided into thres
parts, Arabia Petrea, Deierta, and Felix.
Arabia Petrea is the fmallcft of the
three, and, toward the n, is full of
mountains, with few. inhabitants, on ac-
count of its. barrennefs. It had its name
from the town Pctrca, its ancient capital,
now deftroyed. It differs little from
Arabia. Deierta, fo called from the nature
of the foil, which is generally a barren
fand ; but there are great flocks of iheep,
and herds '' cattle, near the Euphrates*
where the lund. is good. In the dcfert
are great numbers of oftrlches, and there
is a fine breed of camels in feveral places.
Arabia Felix is fo called, on account of
its fertility, with regard to the refl. The
Arabs :n the defert live in tents, and
reir.uve from place to place, partly for
the fake of palture, and partly to lie in
wait for the caravans, which they often
rob, as they travel oirer part of this
defert from BufTara to Aleppo, and froiti
Egypt to Mecca, in order to viiit Ma-
homet's tomb. Arabia Felix produces
frankincenfe, myrrh, balm ofGilead,
gum arable, and coftee, of which latter
they export prodigious quantities. The
famous Mahomet was a native of this
countiy, and his followers, foon aft«*
his death, conquered a great part of Afia,
Africa, and Europe, eftabtii^.iug theii-
religioii whevever they came.
Aracan, or Reccan, a cpuntry of
Afia, bounded on the N by Rofhaan, on
the f by Bunnah> oa thv s by the ^oajt
A R A
ARC
•f Ava, and on the w by the giilf of Bcn-
ral. It is a fertile, but not pop\ilou*
country, governed by ii princes, lubjcd
to the chiet king, who refides in his capital.
His palace i»very large, and contains, it is
faid, lirven idols, cait ingoWof two inches
thick, each of a .nan's height, and cyvcred
with diamonds, rubies, and other precious
(tones. They have only two leafons j the
rainy fcafon, which continues from April
to Oftobcr, and the fair feafon, which in-
cludes all the reft of the year, and iai called
the fummer. The inhabitants -are idola-
ters, and the women tolerably fair ; but
the longest ears are reckoned the moft
beautiful, and in thefe they wear many
rings. There are fuch numbers of ele-
phants, buffaloes, and tigers, that but few
places are inhabited, on account of the ra-
vages made by thefe animals. The com-
iDMiities are timber, lead, tin, and ele-
phants teeth} and fometimes tlic traders
meet with diamonds, rubies, and other
precious ftones.
Aral, a lake of Afia, zoo miles z of
th* Cafpian Sea. It is 300 miles in
length, and in fome places 1 5c in breadth,
lying between 58 and 61** of £ Ion. and
between 4.2 and 4.7° of n lat.
Arande-de-Douero, a town of
tpain, in Old Caftile, on the Douero, 4a
miles E of Valladolid. Lon. 3 30 w,
lat. 41 40 N.
Ararat, a high mountain of Afta, In
Armenia, faid to be the lame mentioned
in Gen. viii. 4.
Arassi, a maritime town of Ita«y, in
the territory of Genoa, five mile* sw
•f Albenguay. Lon. 7 56 e, lat. 44
» N.
Arava, a fortrefs of Upper Hungary,
•n a river of the fame name, 72 miles
KW of Caffovia. Lon. zo o E, lat. 49
30 N.
Arau, or Aarau, a handfome and
flourifning manufacturing town of Swiifcr-
land, in Argau, ieated on the river Aar,
from which it derives its name. A treaty
between the protcitant and catholic can-
tons was concluded here in 1 71 2. It is
* 7 miles w of Zuric. Lon. 7 50 t, lat.
47 *S N.
Arauco, a fortrefs and town of Chili,
in S America, fituate in a fine valley,
9n a river of the fame name. The nntivts
■drove the Spaniards out of their country,
though they had no fire-arms. Lon. 73
ao w, lat. 37 30 s.
Araxes, or Aras, a river of Afia,
which rifes in Georgia, and running se
acrols Armenia, falls into tht Kur, war
i^s entrance intQ the Calpian be a.
Arbe, an cpifcopal town of therepuN^
He of Venice, in an idand of the fanne
nime, on tlie coalt uf Dahnatia, from whick
it is five miles tu "int.
ARBUL,A,a row.iiof Afia, in Curdiftan,
where Alexander fought the laft battle
with Dai'ius. It is about 60 miles sg of
Muuful. Lon. 42 25 fe, lat. 35 5'N.
Arberg, a town of Swiflcriaud, in
the canton of Bern, on an iAand formed
by two branches of the Aar. It. is 10
miles Nw of Bern. Lon. 7 5 E, lat. 47
o N.
Ar BOi z , a populous town of France,' in
the department of Jura and late province
of Franclie-Comte, famous for its white
wines. It is 22 miles sw of Befan^on.
Lon. 5 40 K, lat. 46 55 N.
Arbon, an ancient town of Swifler-
land, on the lake of Conftance, in that
part of Thm-gau over which the bifhopof
Conftance has the jurifdi£lion, and the
Swifs cantons the fovereignty. The ma.
jority of the inhabitants are proteftarits.
It is 12 miles SE of Conftance. LoOi 9
30 £, lat 47 30 N.
Arbroath. SeeABERaROTNWicK.
Arburc, or Aarburg, a town lof
Swiflerland, in Argau, feated oRthe Aar*
with a citadel built on a rock» i% milee
£ of Soleure.
Arbury, a village^ one mile N of
Cambridge. Here are the lemainc of a
camp, and many coins have been found.
Arcadia, a town of the Morea, near
the gulf of the fame naftie, and in the pro-
vinc of Belvedere, 22 miles N of Na-
varin. Lon. 21 42 E, lat. 37 24 N.
Arceuii,, a village of Francei three
miles s of Paris, remarkable foran aque-
duct, which is thought to equal the works
of the ancient Romans. It wa» huilfe in
1624, by Mary de Medicis: it» water i«
dlftributul into various parts of Pai-i«.
Archangel, afeaport of Rnflia, ca-
pital of the government of the fame name.
It was the only ftaport of Ruilia for many
years, and was firftrelorted to by the En-
glifh in 1553. In 1793, a dreadful ^rs
deltroyed great part of the city and fu-»
burbs : they are now rebuilding with
neatnefs and even elegance. Archangel
is Ieated on the Dwina, four miles from
the White Sea, and 400 ne of PeterC*
burgh. Lon. 39 o v, lat. 6^ 34 N.
Archipelago, a confiderable paw of
the Mediterranean Sea, having 'Komania
on the N, Natolia on the E, Macedonia,
Livadia, and the Morea on the w, ard
he illo of Candia on the s. It is partly
in Europe, and partly in Afia, -contain-
ing thv; illands of Rliodes, Negropont»
'I
til
Ir
' .1
) I-
LI
>i ,.«
H''
A R D
lemnot, Tenedott Sciros, Metelen, Scio,
Satnos, Patmos, Paros, Antioaroii, Cerico,
Santorini, Androj, Tina, Naxia, MUo,
Dclosy Argent icra, Sec.
Archipelago, Northern, four
principal groups of inlands, betwittn
Kamtlchatka and the wccaft of America.
Th« firft, called Saficiniin, contains five
■ iAands } •h«; iecond, cailcd Kluo, includes
ei.a;ht iilands; and both tfiefe groups to-
gether are ftylcd ihe Akuthian Ilbnds.
• The third group is called the Aiidrean-
offflci Ottrova, antl- ^omprics i6 iflandB.
The fourth group is the Liflie Oltrova, or
the Fox Iflands, 1 6 in mimbtp, See Fox
Islands.
Arcis-sur-Avee, a town of France,
in the department of Aube and late pro-
vince of Champagne, feaied on the river
Aube, 15 milts N of Troyes. Lon. 4
xz E, lat. 48 31 N.
Arco, a town and cattle in the Tren-
tin, taken by the French in 1703, and
abandoned foon after. It ftaiids on the
river Sarca, 15 miles sw of Trent. Lon.
XI 12 E, lat. 46 ON.
Arcos, a town of Spain, in Anda-
luiia, oa a craggy rock, at the foot of
which runs the Guadalcto, zS miks NE
of Cadiz. Lon. 5 46 w, lat. 36 52 n.
Arcot, a city, capitr.l of the Carnatic,
in the peninfulaof Hindoolhin. Its cita-
del is efteeuied a place of fome Itrcngth,
for an Indian fcrtrefs} and the defence
which it made, under capt. Clive, in
i7Si,eftabliflK'dthe military fame of that
officer. It is 7 3 miles w by s of Madras,
and ai7 e by N of Seringapatam. Lon.
79 o E> lat. 12 30 N.
Ardebil, an ancient town in Ptrfia,
the refidence and burial-place of many
kings; particularly of Shick Sdfi, the
author of the Perfian fcft. Pilgrims refort
t^ this place from all parts of Perfia. It
is 25 miles e of Tauris. Lon. 4S 20 £,
lat. 38 15 N.
Ardeche, a department of France,
part of the late province of Dauphiny . It
takes its name trom a river.
Ardenburg, a town of Dutch Fhin-
dtrs, 10 miles NE of Bruges. Lon. 3
30 E, lat. 51 16 N.
Ardennes, a department of France,
part of the late province of Champagne,
lb named from a famous foreft, lying on
the river Meufe, extending, in Cefar's
time, far into Germany. What remains
of it lies between Thionville and Liege.
Ardrah, a fmall kingdom of Africa,
in Guinea, lying at the bottom of the
fgvUf of St. 1 homas. The iohabitantf
ARE
are very courageous, and their king waa
abfolute, till tne king of Dahomy re-
duced the countr)', and burnt the towns.
The air is very unwhokfome to Euro-
peans J yet the natives live to a great age ;
but the ^lallpox makes great deltru>5hon
among them. This country is fertile in
Indian com, palm-wine, plants, and fruits,
which lalt all the year; and they make a
great deal of Jalt. It has a town of the
lame name. Lon. 3 5 E, lat. 6 o N.
Arures, a town of France, in thr
department of the Straits of Calais and
late province of Picardy. Here was an in-
terview between Francis i of France, and
Henry viii of England, in 1520, where
the two kings difphvyed their magnifi-
cence with Inch eir.ulation, that the place
of interview (an open plain, between the
town and Guilhes) was named the Field
of the Cloth of Gold. It is eight miles
s of Calais. Lon. i 59 £, lat. 50
50 N.
Arebo, or Arebon, a town on the
Slave Coaft of Guinea, at the mouth of
the Formofo. The Englilh had once a
factory here, as the Dutch luvc Itill.
Lon. 5 5 E, lat. 6 o N.
Arekea, a I'eaport of the Red Sea, 55
miles from Suaquam.
Aremberg, a town of Wcftpfialia,
capital of a county of the fame name.
It is feated on a river, 22 miles s of Co-
logne. Lon, 7 3 E, lat. 50 2)1 N.
Arensburg, a town of Weftphalla,
on a hill, in the county of the fame
nacie, by the river Roer, 50 miles ne of
Cologne. Lon. 8 20 E, lat. 51 25 N.
Arensburg, an epii'copal fee and fpa-
port of the Ruffian government of Riga,
m the i(le of Oeltl. Lon. 25 40 e, lat.
58 15 N.
Ak en shard, a tract in the duchy of
Slefwick, containing the greateft part of
the famous rampart, built by the Danifh
king Gotric, in the beginning of the 9Lh
century, as a defence againtt the irrup-
tions of the Saxons. It extends aci'ofs
the country, about nine miles in length.
Arenswalde, a town of the new
marche of Brandenburg, on the lake
Siauin. Lon. 15 52 e, lat. 53 13 N.
AREqyiPA, an epifcopal town of S
America in Peru, feated on a river, in a
fertile country, 290 miles s by e of Lima.
Near it is a volcano. Lon. 75 30 W, lat.
16 40 s.
Arezzo, an ancient epifcopal town of
Tufcany. Guy Aretin, a Benedirtine
monk> inventor of the mufical notes, .ut,
;-e, mi} Sea, was born here. It is feated
A R G
A R L
mn A mountain, 15 niiltj w «if Clfta-di-
Cillcllo. Lon. 12 OF., Kit. 4.3 17 N.
ARr.'AU, wr /VaRcau, a liniill, wrll-
w.itcicd province ot" SwiHulanJ, in Um-
t.iiUaii ot' ili'iiu
AR';ENC>s, ;i towii of I'nincc, on \h':
river Mcniicc, iti tin- ilcpartim-nt ot (':il-
v.tclos and lutf jiroviiKfot NoriTiaridy, 10
milis E of Can. Lon. o a \v, l;il, 4y
M V.
Arcentan, a town of Frnnx:'.', in fht;
dtpavtmcnt of Ornc anJ larc province of
Nornundy. It is leatcd on ancniincnci',
in the middle of a fertile plain, on tlie
hunks of the Orne, and carries en a con-
llderabic tndc in lace. It is 12 miles n\v
of Seez, and 110 \v of Paris. Lon. o 5
r, lut. 48 45 N.
Aroenthuil, a town of the Illc of
France, on the Siine, five miles Nvv of
Paris. It is a very beautiful plncc, with
a fine vineyard j and in fh;; tnvircns are
quarries of the plulur ot Paris. Lon. 2
zz E, lat. 4)5 52 N.
Argentieka, a barren ifland of the
Archipt^l-yo, fo called from the iilvcr
mines in it. There is hut one villaj^e in
the ifland, and it h.i« no water but what
iikept iucilleins. Lon. 23 10 1:, lat. 36
50 N.
Argentiere, a town of France, in
the department of Ardeche and late pro-
tlnce of Provence, five miles sw of Au-
benas, and 17 W of Viviers. Lon. 422
E, lat. 44 30 N.
Argenton, a town of France, in the
department of Indre and late province of
Berry, divided into two parts by the river
Crtule. It is 37 miles sw of Bourses,
ion. I 38 E, lat. 4<) 35 N.
ArgOS, a feaport of Turkey in Fu-
rope,inthe Morea, ^smiles s of Corinth.
Xon. 23 5 E, lat. 37 30 N.
Argostol, a I'eaport of the ifle of
Ccfalonia, oppofite Albania. It is the
belt barbour in all the ifland, and the pro-
reditor refides in the fortreiV, which is
£ye miles diflant.
ArgItin, an ifland and fort of Africa,
«n the coaft of Zahara. It was taken by
the Dutch from the PortugUele in 1638 :
aftenvard the French took it from the
Dutch. It is 30 miles se of Cape Blanco.
Lon. 17 5 w, lat. 20 jon.
Argun> a river of Afia, which divides
the Ralfian from the Chinefe empire.
Argun, a town of Tartar y, on the
frontier* of the Chinefe empire. There
•re mines of filver and lead near it ; and
a pearl fifhery in the river Argun. Lon.
ip'i 56 E, lat. 41 30 N.
A&GYLfi^HiREi a coi:nty of Scotland,
bounded on tb« N hy Invfrncfsfliirr, <tb
tiie n by tlie counties of Perth an I Dtirrt-
barton, on the s and w i)y the Atlantic
Ocean, by which it is broken into rilnndf.
i»iid penin'.iilas. It is nearly mo m!K-»
lon;j; from the mull of Cantyi e to its nr
o.vireinity; its breadth is uiltf|UAl; about
3n miles where greatelt, aiid in f'ome
parts only "one or two. Fo the Nw i*
a jM'nini'ula, detached from the rell of the
country, it contains the diflric^sof Ar»^-
i..iTnmchan,Morveu, Sunart, and Aj-d:^>-
war. The peninliilas of Car.tyre arid
C'ovval are llkcwile very largt:. The foil
of Argylefliire, in the hij;h gi'ourds,
though little fitted for cultivation, aflbrds
excellent palture.
ARHusriM, a feaport of Denmark, in
N Jutland, with a bifhop's fee. It is
liattd on the Baltic Sea, -it the mouth of
the Guda, and lurrountkd by forells full
of game. It is 25 miles s of Wibu."g.
Lon. 9 50 K, lat. 56 5 u.
AaiANO, a town of Naples, in Prin-
cipato Ulterlore, with a bi/hop's fee; 15
miles : of Bcnevcnto, arid 10 Nw cJF
Trevico. Lon. 15 19 E, lat. 41 ? M.
Ariano, a towi cf Italy, in the Fer-
rarefe, en a branch of the river Po, a»
miles Nil of Ferrara. Lon. 12 8 E, kt.
45 o N.
A RICA, a feaport of Peru, 550 mile*
SE of Lima. Htre the U'eal'ure brought
from Potoii is fliipped j and there arc,
many farms employed in the cultivatitti
ot Guinea pepper, in which it has a great
trade to Lima. Lon. 716 v^-, lat. i2
27 s.
Arij-o, a town on th* w coaft •>£
Ceylon, at the mouth of the river Sa^
rundaj and to the e of it is a peail
fifliery. Lon. 80 25 e, lat. 8 42 K.
Arklovv , a feaport of IrelarKl, in the
county of \\'icklow, 1 3 miles s of Wick-t
low. Lon. 6 5 w, lat. 52 4; n. ;
Arles, an ancient city of FraiKe, ii
the department of the Mouths of the
Rhone and late province of Provencd.
It was lately an archiepifcopal lie. The
country around is very plealant, and pro-
duces good wine, vennilion, manna, oil,
and fruits. There are a great number of
antiquities, of which the amphitheatre
and obelilk are the moft remarkable ; aV.d
the emperor Conftantine took great de-
light in it. It is feated on the Rh<me,
12 miles SE of Nifmes. Lon. 4. 43 £,
lat. 4.3 41 N.
Arleshem, a town of Swifl*erla»w3,
in the bifhopric of Bafle, where the canon»
of that city refide. '
ArloN; Ml Aucient town of the Auf-
I
r
: 'i,
M.;:ii
lit
■I
1 1
!
f^^
l,f
»!
■;'
m
1
1 -: ;
A R N
trisn Nethrrlandi, now (lifmafitled. It
M fe»tcd on a mountain, lo miles Nw
•f Luxemburg. Lon. 5 56 g, tat. 49
45 N.
AftMA(;H, a county of Ireland, 31
miles in length, and 1 7 in breadth ; bound-
ed on the E by Down, on the w by
Tyione and Monaghan, on the N by
Lough Neagh, and on the s by Louth.
It contains 4.9 parifhes, and lends fix
members to parliament.
Armagh, a city of Ireland, once a
considerable town, now a fmall place ;
but it gives name to a county, and is the
tec of an archbiOiop, who is primate of
all Ireland. It is 45 miles se of Lon-
donderry. Lon. 6 34 w, lat. 54 17 n.
A R MAC N AC, a late province of Guienne,
in France, 55 miles in length, and 40 in
bread..ti. It is fertile in corn and wine,
and carries on a coufiderable trade in
brandy and wool. This province, with
Gafcony, now fonns the depailment of
ijilVS.
Armenia, a large country, bounded
on the w by the Euphrates, on ti..- s by
Diaibcker ami Curdiftun, on the E by
Schirvan, aivl on the N by Georgia. It
is one of the finell countries in Afia, be-
ing watered by fcvcral large rivers. Part
of it belongs to the Perfians, and part to
the Turks. The inhabitants are much
attached to commerce, and undertake
longjoumies to carry it on. They are
Clu°iftians, and have a patriarch and an
archbifhop. Polygamy is not allowed in
i»is country; but the inhabitants are
•nore numerous than in any other province
of the Turkiih empire.
Armentiers, a town of France, in
the department of the North and late
French Flanders, feated on the Lis, eight
miles N\v of Liile. Lon. 3 3 E, lat. 50
40 N.
Armiers, a town of France, In the
department of the North and late French
Hainault, ieated on the Sambre, zo miles
s of Mons. Lon. 4 3 E, lat. 50 7 N.
Armiro, a town of Macedonia, on
the gulf of Velo, 30 miles se of Larilla.
Lon. 23 21 e, lat. 39 30 N.
Armuyden, a leaport of the United
Provinces, in the ifland of Walcheren, now
inconfiderable, the lea having ftopt up the
harbour. The lalt-works are its thief
refource. It if three miles e of Middle-
burg. Lon. 3 42 E, lat. 51 31 N.
Arna, a leaport of Andros,. an. ifland
of the Archipelago.
. Arnay-le-DVc. a town of France,
in the department of Cote d'Or and late
proyipci^ of {l.u|-^uidy. It i.s.r«ii.t«d in
A R R
1 valley, near the river Arroux, J5 milffs
Nwoffiaime. Lon. 4 a6 e, lat. 47 7 n.
ARNtBERfj, a town of Cennany, in
Brandenburg, on the Elbe, three miles
from Wei ben.
Arnedo, a feaport of Pci-u, 15 miles
N of Callao.
Arnheim, a town of the United
Provinces, capital of Guelderlaud, feated
on the Khinc, tight miles N of Nimcguen.
Lon. 5 50 E, lar. 52 2 n.
Arno, a liver in Tulcany, wluchrifcs
in the Appeiinlnes, and palfing by Florence
and Pifa, falls into the Mediterranean a
little below the latter.
ARNiiiEiM, a town of Germany, in
the palatinate of the Rhine, eight miles
from Kreuztnach.
Arnstadt, a town of Thuringia, en
the river Gera, 10 miles sw of Erfurt.
Lon. It 1 5 E, lat. 50 54 N.
Arona, a town of the duchy of
Milan, v/ith a ruined caftle, on the lake
Maggiore, 30 miles nw of Milan. Lon.
8 35 E, lat. 45 40 N.
Aronche«, a town of Portugal, in
Alentejo, on the river Caro, five miles se
of Portalegra. Lon. 7 o w, lat. 39 3N.
Arool, a town of the RuHIan cm
pi re, In the government of Kiof, feated on
the Occa, 200 miles s of Mofcow. Lon.
36 40 E, lat. 51 58 N.
Arpenas, a cataraft of th: river
Arve, near Salenche, in Savoy. Its fall
is i'-Aid to be above 1,100 fee*^. rulbing,
with great noilc and violence, from a
prodigious impending rock.
Ari'ino, a town of Naples, In Tena-
di-Lavoia, eight miles N of Aquino.
Lon. I 3 46 E, lat. 41 44 N.
Arqua, a town of Italy, in the Pa-
duan, remarkable for the tomb of Pe-
trarch. It is 10 miles s of Padua. Lon.
II 5H £, lat. 45 13 N.
Arqiies, a town of France, on a
river ot the fame- name, in the depart-
ment of the Lower Seine and late pro-
vince of Normandy. It is famous for the
vii^ory gained here by Henry iv, over
the duke of Maycnne, general of the
league, in 1589. It has an ancient
taltle, and is four miles SE of Dieppe.
Lon, 1 13 E, lat. 49 53 N. •
A R R a G o N , a province of Spain, bound-
ed en the N by the Pyrenees, on the w
by Navarre and the Two Cattilesj on
the s by Valencia, and on the E by Va-
lencia atid Catalonia. The air. is pure
and wholelbme ; but the country, thpvgh
abounding in rivers, is in want of good
water. It is fertile in com, wine, ^ax,
^9iui fruit, n<;ar the riYexsi but, iji other
V
A R U
A S C
places dry ahd fandy. It products faf-
iron, and there mc many nuncn of fait.
^a^agoi^a is the capital.
ArraN, an illaud ol* Scotland, in the
frith of Clyde, to the sw of the ille
of Bute, 23 miles long and 11 broad.
Ridijes of rugged mountains extend acrol's
the idand, but ili'ir fidos are fertile.
It abounds with cattle, goats, black
pame, and eroule ; and tiic llroams arc
itored with h<h, el'pec ally lalmon. The
climate is fevcre but healthful j and in-
valids annually rclbrt hither to drink, the
uhey of goats milk. Among the rocks
arc found iron ore, fpar, and a pi .^t
variety of bemniful pebbUs. On the
coaft are mimy wonderful caverns, which
often afford Ihelter to I'mugglers. They
were once the retreats of ancient heroes.
Tradition preferves the memory of F-r.ral j
and Robert Bruce took refuge in this
ifland, during the time ol* his grcateft
diftrel's.
Arras, an ancient fortified town of
France, in the department of the Straits
of Culais and late province of Artois.
It ^^'as lately an epifcopal fee, and is di-
vided into two tovms, one named the
cify, which is the moft ancient ; and the
orh^^r the toivtiy which is modern, and
feated on the river Sc?.rp, ii miles sw
of Douay, and 22 NW of Cambray.
Lon. a 51 E, lat. 50 17 N.
Arriegr, a department of France,
containing the late provinces of Coul'erans
and Foix. It is ib namai from a river,
which rifes ir the Pyrenees, and palling
by Foix and r'amiers, falls into the Ga-
ronne, near Touloufe. Gold dull is found
among its lanJ.s.
Arroe, a fmall ifland of Denmark, in
the Baltic, between the iilands of Funen
and Allen. Lon. 10 20 E, lat. 55 10 N.
Arro]o-I)e-St.-Servan, a town of
Spain, in Eltramadura, eight miles s of
Merida, and 25 E of Badajor. Lon. 6
ao w, lat. 38 36 N.
Arta, an ancient feaport of Turkey
in Europe, in Albania, with a Greek
archbiftiop^'s fee. It carries on a con-
fiderabk trade, and is feated on the river
Afdhas, 70 miles nnw of Lepanto. Lon.
21 2o E, lat. 39 28 N.
Artois, a late province of the French
Netherlands} bounded on the N and
E bv Flanders, and by Hainault, Cam-
brens, and Picardy on the s and w. It
is now included in the department of the
Straits of Calais.
ARt;BA, an ifland near Terra Finna,
in S America, fubjeft to the JJutch.
Lon, 67 35 w, Ut, » 30 N,
Arvb, a rapid rh'er of Saroy, whicH
riles in Fuucigny, and watering Salen*
chc, Clulc, bad Bonneville, joins the
Rhone below Geneva. X: has many ca*
tarafts. Sec ArTenas.
Arun, a river of buflex, that falli
into the hngliOi Channel, below Arundel*
It is famout. tor mullets.
Arundel, a borough in Suflcx, witli
a mxiket on Wednelday and Saturday.
It is leated on the fide of a hill, on the
Arun, wliich is heie navigable for barge*
only. The caftle, the ancient feat of the
dukes of Norfolk, Hands on the hill, and
is laid to be a mile in compafs. The
poflcilion of this caltle uorw^is an earldom
on its pnprii'tor i and, by this right, the
Qiike of Norfolk h earl of Arundel. It
is governed by a mayor, lends two mem-
bers to parliament, and is eight miles e
of Chichclter, and 68 ssw of London,
Lon. o 29 \v, lat. 50 55 N.
Arwamgen, a caftle and village of
Swlfl'irland, in the canton of Bern,
iicated between Wangen and Arburg,
en the river Aar, over which it has a
covered bridge.
Arzij.la, an ancient feaport of
Al»-ica, in the kingdom of Fez, once in
pofleflion of the Portuguefc, who aban-
doned it. It is 50 miles ssw of Tan-
gier. Lon. 6 3 w, lat. 35 30 N.
Arzina, a river of Rufilan Lap-
land, into a bay of which, in 1553,
two Englidi fhips (which had penetrated
as high as the 72° N lat. to Spitrbergen)
were forced by ftrefs of weather j aiid
their crews were frozen to death.
AsAPR, St. a city of Flintfhire, on
the river Elway, where it unites witlt
the Clwyd ; and over each is a bridge.
It is a poor place, pf note only for its
cathedral, but has a market on Saturday.
It is 24. miles w of Chelter, and 209 N w
of London. Lon. 3 36 w, lat. 53 12 n.
Ascension, a barren, uninhabited
ifland, in the S Atlantic Ocean, 600 miles
NW of St. Helena. It has a fafe har-
bour, at which the £ India fliips often
touch, to procure turtles, which are here
plentiful and large. Lon. 14. 18 w, lat.,
7 40 s.
AscHAFFENBURO, a town of Ger-
many, fubjeft to the eleftor of Mentx^
who has a palace here, in v^ich George IX
took up his quarters the night before the
battle of pettingen, in 1743. It was
taken by thi French in July 1796. It
is 40 miles E cf Mentz. Lon. 9 5 E>
lat. 50 40 N.
AscoLi, a populous town of Italy) in
the alarqtiifate of Ancona* with ~
i
A S I
A S O
h >;i . :
I V
fcirtiop's fee. It is feated on a mountain,
at the foot of which runs the Fronto, 80
miles NE of Rome. Lon. 13 29 e, lat.
42 44 N.
Ascoli-di-Satriano, an epifcopal
city of Najiks, in Capitanata, ieated 011
a mountain 70 miles e of Naples. Lon.
15 50 E, lat. 41 8 N.
AsEER, or AsEERGUR, a fortrefs of
Candeifli, in tie Dtccan of Hindooftan,
20 miles NE of Burhanpour. Lou. 76 o
E, lat. 21 35 N.
AsHBORN, a town in Derbyfliire, with
a market on Saturday, feated between
the rivers Dove and Compton, 10 miles
JJE of Utoxeter, and 139 NNWof Lon-
don. Lon. 1 44. vv, lat. 53 ^ n.
As i^ BURTON, a borough in Devon-
flijre, with a market on Tuelclay for
wool and yarn, and on Saturday tor pro-
vifjons. It fends two members fo j>ar-
lianient, is one of the four itannary
towns, anfl 'las a very handibme church.
It is ifated among the hills (which are
remarkable for tin and copper) near the
river Dart, 19 miles svv of Exeter, and
T93 w by s of London. Lon. 3 50 w,
lat. 50 30 N.
AsHBV DE LA Zoucii, a town in
Leiceiterfliire, with a market on Satur-
day. It had a cattle with a very high
tower, feme ruins of which are ftanding,
and it has a free-fchool, A canal from
this town is now making, which is to
communicate with tlve Coventry Canal.
Afliby is 1 3 miles s of Derby, and 115
KNvv of Loudon. Lon. 3 50 w, lat. 50
30 N.
AsHDEN, a village in Eflex, three
miles NE of iiaffron Walden. Here are
leveral pyramidical rifmg grounds, faid
to have been made in memory of a battle
fought between Canute and Edmund
Ironlide.
AsHFORD, a town In Kent, with a
market on Saturday, and a large church,
that wa^i formerly collegiate. It is feated
©n the river A(h or Elh, 14 miles se of
Maidftone .ind, 57 of London. Lon. o
52 E, lat. 51 + N.
As^jON-uNDER-LiNE, a conuderable
village In Lancalliire, ieven miles k of
Jv'ancli-tter- It hau a manufafturc of
cctton, a.nd an irt)n loundry.
AsHWELL, a village in Hertfordihire,
formerly a borough, and governed by a
tnayc.-, Near the church are tlic remains
of a Koman cauip, v/hich confitts of ix
r.cre-. ^jf land, iiclofed by a deep ditch, 47" N.
and formerly a rampai t ~
>. of Baidock.
the world, fituate between 25 and 180*
E lon. and between the equator and
So° N lat. It extends 4,740 milei from
the Dardanelles on the w, to the B fhore
of Tartaryj and 4,380 miles from the
moft fouthern part of Malacca, to tha
rpoft northern cape of Nova Zemblaj
being fuperior in extent, as well as in
many other refnefts, to Africa and Europe.
It is bounded' on the N by the Frozen
Ocean j on the w by the Ked Sea, the
Mediterranean, tile Black Sea, the Don,
and ^he Obyj on the E by the Pacific
Ocean; and on the s by the Indian
Ocean. The principal countries in this
continent, are Siberia, Tartary, China,
'Ihibet, Hindooftan, Siam, Burmah,
Perfia, AraWa, Syria, Paleftine, Natolia,
Diarbeckar, Irac, Armenia, Georgia^
Curdiftan, &c. The various particular*
of government, religion, foil, climate,
and prodttftions, may be found under
the names of the refpeftive countries.
It is here fufficient to obferve, that this
quarter of the globe has been the fcene
of the moft important tranfa<£l;ions refptft-
ing the human race, as recorded in the
holy fcriptures } as the creation of man,
the eftabliftiment of the Hebrew nation
and religion, the promulgation of Chrifti-
anity, &c.
AsiNARA, an ifland in the Mediterrar-
nean, on the NW coaft of Sardinia, 17
miles N by w of Saflari. It is 28 miles in
compafs. Lon. 8 30 E, lat. 41 o N.
AsKEYTON, a borough of Ireland, in
the county of T.imericJc, on the river
Slvannon, 20 miles wsw of Limerick.
AsKRiG, a town in the N riding of
York/hire, with a market on Thturfday,
fix miles s by E of York, and 743 N of
London. Lon. i o w, lat. 53 55 r».
AsNE. See EsNE.
AsoLA, a town of Italy, in Brefciano,
20 miles SE of Brefcia. Lon. 10 30 E,-
lat. 45 48 N.
A SOLO, a town of Italy, in Trevifano,
on a mountain 17 miles NW of Trevifo.
Lon. II 36 E, lat. 45 59 N.
AsoPH, a fea, anciently the Palu*
Masotis, lying N of the Black Sea, with
which it communicates by the ftrait of
Caffa, the ancient Cimmerian Bofphorus.
This fea,. which is fomfimcs called the
fea of Zabak, extends 390 miles from
sw to NE. It was. worfhipped as a deity
1y the MafTagetae, a people of Scythia.
Lon. from 35 to 420 e, lat. from 45 to
ioi.^x, or.'.' of the four great parts of
Ic is four miles AsoPH, a diftrift of the Ruffian
empire, in the province of Catharinenflaf,
iucludlig a Iarg« Uaft of territory tc tii«.
«Tr*^ IL-Ci/ \ti^^ i-
iintichir
m ft.
\*
OH ,.— — .
QsLB'f
^-^ "-LINDAS
»=i .^ r'lS^^L O c E A :n
'eJebeR Sra#|L. I ''^
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4#^
'■•■ ■■'■ Tkl^T'Oj, • I
1 '
."I
//,-<>
f ••- •'^•L,^,•^
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••■■ '•l*V'«'"-'^^ v<^Jt"" --.'^ *■■'.
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'•I
it ,<) :
/ t '■
Lon.
:i
ASS
AST
B and wof Afoph. It was ceded by the
Turks in 177+, and fmce thai period,
fl'veral nrw towns have been built by the
V'iftorious Catharine ; one of which, Ca-
tharlnenilaf, is now the capital.
AsopHj. the late capital of a diflricl
of the iamc name, in Afia, ieatcd near
the mouth of the Don, to the E of the:
lea of Albph. It has been Icvcral timi-i
taken and veiaken i;y the lurks and
Ruiiians. It is no longer of the im-
portancc it was in the reign of Peter the
(rreat; the branch nf the Don, upon
which it Itands, beinp now fb choked
with land, as fcarccly to admit the
irnallelt vefiel. Lon. 41 3c E, lat. 47
18 N.
AsPEROSA, a town of Turkey in Eu-
rope, with a bi/liop's Tee, on the coait of
the Archipelago, 2a miles se of Nicopoli.
Lon. 24 50 E, lat. 40 58 N.
Assam, a country of Afia, bounded
on the w by Bengal and Bootan, on the
N by Thibet, and on the SE and s by
Meckley. The river Burrampooter flows
through the whole length of it. Its ca-
pital is Ghergon. The open parts are
marked with population and tillage ; the
woods abound with elephanfs. The moun-
tains are inhabited by a tribe called
Nanacs, an evil-difpofed race, who go
naked, and eat dogs, cats, mice, locufts,
and any thing they can find. The other
inhabitants of Affam are bafe and un-
principled, haA'e no fixed religion, nor
any rule but their inclination. They
eat all fiefli except human, and even
animals that die a natural death. They
are enterpriling, favage, vindiftive, and
tond of war. They have neither horfes,
afies, nor camels ; but they are Ibmetimts
brought there from other countries. Alies
they are fond of, but are fo much afraid
ot a horfe, that one trooper would piit
n hundred of them to flicrht. AHiinj
iies between 91 and 96° e lon. and 25
and ?.S° N la'.
AssANCALE, a town of AiTnenin, on
the rivcr Ares, zz miles e of Erzenun.
Here arc hot baths much frequented.
Lon. 41 ID r, lat. 59 46 n.
AssANCHiF, a town of Afia, in Diar-
beck, feated on the Tigris, 40 miles £c
of Diarhekar, Lon. 40 i-je, lat. 37 ",0 n.
Ass ENS, a lenporf of Denmark, in the
illsnd of Fnncn. It is he common pafihi^c
tiom the duchy of Slslwick to Copen-
hagen, and is 17 miles ;-,\v of Odenice.
Lon. 10 z E, lat. 5 5 r7 M.
Assisio, a city cf Iliiiy, in thed\Tchy
of 8|K-!cro, on the fulc of a high moun-
lain. The (.vithcdral is mctjrnihcent, and
compofed of three churches, one aboTd
another. It is 70 miles N of Rome.
Lon. 12 38 E, lat. 43 o N.
As SOS, a leaport of Natolia, on a ba^
of the Archipelago, 12 miles SE of Troas,
Lon. 26 36 E, lat. 39 32 N.
Assumption, an epilcopal city, the
capital of haragviay, in S America. It is
populous, and hands in a fertile country^
on the river Paraguay. Lon. 57 40 w,
lat. 26 o s.
Assy NT, a dilirift in the w part of
SutheilaniUhirc, which exhibits an aflcm-
blage ot Ihattered movrntain;;, heaped, as
it were, upon eacli other j and feemingly
convulied in a tremendous manner. To-
ward theruo-gt'd peninlvil 1 of Aftynt Point,
are lev<rral \ ait conic iiills, tlie highelt of
which is diitinguiilied by the name of the
SuL^ar Loaf.
Assyria, a countiy celebrated in an-
citnt hillon,'. It comprehended tlie pro-
vinces in Aiia now called Liarbcck, Cur-
diltan, and Irac.
ASTA13AT, a town of Armenia, three
miles trom the river Aras, and iz s of
Nakfivan. Lon. 45 30 E, lat. 38 28 N.
AsTi, an ancient epifcopal town of
Italy, in Montferrat. It was taken by
the French in 1 745 5 but the king of Sar-
dinia retook it in 1746. It is leated on
the Tanaro, aa miles E of Turin. Lon.
8 8 E, lat. 43 3 N.
AsTORGA, an epifcopal town of Spain,
in Leon, well fortified by art and nature,
feated in a pleaiant plain, 25 miles sw
of Leon. Lon. 5 32 w, lat. 42 22 n.
AsTRABAD, a town of Perfia, capi-
tal of a province of the fame n;ime, on
the Cafpian Sea, 200 miles n of Ilpahan.
^""' 55 3 5 E, lat. 36 50 N.
AsTRACAiN, an epiicop:d city of the
Rufiian empire, capital of u province of
the Tame name. It is large and populous,
has a gooil harbour, and is i'urrjunded
ijy itrong walls . It leklom rains here;
but the :iver Volga, on which it ftands,
ovx-rfiov/s like the Nile; and when the
water is run off, the grafs grows in lels
than a montli. P'rom Altracan to Terki,
on ihe fide cf the Cafpian Sea, £.re long
ni;irjlicj, which produce a vaft quantity
of I'ait, vi ith v.'j-iich the Rufri;-.ns c?.iTy on
li ^p!-eat trade. This city is luppofed to
hiive been, in early times, the generr^l
Itaple for theproduiliors of Periia, i:;dia,
and Ai-a!na. It is ieated en an illand
foiuied by the river, 50 miles WW of the
Cafpian Sea. Lon. 47 40 E, lat. 46 22 N.
AsTURiAS, a province of Spain, 120
miles in length, arkl 45 in breadth 5 bound-
ed on tlie B by Bifcay, oa tlie 5 by Old
D »
' ill
A T H
A V A
£:!;.
V
Caftile and Leon, on the W by Galicla,
»nd on the N by the Atlantic. It is di-
vided into two parts, Afturia d'Oviedo,
and Afttiriade Santillana. This province
u full of mountains and forefts, and its
wine and horfes are excellent. It has
mines of gold, lapis lazuli, and vermillion,
and belongs to the eldeit Ion of the king
of Spain, who is llyled prince of Afturias*
Atacama, a harbour of S America,
in Peru. There is a great defert of the
fame name. Lon. 70 o w, lat. 12 o s.
Atalaua, a town of Portugal, in
Eftramadura, on an eminence, with a fort,
five miles sof Tomar. Lon. 7 56 w, lat.
39 *5N.
Atena, a town of Naples, in Princi-
pato Citeriore, near the river Negro, 2z
miles N of Policaftro. Lon. 15 58 e, lat.
40 36 N.
Atk, a town in Auftrian Halnault.
It has been often taken and retaken, and
is feated on the Dender, 12 miles NW of
Mons. Lon. 3 44E, lat. 50 35 n.
Athelney, an ifland of Somerfet-
fliirc, at the confluence of the Thone and
Parret, memorable for having atforded
ihelter to king Alfred. Here he collefted
ibme of his retainers ; on which account,
he called it ^thelingay, or the Ifle of
Nobles ; and hence he made frequent and
«nexpei5\ed Tallies upon the Danes.
Athens, now called Setines, a once
celebrated city, the capital of ancient At
to the s of the gulf of ContelTi. It i»
inhabited by a great number of Greek
monks, who have many fortified monul-
tries upon it. Here tli^y cultivate olives
and vines ; and are carpenters, maibns,
&c. leading an auftere lite, and living to
a great age. It is 70 miles E of Salonichi.
Lon. 26 20 E, lat. 40 30 N.
Ath Y, a town of Ireland, in the county
of Kildare, feated on the river Barrow,
12 miles s of Kildare. Lon. 6 37 W,
lat. 52 58 N-
Atlantic, or Atlantic Ocean,
takes its name from mount Atlas in Af-
rica, and lies between the vv continents of
Africa and Europe, and the e continent
of America. Its leaft breadth, from
Guinea in Africa to Brafil in S America,
is 2300 miles. On one fide of the equa-
tor, it is called the N Atlantic Ocean i
and on the other, the S Atlantic Ocean.
Atlas, a chain of high mountains in
Africa, feparating Barbary from Biledul-
gerld. They are inhabited almoft in
every place, except where the extreme cold
will not permit.
Atooi, one of the Sandwich Iflands,
difcovcredby captain Cook, in 1778. It
is ten leagues in length, and does not re-
femble, in its general appearance, any of
tlie iflands difcovered within the tropic of
Capricorn. Though it prelcnts not to
the view the delightful borders of Otaheitef
or the luxuriant plains of Tongataboo j
tica, but now ofLivadia, in European Tur- yet its poflTeflTing a great portion of gently
key. After many revolutions, the Turks riiing land, renders it, in fonie degree,
finally wrelted it from the Venetians ; and fuperior to thofe iflands, as being more
it has now not more than 10,000 inhabit-
ants, of whom three fourths are Chriftians of
the Greek church; the remainder Turks.
It Is the fee of an archbifliop; and is de-
fended by a citadel on the fumrnit of a
lofty rock. There are many magnificent
niins, which teftlfy its former grandeur.
It is fituate on the gulf of Engla, joo
miles NE of Lacedcmon, and 320 s by w
of Conftantlnople. Lon. 23 57 E, lat.
38 5N.
ATHERSTON,atowninWai-wickfliire,
with a market on Tuefday; feated on the
Anker, 10 miles N of Coventry, and 104
NW of London. Lon. i 30 w, lat. 5a
40 N.
Athlone, a town of Ireland, in the
county of Weft Meath, feated on the
Shannon, 60 miles w of Dublin. Lon.
7 41 w, lat. S3 ^2 N.
Athol^ a diftrift of Perth(hire; a
wild and mountainous country, contain-
ing feme fine lakes.
Athos, or Monte-Santo, a high
. mountain of Macedoniai in a pcmnfurai
capable of improvement. The natives are
cannibals : at leaft, captain Cook thought
that he had fufii-ient proof of their eating
the flefli of their enemies.
Atri, an epifcopal town of Naples,
in Abruzzo Uieriore, on a craggy moun-
tain, four miles from the gulf of Venice,
and 10 SE of Teramo. Lon. 13 48 E,
lat. 41 35 N.
Attlebury, a town in Norfolk,
with a market on TuelHay, 14 miles ne
of Thetford and 93 of London. Lon. i
5E, lat. 52 35 N.
Attock, a city and fortrefs of Hin-
dor?itan Proper, on the E bank of the
Indus } fuppoled to ftand on the fite of the
Taxila ot Alexander, where he crofled
that river. It is 180 miles NW of La-
hore. Lon. 70 36 e, lat. 32 27 N.
Attock., a river, which riles in the
Tartarian Mountains, N of Hindooftim,
arid palfing by Cabul, flows into the Indus,
above Attock.
AvA, a large river, which rifes
Thibet, and crofling the Kingdoms 0
S
A U B
AVE
irfolk,
JS NE
Hin-
af the
of the
rofftd
f La-
ifes
S
Buttnah and Pegu, falls into ths bay of
Bengal, by fcveiai mouths.
AvA, a large city in Afia, capital of
the kingdom of Bunnah, and leated on
the liver Ava. The ttreets are vciy
Itraight, and the houfes are built with
teek planks and bamboos. The royal
fialace is a mean ftniihire," although very
arge, and built with Itone. The inha-
bitants arc well-fliaped, have good fea-
tures, and an olive complexion j but the
women, who are fmall, are whiter than
the men. Avu is 1 150 miles NE of Cal-
cutta. Lon. 96 30 E, lat. 21 o N.
Ava, a long traft of coart in Afia,
on the E fide of the gulf of Bengal, ex-
tending from the s extremity of Aracan
to Cape Negraias, and divided from Pegu
on the E by the river Ava. The kingdom
of Burmah has been erroneoufly called
Ava, from its capital fo named.
AvALON, an ancient town of France,
in the department of Yonne aiid late pro-
vince of Burgundy. It carries on a great
trade, and is fiurounded by hills, covered
by fine vineyards. It is 20 miles SE of
Auxerre. Lon. 3 52 e, lat. 47 30 N.
AuBE, a depaitment of France, con-
annexed tc it, and granted it to Charkt
Lenox, duke of Richmond, natural Ibn of
Charles II, from whom it dci'cendcd to
the prelent duke.
AuBiN, a tovim of the ifland of J*rfcy,
with a good harbour and a foru
AuBIN Du Coi^MiER, a tov«rn of
France, in the department of Ilk and
Vilaine and late province of Bretagne;
famous for a battle between vifcounf,
Tremouille and tlie duke of Orleani, af-
terward Lewis XII, in 14.88, when the
latter was made priibncr. It is ten miles
E of Renncs. Lon. 1 23 w, lat. 48
15N.
AuBONNE, a town sf Swiflerland, in
the canton of Bern, on a river of the fame
name, 1 0 miles w of Lanfanne. Lon. &
30 E, lat. 46 30 N.
Auburn, a town in Wiltfhire, with
a market on Tuefday, on a branch of the
Kennet, eight miles N E of Marlborough,
and 81 w of London. Lon. i 32 w, lat.
51 31 N.
Au BUS SON, a town of France, in the
department of Creule and late territory
of Marche. It has a manufai5lure of ta-
pefti-y, and is feated on the river Creufe,
taining part of the late province of Cham- 37 miles ne of Limoges. Lon. 2 15 E
pagne. It takes its name from a river,
which, palling by Bar-fur-Aube and
Arcis, falls into the Seine, near Nogcnt.
AuBENAS, a town of France, in the
department of Ardeche and late province
of Dauphiny. It has a manufacture of
lat. 45 s8 N.
AucAUGREL, a town of Africa, ca-
pital of the kingdom of Adel, feated on
a mountain. Lon. 44 25 E,' lat. 9
10 N.
AucH, an epifcopal city of France, in
cloths of Spanifli wool, and of red cotton, the depaitment of Ger«, lately an archi-
in imitation of Indian handkerchiefs, epifcopal fee, and the capital of Gafcony,
Befide corn and wine, its diftrlft produces The greateft part of it is feated on the
truffles, oranges, figs, olives, cheftnuts, fummit and declivity of a hill, at the foot
and walnuts. The filkworm and mul- of which runs the Gers, The cathedral
beriy-tree fucceed well here. They wind is one of the fineft in France. The inha-
the filk by a machine, confifting of three bitants are computed to ' be 8000 5 and
wheels, turned by a canal from the Ar- they have manufaclwres of velvet, ferges,
deche: thel'e wheels move 36 looms, each crapes, hats, and leather. Auch is 37
containing fix double rows of fpindles in
the length of 1 5 feet. Aubenas is feated on
the Ardeche, at the foot of the Cevenncs,
near the mineral waters of Valtz, and 1 5
miles NW of Viviers. Lon. 4 30 E, lat.
44 40 N .
AuBiGNY, a town of France, in the
department of Cher and late province of
Berry. It has a caAle, and is ieated in a
fine plain, on the river Nerre. In 1442,
Charles vn granted the eftate of Aubigny
miles w of Touloufe. Lon. o 40 £, lat.
43 39 N.
Auckland, Bishop's, a town in the
bifliopric of Durham, with a market on
Thurlxjay, It is pleafantly feated on thfc
fide of a hill, and noted tor its beautilul
caftle, aiKl for its chapel, whole architec-
ture is very curious. It is eight miles s by
w of Dur^i^m, and 251 nnw of London.
Lon. 1 31 vjr, lat. 5443 n.
AuDE, a department of France, part
to John Stuart, conftable of Gotland, in of the late province of Languedoc. It
" i- -'-^- /•—•--- .- 1 11 .. . • receives its name from ariver, which rifes
in the Pyrenees, and flowing by Quillan
and Limeux, falls into the Mediten-anean,
below Narbonne.
AvEiRO, a town of Portugal, on the
recompence for his fervices, to hold to him
and his heirs male, in dire6i line, with re-
mainder to the crown, on failure of fuch
ilfue. The revcrfionary ' claul'e taking
effnA in the i6th century, Lewis xiv
ttiad* thi« ^Itatc a duchv, with a peerage lake of Vcmga, with a good harbour, 3*
D 3
!S
1-i
;' ft
I Mi
! 'I
AUG
A Y I
Lh
III
miles S ot Oporto. Lon. S 30 w, lat. 40
. AvEiRON, a tlepajtment or Frnnce, in-
cluding the late province ot Koviergui;. it
U named, irom a river, which rilos r.cur
Severac lc-V,hateavx, anil ilosving l>y J<hodi;z
stid V'.iileirancbe, falls into the Gurunm?,
below Montaviban.
; _<^v]^LLlNO, anepifcopal town of Nn-
jileg, in Priflcipato Cilcrivjre. It was al-
naft^t.fvined by an earth juake in 169+,
at^ W'»5 miles H of Naples. Lon. 15 o
», l*t-4o S^N- . ^ ^ .^ , , .
■ AvENCHE, -a town or SwiflVrland, in
the canton of Bern, forn.erly capital- of
Swifferland, but uow gicr.tly dcciiyt'J. It
i» 15 miles w of Bern. Lon. 6 51 L, lat.
46 50 N.
AVERNO, a lake of Niiples, in Ttrra
4i Lavora, two miles laiy, ;'.nd one broad.
Virgil and othefs have i'ai^ thut the water
was fo bad, that birds dropt dead when
flying over it, and henc>; they call it the
lake of hell j but it is now found to liuvc
no pohonous quality ^ for birds not only
iiy over it, bvtt Iwini upon it. A Uttfc
to the w of the lake is a c^ve, where tora«
pf.etepd they wept formerly to conliilt th?
Oimjean Sybil. Theit ai^e alio Ibme oJd
r/alis, which forile fuppole to \?e the
ruins of a temple of Apollo, and others
of Pluto.
AvERSA, a town of Naples, in Terra
di Lavora, with abifliop's lee. It is fpaled
in a fine plain, eight miles n of Naples.
Lon. 14 20 E, lat. 40 59 N.
AvES, or the lilands of Birds, fo called
from the great number of birds that fre-
quent them. They are 70 miles e by s
of Curacao, and 100 N of the coaft of
Terra Firma.
AvESNES, a town of France, in the
depiirtmeiU of the North and late province
of'^Hainault, leated on the Helper, 25
niiles E of C'ambray, and 100 NE of Paris.
Xon. 3 58 E, lat. 50 8 N.
■ AuFNAY, a pleai'ant little idand in the
kke of Zyr.c, btlovi^ Rapptrlehwyl. It
belongs io the convent of our Lady of the
Hermits.
Augsburg, an ancient city of Suabia,
a biHiOp's fee, and an imperial eity, or lo-
ve, eign ftate, btii.g governed by th-e town-
eoiincil and the repri^fcntative^ of the
burglt-is, who are half proteftants and
h^lf papilts. The churches, townlicuie,
and otlitv public buildings, are magnificent.
It is fu;rounded by beautilul plaiiiti, ami
large foretVs full of all ibrts of game. In
the bjfhop's palace, the Lulh<.raiis pre-
i"cnte4 the^r ccjifeflion of faith to the em-
jpcfor Cbarks V, in 1550, hence called ih<i
confelfion of Augfbiirg. The blflrop is
one of the princes of the empire, b«t Han
no fliarc in the government of the town.
It v/as taken by the French in 1703, but
abandoneil in the year following; and
again takai by them, x\ug\ift 24, 1796.
It is feated between the rivers Wcrdach
and Lech, 30 miles NW of Munich. Lon.
1 1 4. E, lat. 48 z7 N.
VlUGUSTA, the capital of Georgia, in
N ^Imerica, fituate on the sw bank of
the river Savannah, 1 17 miles NW ot the
town of Savannah. The town does not
confirt of quite 300 howfcs ; but as it is
le:-.ted on a fine plain, and enjoys the belt
foil, with the aavan;age of a central fitu-
ation between the upp^r and lower coun-
tiies, it is rifmg into Importance. Lon.
Sz o W, lat. 33 20 N.
AuGUsrE,or Austa, an iAard in the
grlf of Venice, on the coaft of Daimatia,
near Ragufa, fubjeil to Venice. Lon. 17
o E, lat. 42 55 N.
AuGUSTiN, St. a town of N America,
on the r coaft of Florida. It was ceded
by the Spaniards to tlie Englifh in 1763-,
but. rcftorsd to them again by the peace
of 1783. Tlie town is fituate at the
loot of a pleafant bill, well covered with
trees ; but the coaft is too ftiallow to bfc
approached by vefltls that draw more than
twelve feet water; fo that this place is ill
fituate for trade, though it i)> the chief
town of E Florida. Lon. Si 10 w, lat.
30 10 N.
AuGUSTiHE, a cape of S America, ir\
Rrafd, 300 miles NE^ of the bay of All
Saints. Lon. 35 40 \v, lat. 8 30 s.
AuGUSTOW, a to'.vn of Poland, in
Polachia, leated on the Narieu, 44 miles
N of Bielifk. Lon. 23 40 E, lat. 53 25 N.
Augustus, Fort, a Irnall fortrefs
of Invernefsfhircj at the head of Loch
Nels.
Avigliano, a town of Italy, in Pied-
mont, fev-n niiJcs \v of Turin, Ix»n. 7
3S E, lat. 45 5 N.
Avignon, a city of France, capital of
a territory of tlie iame name, which d*-*
pended lately on the pope, with an arch-
biiliops fee, and a univerfity. It was
formerly the refide nee of the popes, whoaf-
teiward returned to Rome. 1 he churches
are handfome, and the jews are alloved to
have a fynagogue. It is advantageotifly
leated on the Rhone, 20 miles E of Nifmes.
Lon. 4 53 £, lat. 43 57 N.
AviLA, an ancient tov.'n of Spain, iri
Old CaftiJe. It has a univerfity, and a
manuiadlure of line cloth; and is feated
in a large plain, lurrounded by mcimtains
coYttcd with h «jit tf€fs »nd vineyaKls, -^o
^ . , ,
in
nil a
ated
atns
A U R
tniles NW of Madrid. Lon. 4 35 W, Ut.
40 40 N.
AviLEs, a town of Spain, in Aufturias
d'Oviedo, jn th»; bay of hiicay, 25 miles
N of Ovicdo. Lon. 6 5 w, lat. 43 27 N.
Avis, a town of Portugal, in Akntejo,
fcated on an eminence, with a caitie, near
the river Avis. Hence the military ojxler
of the knights of Avis have their name.
It is 65 miles e of Littion. Lon. 7 40
W, lat. 38 46 N.
AuLCESTER, atownin Waiwickftii»e,
with a jTurket on Tuefday. It was a
Roman itation, as appears from the coins,
bricks, &:c. often dug up in and near it, and
from the Roman Ickneild-ftreet pafling
through it. It is feven miles w of Stmi-
ford upon Avon, and 102 N\v of London.
Lon. 1 5a w, lat. 52 16 N.
AuLPs, a town of France, in Ihe de-
partment of Var and late province of Pro-
vence. Lon. 6 30 E, lat. 43 40 N.
AuMALE. See Albemarle.
AuNis, lately a imall urritory of
France, in Poiiou, and now forming pai't
of the department of Lower Charente.
Avon, a river that riles in Wilts, coafts
the edge of the New Forelt, and enters
the Englilh Channel at Chriitchurch Bay
in Hampfhire.
Avon, a river that rifes in Leicefter-
fliire, and running by Warwick and
Evelhara, falls into the Severn, at Tewkef-
bury.
Avon, Lower, a river that riies in
Wilts, and rtinninf; w to Bath, becomes
navigable there, continues its courle to
Briftol, and liiils info the Severn.
AuRACH, a fortified town of Suabia,
in the duchy of Wirteiuburg ; feated at
the foot of a mountain, on the rivulet
Ennft, X5 miles E of Tubingen. Lon. 9
aa E, lat. 48 26 N.
Avranches, an ancient town of
France, in the department of the Channel
and late province of Normandy j feated on
a mountain, at the foot of which flows the
See, one mile and a half from the Englifh
Channel, and 30 e of St. Malo. Lon. i
18 w, lat. 48 41 N.
AuRAY, a ieaport of France, on the
gulf of Morbihan, in the department of
that name and late province of Bretagne,
eight miles w of Vannes. Lon. 2 53 w,
lat. 47 40 N.
AuRiCH, a town of Weftphalla, in e
Frie/land, with a caftle, where the coimt
refides. It is feated in a plain, furrounded
by forefts full ot' game, 12 miles ne of
Embden. Lon. 7 12 e, lat, 53 28 N.
AuRiLLAC, a populous trading town
tf France, gn th« river Jordanne, iii tti?
A U T
department of Tjntal and late province of
Auvc-rgne . Q\\ mtitits of lace ar.d velvet
are manufacturctt lure. It i»j 30 laili-s sw
of St. Flour, and 2^0 s of Paris. Lon.
a 22 E, lat. 44 5 5 N.
A u R o !i A I ■:'< li A IJ D , an i (land , one of tha
New Kcbridc::, ia the S Pacific Ocean.
It is 36 nu'^-s loi'ig ai.d 15 broad, Lon.
i63 24 E, lit. 158 s.
AuRUNnABAD, a confiderable c'4y ^
Afia, in the Dcccan of HindooUan. It
is but a modern city; ovvhig its rife, from
a linall town, to the capital of Dowlatabad, '
to the great Aunmgzebe, from whom it
had its name. It is 260 miles NE of
Bombay. Lon. 76 2 E, lat. 19 45 N.
Austria, oneof the circles of the G<y-
man empiiv, liounded on the w by Swifler-
land; on the N by Suabia, jiavaria, Bohe>
mia, and Moravi'i j on the u Ijy Hungary?
and on the s by It:ily and Croatia. It
contains t!ic nrchduchy of Auftria; the
ducliie:; of Stiria, CurinUiia, Carniola, anci
Goriti'i; the ciiur.ty of Tiiolj'and the
biil.oprics of Brixtn and Trent.
Austria, an archduchy, in the circle
of the fame name. The liver Ens divides
it into Upper and Lower : Vienna is the
capital or tlie Lower, and Lintz of the
Upper. Auftria excels all the provinces
of Germany in the fertility of its foil, the
plenty of its paftures, and the wholefome-
noCs of the air. Corn, wine, and fruit,
are plentiful; and the laffron better than
that of the E Indies.
AuTUN, an ancient town of France,
the epifcopul fee of tlie department of
Saone and Loire, in the late province of
Burgundy ; li^ated on the river Arroux,
at the foot of three mountains. It con-
tains a great number of Roman antiquities*
and thofe in bftter prefcrvation thar\
in any other city of France ; particulurly
the temples of Janus and Cybele. They
have mr.nufa6f ures of tapellry from cows
hair and thread, carpels,, and coverlets.
Their delft ware is de;?,«;nerated into
earthen, although, with little induftry,
their argil would be very proper for por-
celain. In St. Martin's church is the
tomb of the cruel Brunehaud, whon^
Gregory of Tours mentions as the monfter
ot the -iixth century: fhe was accufed of
having poifofied her fon Childebert, an4
of having procui-c:d the deatii of i o kings ;
by thc'oi^er of her grandlbn Clovis jj, lh(j
was tied to the tail of a wild marc, and
thus miferably peri/hed. The cathedral
of St. Lazarus, the college, ^nd the lemi-
nary, are worthy of notice. Autun is 45
miles E by s of Nevers, and 162 SE of
Pajis, Lou. 4 2 ?, E, lat, 46 57 N»
P4.
!•: ^^kl
'.>l
' 715
V
j;|i
1-
■' t#
Uti
^1
• I'.
^i
^!iM
II*
■' ^■.ifl
A X I
AYR
■I y - i
i
AuviRGNE,! late province of France,
TOO tiiileu in kngtli, anJ 75 in bicadih}
bounded on the N by tne Bovirbonnois, on
the E by Forcz and Vciay, on the w by
Llmofin, QixTcl, and La .Marchf, and on
the s by Rouergue and the C.;vfnnts. It
now t'ornis the two deivartu.tnti oi Cantal
and Puy-dc-Domc.
Awe, Loch, one of the niofl beautiful
lakes of Scotland, in Argylefliiie, 30 milts
long, and, in fomc parts, above two broad.
It contain!, many fine little illands, tufted
with trees. The river Awe, the outlet of
this lake, ib dilcharged into Loch Etive,
at the village of Bunawe.
AuxtRRE, an ancient town of France,
in the department of Yonne, lately an
epifcopal fee of Burgundy, and feated on
the declivity of a hill, at the foot of which
ilows the Yonne. The inhabitants are
computed at 16,000; and it contains many
fountains and iquares. It is 25 miles s
of Seng. Lon. 3 39 E, ht. 4.7 48 N.
AuxcNNE, a town of France, in the
departinent of Ccte d'Or and late province
of Burgundy, with a caftle, an arfenal,
handlbme barracks, a fonndiy for cannon,
and a Ichool for the artillery. It is feated
on the Saone, 17 miles E of Dijon. Lon.
^ Z9 £, lat. 47 II N.
Awatska-Bay, a harbour of Kamtf-
chatka, laid to be the fafeft and molt ex-
tenfive that has been dif'covtred, and the
only one, in that part of the world, that
can admit veflels of ji considerable burden.
Lon. ii"8 48 E, lat. 52 51 N.
AwLEN, an imperial town of Suabia,
on the river Cochen, 1 5 miles w of Oeting.
It wa^ taken by the French in Auguft
J796. Lon. 10 15 E, lat. 48 56 N,
AXBRIDGE, a corporate town in So-
merfctihire, with a market on Thurfday.
It is governed by a ma)»or, and i'eated on
the river Ax, under the Mendip Hills,
10 miles NW of Wells, and 13a w of
Lor.^jn. Lon. 3 o w, lat. 51 17 N.
Axel, atown of Dutch Fiandtrs, feated
|n a morafs, 19 miles n of Ghent. It
was taken by the French in .I794.- Lon.
3 45 e, lat. 51 15 N.
AxHOLM, an ifland in the NW part of
the diltriit bf Lindfey, in I-incolnlliire,
formed by tjie Trent, Dun, and Idle. It
is a rich trati, in which much flax is cul-
tivated.
AxiM, a territory on the Gold Coaft
of Guinea, containing two or three vil-
lages on the fealhore. The inhabitants
arc generally rich, and fell a great deal of
gold to the Englilh and Dutch. They are
likcwife indulhious in fifhing, and in
tilling the ground, which produces a prg-
dipious quantity of rice, which they e Xi
change to other places on the coalt, i'cT -
Indian corn, yams, potatoes, and pjhn oil.
The Dutch liavc a fort and a factory heiei
called St. Anthony.
AxMiNSTiiR, a tov.n in Dcvonflilre,
on the river A:<, with a market on Satur-
day. It was a place- of note in the time
of the Saxon,i; king yVtiiellfan ellal)liflu\l
a minfttr litre, to the memory ox tli«
princto llain in his army , when he defeated
the Danes in thlsncighbouriiood. Here is
a manufaHme of broad and narrow tluths,
and a lamous one for carpets. It is iS
miles E by N of Exeter, and 147 \v of
London. Lon. 3 8 w, lat. 50 46 N.
AxuM, a village, fuppoftd to have
been cnce Ihe capital of Abyflinla. Its
ruins are vciy extenfive, but, like tlic
cities of ancient times, confilf altogether
of public buildings. It is 125 miles w
oflne Red Sea. Lon. 36 4L, lat. 14 6 n.
Ayamonie, a feapoit of Spain, in
Andalufia, with a ca/tle built on a rock^
at the mouth of the rivtr Guadianay nppo-
fite Callro-Marino, go miles NW of Cadiz.
Ltn. 7 15 w, lat. 37 12 N.
Avlesham, a town in Norfolk, with
a market < '.Saturday, la miles N of
Norwich, anu 121 ne of London. Lon.
1 I 7 e, lat. 5a 53 N.
Aymouth, a town of Scotland, in
Berwickfhire, fix miles N of Berwick, and
once fortified to curb the garriibn of that
town. Lon. 1 46 w, lat. 56 u N.
Ayr, a borough and l«uport of Ayr-
ftiire, fituate on a fandy plain, on both
fides of the river Ayr, over which is a
b)-idge of four arches. Its chief trade is
in coal and grain ; the fiflieiy being in a
manner given up. In the New-Town aio
many good houfes, and the ruins of a
Dominican nionaltery, founded by Alex-
ander II, in 1230. A mile N from the
town, is a ho'.ife called King's Chape!,
founded for lepers by Robert Bruce ; the
Icproly being a dileale fo common in thofc
days, as to be the fubiect of ieveral par-
liamentary ftatutes. Ayr is 65 miles sw
ol Edinburgh. Lon. 4 39 E,,bt. 55 30 N.
AYRSHiRt, a county uf. Scotland,^
bounded on, the w and N by the irith of
Clyde and Renfrewfliire, on the E by the
crninties of Lar.cik and Dumfiies, and on
tlie SE and s by the ftiires of Kirkciid-
bright and vWigtOn. It exhibits the Ihajie
of t«o wings, extending to the Nw and
sw, and forming a vaft bay at the mouth
gf the frith of Clyde. Between its ex-
treme points it is about 50 jnilcsj its
greafett breadth is not quite 27. Its moft
;iortherly sivillon is Cunningham, the NljV
rich
A
merl
the
lat.
A
A
A
B A C
BAD
Itngle of which, though mountainous, \»
rich in puHiiiv.
A'/AMOR, a fcajwrt of Morocco } for-
merly very confidcrable, but ruined by
the Portiigue/c, in 151 3. Lon« 7 o W,
lat. 31 50 N.
AzEM. Sec Assam.
Azof. Sec Asoph.
Azores, cr Western Islands, a
group of iflands, in the Atlantic Ocean,
between 25 and 32° w Ion. and between
37 and 40^ N ht. 900 miles w of Portu-
jfal, and as many E of Newfoundland.
They are nine in number, viz. St. Maria,
St. Nlichacl, Tcrccra, St. Oeorge, Gra-
ciofa, Fyal, Pico, Flores, and Corvo.
Racaseray, a town in the Ruffian
province of Taurida, where the late khant
tif the Ciim Tartars generally refided.
It is 70 miles s of Prccop. Lon. 35 40
E, lat. 45 30 N.
Baccarach, a town of Germany, In
the palatinate of the Rhine, formerly im-
perial, and famous for its wines. It it
leated en the KLlnc, 20 miles w of
Mentz. Lon. 7 52 e, lat. 49 55 N.
Bachian, one of the Molucca ifland'S,
in the E Indies, which produces cloves.
It is vry fruitful and belongs to the
Dutch. Lon. 125 5 e, lat. o 25 s.
Badajoz, a town of Spain, capital of
Eftramadura, and a bifhop's fee. It is
They were difcovered in 143 >', by John famous for a bridge built by the Romans
Vanderberg, a merchant of Bruges, who, over the Guadiana. On this bridge the
in a voyage to Lifbon, was diivcn to thele Portuguefe were defeated by Don John of
illands by itrefs of weather. On his ar
i'ival at Lilbon, he boaltcd of his difco-
very; on which the Portuguefe let lail,
and took poUelTion of them. They have
been ever fmce fubjeft to the Portugueli-,
who called them the Azores, from the
number of hawks found among ihcm.
The two weftemmolt were named Flores,
and Corvo, from the abundance of flowers
on the one, and of crows on the other.
They are I'ubjeft to a governor- general,
who refides at Angra, in Tcrcera. No
poifonous animal, it is faid, is to be found
in the Azores, and if carried thither it
will expire in a few hours. All of them
»re fertile, and enjoy a falubrious air, but
^c fubje^l to violent earthi^uakes.
175 miles s by
50 W, lat. 38
B.
BABELMANDFX, a ftralt between
the coaft of Africa and Arabia,
uniting the Red Sea with the Indian
Ocean. Near it is a fmall ifland and a
mountain of the fame name. Lon. 44
30 E, lat. 12 40 N.
Babenhausen, a town of Suabia,
in the duchy of Wirtemburg, five miles
N of Tubingen. Lon. 9 4. e, lat. 48 35 N.
Babolitza Carethna, or Babo-
HZA, a town of Sciavonia, near the river
Drave, between Polega and Zygeth.
Babylon. See Bagdad.
Baca, or Baza, a town of Spain, in
Granada, 15 miles NE of Guadix. Lon.
a 42 w, lat. 37 18 N.
Bacano, a village of Italy, In the pa-
trimony of St. Peter, on ;i iVnall lake,
near a river of the fame name, whcie the
Fabli were defeated, ia the 277th year of in quality as tho c of ( heltenhara,
i^ome, fcveu milts NE of Gioucefter,
Auftria, in 16^1. It is
w of Madrid. Lon. 6
32 N.
Badelona, a town of Spain, in Cata-
lonia, fcated on the Mediterranean, 10
miles NE of Barcelona. Lon. % 20 e,
lat. 41 28 N.
Baden, a town of Suabia, capital of
a margravate of the fame name, with a
caftle, on the top of a mountain, whcr*
the prince often refides. It is remarkable
for its baths, whence it takes its name,
and is featcd near the Rhine, four mile*
S of Raftadt. Lon. 8 14 E, lat. 48 50 N.
Baden, a margravate of Suabia^
bounded on the n by the palatinate of the
Rhine and bifliopric of Spire, on the E by
the duchy of Wirtemburg and principa-
lity of Furftcnburg, on the s by the Brlf-
gaw, and on the w by the Rhine. It ii
divided into the Upper and the Lower.
Baden, an ancient town, in a county
of the lame name, in Swifferland. It is
remarkable for its baths, mentioned by
the ancients under the names of Aquae
and Thermae Helveticae; and for the
treaty concluded here In 1714, between
Germany and Spain. It ig feated on the
Limmat, 10 miles NW of Zuric. Lon*
S 20 E, lat. 47 25 N.
Baden, a town of Auftria, famous
for its hot' baths j feated on the river
Suechat, 15 miles sw of Vienna. Lon,
16 25 E, lat. 48 I N.
Badenweiler, a town of ouabia, in
the lower margravate of Baden, eated
near the Rhine, 10 miles se of Fii'->urg.
Lon. 7 52 E, lat. 48 I n.
Badgeworth, a village in Gloucef-
terfhire, noted for a Ipring ot mineral
water, called Cold Pool, nearly the fame
it;^
I "I
i i:
BAG
B A I
I' .i;
II h:
I'i
Badis, a fortrcis of Livonia, jo milps
t of Kcvcl. Lun. 24 j6 i, Ut. 59
15 N.
fiAEZA, an epifcopal town of Spain,
in Andiihiiii, with a univcrfity, fcated un
the Guadalquivtr, 15 milts ne of Jacn.
Lon. 1 18 w, lat. -,7 41; N.
BAFFiN's-IlAy, a bay in N America,
difcovcral by Mr. liilliji, an Englifhmai>,
who attempted to find out a Nw paflage
that way to the South Sea. It extends
from 70 to 80*^ N lalitudc.
Baffo, a town in theilland of Cyprus,
with a fort near the ancient Puphos, of
which conliderablc ruins remain, parti-
cularly fome broken columns, which pro-
bably belong;ed to the temple of Venus.
Xon. 32 30 E, lat. 34 50 N.
Bagdad, anciently Babylon, a po-
pulous city, capital of Irac Arabia,
Jfcated en tne Tigris, and inhabited by
Chriftians, Turkii, 8cc. It has ;■. taltle,
and a coniiderable trade, being annually
fifited by the Smyrna, Aleppo, and
W-'Ikern caravans. It was tht capital of
the Saracen empire, till taken by the
Turks in the 13th century; iincc which
it hab'^een taken and retaken fevtral ti>nt8
ky the I'urks and Perfians 5 and lalt of
tli by the Turks in 1638. It is 250
miles N by w of BulTarah. Lon. 43 52
I, lat. 33 20 N.
. Baolana, or BocKLANA, a country
«(f Hindoottaiv, in the Deccun, which '.ex-
tends from the Surat river to Poonah,
«nd is incloiied by a ridge of mountains,
called the Gauts. It is bounded on the
« by Candeifti, on the svv by Villapour,
and on the SE by Dowlatabad.
Baonara, a lea,port of Naples, in
Calabrio Ulteriore, eight miles s of Pal-
•»na. In this town 3017 peribns periflied,
by the dreadful earthquake in 1783.
Lon. 16 8 E, lat. 38 15 N.
BAGNAREA,anepircopal town of Italy,
in the putrimony of St. Peter, five miles
S of Orvicto. Lon. 12 aS E, lat. 42
36 N.
Bagneres, a town of France, in the
department of the Upper Pyrenees and
jate province of Bigorre, fcated at the
ibot of the Pyrenees, on the river Adour.
Jt is much frequented, on account of its
hot mineral waters, and is lo miles SE of
Tarbes. Lon. o 12 E, lac. 43 3 N.
BagniaLac, a town of Tjikey in
Europe, in Bofnia, 30 mil^s ne ofSpa-
latro. Lon. 18 o E, lat. 44 24 n.
Bagnols, a town of France, in the
department of Herault and late province
c/f Languedoc, near the river Cefe (in
t.'it bed of which feme jf o-d land i$ fewnd)
8 miles s\v of Pont St. Efprit. Lon. 4.
43 »:, hi. /',4 10 N.
Bahama, nr Lucaya IsLANn*.,
fituate to the s r,i" Carolina, bctwim
22 and 27'^ ti lat. an.l 73 nn<l Si" w Km.
7'hcy txund along the con (I of Kloiidn to
Cuba, and nre Ihid to be 300 in nunibcr,
njnie (f tlarn irerc rocks, hut iz of Hvm
larr^ and fcrliK-. Thiy are all unin-
habited, except Providence, ami r.vn I'ub-
jcJt to the Knglifli. One of thele Kiands
was the lirft land dcfcrled by Columbus,
0(5t. I.',, 1492, nil whicii he landed, and
called it S m Salvador. They were not
known to the Englifli till 1667, wlicn
captain Style being drivvn among tliem in
his paliaj^e to Carolina, gave his name to
one of them, and, being a fecond time
driven upon it, c;illed it Providence. The
cotton leed has been recently introduced
into thei'c iflands from Georgia, and is
well adapted to the foil and climate.
Eahar, a country of Hindooltan
Proper, bounded on the w by Allahabad
and Oudc, on the N by Napaul, on the E
by Bengal, and on the s by Orifla. It i*
fubjcet to the Englifh E India Company ;
and nioft of the faltpetre they export is
manufactured in this province, of which
Patna is the capital.
Baheren Island, In the gulf of
Peifia. once famous for its pearl filhery.
Lon. 49 5 e, lat. 26 10 N.
Bahus, a town of Sweden, capital of
a government of the fame name, on a rock,
in an illand, 10 miles N of Gottenburg.
Lon. II 42 E, lat. 57 52 N.
Baia, an inconfiderable town of Na-
ples, in Terra di Lavora ; but famous, in
the time of the ancient Romans, for its
hot baths and elegant palaces, of which
fome ruins remain. It is feated on the
bay of Naples, 12 miles w of Naples.
Lon. 14 3 E, lat. 40 51 N.
Baja, a populous town of Hungary,
on the F/anube, 35 miles nw of Elleck.
Lon. J J 0 E, lat. 46 10 N.
B'.JADOR, a cape on the w coaft of
Afaca, s of the Canary Iflands. Lon,
14 22 w, lat. 26 12 N.
Baikal, a great lake in Siberia, in
the province of Irkiitzk, ^^o miles long
and 80 broad. There are a great many
finals in it of a blackifh colour, and ftur-
geons of a ir.onitrous fize.
Baillhul, a town of France, in the
department of the North and late Frerch
Flanders, nine mile? swof Ypres. Lon.
a 55 E, lat. 50 45 N.
Bain Gonga, or Bain River, a
river of Hindocftan, which rifes near the
Nti"budda, ruas fouthv/wirU through Bcrar^
B A L
B A L
:md, after a courfe of near 400 mik-s,
unites with the Gudaveiy, wiiluu the
hiilu that bound tht Fiiitifh Ciixaiii.
Dakewekl, a town in the Ptraic of
Derbyshire, with a market on Monclny 5
leafed u\\ the river Wye, 20 milts nNvv
of Derby and t ji of London. Lon. s
4-1 W, l:it. <;3 I s N.
Baku, » town of Pcrfia, in the pro-
vince ot Schii van, the moit coinmodtoiis
haven of the (. alpian Sea, on tlie w coatt
of which it is liiuiitc. The entrance, in
fome places, is dithcvilt and dangerous, on
account of the number of (hoals and
iflands. Baku is a furriels, lurroundeil
by high brick wails, 300 miies s of
AHracan. Lon. 49 i 5 e, lat. 40 z n.
'(Bala, a town in Merionethfhire, with
a market on Saturday. It is feated on
the lake of J'ala, or Fcmblemere, which
is I "5 miles in length, and fix in breadth,
and abonndi with a fi(h called a guinard,
releinblintr a falmon in fhape, and talting
like a trout. I he river Dee runs through
this lake. The town is noted for as>reat
trade in knit woollen ftockinjfs. It is 50
miles SSE of Holyhead, and 195 Nw of
London. Lon. 3 35 w, lat. 5?. 50 N.
Balagat, a province in the Decan of
Hindooftan, coniilting of a vaft ex'.ent of
fertile and populous j>lains, fiipported in
the nature of a terrace, by a ftupendous
wtiU of mountains, called the Gaut8,
wliich rifes abruptly from the low country
called the Concan. This traft is fo ele-
vated, that the air is cool and pleal'ant.
It is fubje6l to the Poonah Mahrattas,
'and extends not only through their terri-
tories, but through the peninl'ula, to the
fouthern extremity of Myfbre.
Balaguer, a fortified town of Spain,
in Catalonia, on the river Segra, at the
foot of a craggy rock, 75 miles Nw of
Barcelona. Lon. i i e, la*^, 41 55 N.
Balaruc, a town of France, near th&
road from Montpellier to Touloufe ; fa-
mous for its baths.
Balasobe, a feaport to the Nw of
the bay of Bengal, four miles from it by
land, but by the rivers ao The inha-
bitants make ftutfs of fdk, :otton, and a
fort of grafs. It is 180 miles sw of
Koogly. Lon. 87 1 e, lat. 31 20 vi.
Ealbastro, an epiicropal town of
opain, in Ari'agon, on the river Vero,
47. m'les NK of yaragofTa. Lon. o 27 E,
lat. 4z 8 N.
Balbec, the ancient Heliopolis, a town
of Syria, at the foot of Mount Libanus,
.It is agreeably feated to th? NE extremity
•f the valley of Bocat. On the E fide are
magnific«)t ruins; particularly thofc of
the temple dedicated to the Cun, which
i'.-^vc been copioully delcribed by Mellii.
Wooti and Dawkins, and M. Volncy.
Balbec id chiefly inhabited by Chriftiaui
of the Greek church, and is 37 mile*
N of Damaicus. Lon. 37 20 E, lat. 34
22 N.
Balck, a tc'.vn of U(l)ec Tartary, oa
the treat i^rs of T'erl'ia, 200 niileu a of
Bokhara. Lon. 69 oh, lat. 3720N.
Rai.divia. a ieaport of Chili, in S
Americp. built by tiie Spanifh general
Baldivia, about 1551, after he had con-
quered Chili. Itiiandi. between the Cal-
laculles and Porleio, where they iall intv
the Pacific Ocean. Lun. 73 20 w» lat.
39 38 s.
Baldock, a town in Herts, with a
market on 'Ihurlc'.ay ; feated between the
hills, in a chalky Icil, aivi chiefly of note
for its trade in muit. It is nine miles
v/svv ol' Koylion, ;ind 37 NNw of Lon-
don. Lon. o 5 w, lat. fi 2 N.
Bali, an iliand forming the N fide of
the Itraitb of Java, through which the £
India fhips fcmetiines return fiom t l.inaj
but the paffige is commonly very difHcnlt,
on account of tontiary winds. 1 h»
illand is populous, and abounds in rice
and all Ibrts of iruits. The inhabitant*
are black, addicled to vvai', and pagans.
Lon. 115 50 F, lat. 7 10 6.
Ballaghy, a town of Ireland, in tlie
coun'v of ^^ligo, 22 miles s of Sligo.
Lon. 8 40 w, lat. 53 56 N.
Ballyconnel, a town of Ireland, in
the county of Lavan, n miles ne of
Cavan. Lon. 7 25 w, lat. 54 id n.
Ballynakill, a borough of Ireland,
in Qiicen's County, iS miles nw of Kil-
kenny. Lon. 7 25 vv, lat. 52 50 N.
B A L L Y s H A N N 0 N , a feaport of It%lnnii,
in the county of Donegal, no miles NW
of Dublin. Lon. 7 50, w, lat. 54
33 N.
Balloctstan, Little, a country
of Hindocitan Proper, bordering on the
N of Mewat, and approaching witliin 14
miles of Delhi. It is 80 or 90 miles long,
imd from 30 to 40 broad. Within this
centurv it was feized by the Balloges, or
Bajloches, whofe coi:ntry adjoins to the
w bank of the Indus, oppofite Moultan.
They are repre Tented as a very favageand
cruel race. 'I'heir territory is full of ra-
vines, and of courle ditficult of accefs.
Weftward it borders on the country of
the SeikiJ.
Baltic, a large Tea, between Den-
mark and Sweden to the w, and Ger-
many, Poland, and Rulfia to th« E. It
coauins the guU'$ ' pf £oUuil;i, FiiU^wJ,
;• 'in
1'
\$i.M.
i !
II
■ ■ ,1*
i ■ ■,'
II r)'-
': '('
BAN
JP;c;i, and D.-^ntzic. The Baltic has no
<rSh and flow, but a current always fets
tiii'ough the Sound into the Categate, by
v»?iich it conimunicitc's with the ocean.
Veliow ambci" ij. round on the coaft.
B.VLTIMORE, a town of Ireland, in the
co'JT.tv of Cork, on a headland which
rv.r.s. into the lea, nine miles ke of Cape
CJe-ir. Lon. 9 ij. \v, l.:t. 51 24 n.
BALTiMOXft, a town of the United
{Jtaies, in Maryland, ivated on the
Fatapltr, which mirs into the bay of
Cheiapeak. It i:; di>i-ied into the Town
and Fell's Point, by a creek, over which
a« two bridges^ At t'cli's Point, the
wattr is deep enough for Ihips of burden ;
but imall vfciftls only go up to the town.
Ttac .-e nine churches, Ixc. which re-
ibe.-Kveiy oeiong to a ditferent feftj and
the number c'' inhabit.ints is upward of
ic.o:,o. It ii 45 milto ne <;f Annapolis,
ion. 76 25 w, iat, 39 45 N.
Bambkrg, a town of Franconia, for-
ttciiy imperial, bu: now capital of a
biihopric of the fame name, with a uni
vwfity. It furreudcred to the French in
Auguft 1796. It i;i feated at the con-
fiuence of the Maine and Rednitz, 35
miies N of Nuremburg. Lon. n 7 u,
]at. 50 2 ST.
BA.iUERG, a town of Bohemia, at the
foot of a mountain, 30 miles s of Giatz.
JLcm. 16, so E> Iat. 49 55 N.
JB.VMfF. See Banff.
Hampton, a town in Oxfordfhire,
XTif'k a market on Monday, feated near
ths Thames, i* miles w cf Oxford, and
70 w hj a London. Lon. 1 25 w, Iat.
.51 46N.
B.\r.fPTON, a town in Devon rtiire, with
a market on Satiuday, featiid in a bottom
, feoToimded by hills. It is 14 miles nxe
€){ Exet«r, and 163 w by s of London.
Lea. 5 3S w,. Iat. 51 2 N.
Banbury, a borough in Oxfordfliire,
with a market on Thurfday. It fends
03»e member to piirliament ; is noted for
its cakes and cheefe; and is feated on the
Charwell, 75 miles NNW of London. Lon.
1 ji w, Iat. 5i 4 N.
Banc A, an iftand of Aila, on the e
CJWift of Sumatra, with a town and llralt
of tiie fame name. Lon. 106 50 E, Iat.
Banc ALTS, a fcaport on the E coaft of
Sumatra, \, lere the Dutch .have a fcttle-
mcnt. It ii 130 miles w.of Malacca.
htw. 100 7 F, Iat. I 15 N.
Bancock, a town of Afia, In the
kinprioiD of Siajn, with a fort, once in the
jx;2cf{lon of the French., who were expelled
in 1 688, The IioiU'es are made of canc.s^
BAN
and covered with palm-leaves. The in^i.
habitants are almoft naked, and having no
furniture in their houfes, fit on the floor.
It is 17 miles N of the fea, and 40 s of
Siani. Lon. 101 5 e, Iat. 13 35 N.
Band a, the chief of the Banda, or Nut-
meg lilaruls, in the Indian Ocean. They
Ac between 127 and 128° e lon. and 4and
S'^ s Iat. comprehending the illes of Lantor,
Poloroon, Roflnging, Pooloway, Gonapi,
Nero, ice. Tlie nutmeg, covered with
mace, grows on thele illaru-ls onlyj and
they have been fubjc^l; to the Dutch, ever
iince 1609, when they expelled both the
Lnglirti and natives. They are all very
linall, the largelt being icarcely 20 miles in
length; and are lubjeft to earthquake»\
Rauda is 75 miles SE of Amboyna. L-bn.
128 5 E, (at. 4 50 s.
Bandrr Congo, afeaportof Perfia,
on the gulf of Perfia, 80 miles w of
Gombroon. Lon. 55 S^ E, Iat. 27 10 N.
Bandora, the capital of Sali'ette, an
ifland lepa.vatcd from Bombay by a nar-
row cliannei. Lon. 72 40 e, Iat. 191 o N.
Ban ? F, a feaport, and the county-town
of Banft'ohire, feated on the declivity of
a hill, at the mouth of the Deveron, over
which is a hnndfome bridge of feven
arches, ere6led oy government. The
town houfe is adorned with a handfomc
fpire } and the harbour is defended by 4.
neat pier and a battery. Here is a ma-
nufaftureof thread, and another of Itock-
ings -y and the children attend the fa6lory
and fchool alternately; fo that education
and induftry are united. In the middle
of the town is Banff caftle, belonging to
the Findlater family; and at the foot of
the hill is Duff Houfe, the feat of thp
earl of Fife. Banff is 32 miles NW of
Aberdeen. Lon. z 15 w, Iat. 57 35 N.
Banffshire, a cpunty of Scotland,
bouiuled on the N by the Murray Fritn,
on the t>E by Aberdeenfiiire, and on the
NW by Murrayfliire. Its greattlf length
is 50 miles, and its extent along the coaft
nearly 30.
Bangalore, aftrong fortrefs of My-
fore, in the peninfula ot Hindoolfan. It
is a plats of great political importance,
being, from its fituation, the bulwark of
Myfore, toward Arcot. It was taken by
the Englifh in 1791 ; but rcitored in 1792.
It is 74 miles ne of Seringapatam. Lon,
77 37 H, Iat. 13 o n. * .
Banghir, atownof Ireland, in King's
County, on the Shannon, 15 miles s of
Athlone. Lon. 7 41 w, Iat. 53 7 n. .
Bangor, a city in Carnarvomhire,
with a market on Wednefday. It wv,s,
(^n^e lb CGiiliderable, that it wus callyd
ll^ani
caftf
catl
of
12 ^■
coul
fcr<
Lor
neol
havl
for
fpol
carl
v.h1
f-.ve|
a
aiti
to
of
BAR
BAR
<feang6r tbe Great, and deffT.ded by fi -^o m*i!ff<; \v of Toul, and i^SEcf Fa-tS,
caftle. The principal buildings are ihe Lon. 5 20 E, lat. 41! 44. N.
cathetlral and ihe bifliop's palace. It is
36 miles \v of St. Afaph, and 251 NW
Lun. 4 l^
W, lut. 53
of London.
12 N.
Bangor, a borough of Ireland, intlw
county of Down, on the bav of Carrie k-
fergu«, oppofite the town of that name.
Lon. 5 42 w, lat. 54 40 N.
Banjar, a river in the iiland of Bor-
neo, at the nrouth of which the Ent^liih
have a fa<Slory
Bar-sur-Aube, an ancient town dT
France, in the depanni'-nt of Atibc- 'SJtA
late province of Champagne. It i.s farar.cft
for its wines, and (cated at the loot ct A
mountain, iS miler, s\v of joinville. Lcc.
4 55 E, lat. 43 15 N.
BAR-iUR-SEiNC, a town cf Friarr,
in the depnrtment of Aubc and late pJC"
vince of Champagne, 7-0 miles .<.v. «-i"
Bar-lur-Aiibe. Lon. 4 32 e, kit. 4':; « K.
Bara, one of the Hci ridet:of ScotI.--.n«i»
Banstead, a village of Surry, noted to the sof S Uiih It ib five miles ior,j5:ro34
for its downs, one of the rnoli: delis;htfi.il thiec broad. At low water, it u.:«Kft
fpots in England, on account of its fine communicates with lienbecula; on wiiiih
carpet ground, covered with Ihort herb- account, both iiland:; are fometime;; cstied
are, perfumed with thyme and jr.niper, the Loner Kbnd. The w ccntt of Bzrs
which make. the mutton of this fpot very
i'-.veet, though i'raali. Thefe downs form
a tracl ol 30 miles, extending, under
different denominarions, from Croydon
to F'arnham, Banltead is 13 miles ssw
of London,
Bantam, a town of Afia, on the n\v
coaft of Java, c'a][>ital of a kingdom of
the ii.me name, with a good harbour, and
I.; low, and the foil in many parts \cr5r
fertile; but the grovmd ri!t;s to the E
<o.;;1, where it is barren. Lon. 7 30 MT,
lat. 56 55 N.
Baracoa, afeaport of Cuba, 5omt!fS
NE of St. Jago de Cuba. Lon. 76 10 W,
iat. 21 o N.
Baranco de Malambo, a town of
S America, in Terra Firnia, with a
a caftle. It is divided into two towns by bifliop's lee, and a good harbour ; italed
s. river. The Englifh and Danes had on the river Madalcna, 7 5miles Nof Car-
tad"Vn;'ies here till 1682, when they were thagena. Lon. 75 30 \v, lat. 11 40 N.
t'xpclkd by the Dutch. The protfuce is Baran'wahr, a town of Lower Hun-
pepper, of which vaft quantities ai"e ex gary, taken from the Turks in 1684,
ported by the Dutch, who have depof'ed It is leated on the rivulet Croflb, near iVt
the kings of the ancient race, and fuffer Danube, 90 miles Nw of Belgraue. Lon.
nothing to be done in this kingdom but 19 50 w, lat. 45 55 N.
what they pkafe. Bantam, once popu- Bareadoes, the eafternmoft of the
lous and iiourlfhing, is now a poor and Windward Klands, in the VV Indies, ^5
wretched place Lon. 105 i6 k, lat. 6 miles in length, and 15 in breadth. It.
no s. belongs to the Englirti j and the number
Bantry, a town of Ireland, In the of the whites Is about 20,000, who have
founty of Cork, on a bay of the At- 100,000 liaves. Their exports are fugar,
lantic, to which it gives name. Lon, 9 rum, cotton, indigo, and ginger; and
2,5 \v, lat. 51 36 N. they have moft of the fruits common to
Bapaume, a town of France, in the the climate. The fugar exported hfnce
Ucpartmtnt of the Straits of Calais and is whiter and finer than that of any other
late province of Artois, 12 miles SE of plantation; and they have one paiticular
Arras. Lon. 2 35 E, lat. 50 8 N. produ(5lion, called Barbadoes tar, which
Bar, a town of Poland, in Podolla, on rifes out of the earth, and iV/ims upon the
the river Bog, 40 miles NW of Brack- furface of the water. This iiland has
law. Lon. 27 30 E, lat. 49 14 N.
Bar, or Barrois, a late duchy of
France, lying on both fides the Meui'e,
between Lorrain and Champagne. It
now forms the department of Meuie.
Bar-de-duc, a town of France, in
iuffered much from hurr kanc; ; particu-
larly, from a dieadful one, Oti. to, 1 ;?o.
It i'. 70 miles E of St. Vincent. The
capital is Bridgetown. '
Barbary, a country of Africa, be-
tween the Atlantic Ocean, the Medircr-
fhe department of Mcufe, capital of the ranean Sea, and Egypt, and containing
late duchy of Bar, with a caftle. It is the cjunlrics oi Parca, Tripoli, Tunir:,
divided into the upper and lower covvU; Algiers, Fez, and Morocco. It is nf.CT
the latter is watered by the rivulet Orney, 2000 miles In length, and, In fome pls.cft';,
in which are very fine trouts. The wine 750 in hnadth. It was known to ti^c
is excellent, and as delicate as Cham- ancients by the names cf MauritanvJi,
P^gnw* It is featcd on the fide of a hill, iNumldla, Proptr Africa, and Lib%'a- It
i
u l]
i
<:.'«
)v A
'I:
:f ^
BAR
IS the bell country In all Africa, ejtcept
Egypt ; and fertile In corn, maize, wine,
citrons, oranges, figs, almonds, olivts,
dates, and melons. Their chief tratle
€X)nii(ts in their fruits, in the horJes called
barbij, Monicco leather, odrich-feathers,
indigo, wax, tin, and coial. The ettab-
lifhed religion is the Maliometan, and
there are lome Jews ; but no Chriltiarii;,
except the (laves.
Bardas, a cape ot Africa, in the
Atlantic Ocean. Lon. i6 40 w, lat. 22.
15 N.
Barbe, St. a town of New Bifray,
in Mexico, near which are rich illver
mines. It is 500 miles Nvv of Mexico.
Xion. 107 s vv, lat. 26 o N.
Barberino, a town of Tufcany, at
the foot ot the Appennines, on the river
i>ieva, 12 iniks N of Florence. Lon. 11
35 E, lat. 43 59 N.
BARBiiZiEux, a town of France, in
tbe department of Charente and late pro-
vince of Angouniois. It has a mineral
fpring called Fontronilleule, anda manu-
laclure»of linen cloth. It is 45 miles
NE of Bourdeaux. Lon.o o, lat. 45 3a n.
Barbuda, cneof the Leeward Iflands,
in the W Indies, fubjeft to the Engli/h,
about io miles long, and la Licad. The
Inhabitants (about 1500) are chiefly em-
ployed in raifmg corn, and breeding cat-
tle, for the I'.leot the neighbouring iftaiids.
It is the property of the Codiington fa-
mily, and Is 19 miles ne of St. Chrilto-
pher. Lon. 61 50 w, lat. 17 49 n.
Barca, a country of Barbaty, en the
s coaft of the Mediterranean, bctv.een
Tripoli and Egypt. It is a bar/en defert,
inhabited by none but wandering Arabs.
Here was feated the funoxis temple of
Jupiter A.mmon, fo difficidl of accefs on
account of the burning I'^nds.
Barcelcna, a city of Spain, in C:i-
talonia, of which it is the c:ipit?-l, v/ifii
3. bifhop's fee, and a good harbour, on
the Mediterranean Sea . 1 1 i;; of an oblong
fomi, containing al->out 15,000 I.ouIcg,
and is de'endtd by ;;. fort, called Niont
Joy, which ftands on a rocky mountai)i,
a mile w of the town. It 'has doiioic
V'2lls en the N rnd r.. and the fea en the <•,
^•••ith a ;;icl'- for the li^ciMity of fhip :. It
is divided into the neiv and old town, by
r. '.vail and a ditch. It lias a fine univcr-
fitv, an inquiiition, a c iihedrai with two
ii^Jty towers, a pahice for the viceroy, an
arilnal cunl'ilniny arms for levenii .hmi-
fand men. and decks for the lniildin!.,r of
g-aliies. If '\.i a place ot' great tr.ide. nnd
jhey make curious works in gh;i'^ ; the
kiAives are iikewifein great reputation, as
BAR
well as the blankets. In 1705, it vrns
taken by the eari of Peterborough, after
a fiegc of three weeks. In 1706, Philip
V invelted it with u numerous arniv, but
was obliged to raile the iiege. In 17 14,
it was taken hy the French andSpaniards»
when it was deprived of ail its privileges,
and the citadel built to keep it in awe. It
is 250 miles L of Madrid. Lon. 2 ij E,
lat. 41 zC N.
Barcelonetta, a town of France,
in the depaitmtnt of the Lower Alps and
late province of Dauphiny, 12 miles CE
f Embrun. Lon. 6 39 e, lat. 44
23 N.
Barcelore, a town of the pcninfula
of Hindooftan, on the coafl of Malabar,
It is a Dutch fat^ory, 1 3c miles s of Goa.
Lon. 74 15 E, lat. 13 25 N.
IJarcelos, a town of Portugal, onthc
river Sourilla, 2omiles N of Oporto. Lon*
8 2Q-W, lat. 41 30 N.
Bardewick, a town of Germany, in
the duchy of Lunenburg, on the river li •
nienau, 17 miles SE of Hambuig. Lon.
ID 19 E, lat. 53 24 N.
Bardsev, a fmall ifland of Carnar-
vonfhire, at the n point of Cardigan Bay.
Bards TOWN, a town of Kentucky, in
the county of Nelfon.
B A R D T , a town of Germany, in Swedifii
Pomerania, with a caftle and harbour,
near the Baltic, 12 rnlles w by N of
Stjalfund. Lon. 13 12 e, lat. 54 23 N.
Baieges, a village of France, much
frecjuciited on account of its mineral
baths. It is feated in a valley of the
fame name, 12 miles s of Bagneres.
Bareith, a town of Franconia, in
the margrav^.te of Culembach, with a fa-
mous college, 1 5 miles SE cf Culembach.
Lr/n.ii 56 e, lat. 50 o N.
Barfleur, a town of France, in the^
department of the Channel and late j>ro-
vince of Normandy. It was ruined by
the Fnglif?! in 1346, and the harbour
filled up. The cape of that name is 12
miles E of Cherburg, and near it, part of
the navy of France wa.s deftroyed by thv
Engiifh, in 1692. It i;; 175 miles NW of
Paris. Lcn. I 6 w, lat. 49 40 n.
Bari, a town of Naples, capital of
Terra di Bari, and an archl-)i/hop's fe.
It is leated on the gulf of Venice, i\rd
had once a good harbour, which v.-as d'.'-
flroyed by the Venetians. It is 20 miles
E of Trani. Lon. 17 je, lat. 41 26 \.
Bari, or Tepra di Bapi, p. province
of Naples, on the gulf of Venice. 'I'he
air is temperate, aud the foil' rtile; but
there arc many ferpents and lar:iiitula:..
Barjols, a town of France, in tiie
<kp?
Pro^
to
Bl
marl
Ro.l|
brai
in 61
of
niilej
b1
vvithi
Vpnil
16 3]
bI
counl
Wedl
ftockl
30 n
of L
BpI
and
Moncl
and if
i-'i call
Burnc^
Weiir;
Near
B A R
B A S
<kpartment of Var and late province of
Provence, 19 miles from Riez. Loa. 6
to h, lat. 43 53 N.
Barking, a town of Edex, with a
raarkei: on Saturday, ftated on the river
Roiling, near the Thames. Ir. w:;s ccle-
bratj'd for a magnificent nunnery, founded
in 675 -, a gateway and a partoi the walls
of whlcli are ftill vifibie. It is fcven
miles K of London. Lou. o 12. E, la(.
51 5a N.
Barletta, atownof Naples, In Bar!,
with a bifliop's fee, I'eated on the gulf of
Vrnice, 25 miles wsw of Bar!. Lon.
16 52 E, lat. 41 TO N.
Barnard-Castle, a tvown in the
«<AintY of Durham, with a market on
Wednefday. It has a manulaiitnre of
flwckings, and is featedtn the river i'ees
Barral'X, a fortrels of DauphHjy, aik
the entrance of the valley of Crefivaudan,
built by a duke of Savoy In 1 ^97. Jt
was taken by the French in 1598, and is
iirared on the Ifere, fix miles s of Cham»
berry. Lon. 5 52 e, lat. 45 29 N.
Barthoi.ov!£:w Lsle, a fmall injind
in the S Pacific Ocean, one. of the New-
Hebrides. Lon. 167 14 E, lat- 15 41 s.
Bartholomev,', St, one of tlie Ca-
rlbbee illands, in the W Indies, 30 miles
N of St. Chriitopher. It is 20 miles in
circumference, and has a good harbour.
The French ceded it totheSwtdes in 17S5.
Lon. 63 10 w, lat. t/ ^f> N'.
Barton, a ;own in Lincv>lnfliirc, with
a m;!ikcto!i M^day. it is il-ated c.n the
Huniber, where iher:.- is a ferry into York-
/hire. of great advanr,*--,' tothetov/n, which
30 miles sw of Inirhan,, and 744 iNN'w is 35 miles N of Lincoln and 166 of
of London. Lon. i 49 w, ia( . 54 35 n.
Bar NET, a town, part'.;' in Middleiex,
and partly in Herts, with 1 market on
Monday. It i;: in the parifli of Ea(t liarnet,
and fituate on t)ie top of a hill, vvliencc it
!'■> crJled High Barnet, and al.b (.hippinsr
Barnct, from a market granted litre, by
Henry 11 to the rnonks of St. AiL^m'.t.
Near thi'i place was fought, in 1471, tlii
(lecirive battle between the houfes of York
and L incafterj and at the meeting of the
St. Alban's and Hatfield roads is a column,
with an Inlciiption, to commemorate thi.^
event. Barnet i-s ri miles N by w of
London. Lon. o 5 \"/, lat. 51 42 s.
Barnkt, East, a village two miles
f^E of Barne*-, once n)uch frequented von
account of a medicinal fpring. '
.Barnevelt, an itland of S America,
to the s of Tierra del Fucgo. Lcn. 66
«S w, lat. 55 49 5.
Barnst.ey, a town in the Wridhigof
Yoiki'hiie, with a market on VVedr.t'filay,
ami a cnnfiderable marinfafture of coarie
iinen. Two canals are now making frum
this phce ; one to the Cakier, and the other
to the Don. It is feated on the i'l'd^ of u
hill, 13 miles N of Sheiheld, and 174 N by
w of London. Lon. t 23\v,Iat:. 53 :^; N.
Barnsley, a village of Olouceite;--
/hirc, four miles NE of Cirenceiter, noted
for l:;rgc quarries of c::cellent freelfcne.
B.VRN'bTAPLE, a feaport and borough
v' Devonflurc, with a market on Frldu\ ,
leated on the rivtr Tau, i?. miles H of
Barnftaple Bay in the Briflol Channel, 3?
KNW of Exeter, .and 191 vv of Louden.
Lon. 4 5 w, iat. 51 8 N.
B A ROACH, a town in the Decan of
Hindooftan, on tde s bank of the Ner-
budda, 40 mi!e$ n of iiuiat, Lon. -z -'S
Z^ lat. 21 25 N.
Lond.on. Lon, o 20 w, lat. 53 41 N.
Baruth, an ancient town of Syria,
with a Clniltian church, 30 miles ME of
Seyda. Lon. 36 30 E, lat. 34 10 N.
BasartschiCiC, a town of Turkey 1*
Europe, in Romania. It has a great
trade, arid is leated on the river Meritz.
Lon. 24 40 E, lit. 4'i 19 N.
Bash,, <ir B\sle, the capital of the
canton of Bafil, in SwilTerland, with a
bi<liop'3 fee, and a famous univerlityc It
is divided into two parts by tiie Khinc;
the largeit of which is on the fide of Swii~
lerlan'i, and the lenit on that o*-'CTermanyj
bat they are joined by a haudfome bridge.
The larger has tive gates, fix fuburbs, 200
/ireet.'}, fix large fquares, and 4'i fouHtain^
and h partly WMt^^d on a hill. The other
(vanrLs on a plain, and has buf two gates,
wivh feverai lirccts and fountains. The
c i.thedra! is an elegan;- Gothic building,
bur disfigured by a daubing of roie-
coloured p duty (pread over tiie whole
cdiiltc. Under a marble tomb in it, is In-
trrrcd ti".' great Fraiinus. The town-^
houie, and line p.iinungs in frefco, parti-
cularly !.ht pK^luie, by Holbein, of the
i-'aiilon, are much admin^d. The univcr-
hiv has had the glory of polTclfing fuch ji*
iulhious names aa Occokynpadius, Bux-
tcif, V/et<t'ein, Euler, thv. Beniouillis,
Szc. The librui'y contains a piodigfou*
mnniK.r uf books and mauiifcripts j ami
ii;ert i;. aiich colk-cKonof medals, among
whieii are .livejal exiccdingly icarce. The
clocks always go an hour too faft, becaufe
ifiey .lid lo o.n the d:y appointed to mi..rder
tpv nwgiifrate-;, by v.hich the ccfrfpiracy
waij (iilconctjted. This town is iiir-
roundtd by thick walls, Ihnkcd by towers
and bidlious. The art o; iT,aking paper
is faid ro luve- becji liw^nt-'d hti-^. 'i'hev
i, m^
i'S
•■".V
■ 'i :
^ II
la^
•'i^mi
1
B A S
BAT
m
f
■i
P
have feveral mamifa6\xives, particuhrly of pri Ton of Scotland, ftands at: the edge ofiha
ribandi) and cottons, and cany on an ex- prtclpicf. The gruriron, in J 694., lur-
tenlivt: trade. Tbf hifliops of Baflt once rendered to kusg Wjllvam, and the forti-
polTtfled the foveielgnty over the city and ficatjons were dtmoliflied. A cavern runs
canton} but, in 1501, whtri the canton through tlie rock, quite dark in tlie centre,
joined the Beln-tic contcdeiacy, they where;, it is laid, theie is a deep pool of
fixed their r»;fiddiice at Portntruj Itill re-
lajning the dignity oi princts of the ein-
pil'i;. ''I'he liirnpturuy Jaws are veiy Itrici:
at Baflej and no perkm is aliowixi to have
rt ilrvant behind bis Ciuriac;o.'. Three
treaties of peace were coiickided here in
cat year, 1795? '-vith l!if Ficnch repvdjilc ;
by the king or Prudia April 5, the kina"
fi eih water- The rock his a rabbit warreni
and palture for a few ll)eep. Lon. 235
w, kt, 56 3 N.
Bass.-. NO, A town of Vicentino, in
the territory of Vcn'ce, on the river
Brtnite, in a counMy produiSlive of ex-
ce'dentwine. Lon. 11 z4E,lat.4S 51 N.
B,\sst:, a town of P'rance, in the de-
of Spain July ?.z, and the landgrave of pi!r!:nu:nt of the North and laie province
Hcfle Caifcl Auguit 28. Balie is the of Flanders, well known hy the many
largtit, and j'cems to have been once one of fiegcs it has rti(hune<! ; but its fortificauor.a
the rnoft populous towns in Swili'.rland ; are vav.v dernoiilhed. It is 18 miles sw
it is C'jpabic ot conulning 100, oco inha- of Litlc. Lon. :•. 52. E, hit. 50 28 N.
bitamb; but their number is icarceiy more Bass;.'KN, a city and fortrefs in the
tfi;in 14,000. It is 1 7. V miles N by e of Decan of Hindooftan, oppvofite the N cn.i
Gf;neva, and 2.50 E by s of Paris. Lon. of yalfettf;- It was taken by the Englifh
7 29)!, Lt. 47 35 N. in 1780, hut restored to the Mahrattas in
BftSiLiCATA, a province of Naples, 1785. It is 27 miles N of Bombay.
abounding in corn, wine, oil, cotton,
honey, and faffron. Ciivnza is the capital.
BASXi.iPO'rAMO, a river of Turkey,
Lon. 72 10 ).■, lat. 19 19 N.
Basscnthwai-i-e-water, a, fine lake
in CuroberliHd, three miles Nvv of Kef-
In Europe, in tiie Morea, which falls into wick. It. is four miles long, bounded on
the gidf of Caloclnna. It was culled one fsdc hy high hrlK', wooded, in many
Eurotes by the avjcicnts.
EasingstoKtE, a corporate town in
Hampl'hire, withamatkec on V/ednelday,
3 5 milts E by N cf Salid'Uiy, and 47 w
by s of London, Lon. i 4\v, lat. 51 15 N'.
BASfvvTLS, a late territory of France,
which includecl Lower Navarre, Labourd,
;ind 8oule, and now forms, wit)i Eearn, the
department of the Lower Pyrenees. The
ibppleneia of the limbs, and the agility
of the inhabitant.s, are proverbial.
Bass, a great in'ulated »rjck in the
German Oceavi, one mile from the coaff
®f Haddingtonshire, between the towns
of North Berwick and Dunbar. On the
S fide it is almoli: conic j on the other it
overhangs the feain a tremendous ma.nner.
places, to their bafes ; on the other, by tlis
fields, and the Jkirts of ^kiddaw.
BASSLTtRRE, the capital of St. Chr'T-
topher, bnilt. by the I'vencli, when thli
part of the ifiand was in theii' jioflVlhon,
before it was ceded to the Eiiglilli in 171 3.
BaSoETERRe, the capital of Guada-
loupe, in adidviftofthe fame name, in
the \v part of the iiiand. I): is defended
by a citadel and other fortihcations. Lon.
6\ 59 \v, lat. i; 59 N.
Bastia, a fe.'iport of Albania, oppoi'it.i
the ifl^md of Corf\i, at the mouth of the
river Calamu. Lon. ao 20 K, iat. 39
40 N.
Basti.a, the capital of Coific;:., with
a good iiarbour, a ftrony; caifle, and a.
It: is inacceiiible on ail fides, e,^ccept the bifhop's .(ee. It was taken by the English,
SW, and there it is with great difHculty May 22, i?94- It 's 70 miles ssvv of
that a man cm climb up by the help of Leghorn. Lon. 9 30 b., lat. 4- 36 N.
a rope or ladder. In M.ay and Jvuie it is BASTiMi!N'ros,i'maliillandsnet)rTen3,
quite covered with the nefts, eggs, and Finna, in S America, at the tntrancv. of
young liirds of the gannets, or folan the bay ofNonbre de .Dios, with a toit.;,
geefe j I'o that it is icBrcc pofiible to walk and a good harbour.
without treading on them : and the flocks
of birds, in flight, are i© prodigious, as
to dsrken the air, like clouds ; and their
noilc is fuch, that people, clofe hy each
otlxer, ho.'sr what is .fpoken with dirRculty.
Thclc birds come hither to breed. The
rock is cne mile in circumference, and
Batfjogne, a town of Auftna»5 Lux-
emburg, 25 miles NVV of Luxemburg.
Lon. 6 o £. Jat. 50 o N..
Batacola, a leaport on the coaft of
Malabar, between Onore ajid Barcelore.
Here are the remains of a once cof^fider -
able city, on the banks of ti linall river.
fupplied with water by a fpring at the fo\!r miles from the fea. The countrv
top. A luirn^us caftle, once the ftate prgduces a great quanuty of pepper j axki
the Enjl
when
cow, tt
BatI
gary; o|
Lou I'
BatI
in I^ur|
Dutcl
SeeBi.'
Ba
capital
E Indie
frixn t|
Europe|
lUeets,
troes-
nrnxberl
in tlieiel
vernor-
the E I
and ar;
from ot
up hen
places
unwho
fented
BAT
tlie Engllih had a faflory he-re till 1670,
when 1 bull dog hwLng kilkd a lacred
cow, the natives mafl'uivd them all.
Bai'ASKCK, a town or Lower Hun-
gary; on thi." Danulje, 70 miks s ot Buda.
Lou 19 20 E, ht. 46 : 5 ;;.
Bata v; A, ihe ancient n-.iine of an iAand
in DiKch Guildeiiuiid, trcm which the
8 Dutcli are Ibraetinics called Batavians.
SeeBLTUWE. *
Ba tavia, a city of' th^' i^r.iid of Ja':a,
capital of all the JJu;ch •i^ttieinem^ in tho
E Indies, 'ih;.* fort u b. iit at a diltar.ce
i'vom the town ot' Ito:;*- brought Irora
Europe. They have cau; 1> in the principd
llit'ets, plantt.l o;u-.ich iidt.* with evcvgiccn
trees. Batavia contai'ia a piodir^ii'ns
njMnber of inh'bii-a'itsj of evtry coun'.ry
in theie parts. It is the re'ldence of the go-
vernor-geneni! of ail ihe Durch colonies in
the E Indies. It ha> a h.indlome hjlpital
and arfenal ; and all the tn.odj l:)r(;u,rh.t
ff'om other part's of the E Lidies arc liid
up here, till they are ex^)oritd to their
places of deltiiiation. The air is vciy
unwholeforae ; and this place is repre-
fented as the grave of European navi-
gators. Its harbo'U' is cxceilent, and
Seated on the N ti part cf the iiland. Lon.
106 «;i E, lat. 6 10 s.
Bath, a city in J-oirierie'Jlure, with a
rnirket on VV'ednelday and Saturday. It
has been famous frona the time o( the
Rcmins, for its hot Iprings, v,hichare not
only ;ii'ed as baths, but internally as a
Kitdicine.; and great benefits are ueilved
from them in gouty, paralyric, biiious,
and o;her ci'i.";;. Ihe reputation cf thcfe
waters hay !b nmch Incivaled, that Bath
is become the principal re!crt, next to the
metropolis, lor the nobility and gentry,
and the conitant rclidence of many opr.ltnt
invalids, as well as of numerous votaries
of dilfipatior;. In fjdendor and elegance
of buildings, it e>;coed.s every town in
Engla.ndj rhey being conltrut^led of a
white ttone. The principal Icafcns for
the watei's, are Ipr'ag and autunvij. The
poor V, L^ come here to drink the waters,
may be received into a magnifici nt hos-
pital. The Ipring'i are diltinguifhed by
the names, of the Cro'i* bald, (he Hot-
'•;vh, and the King's b:uh. BiUi in
feated on the Avon, v/hich hau been made
navigable hence to Brilfoi, iz miles ESt
of Bri"ol, and 107 w of London., Lon.
z 21 w, lat. 51 7-7. N.
Batha, or B.icii'iA, a towj) of Hnn-
gaiy, in a conniy of tUc l',ime name, on
tlic Danube, no ndlcT «se O*'' Buda.
Lon. 20 4.0 E, lat. 4.J jjft W.
JSATsroRD, a Village In Gloucefter-
B A V
fliire, where is a iinall entrenchment Rip-
po.'ed to l»ave been thrown up by the Ro-
mans. It is tour miles s by E of Canipden.
Battel, a town in Su^i'^x, with a
market on Thar. day. It is famous for
the dccifive Victory gained by William
duke of Norman''.y, ov^^r Harold king of
England, in ic''6; in meracry of which
ke tounded here a celebrated abbev. This
town is noted for a ma:iUia,.^l.ure of gun-
powder, well knov/n by the name uf
iiattel powder. Il Is :i,zinileo E of Lewe;;,
and 5/0^ oi' London. Lon. o 35 E, lat.
5^ 55 ■'''•
Bat TBc OLA, a fortified tov/n, en the
!■: coail cf C'.ylon. Lon. S i 3 i:, lat. 5 55 N".
Batt;-.nt;u?v.c, a tov/n of Dutch
Ou-lderland, le-^ted on tlie N bank of the
Meu.e, ten miles sw of Nimeguen. Lon,
5 33 E, lat. 51 48 N.
Batters^a, a village in Surry, noted
for its fine afparagus. Here was theieat
or fhe St. Johns, where the famous lord
Boiingbroke was born, and died. On the
lite of it, now (tands a diftillery and a
curious hori7ontal jir mill. Here fir
"Walter St. John founded a freefchoolj
and here is a timber bridge over the
Thames to CheLla. Batterfea is four
miles wsw of London.
Battlefield, a village In Shrop-
fiiire, five miles n of Shrewfbury, where
the deciilve vi:'tory was gained by Henry
jiv,over Henry Percy, lurnamcd Hotfijul".
Bavaria, one of the circks of^ the
Gerinau eir.pire, bounded on tlu;; w by
Suabia, on the i:w by Frrxuconia, on tlie
NE by Bohemia, and on the E anil s by
Auftria. It contains the duchy of Ba-
varia Proper, The upper palr^linate of Ba-
varia, the biflijprics ot Freiiengen and
Pafi"<.u, the duchy of Neuburg, aad the
archbilhopric of Saltzburg.
Bavaria Proper, a duchy, and the
principal part, of the circle of Bavaria.
It fonnecl one of the nine electorates
of Germany, till the cle?.th of the eleftor
Maximilian, in 1777, when iic wfts fuc-
ceeded by Charles, ek-ftor palatine of the
Khine, who, however, by the treaty of
rei"ehen, in r;;g, ceded a part of it, on
the confines of AuRria, to th' emperor
Juleph 11 : and thus terminated a war,
cohcernijig thii fuccsfHcn, Nvhic h had com-
menced between his imperial majefty anJ
the late king of PrulTia, who fiad interfered
as the prote.ffor of the eleftor palatine.
This duchy is 125 miles long from E to
w, and 87 bread from n to s. Thi air
is vi'hok'bm?, and the country fertile. It
is divided into Upper and LowCxBAvaiieu
Its capital is i[Ciur»ich.
Is
«
i
m
ft I,
'- :■ ■ ^
-^1
B A W
B E A
111 ■' -
1) '■ i- ■'
I S
SaVARIA, UvPER PaI.ATT'NATE Ol',
fcmctimeii callfd Nordgaw, from its
fltuation in the N part ot the circle ot
Bavaria. It Is adiuhy, uibjct^ to the
fleftor palatin-j. Its capital is Airbcr-ir.
Bavay, a town of France, in the de-
partment ot" the Nolth and late province
of Ilainaivlt.y towhiclvthc French vetirtd
after thtt battle of Malpjaqiict, in 1709.
It wai* taken by the AulirLiins in 1792,
but retovenxl the fame year. It is thr«e
jnilts sw of Malplaquet, and 12 sw of
Mens. Loa, 3 51 1> lat. 50 16?!.
Bauc;l', a town of France, in the de-
pirtrncnt of Maiaie and Loire a-Kl late
province of Anjou, famous for the vic-
tory gained by Charles vii, over the
TingUth, in 1 4.1 1. It is feated on the
river Coelhon, 18 miles e of Angers.
Lon. o I w, lat. 4.7 30 N.
Bauglnc!, a townot France, in the
department of Loiret and late })rovince
cf Ovieanois, feated on a hill, at'the foot
of which runs the Loire. It is famous
for its wines, ar.i is fix miles w of Orleans,
Baume-les-Nones, a town of France,
in thci department of Doubs and late
province of F'ranche Comte. It had
iafely a nunnery, from which it received
its appellation. Five miles from this-
town is a famous cavern, the entrance of
wlvich is 20 paces wid^, and after delcend-
ing 300 paces, a grotto is fctn, 35 paces
deep, 60 wide, and covered with a kind
cf a vaulted roof, from which water con-
tinually drops. Baume is 15 miles sw
of Beianqon.. Lon ^6 24. e, lat. 47 2+N.
Bai'sk, or Bautko, a town ol Ccur-
land, on the irontiers of Poland, with a
caf'le en a rock. It ib Icated on the river
Mul/a, 15 miles se of Mittau. Lon.
z3 56 E, lat. 56 30 N.
Eaut/en, aconliderabletownof Gcr-
in-.iny, cnpi.t;il of Upper Liifatia, with a
fiiL'rt;;!. it ft,\ads or. :iie rivtr Spree, 30
miles h of DrjiUen. Lun. 14. 4.2 k, hit.
51 ION.
Bal'.\, a town cf France, in the dij-
partme-u of the Months of the Rhone
.rAd iatt province of Provence. It ir,
feated on a rock, at the top of whi.-h is
a caitle, to miles E by N of Aries. Lon.
-1. 57 K, lat. 4.3 4.3 N.
IjAWTRy, a town in the w riding of
\ orklhire, with a market on Wedneiilay.
It is noted for inni(*on«'« nnd grindftones,
irind leatid on the river Idle, leven miles
s by t pf Donciltir, and T52 n of Lon-
don. Lrn. I 10 w, lat. 53 27 n..
Bava, cr Ba.ta, a tov/n of Lower
Hungary, on th; Danube, 3a miles N of
Llletk. Lou. ly 59 E, l;it, 46 12 N,
Bayextx, a town of France, In tHe
department of Calvados and e province
ot Normandy, with a bilhop i lee. The
cathedral is very noble. It is I'eatcd on
the river Aure, four miles from th«
I'!ngli(h Channel, and 140 w by N of
Paris. Lon. o 43 w, lat. 49 r6 n.
Bayon, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Mcurthe and late provin&eof
Lorrain, on the river Mofjlle, 12 miles 3
of Nanci. Lon. 6 22 e, lat. 49 38 N.
Bavon, or Ba von a, a feaport of
Spain, in Gallicia, on a fiiiall gulf of the
Atlantic, 12 miles w of Tuv. Lon. S
34 w, lat. 42 o N.
Bavon NE, a populous and comnurelal
city of France, in the department of the
Lower Pyrenees and late province of
(rafcony. Two rivers, the Nive and
Adour, tmite their ftreams in the middia
of this city, and proceed to the fea, at the
diilance of a quarter of a league. The
firft, which is deeper and more^apid than
the Adour, divides the town inio two
unefjiial parts, the fmalleft of which is
called the Bourgneuf, or new town. They
have a coiiiniunicatLon by three timber
bridges. A bank of fand, at the mouth
of the Adour, renders the entrance of tho
harbour difficult ; but veflels, when they
have entered, find it a fafe one. The
citadel is the ftrongeft in France. Bayonne
was lately a bilkop's fee ; and the ancient
cathedral is remarkable for the height of
fhe nef, and the deKcacy of the pillar*
which fnpport it. The military weapon,
the bayonet, bears the name of this city,
in which it was invented. The hams and
chocolate of Bayonne are famous. It is-
25 miles sw ot Dax, and 425 s by W of
Paris. LcB. s 30 w, bt. 43 29 n.
Bazas, a town of France, in the de-
partmtm of Cironde and late province of
Guienne, and lately an epifcojial fee. It
is feated on a rock, five miles from the
river Garonne, and 42 SE of Bourdeaux.
Lon. o 2 w, lat. 44 22 N.
Be achy-He AD, a promontory In Suf»
fcx, between Hafting» and Shoreham,
where the French fleet defeated the Eng-
!i(h and Dutch in 1690. Lon. o ly H»
lat. 50 54 N.
BEACONSj»iELn, a towa- in Bucks,
with a market on Thxrtfday. The poet
Walh-r died here, and is interred in the
churchyard. It is 53 miles WNW ot
London. Lon. o 30 w, lat. 51 36 n.
Beawinster, a town in Dorletfhire,
with a mi.i kft on; Thurfday, feated on
the Bert, i <; milts www of Dorchelter,
and 138 VV by 6 of Loudyil. Lou* z ca
vv, lat. 50 50 Nr
B E A
B E C
Beap.n, a late province of France,
bounded on the e by iiigone, on the s by
»Spiiiiilh Navarre, en the w by Soiile and
a part of Lower Navarre, and on rhe N
hy Gafcony and .Amiap^nac. It is 4.0
jnilcs in li.-nf];th, and 30 in breadth. 'J'lic
plains arc fcrcile, elpecially in paftures,
and tlic hills are loadtd with vines. It
now forms, with Bafques, th. dcpart-
iiient of the Lower Pyrenees.
Beaucaire, a town of France, in the
departniei.^ of Gard and late province of
Lan^nicdoc, on the Rhone, oppoiite Taral-
<.on, with which it has a communication
by a bridge of boats. The fair, held
July 12, partly in the town, and partly
under tents in s.t[ adjacent valley, is one
of the molt famous in Europe. It is 10
jnilcs E of Nifraes. Lon. 4 39 E, lat.
43 50 N.
Beauce, a late province of France,
between the Ifle of France, Blafois, and
Orleanois. It is fo fe- tile in wheat, that
It is called the granary of Paris. It now
forms the department of Eure and Loire.
Beaufort, a town of France, In the
department of Maine and Loire and late
province of Anjou. It has a taftle, the
birthplace of John of Beaufort, eldeft fon
of John of Gaunt duke of Lancafter, by
his third wife Catharine Swinford ; and
from this calfle his defcendants, the Eng-
li(h family of Somerfet, take the title of
duke. It Is 15 miles E of Angers. Lon.
o 9 \v, lat. 47 a6 n.
Beaufort, a town of Savoy, on the
river Oron, la miles ne of Monllier.
Lon. 6 28 e, lat. 45 50 N.
Beaufort, a town of S Carolina,
on Port Royai Illand. Lon. 80 10 w,
lat. 31 40 N.
Beaujeu, a town of France, in the
department of Rhone and Loire and late
province of Lyonois, with an ancient
caltle, en the Ardiere, at the foot of a
mountain, eight miles w of Saone. Lon.
4 40 E, b.t. 46 9W.
Beaumaris, the county-tovim of An-
gleiey, with a market on Wednefday and
t)aturd?.y. It ftands on the ftrait of
Menai, and was fojtitiedwith a caftle by
Edward i. It is governed by a mayor,
and fends one member to parliament. It
has no trade; but the bay before it affords
^ood anchorage, and is a frequent refuge
For ftiips in ftormy weather. It is 59 miles
w by N of Chcfter, and 241 NW of Lon-
don. Lcn.4 1 5 \v, lat. 53 15 N.
Beaumont, a town of France, in the
department or the North and late French
Hainault. It was taken by the Englifh
ui 1691, who blew up the caftle, It is
fcated between the Mwfeand Sambrc, to
miles E of Maubeuge. Lon, 4192, lat,
50 12 N-.
Beaumont-de-Lomagne, a town of
France, in the department • of Upper
Garonne, on the Gimone, five miles from
tile mouth of that river, and 12 se of
Le^toure.
XiEAUMONT i.E-RooER, a town of
France, in the department of Lower Seine
and late province of Normandv, ^?. itiiiej
sw ot Rouen. Lon, o 5 i e, kit. 49 7 n.
Beaumont-le VicoMTi;, a town of
France, in the department of Sarte and
i.Ue province of Maine, to mlLs n of
Miins. Lon. o 12 e> lat. 48 4 n.
Beaumont-sur-Oise, a town of
France, In the department of Seine and
Oiie and late province of the Hie of
France, feated on the declivity of a hill,
on the river Oife, 20 miles N of Paris.
Lon. 2 26 e, lat. 49 9 N.
Beaune, a town of France, in the
department of Cote d'Or and late pro-,
vince of Burgundy, remarkable for its
excellent wine. It is 25 miles sw of
Dijon. Lon. 4 47 e, lat. 47 0 N.
Be Auvois, an epifcopal city of France,
in the department of Oiie and late pro-
vince of the Ifle of France, The cathedral
is admired for its fine architerture ; anci
the church of St. Stephen is remarkable
for its curious windovv's. It was befieged
in 1463, by the duke of Burgundy,
when the women, under the conducSl 01'
Jeanne Hachette, obliged the duke to
raife the liege ; and in memor)' of thei|r
exploits, the women walk iirft in a pro-
ceffion on the loth of July, the anniver-
fary of their deliverance. The inhabit-
ants carry on a good ti-ade in beautiful
tapeff ry. It is leated on the river Thefm,
4^ miles N of Paris. Lon. 2 5 E, lat.
49 26 N.
Beauvoir-sur-mer, a feaport of
France, in the department of Vendee and
late province of Poitou, 25 miles sw of
Nantes. Lon. i 54 w, lat. 46 55 n,
Bebelinguen, a town of Suabia,
in the duchy of Wirtemburg, feattd on a
lake, 10 miles NW of Stutgard. Lon,
9 2 E, lat. 48 58 N,
Bec, a town of France, in the depart-
ment ot Lower Seine and late province of
Normandy, with a lute noble Benedifline
abbey, 18 miles sw of Rouen. Lon. o
52 E, l:tt. 49 14 N.
Bi'CCi'.ES, a town in Suffolk, on the
navigable river VVaveney, with a market
on baturday. It ha* a noble church,
with a lofty fteepk'i and two freeichoob,
on? »f them wiih 10 ilhs^larihips tor
t':
"I'
1 ^i
f
>t
'ir
n
BED
Emanuel College, Cambridge. It is iz
miles 5w of" Yarmouth, and 108 ne of
London. Lon. 1 4.5 e, lat. 51 56 n.
Bec-d'Ari:;ux, or Bedarieux, a
town of France, in the department of
Herault and late pioyince ot L:inguedoc,
on the river Obe, 10 miles ^■ of Beziers.
Lon. 3 JO E, lat. 41 39 N.
Bechin, a town of Bcheniia, en the
river Laulhicb, 55 milis s cl' I-rague.
Lon. 14. 53 K, lat. 49 13.'''.
BncKU.'.f, a to'vn of Wcfiph-.Iia, in
the biiho^iric ot Ivluniit-r, leatiil at the
Iburce of the Verfe, ^fo miles se of Min\-
itcr. Lon. 8 3 E, lat. 51 .(.4. t;.
BecsaN(.il, a jjiovince of Aha, in
Natolia, boumlai on the N by the Black
tica, on the w l>y tlie :ea of Mannoni, on
the s by Proper Natolia, and en the t by
PoUi. It was anciently called Bitliynia.
The capital is Bnrla.
BruAL, a town in the n riclint; of
Yorkfhire, witii a market on J ueiday,
10 miles ^E of Richmond, and azo nnw
of London. Lon. 1 25 w, lat. 54.
ao N.
BinniNGTOK, a village near Cieydon,
in Sun'y. Here is Beddington Psik, the
anc-lent feat (.f the C'arews, one of the
many laid to have betu the reudcnce of
queen Elifabcth. The church is a Gothic
pile, with ftalls, in the uifies, like a
cathcflral.
IJfDF.K, or RtDiNO, a village in Suf-
i\x, 13 miles w of I,i;\v.rs, ne'.ir a livir of
it-: O'.vn name, which rur -.nto the t,iigii)h
(Jhannei at New Shcreh.uv>.
Bkdep, a fortir^cd city of tiie Dtc:^)
of Hind'joftiin, in Do.vliit -bad., ojicc iiic
capit;d ct jl coimderable kirigdoiii. It Is
>iu milesi N\v of Hydrabad. Lon. 78 o
i, l-.'.r. 17 o N.
BtDVORD, a.co'vU'.ty of Penn'rivauia,
7- miles long an.t 50 broad. The niha-
bitants, in 1790, were 13,120. It.s ca-
pital, of the iaine nam<-, is 156 milci, w
ox Philadelphia. Lon. 78 34- W, lat.+o
Bi:Di'OKr>, a borui'.gh, and the conntv-
town ci J;edturd''hir.', with r. m;;rket (,n
Tuefdav und Satii.dav. it is Icaiui on
tlie Oui-.whi'h I'liviui.^ it nuo two parU,
united by a' bridge v.-;t;\ a gate at e;ic!
end. !t has five chnulu's, uiul fornieriy
had ii ftrong caftij, v.-Iioie iitc is now a
bowiing-gr:.cii. Ii is governed by a
mayor, fends f.vo i.;Laibers to p3.rliamenl,
ancl is 2 7 iri'ikc 1, by r; of Eucklnghanij
j^nd i^o N by \v <.: Lcj«don. Lon. o 30
vr, lat. 52 13 N.
>i£DKORD Levil, a tracf of fenny
•and., iii the iifie of Jt'lvj confdtir.g of
B E J
300,000 acres, and extending into the
counties of Norfolk, Suffolk, Hunting-
don, Northampton, and Lincob. After
various attempts to drain thefe fens, in
the reigns of Henry vi and Charles i,
William earl of Bedford, in 1649, under-
took and completed it; and, in the reign
of Ciwfleb II, a corpoiation was eftab-
lilhed for tlie government of this gneat
lewl. In thefe iensare feveral decoys, la
which innumerable quantities of wild fo\\4
are takeJi during the leaftni.
BtPFOiiDSHiRt;, a county in England>
bounded on the tCE by Hunfingdcnlhirc,
on till. E by Cavnl-.ridgelhiic, on the SE by
liatt, uii the .sw by Buck*, and on tlie
t-\v hv Northaniplcnfklrc. Its utmcft
kngth'is 35 miles, and its greateft breadth
7.1. It liis in the diocelii of Lincoln;
contains nine hundreds, 10 market-towns,
:!!id J 14 parilhes; anil iends four mem-
bers to parliament. The air is pure and
wholelbu'.c. Its principal rivers are th^
Oufc and the Ivel. Its chief produfts aee
corn, butter, and tuller\s earth; its manu-
fatHures lace, Itraw, hats, balkcts, and toys.
Bedkore, or BiddAnore, a town o^"
the pejiinlula of llindcoftan, in Mylbre.
It was taken by general Matthews, ia
1783 ; but retaken ibon after by Tippoo
Sultan. The capitulation was violated,
and the general poifoned. It is 452 miles
SK of Bombay, .aid 1X7 Nvv of Seringa.-
.patam. Lon. 7,5 30 i-., lat. 14 o N-
Be DO VI N >■■ nibi f. of wi!udering Arabs,
who live in tents, and are dilptrfed all over
Arabia, Egypt, and tl^- n of Africa, go -.
verned by their own chiefs, in the fame
manner as the patriarcho lived and go-
\eiii(,d anciently; the principal employ-
nien^: of both, tlie t'.razing of cattle.
BiitnviN, C-iiii.'vr, a borough in Wilt-
fhire, vv-hich i<;nds two members to par-
liament, but has neither market nor fair.
It ii five miles sw of Hungerfcrd, and 71
w of Lcnidon. Lon. 1 33 w, lat. 51 22 N.
Br.EMA!i, a river of Hindooftan, in the
Dccan, a principal branch of the Kiltna,
joiidng it near Ldghir. It riles in th>e
niountains to the N of Poonah.
Bi;i'"OR'i', u town of France, in the de-
partment of Upper Rhine and late pro-
"ince ffi Allacc, at the foot of a moun-
'n, 28 miles w of Bafil. Lon. 6 54 E,
L,.47 36N.
Begia, or Becgia, a town of Africa,
in the kingdom of rtmis, with a Itrong
pi.'1lle, on tiic declivity of a mountain, 65
jnile.s vv of Tunis. Lon. 11 jo E, lat.
36 42 N.
Bej.%, a town of Portugal, in Alen-
tcjo, nxnv a lake of tke fane name, 7a
BEL
Lcn. 7 40 w, let.
Tnlles SL of Lifbon.
Bhjapour. Sec ViriArouR.
Bricm.iNfJF.N, a town of GtTinany,
in Tluiriniria, 17 milts N of Weimar.
Lon. 1 1 50 v., lat. fit 22 N.
BEtNHF.iM, a fort of France, In Al-
ike", on the Sur, near its conftiicnce with
the Rhine, fix miles sw of Kaltadt.
Lon. 7 8 F., lal. +S 50 N.
Beila, a tov.n of Piedmont, 32 miles
N of Turin. Lon. 7 50 E, lat. 45 54 N.
Be IRA, a proviiice of Portugal, bound-
ed on the N by Tra Jos-Montes and £n-
tre-Dcuero-e-Miuho, on the s by Portu-
guefe Eltramadura, on the F. by Spaniih
LItramadura, and on the \v ijy tlie At-
lantic Ocean.
Be LC ASTRO, an cpilcopal town of
Naples, in Calnbrio Uittriore, leaved on
n. mountain, eight miles frc:n the lea, and
12 sw of iian Severino. Lon. 17 5 E,
iat. 39 6 N.
Belchite, a town of Spain, in Arra-
gon, on the river Almonazir, 20 miles s of
baragofla. Lon. o 30 w, lat. 41 33 n.
Belchoe, a town of Ireland, in the
-county of Fermanagh, leattd on Lough
Nilly, 18 miles SF. of BaJlylhannon. Lou.
7 29 w, lat. 54 20.V.
Belclari:, a town of Ireland, in the
county of Sligo, 22 miles sw of Sligo.
Lon. 8 54 w, lat. 54 1 N.
Belem, a town of Portugal, in Eitra-
madura, on the N fide of the Tajo, a
nsile from Li(bon, difigned to defend the
city ; and here all the Ihips that fail up
the river mult bring to. Here they inter
the kings and queens of Portugal j and
here is a royal palace.
Belestat, a town of France, in the
department of Arrlege vind late county of
Foix, remarkable for a fpring, wiiich, it i'5
faid, ebbs and flows 12 times in 24 hours,
as exacllv as a clock.
BELf'Asr, a l>crough and feaport of
Ireland, in the county of Antrim, k-attd
on Carrickfergvis Bay. It is one oi the
molt flourlfliing commercial towns in Ire-
land. A canal, connerting the harbour
with Lough Neagh, was completed in
t793. Lon. 5 52 w, lat. 54 46 N.
Belgarden, a town of Piuiiian Po-
nierania, 55 miles ne of Stctin. Lon.
15 53 E, iat. 54 ION.
Belgorod, a town of Beflarabia, in
European Tiukey, at the mouth of the
Dnielter, 80 miles se of Bender.
Belgrade, a town of Turkey in Eu-
rope, the capital of Servia, and a Greek
bilhop's fee. It is feated on the Danube,
a iittk above its confluence with the Save.
BEL'
It was tak'.n by prince Eugene, in 1717,
and was kept till 1739, when it was ceded
to the Turks. It was again taken, in
1789, by marlhul Lauduhn, but rcltorcd
at the peace of Keichanbach in 1790. It
is 265 miles st of Vienna; and 400 NW
of Conltaminople. Lon. zi 2 e, lat. 45
10 :i.
Bflgrade, a fmalltovvn of Romania,
in European Turkey, on the (trait of
Conftanclnoplc, 20 milts N of that city.
Lon. 29 o E, lat, 41 22 N.
Belgrado, a town of Italy, in Vene-
tian iTiuli, leatcd near the I'ojamenta,
lo miks E by s of Udlno. Lwn. iz 55 E,
lat. 43 56^.
Bel LAC, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Upper Vienne and late pro-
vince of Limofm, featx-d on the Vinson,
20 miles N of Limogus. Lon. i 20 E,
Iv.t. 46 10 N.
B £ L L 1 0 A R D E , a ftrong place of France,
ir the drjj:atm^.nt of the Eafleni Pyrenees
ai.d late province of Roulfillon, above the
defile of Pertuis. It is an important
^^:ice, on account of its being a paflage
to the Pyrenees. It was taken by the
Spaniards in 1793, but retaken the next
year, and named by the French govern-
ment Sud Libre. Lon. 2 ^f. e, iat. 42
•27 N.
Bellegarde, a to^vn of France, in
the department of Saone and Loire and
late province of Burgundy, fcatec! on the
river Saone, 15 miles ne of Chalons.
Lon. 5 10 E, lat. 46 57 N.
Bellizisle, an illand of France, 15
miles fioni the coalt of Brittany. It is
15 miles long and live broad; and diver-
lilie;-'. with craggy mountjiins, i'alt-works,
and pit aiknt fertile plains . The principal
phice is Palais, a tortiticd town, with a
citadel. It was taken bv tlu; luiglilh In
I 76 1, and rf;ftored in 1763.. Lcn. 3 6 W,
lat. 47 17 N.
Belleisle, an ifland of N America,
at the mouth of the Itrait between New
Brital)! and Newfoundland. The paflagc
between them is called the llrait of Bellc-
ille. Lon. 55 25 w, lat. 51 55 n.
Bellesme, a town of France, in the
department of Orne and late provli ■ c of
Perche, with an ancient caftle, 75 miles
sw of Paris. Lon. o 42 e, lat. 48
ti .
23 N.
Belley, an eplfcopaltown of France,
in the departmerit of Ain and late pro-
vince of BrelTe, leatetl near the Rhone,
12 miles N of Chamberry, and 150 se of
Paris. Lon. 5 50 E, lat. 45 47 N.
Bellingham, a town in Northum-
berland, with a market on Tuefday, 14
E 3
^1' i]
f'' *m
m
BEN
BEN
,
(.Tt
h
li
• i.
m
miles NNW of Hexh.im and 294 of Lon-
don. Lon. * 10 w, hit-. 55 ion.
BF.bi.iNZONA, a town o( Italy, in the
MiUnel'e, and one of the Iviiliwics wliitli
the Swils poltelii in that country. It is
leated on the Ttfino, five miles aliove the
phtce where it tails info the Lago Mag-
giore. I.on. 8 16 E, hit. 46 6 N.
Bellunesk, a territory of Italy, be-
longing to the Vcneiians, Iving bctwet-n
Friijli, Cadorino, Ftltrino, t .j bilhopiic
of Trent, and Tirol. It has iroinninti.
Belluno is the only place ot note.
BellunO, a town of Italy, capital of
the Bellunefe, and a bi (hop's la-. It is
fiated among the Alps, on the river Piave,
15 miles NE of Feltri. Lon. 12 9 E, lat.
43 MN.
Bllmonte, a town of Naples, in
Calabria C'ittriore, on the 'I'ulcan Sea, 10
miles w of Cofenza. Lon. 16 5 E, lat.
39 20 N.
BEJ.T, Great, a ftrait of Denmark,
between the illands of Zealand andFuncn,
at the entrance of the Baltic Sea. It
is not fo commodious, nor lb frequent ,1',
as the Sound. In 1658, it was fro/tn
over fo hard, that the king of Sweden
maixhed over it with a defign to take
Copenhagen.
Belt, Little, a fh-alt to the w
»f the Great Belt, between Funen and N
Jutland. It is one of tiie paffages from
the German Ocean to the B ilt ic, though not
three miles in breadth, and very ciooked.
Beltz, or Belzo, a town of Poland,
in Red Ruifia, 30 miles N of Lemburg.
Lon. 24 5 e, lat. 50 20 N.
Belvedere, a town of Greece, capi-
tal of a province of the fame name, in the
Morea. This province lies on the w
coalf, and is the moll fertile in all the
Morca. The town is 17 miles NE of
Chirenza. It is fubjeft to the Turks j and
the raifms, called Belvederes, come from
this place. Lon. 21 45 e, lat. 38 o n.
Belvoir Castle, in Lincolnlhire,
four miles w of Grantham, the ancic^nt
feat of the dukes of Rutland, fuppoied co
liave been a Roman llaticn, as many of
their antiquities have been dug up here.
Its foundation was laid foon after the
IMorman corx]ueft. It affords a delight-
iul profpciSl: into the counties of Notting-
ham, Derby, Leicefter, Rutland, and
Northampton.
Benares, a diftria: of HIndooftan
Proper, between Bahar and Oude ; con-
taining the circars of Benares, Jionpour,
Chunar, and G.i.j;y pour. It was ceded to
the Englilh in 1775, ^"d products a dear
annual ftvwiue of 380,0001.
BE^TARE?J a populous clt3', capital of
the diMii.H cf the (itme name, in Hiu-
dooltan. It is more celebrated as the
ancient feat of Biaminical learning, than
on any other account i and is built on the
N fuie of the Ganges, which is here very
bro;id, and the banks verj' high. .Several
Hindoo temples embellilh the banks of the
river; and many other public and private
buildingi are nraeniiicent. 'J he itrtets
are narrow; the houles higli, and uma
oi them fiv^ Itoiies each, inhabited b\ liif-
ferent laniiiics. The more weidlhy Hin-
doos, however, live in detached houfes
with an open court, furrounded by a wall.
Nearly in the cenlrj of the city is a confi-
derable Mahomelat. mofque, built by the
emperor Aurungzebe, who dell roved a
magnificent Hindoo temple, to make room
for it; and round the city are nr.'ny ruins
cf buildings, the effects of Mahonietan in-
tolerance. Notwiihltanding this, the
lanv; manners and cultoms ftill prevail
among thefe people, as at the mo(f remote
peiiod that can be traced in hiltory; and
in no inflanceof religious or civil life have
they admitted any innovations from fo-
reigners. An infurreifion here in 1781,
had nearly proved fatal to the Englilh in-
terefts in Hindooftanj in coniequcuce of
which, Cheyt Sing, the rajah, was de-
pofed in 1783. Benares is 425 miles sE
o Delhi, and 400 Nw of Calcutta. Lon.
<i} lo E, lat. 25 20 N.
Benavarri, a town of Spain, in Ar-
ragon, 17 miles N of Lerida. Lon. o
45 e, lat. 42 II N.
Benavento, atown of Spain, in Leon,
on the river Ela, 23 miles se of Altorga.
Lon. 5 7 vv, lat. 424 N.
Benbecula, an illand of Scotland,
one of the Hebrides, between N and S UUt.
See Bara.
Bencoolen, a fort and town on the
sw of the illand of Sumatra, belonging to
the Engiifli The chief trade is in pepper.
Lon. 102 5 E, lat. 3 49 s.
Ben DERM as SEN, the capital of a king-
dom of the fame name, in the illand of
Borneo, with a good harbour. Lon. 113
40 E, lat. 2 40 s.
Bender, a town of Turkey in Eu-
rope, in Belfarabia, on the river Dnielter,
100 miles NW of Belgorod. It is re-
markable for the i-efidence of Charles xii,
of Sweden, after his defeat at Pultowa.
It was taken by the Rulfians in 1789,
but reftored by the treaty of Yafla in 1 790.
Lon. 29 o E, lat. 46 58 n.
Benedetto, St. a town of Italy, in
the Mantuan, '^5 miles se of Mantua.
Loa. II »5 E, lilt. 4444 N>
BEN
IJenesoeup, a town of Egypt, re-
marknblc for its hemp and tiax ; katcJ on
the NiK', 50 iniks s ot" Ciuio. Lon. 31
10 K, 1.1 »■. It) 10 N.
hiNEVENTO, a city of Naples, in
Prlncijv.ito Citeriore, witli an archlnihnp's
J'ce. It lv.i8 luilVrt'il givatly by cMth-
■<i|iiak('s, parUcuiarly in 16SS, whi.n the
lUchMlliop, aJ:a-v".;ud popL- Ucnt;dii."t yui,
^vasdu^; out of tlif ruins ;'llvc. Whin lie
W.IS advanced to the papal chair, he rcbuUt
thib place. -U is lubjeii to the J)ope, and
itated near the confluence of ttie baboro
jnd Caloro, 35 miles NE of Naples. Lon.
j+ 57 E, iat. 41 6 N.
Bknff.ld, a town of France, in thed--
fartinejit of the Lower Rhine and late
provino- of All'ace. Ita fortifications Were
/lenioJifhed in conleqiience of the treaty of
Weltphalia. It is leated on the river IJl,
12 miLi sw of Strafburgh. Lon. 7 45 e,
lat. ^.8 24 N.
Bengal, a county of Vlindooflan Pro-
sier, bounded on the w by OraiTa a;.ui
jiahar. ^n ^he N by Bootan, on the E by
AfPan : "<• Meckley, and on the s by the
bay of ...ngaJ. Its extent from E to w
is upwaj'd of 400 miles, and from N to s
above 300. The country confifts of one
valt plain, of the molt fertile foil, which, in
common with other parts of Hindooftan,
annually renders two, and, in Ibme parts,
even three crops. Its principal produds
are lugar, filk, fniiv, pepper, opium, rice,
liiltpetre, lac, and civet. It is compaied
to Egypt for fertility; the Ganges divid-
ing here into feveral itreams, and, like the
Mile, annually overflowing the country.
Bengal has been lubjeit, ever fmce 1765,
to the Englifli E India Company. Its
annual revenue, including that of Bahaj-,
is 1,290, cool. Calcutta is the capital.
Benguela, a kingdom of Africa,
bounded on the N by Angola, on the s
by Mataman, on the e by parts unknown,
and on the w by the Atlantic. Its coalt
begins at Cape Ledo on the N, and
extends to Cape Negro on the s, that is,
from lat. 9 20 to 16 30 s. The climate
is very pernicious to Europeans. The
jnen wear Ikins about their waifts, and
beads round the'' n 'Ics ; and are armed
■with darts hea.led with iron, and with
bows and arrov s. 7" he women wear a
heavy collar of cc uper 1 ound their neck, a
kind of cloth, made of the bark of a
tree, round their waift, and copper rings
on their legs.
Benguela, the capitalof a king-
dom of the fame name, where the Portu-
giiefe have a fort. It lies to the n of
BEN
i\\? bay of Benguela. Lon. i» 30 E,
l;it. 10 30 s.
Benin, a kinj^dora of Africa, bound.-d
on the w by Diihomy und the Allantu,
on the N by Biafaifa, on the e by parti
imknowfj, ar.d on the s by Loanj.r<». Lc
begins in 1" s lit, anil (.xtends to about
9" N lat. The coxuitry exhiliits niairy'
bc-autilul hndfcap.'*; J but the :ur is noxi-
oiis and even p«..tilenti;il, on account ot
the grolii vapoiiri txli;ded from the.
marfhes by tlie heat of tin- fun. The
drefs of the natives is neat. The rich
wear white cixlico or cotttci [xtticoats,
but the upjier part of the body is com-
juonly naked. The wonvn .ule gn'at
nrt in drefUng tlteir ball', wluch tliey jv-
d\icc into a variety of forms. The peo-
pie are IkiUul in making varJouB ibrts of
dies ; and they manufaf\ure and export
cotton cloths. With reipeit 'o ioo<.\,
they prefer the flefli of dogs and cats to
that of any other animal. Polygamy i*
allowed aiuoDg them, and the nuniber of
the wives is limited by the ftate of their
circum(tances only. Thouj';h jealous of
each other, they are not fo of the Euio.
pcans, ;uk1 they think it iinpoinUle that the
tafte cf the women can be Jb depraved as
to granr any liberties to a white man.
Their religion is paganifm. Their king
is abfolute, and has a great nunjber of
petty princes «nder him.
Benin, the capital of a kingdom of
the fame name in Africa, formerly a very
clofely built and populous city. In the
Iheets, whJLch ;ue long and broad, are
many fliops filled with European merchan-
dilt:, as well as with the commodities of tlie
country. The houfes now ftand widely
tliftaut from each other ; they are all built
with clay, and covered with reeds, ftraw,
or leaves^ The women keep the ftreets
clean. A principal part of the town i?
occupied by the royal palaice, which is
of vaft extent, but neither elegant nor
commodious. Benin is fituatc on the
river Benin or Fonnofa. Lon. 5 4 E,
lat. 7 30 N.
Ben NEVIS, a mountain in Invernefs-
fliire, near Fort WilHam. It is cfteemed
the higheft in Britain, rifing more than
4300 feet above the level of the fea, its
pointed linnmit capped with fnow.
Bennington, the principal town of
the ftate of Vermont, in New England,
near the foot of the Green Mountain.
Its public buildings are a church, a
courthoufe, and a jail ; but the aflembly
commonly hold the fefuons at Windfor.
It has many elegant houfes, and is a flou-
.i k
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riflimg town. Near the center of it is
Mount Anthony, which riies very high
in the form of a luear loax. It ib 30
niile» E by N of Aib:jny. Loii. 73 10
w, lat. 4.3 c N.
BensH£IM> a town of the pal-Uinate
of the Rhine, en a rivul.t, 10 r.iik-s ne
of Worms. Lon. i +1 e, lat. +9 36 n.
BenthSIM, a town of V/eltphaila,
capital of a county cf tlif fame name,
itated on the Vecht, yi :niics NW of
Munfter. It was taken by the French in
X795. Lon. 7 25 E; iat. 52 7-3 N.
Bentivoglio, «i tc.vn and cuftle of
Italy, in the Bologiwle, 10 miles ne of
Bologna. Lon. 11 34 E) lat. 44 37 n.
BeraR, a foii'^ah or tiic Decan of
Hindooltan, bounded by Nialwaand Alla-
habad on the N, Orida on the e, Gcl-
eonda on the s, and Candeifh and Dow-
latabad on the w. Thj principal part
•f it is liibjeft to a rajah j the other to
the nizam of the Decern. The rajah's
country extends 54,0 iriics from E to \v,
and, in ibme places, 200 from N to s.
Its capital is Nagpour. Lets is known
of the interior parts of B<irar, than of
moft of the other countries in Hindooiian
That about Nagpour is fertile and well
cultivated; but the general appearance
of the country, particularly between
Nagpour and Orifla, is that of a forelt,
thinly fet with villages and towns.
Beraum, a town of Buhemla, capital
of a circle of the lame name, 1 1 miles w
of Prague. Lon. 14. 25 e, lat. 50 3 N.
BeRBIce, a Dutch lettlenunt, on a
river of the i'ame name, in Guiana, two
leagues w of Paramaribo. It was taken
by the Engli(h in May 1796.
Berchtolsgaben, a town of Ger-
many, in the archbifhopric of Sallzbing.
It ferves all the neighbt.uruood with lait j
and is ka.ed en the river Aa, 10 miles
sw of Saltzbuig. Lon. 13 o E, lac. 4.7
30 N.
BerOta, 1 town cf Perfia, in Erlvan,
fented in a fertile plain, ic miles \v of
the river ICur, and 6z s by e of Gangea.
I, on. 4.8 o E, lat. 4.1 o N.
Bkrealston', a borough in Devcn-
fliire, that ftnds two members to pa'lia-
ment, but has no jr.ark'et. It is feated
en the Tave, 10 miles N of Plymouth,
and ?. II w by s of London. Lon. 2 51
\v, lat. 50 28 w.
B !- R n L. LY , a city of Hindooftan Proper,
capital of UohiUa, which was conquered
by the nabob of Oudc in 1774-. J' ^i<^s
between Lucknovv and Delhi, 120 miles
{mm each. Lon. 79 40 E, lat. 28 30 n.
B£K£-R£cis, a tgwn in horktihixCf
with a market on Wednefday. It is
feated on the Bere, near its confluence
with the Piddle, 12 miles E by N of Dor-
chelkr, and 113 sw of London. Lon.
* 15 w, lat. 50 44 N.
Berg, a ducliy of Weftphalia, full of
wojds and mountains. Duffeldorp is th«
capit'il. /
Beroamo, a province of Italy, in the
territory of Venice, bounded by Brefcia,
the Valtelin?, and the Milanefe. Towaid
the N it is mountainous and rocky ; but
about the capital, Bergamo, it is very fer-
tile. Their language is the moft corrupt
of any in Italy.
Bergamo, an ancient town of Italy,
capital of Bergamo, with a citadel, and
a bilhop's fee. It is famous for its
fewing lilk 5 and its fair, ©n St. Bartho-
lomew's day, is reforted to by merchants
from Italy, Sicily, and Germany. It is
30 miles ne of Milan. Lon. 9 47 E,
lat. 45 46 N.
Bj:rgas, a town of Romania, with a
Greek archbifhop's fee, on the river La-
rifia, 40 miles SE of Adrianople. Lon,
27 40 e, lat. 41 14 N.
Bergen, an anc ient feaport of Norway,
and a bifhop's lee, with a caltle. It
carries on a great trade in fl^ins, fir -wood,
and dried fiiii ; and is 350 miles N by w
of Copenhagen. Lon. 4 45 E, lat. 6q
II N.
Bergen, a town of Sweedifli Pome-
rania, capital of the ifle of Rugen, 12
miles NE of Straliimd. Lon. 13 40 E,
lat. 54 23 N.
Bergen-op-Zoom, a towm of Dutch
Brabant, in the marquifate of the lame
name. Jt is a handlbme place, and one
of the firon^^cft in the Netherlands, (i:at;ed
partly en a hill, and partly on the river
Zoom, which conununicates with the
Scheld by a ccnal : it has leveral times
been beile^-ed to no purpoi'e } but was
taken by the French, in 1747, by trea-
cliery. It is J 5 niiicj N of Antv^erpj
and 22 5W cf Br;.'da. Lon. ^ 45 e, lat.
51 ?-7 N.
Bercarac, a trading town of France,
in the dtuartraent of Dordogne and late
province of Perigord, leated on the rive^'
Doidogne, 50 miles E of Bourdeaux. Lon,
0 42 E, lat. 45 o N.
Bergues, St. VjNOX, a fortified town
of France, in the department of the No*th
and late county of Flanders, feated on the
river Cohne, at the foot of a mountain,
five miles s of Dunkirk. Loi^. a aS c,
lat. 50 57 N.
Berkeley, a corporate town in Clou-
cdtcrihiie, with a market on Weduefda^^
WJfl
3 E R
B E R
It Is governed by a mayor; and in the
church aix: i'ome elegant monuments of
the Berkeley^. Here is an ancient caftle
on a riiing ground, commanding a de-
lightful view of the country and the
Severn. In the civil wars it iu^Fercd con-
ilderabiy, as it did a few ) ars ago by
an rccidental fire. The room in which
Edward ll was impriibncd is dill to be
icon. It is featcd on a brook tliat Hows
into the Severn, 1 8 aailes s w of GioucJter,
and 113 w of Lotulon. Lon. 223 w,
lat. 51 45 N.
Berkhamstead, a town of Herts,
with a market on Monday. It was an-
ciently a iioman town i and Roman coins
have been often dug up here. On the n
iide aie the remains of a caftle, the re-
fidcnce of the kings of Meicia. In
697, a parliament was held here, and
Ina's laws publilhcd. Here William the
Conqueror fwore to his nobiiity tO' main-
tain the laws made by his predecelTors.
Henry 11 kept his court in this town,
and granted to it many privileges; and
James i, whole children were nurfed here,
nude it a corporation; but thjs govern-
ment was dropped in the civil wars.
Here are two hoipitals, a haiidlbme Gothic
church, and a freei'chool. It is z6 mil.s
NW of London. Lon. 031 Vi', lat. 5146 n.
Berks, or BERKbHiRE, a county of
England, bounded on the £ by Surry,
on the s by Hants, on the w by Wilts,
a: d on the n by Oxfordihire and Bucks.
From E to w it extends above 50 miles,
. and from N to s it is 25 miles in the
. widelt, though not more than fix in the
Iiarrowv'ft part. It lies in the diocefe of
Snllfbury j contains ao hundreds, la
. niarket- towns, and 140 pariflies; and
fends nine members to parliament. The
air, in geufral, is extremely healthy. Its
Erincipal ij-ivcrs are the Thames, Kennet,
,ainborn, and Loddon. T!ie e part
^8 much uncultivated land, as Windibr
Foreft and its appendages : the w and
middle parts produce? grain in great
abundance. Reading is the capital.
Berks, a county of Pennlylvania, f%j
miles long and 29 broad. The inhabi-
tants, in 1700, were 30,177. Reading
is the capital.
Berlin, a conliderable city of Ger-
many, capital of the eleftorate of Bran-
denburg, wJiere the king of Pruflla
refldes. The palace is magnificent, and
there is a fine library, a rich cabinet
of curiofities and medals, an academy of
fciences, an obfervatory, and a fuptvb
"^ arlenal. There is a canal cut from the river
(Ipree to tb(; Oder on tke E, and another
thence to the Elbe on the \v. It has a
communication by wuter, both with the
Baltic Sea and the German Ocean ; and
is fcatcu on the Spree, 42 miles NW of
Frankfort on the Oder, and 300 N by w
of Viei.rja. Lon. 1 3 26 e, lat. 52 32 K.
Bermuda, Somert, or Summer
Islands, a cluftcr of iinall iflands, nearly
in the form of a fliepherd's crook, and fur-
rounded by rocks, wliich render them al-
moit inaccciublc to itrangers. They lie
in the Atlantic Ocean, 500 miles e of
Carolina, and are inljabited by the Englilh.
They were dilcovcred by Juan Bermude/.,
a Spaniard; but not inhabited till 1609,
when fir George Sou.crs was cart away
upon them, and they have belonged to
Britain ever fince. The town of St.
George, on St, George's Ifland, is the
capital. The perpetual mildnefs of the
climate cauled them to be called, by an
apt allufion. Summer, as well as Somers*
Iilands. Lon. 63 2S w, lat. 32 35 n.
Bern, the largeft of the 13 cantons of
Swifferland, 150 miles in length, and 7,5
in breadth. It is divided into two
principal parts called the German and
Roman; but the laft is moft commonly
called the Pays de V^aud. The religion
i& Calvinifm, and Bern the capital.
BERN,thecapitalof the canton of Bern,
in Swifleriand. Here is a celebrated
fchool, a rich library, and 1.2 companies of
tradcfmer in one of which every inhabi-
tant is obliged to be enrolled before he can
en'oy any ottice. It is a Itrong place, in
a peninfula, formed by the river Aar.
The houl'es are of a fine white freeftone,
and pretty uniform, particularly in the
principal (treet ; and there arc piazzas on
each fide, with a walk, raifed four feet
above the level of the ftreet, very coni-
incxiious in wet weather. Criminals,
with iron col'irs rouiui their necks, are
employed in removing rubbifh from the
ftreets and public walks. The public
buildings aro magnificent. Bern is 70
miles Ni of Geneva. Lon 7 10 £, lat.
46 51 N.
Bern, a town of Bohemia, 15 miles
W of Prague. Lon. 13 5 E, lat. 50 o N.
Bernard, a town of Germany, in the
eleftorate of Br.mdenburg, five miles irom
Berlin, noted for excellent beer.
Bernard, Great St. a moun<
tain of Swifllrland, between Vallais and
Val-d'Aoufta, at the lource of the rlv^r
Drance. The top of it is always covered
with fnow, and there is a large convent,
where the monks entertain all ftrangers
gratis for three days, without anydiftmc-
tion of religion.
,! ^.i
B E R
BET
Bernay, a trading town of Fiance,
in the department ot Eiirc and late pnj-
vince ot NoiTianrJj-, I'eutcd on the river
Carantonne, 20 miles sw of Roiitn. Lon.
o 50 E, lat. 49 6 N.
Bernburg, a town of Germany, in
the principality ot Anhalt, where a branch
of the houle of AnhaJt reHdes. It is
ieated on the rirer Sara, 42 miles s\v of
Magdtburg. Lon. 11 46 £, lat. 51
^i N.
Berncastel, a town of Germany,
in the deflorate of Treves, witli acaltle.
It is remarkable for its good wine, and
is Ieated on the Mofelle, near Tniiliach.
Berry, a late province of France,
bounded on tbe N by the Orlt^anois and
Blaiiois, on the r. by the Nivtrnois and
Bourborjicis, on the s by the Boiirlion-
npis and Marche, and on the w by
Touraine and Poltou. It is ttriile in
com, fruit, hemp, and flax; and then."
is excellent wine in fome places. It now
forms the two departn^nts of Cher and
Indre.
Bersello, a fortified town of Italy,
to the Modenele, feated ntar tl\e confluence
of the Linza and Po, 10 Oiiies ne of
Parma. Lon. 10 56 e, lat. 44 45 n.
Bersuire, a town of Frauce, in the
department of the two Sevres and late pro-
vince of Poitou, 1 2 miles sw ofThouars.
JLon. o 27 w, lat. 46 52 N.
Bertinero, a tow»i of Italy, in Ro-
inagna, with a citadel, and a bilhop's fee }
feated on a hill, 50 miles NE of Florence.
Xon. II 40 E, lat. 44 x8 N.
BeRTRAnd, St. a town of France,
in the department of Upper Garonne and
late province of Languedoc. It was
lately an epifcopal fee, and is 43 miles 5
of Auch. Lon. o 48 e, lat. 42 56 N.
Be R VIE, a feaport and borough of
Kincardinelhire, at the mouth of a river
of the fame name, 12 mifcs sw of Aber-
deen. Lon. 2 o w, lat. 56 40 N.
Berwick, a town, and county of itfelf,
on the bordeiv of England and Scotland,
with a market on Satmday. It is go-
verned by a mayor ; and was once a Itrong"
^ortrefs, of great importance when England
end Scotland were holtile nations, to each
of which it alternately belonged, or was
confidercd as a diftrift feparate from both
countries. It is ftill fortified, and has
good barracks for the garrifon; but its
ancient caiUe is now in ruins. It is large
and populous, has a good trade in corn
and falmon, and is feated on the Tweed,
over which is a handfome bridge of 1 5
arches. It fends two members to parlia-
ment, and is 147 miles N of York, 52 se
of Edinburgh, and 33^ n by w of Lon«
don. Lon. i 46 vv, lat. 55 45 N.
Berwick-North, a borough in Had-
dingtonfhire, on the Irith of Forth, 30
miles Nwof Berwick Jpoil Tweed. Lon,
Z 33 W, lit. 56 5 N.
Berwickshire, a county of Scotland,
fometimes called the Mersj bounded on
the E by the Gernian Ocean, on the SEby
the Twted, on the s by Koxburghfhire,
on the w by Edinburghlhire, and on the
NW by Haddingtcnfliire. The s part is
a fertile -and pleafant traft; and being a
low and ilat country, is fometimes called
the How [Hollow] of the Mers. The SE
angli- is f>ccupied by Benvick Bounds ; a
diilri(?l only eight miles in compal's, go-
verned by Englifh laws, and accounted
part of a'l EngHlh county. The principal
rivers are the IVced, Leader, Blackadder,
Wliiteadder, and Eye.
Berwyn Hills, lofty hills at the ne
angle of Merioneihfliire, beneath which
fl>reads the tine vakj in which flows the
infant river Dee.
BF.SAN90N, an ancient and populous
city of France, in the department of
Doubs aivj late province of Franche
Comte. It has a citadel, on a high rock,
the bafe of which touches both fid«s of
the 7)oubs, which here forms a peninfula.
The triumphal arch of Aureiian, and
other Roman antiquities are ftill to be
feen. Befan^on is an archiepifcopal fee j
has an academy of f'cienccs, arts, and
belles-lettres, foimded in 1752; a lite-
rary military fociety, eflablifhed about the
fame time; and a public library in th«
late abbey of St. V^cem. It is 52 milcii
E of Dijon, and 208 SE of Paris. Lon.
6 2 e, lat. 47 13 N.
Bessarabia, a territory of Turkey
in Europe, between the Danube and the
Dnicfter, along the banks of which lalt
river the Tartar inhabitants rove from
place to place. Their common food i^
the flefh of oxen and horfes, cheefe, and
mare's milk. Bender is the capital.
Bestricia, a town of Tranfylvania,
remarkable for the gold mines near it, 85
miles NW of Hermanftadt, and 90 E of
Tockay. Lon. 23 45 E, lat. 47 30 N.
Betanzos, a town of Spain, in Gait-
cia, feated on the Mandeo, on a bay of
the Atlantic, 20 miles s of Feirol. Lon.
7 55 w, lat. 43 12 N.
Betelfagui, a town of Arabia Fe.
lix, famous for being the mart where the
coimtry people bring their coffee to fell j
and where the Europeans come to puf<
chafe it. It is 25 miles E of the Ke(i
Sea. Lon. 44 30 £, lat, 15 4oN.
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BET
B E Z
Bethlehem, a town of Paleftlne, ■
famous for the birth of Christ. It is
l«atcd on the ridge of a hill, running
from £ to w and has a delightful proipe^t.
It is now an inconfiderable place,' but
much vilited by pilgrims. Here is a
church, ercfted by the famous Helena, in
the form of a crofs : alio a chapel, calkd
the Chapel of the Nativity, where they
pretend to ftiow the manger in which
Chrilt was laid ; another, called the Cha-
pel of Joleph J and a third oi" the Holy
Innocents. A few poor Greeks reiide
here. It is fix miles s of Jeiufulem. Lon.
35 25 E, lat. 31 50 N.
Bethlehem, a town of Auftrian
Brabant, two miles N ofLouvain. Lon..
449 E, lat. 50 55 N.
Bethlehem, a town of N America,
in the ftate of Penfylvania, on the Le-
high, a branch of the Delaware. The
town being partly on an eminence, and
partly on the lower banks of the Manakes
(a fine creek, affording trout and other
A(h) has a very pleafant and healt;hy fitua-
tion, and is frequently vifited in iummer,
by the gentry from ditterent parts. It is
the principal fettlement of the Moravians
in America. They were fixed here by
Count Zinzendorf, in 1 741 } and have a
church, a public meeting-hr.ll, the fmgle
brethren's houfe, the fingle filter's houie,
and a houfe for widows. The German
language is more in ufe here than the
Englifh ; but the latter is taught in the
ichools, and divine fervice performed in
both languages. Bethlehem is 53 miles
N of Philadelphia. Lon. 75 8 \v, lat. 40
37 N.
Bethune, a fortified towi^ of France,
in the department of the Straits of Calais
and late county of Ai'tois, with a caftle.
It was taken by the allies in 17 10, and
reltorcd by the treaty of Utrecht. It is
leated on a rock, by the river Brette, 20
Miiles E of St. Omer and i zo N of Paris.
Lon. 2 35 e, lat. 50 45 N.
Betlev, a town in Stalfordfliire, with
a market on Thiurfday, 16 miles NNW cf
Stafford and 156 of London. Lon. 2 10
W, lat. 53 5 N.
Betlis, a town of Afia, in Curdiftan,
fituate on a fteep rock, on the frontiers of
Turkey and Perfia, but i'ubjefl to its own
bey, and a fanftuary for the fubjefts of
the neighbouring powers. It is 150 miles
E of Diarbekai'. Lon. 42 50 e, lat. 37
30 N.
Betuwe, a fertile ifland of Dutch
Gueiderland, 40 miles long and 10 broad,
containing, in that fpace, eight cities and
ievo.-al hundred vtilage$. It ig formsd by
the bifurcation of the Rhine above Nimc-
guen, and by ^the union of its ftreams*
under different appellations, near Wor-
cum. It was the ancient Batavia, and
fonnerly gave the name of Bataveeren, or
Batavians, to the inliabitants of the Dutch
Netherlands, which they have now tranf-
mitted to their colony in Java. In this
morafs (as it then was) the anccftors of
the prelent race firft fettled, when, at dif-
ferent times, and for diflercnt caufes, they
emigrated from Germany} and it was
principally hence that th<; Dutch fpread
thcmfelves over the different provinces.
Bevecum, a town of Aultrian Bra-
bant, 17 miles s of Louvain. Lon. 4
50 E, lat. 50 .36 N.
Bevel AND, N and S, two iflands of
the United Provinces, in Zealand, between
the E and w branches of the SchelJ.
Bevergern, a town of Weltphalia,
22 r-.iles from Munfter.
Beverley, a borough in the e riding
qf Yorkfhire, witli a maiket on Wcdoel-
^ay and Saturday, and two churches, be-
fide the minttcr. It is governed by a
m;Wo;-, lends two members to parliament,
and is ilated on the river Hull, nine mileg
N of Hull anfl 182 of London. Lon«
o 15 w, lat. 53 52 N.
Beverungen, a town of Germany,
in the diocele of PaJerbom, at the con-
fli'.ence of the Beve and Weler, 22 miles ^
cf Padecborn. Lon. 9 30 E, lat 51 46 if .
Bewcastle, avillage in Cumberland,
on the river Lcven, laid to have been
built about the time of the Nonnan con-
queft. The church is in ruins ; and in
the churchyard is an ancient crofs, on the
fides of which are feveral fculptures, with
illegible Infcriptions.
Bewdley, a borough of Worcefter-
fliire, with a market on Saturday, and a
good trade in malt, leather, and caps. It
lends one member to parliament, and is
feated on the Severn, 14 miles n of Wor-
cefter, and 128 NW of Loudon. Lon. z
o w, lat. 52 20 N.
^ Bewley, or Beaulieu, a river which
rifes in the N of Invemei'sfhire, and flow-
ing along the s border of Rofsfhire, forms
the fine eftuaiy on which Hand Invemefs
and Fort St. George, and which termi-
nates in the frith of Mun-ay. At its
mouth is the feny of Kiflbck, near which
is a good falmon fiihery.
Beziers, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Herault and late province of
Languedoc. It was lately an epifcopal
fee; and the inhabitants are 17,000 in
number. The remains of a circus, ancl
fozne infcriptionsi befpeak its ancient
■3 '•■Mi M
it'f i
i
t
I
B I E
grin'^eMr ; and it has an academy of
'icicnccs and two hofpitals. It is leated
near (he Royal Canal, on a hiJl, at the
toot oi which flows the Orbrc, 12 miles
NE ot Naibonne. Lon. 3 iX E,lat. 21 o N.
Bex, a village of Swi0erl:ind, in the
canton of Bern, near the town of St.
Maurice, which guards the entrancw from
that canton into the Lower Vallals. It is
remarkable for its dtlighitiil iituation,
and the lult works near it. The largelt
faline is entered by a paflage cut out of
the iblid rock. Travellers, who have the
curiofity to explore thele gloomy abodes,
arc fumifhtd with lighted torches, and
drefled in a coarle habit, to defend thtin
from the dri .lingj that fall from the roof
and fides of ine paflage.
BiAFAR, the capital of a kingdom of
the fame name, in Negroland, leated on
the river Los-Camurones. Lon. 17 40 E,
iaf. 6 10 N.
BiAN.* a town of Hindooftan Proper,
reiiiarkable for excellent indigo, 50 miles
w of Agra. Lon. 80 50 e, lat. 26 30 N.
BiBERACH, a free imperial town of
' Suabia. It has a manufafture of fultians,
' and is feated ip. a fertile valley, on the
Reufs, 17 miles sw of Ulm. Lon. 10
a E, lat. 4.8 10 N.
BiBERSBERG, a town of Upper Hun-
gary, 15 miles N of Prefburg. Lon. 17
■ 15 E, lat. 48 31 N.
Bicester, or Burcesteb, a tovyn
in Oxfcrdftiire, with a mai-ket on Friday,
J 3 miles N by E of Oxford, and 57 \v by
N of London. Lon. i 10 w, lat. 51
54- N-
Bid ACHE, a town of France, in the
d( pn^rtincnt of the Lower Pyrenees and
lute proviiice of Bafques, with a caltle,
feated on ti>e river Bidoufe, la miles e of
BayowJt. Lon. 1 9 w, lat. 43 31 N.
BiD.-SSOA, a river of Spain, which
rifcs in the Pyrentes, and fails into the
bay of Biicay, between Andaye and Fon-
lar.tbla.'
BiDUinORD, a feaport and town cor-
' pcrate in Devonlhire, with a mr.rket on
Tu^idayj feated on the Torridge, over
which is a ftone brid«;e of 24 arches. It
cairies on a confidtrable trade, and is i5
miles s by w pf Ilfracombe, and 203 w
of L<ndon. Lon. 4 10 \v, lat. 51 ;o n.
BiEEZ, a town of Poland, in Cracowir,,
reniarkable for its mines of vitriol ; feated
on the Wefeloke, 50 miles se of Cracow.
Lon. 21 5 E, lat. 49 50 w.
BiELA, a town of Piedmont, capital of
the Bellefe, near the river Cci-va, 20
miles w of Verceil. Lon. 7 58 e, lat.
45 35 N-
B I L
BiELOGOROD. a Itrongtown of Beffi-
rabia, on lake Vidcno, near the Black
Sea, 42 miles sw of Oczakow, Lcn. 30
10 E, lat. 46 20 N.
BiELSK, a town of Poland, in Pola-
chia, near one of the fources of the
Narew, loomiles ne of Waifaw. Lon.
23 39 E, hit. 52 40 N.
5iELSK0i, a town of Ruflia, in the
fovemment of Smolenlko, 80 miles ne of
molenfko, and 170 w of Molicow. Lon.
33 5 E, lat. 5540N.
BiENNE, a town of SwiflTerland, on a
lake of the fame name, at the toot ot"
Mount Jura. It is fubject, with itsfmall
territory, to the Roman catholic biiho;.)
of Balle; but the inhabitants are protelt-
ants. It is 17 miles N v of Bern. Lon.
7 ID E, lat. 47 II N.
• BiEROLiET, a town of Dutch Flanders,
two miles N of Sluys. Lon. 3 39 E, lat.
51 21 N.
BiGGAR, a town in Lanerkfhire, tet\
miles SE of Carn-vath. Here are the ruins
of a collegiate church, founded in 1 545.
Biggleswade, a town in Bedfbrd-
fhire, with a market on Wednelday, one
of the grcateft for barley in England. It
is feated on the Ivel, over which is a (tone
bridge, 10 miles Nw of Bedford, and 45
NNW of London. Lon. o zi W) lat. 52
6 N.
BiGORRE, a late province of France,
bounded on the N by Armagnac, on the
E by Comminges, on the w by Beam,
and on the s by the Pyrenees. It now
forms the department of the Upper Pyre-
nees, iN
PijHAEZ, a town of Croatia, feated on
an ille fc .med by the river Anna, 6 5 miles
SE of Carllhdt. Lon. 16 32 e, lat. 44
51 N.
BijiNACUR. See Bisnagur.
BijORE, a province of Hindooftan
Proper, between the rivers Indus and
Attcck, having Cabul on the w, the
Bockharian Mountains on the N, Cafli-
mere on the E, and Peiflioreon the s. Its
dimenhons arc not more than 50 miles by
20. It is- full of mountains and wilds,
inhabited by a favap;e and turbulent
race.
BiLCOA, a city of Spain, capital of
Bifcay, with a good haibour. Its exports
are wool, fwoixl-blades, and other manu-
failures in iron and Iteel. It is remark-
able for the wholefomenefs of its air,
and the fertility of the foil about it.
It is feated at the mouth of the Ibaicabal,
which enters the bay of Bifcay, 50 miles
w of St. Sebaftian, and 180 N of Madrid.
Lon. 3 10 W| lat. 43 33 n.
fit
a ma
chur<
the (
ton.
blues
only
yarn
63
5*
Bi
beim
J np
the
and
The
is di
B
the
St
Lon.
BIN
BiLDESTON, a town in Suffolk, with
a market on Wt Jnefday. It has a large
church, about a quarter of a mile from
the town, and is Icated on the river Bre-
ton. It was formerlv noted for Suffolk
blues, and blankets, but now almoft the
only bufmefs of the town is fpinning of
yarn. It Is 12 miles SE of Bury, and
63 NE of London. Lon. o 55 E, lat.
52 16 N.
BiLEDULGERiD,acountryof Barbary,
bounded on the N by Tunis, on the E by
1^-ipoli, on the s by Ouergula, and on
the w by Tuggurt. It lit's between 5
and 113 E lon. and iS and 31" N lat.
The air is very hot j but though the foil
is diy, it yields a great deal of barley.
BiLEVELT, a town of Weliphalia, in
the county of Ravenfburg, feven miles
SE of Ravenlburgh. Lon. 8 50 Et lat.
53 10 N.
BiLLERiCAY, a town in Efiex, with
a market on Tuefday. It is feated on a
hill, which commands a baautiful profpe^,
over a rich valley, to the Thames, nine
miles sw of Chelmsford, and 23 E of
London. Lcn. o 31 e, lat. 51 30 N.
BiLLOM, a town of France, in the
de,.artment of Puy-de-Dome and late
province of Auvcrgne, feated on an emi-
nence, 15 miles S£ of Clermont. Lon.
3 zi t, lat. 4.5 41 N.
Bi L M A, a vaft burning defert of Africa,
to the SE of Fczzan, between 21 and 25*
N lat.
BiLSDEN, a town in Leicefterfhire,
with a market on Friday, nine miles
SE of Leiceiter, and 96 N by w of Lon-
don. Lon. o 51 w, lat. 52 35 N.
BiL!;ON, a town of Weftphalia, in the
bifljepric of Liege, on the river Denur,
15 miles N of Liege. Lon. 5 29 £, lat.
50 50 N'.
BiMi.si, one of the Bahama ifiands,
near the Channel of Bahama, tight, n.iles
in length, and as much in breadth. It
is very diiiicult of acccfs on account of
the fhoals, but is a very plcafant p]?ce,
arid inhabited by the native Americans.
Lon. 79 30 w, lat. 25 o .n.
BiMLEPATAM, a feaport of Golccnda,
in the Deccan of Hindooftan, feated en
the bay of Bengal, 12 miles N of Vi(a-
gapatam. The Dutch have a factory
here. Lcn. 83 5 b, lat. 18 o N.
BiNAROs, a town of Spain, in Va-
lencia, remarkable for good wIkv.- j feared
near ths Mediterranean, 20 miles s of
Tortofa. Lon. o 35 b, lat. 40 33 n.
BiN'BROKB, a town in Lincoln/hii^e,
with a market on Wednefday, and two
churches. It is 30 miles nb of Lin-
B I R
coin, and 161 n of London. Lon. 0 o,
lat. 53 30 N.
BiNCH, a fortified town of Auftrian
Hainault, nine miles E of Mons. Lon.
4 15 E, lat. 50 24 N.
BiNCHESTER, a village on the river
Were, near Durham. By feveral in-
fcriptions and monuments, it appears to
have been the Roman Vinoviumj many
Roman coins are dug up here, which are
called Bincheftcr Pennies ; and two altars
have been di (covered, importing, that the
20th legion was Itationed in this place.
BiNCAZA, % feaport of Africa, in the
kingdom of Tripoli, 140 miles Vt of
Derna. Lon. 19 10 E, lat. 32 20 N.
BiNFiELD, a village in Berkfhire, in
Windfor Foreft, three miles N by E of
Okingham. It was the fcene of Pope's
youthful days, and here he wrote his
Windlbr Foreft.
BiNGEN, an ancient town of Germany,
in the archbifhopric of Mentz, feated on
the confluence of the Nahe and Rhine,
with a ftone bridge over the former. It
was taken by the French in 1 794, and is
1 5 miles w by s of Mentz. Lon. 8 o E,
lat. 49 49 N.
Bingham, a town in Nottinghamfhire,
with a fmall market on Thurlday, nine
miles E of Nottingham, and 120 N by W
of London. Lon. o 51 w, lat. 52 58 N.
BiORNEBURG, a town of Sweden, in
Finland, near the mouth of the Kune,
in the gulf of Bothnia, 75 miles N of
Abo. Lon. 22 5 E, lat. 61 42 N.
BiR, or Beer, a town of Turkey ia
Aiia, in Diarbeck, with a caiUe, where the
governor refides. It flands on the Eu-
phrates, near a high mountain, in a fruit-
ful coimtry. They liave a particular kind
of vultures, fo tame, that they lit on the
tops of boufes, and even in tlw (greets,
without fear- of difturbance. It is 59
miles ne of Aleppo.
BiRiCGNFELD, a town of Germany,
capital of a county of the fame name, ia
the circle of the Upper Rhine. It was
taken by the French in 1794, and if
Icated near the river Nahe, 22 miles SE
cf Treves. Lon. 7 14 e, lat. 49 55 K.
Birmingham, a large town in War-
wickshire, with a maik«t on Thurliiay,
It is no corporation, and therefore free
for any j)erlbn to fettle there j which has
contributed greatly to its flourifhing
ftate. The town Ifands on the fide of a
hill, forming nearly a half-moon. The
lower part is filled with workfhops an^
warehoufes, and confifts chiefly of oU.
buildings. The upper part contains many
new and regular ilreets, and a hand-
iii
m
B IS
B I S
I
(bme fquare. It has two churches ; one
in the lower part of the town, which is
an ancient bttilding, with a lofty fpire ;
the other, a grand modem llructurc,
having a Ajuare (tone tower, with a
cupola, and turret above it ; it has alfo
two chapclii and feveral mteting-houfes.
It had an elegant theatre, which was de.
ftroyed by fire in 1792. The hardware
uianufa£lures of Birmingham have been
noted for a confiderable period ; but of
late years, by great additions to its
trade from a vaft variety of articles, fuch
as metal buttons, buckles, plated goods,
japanned and paper ware, &c. it has
ril<;n to be fuperior in population to any
of the modem trading towns in England.
It is plentifully fupplied with coal by
means of a canal to Wednefbury ; and it
has a communication with the Great
Trunk from the Trent to the Severn, by
a branch paJilng by Wolverhampton.
The Birmingham goods are exported in
great quantities to foreign countries,
where, in point of cheapnelii and /how
united, they are unrivalled. The Im-
proved ftcam engines, made here by
Bolton and Watt, deferve to rank high
among the productions of human inge-
nuity: their application to various me-
chanical purpoies, and particularly to the
draining of mines, places them among
the moit valuable inventions of the age.
Birmingham is 17 miles NW of Coventry
and 116 of London. Lon. i 50 w, lat.
52 30 N.
BiRViESCA, a town of Spain, in Old
Caftile, 15 miles N of Burgos. Lon. 3
30 w, lat. 4z 35 N.
BiRZA, a town of Polard, in Samo-
gltia, 41 miles SE of Mittau. Lon. 24
jo E, lat. 56 12 N.
BiSACCiA, a town of Naples, in Prin-
cipato Ulteriore, with a bifliop's fee, 1 5
miles NE of Conza. Lon. 15 40 E, lat.
41 3 N.
Biscay, a province of Spain, bounded
on the N by the bay of Bilcay, on the e
by Upper Navarre, on the s by Old
Caftile, and on the w by the Afturias.
It contains three divifions} Bifcay Proper,
Guipufcoa, and Alava. It is 27 miles
in both length and breadth, and produces
apples, oranges, and citrons; it has alio
wood for building fhips, and mines of
iron and lead. The Bilcayers are the belt
feamen of Spain. They have a parti-
cular language, which has no affinity
wiih any other in Europe. Bilboa is the
capital.
Biscay, Bay of, an extenfive hay
of the Atluiticj bvtween Cape Ortegal,
in lon. 7 35 w, lat. 43 48 n, and ftie
iHe of UChant, in lon. sow, lat. 48 30 N.
Biscay, New, a province of N Ame-
rica, In Mexico, noted for its filver-minea.
BisciiOFisHEiM, a town of Germany,
in the archbi/hopric of Mentz, on the river
Tauber, two miles w of Wurtzburg.
Lon. 9 10 K, lat. 49 40 N.
B.'sriiOFS Zell, a town of SwifFer-
land, in Thurgau, with a caitle. Tiie
inhabitants are independent, and go-
verned by a fupreme council. The bai-
liff of the bifliop of Conftance, who refides
in the caftle, has juri(c!i5Hon over the
Rnnran catholic fubjeiU. The proteft-
ants, as fuch, are under the prote£lion
of Zuric and Bern, and of thefe the
grcatclt part of the inhabitants confifts.
The fame church, however, is ufcd by
both religions. It is feated at the con-
fluence of the Sitter and Thur, 12 miles s
of Conftance. Lon. 9 13 h, lat. 47 27 N.
BiscHWEiLLEN, a fortrefs of France,
in the department of Upper Rhine and
late province of Alface, five miles w of
the Rhine. Lon. 7 51 e, lat. 48 40 n.
Biseglia, a town of Naples, in Terra
di Bari, with a bilhop's lee, near the
gulf of Venice, fix miles e of Trani.
Lon. 16 45 £, lat. 41 28 N.
Biserta, a feaport of the kingdom of
Tunis, near the place where Utica once
ftood, 37 miles NW of Tunis. Lob. 9
46 e, lat. 37 10 N.
Bishop and his Clerks, dangerous
rocks on the coaft of Pembrokefhire, near
St. David's. Lon. 5 zo w, lat. 51 57 N.
Bishops-Auckland. See Auck-
land.
Bishops-Castle, a borough in Shrop-
fliire, with a market on Friday, much
frequented by the Welfli. It fends two
members to parliament, and is feated near
the river Clun, eight miles E of Mont-
gomery, and 152 WNW of London. Lon.
2 55 w, lat. 52 22* N.
Bishops-Stortford. See Stort-
FORD.
BisiGNANO, a town of Naples, In
Calabria Citeriore, with a fort, and a
biftiop's fee. It is feated on a motm-
tain, near the river Boccona, 1 8 miles N
of Cofenza, and 133 SE of Naples. Lon.
16 20 £, lat. 39 38 N.
BiSLEY, a village in Surry, noted for
a fpring called St. Jolm Baptift's Well,
the waters of which is faid to be colder
than any other in fummer, and warmer in
winter. It is three rniles N of Woking.
BiSNAGUR, a toNvn of the peninfula
of Hindooftan, in Myfore, feated qn the
river Tungcbaara, It was the capital
oft
whel
was
of
B
coal
rivei
B
the
loTw
B L A
of the ancient kingdom of Narfingai and
when vliited by Celar Frederic in 1567,
was a large city. It is 14c milcu E by 8
of Goa. Lon. 76 10 E» lut. 15 10 n.
BisSACOS, a clulter of itlaiids on the
coalt of Negroland, aoo miles SE of the
river Gambia, in 11" N lat.
BiSTRicz, a town of Tranfylvania, on
tht: river Biftricz, 142 miles ne of Co-
loTwar. Lon. 25 5 e» ^^^- 47 33 N.
BiTCUE, a foitlftcd town of France, in
the department of Molelle and late pro-
vince of Lonain, with a caftle, on a re J-'«
It is feated at the foot of a mountain, near
the Schwelb, 30 miles N by w of Stiaf-
biirg. Lon. 7 44 £, lat. 49 5 N.
BiTETO, a town of Naples, in Terra
di Bari, 11 miles ssw of Bari. Lon. 16
34 E, lat. 41 o N.
BiTONio, an epiicopal town of Naples,
in Terra di Baii, 10 miles wsw of
Bari, and 1 1 7 e by N of Naples. Lon.
16 30 e, lat. 41 6 N.
Blackbank, a town of Ireland, in
the county of Armagh, feven miles s of
Armagh. Lon. 6 35 w, lat. 54 10 N.
Blackburn, a town in Lancafhire,
with a market un Monday. It has if^
name from the brook Blackwatcr, which
runs through it. It carries on a vaft trade
in calicoes for printing, and is I'eated near
the Derwent, iz miles E of Prefton, and
203 NNw of London. Lon. x 35 \v,
lat. 53 4z N.
Black Forest, a foreft of Germany,
in the w of the circle of Suabia. It is
part of the ancient Hercynian foreft.
Blackheath, an elevated plain, five
miles SE of London, commanding beau-
tiful profpe6ls, and adorned with hand-
B L A
and enters the eftuary, to which it givt»
the name of backwater Bay.
Blair Athol, a village in Perthfhirv^
in an angle formed by the rivers Tiit anil
Garry. Clofe by it is Blair Caltle, a no-
ble leat of the duke of Athol; and
in its vicinity are many fine waterfalls.
Blair Athol is 28 miles nw of Perth.
Bl a I so IS, a late province of France*
bounded on the a by Beauce, on the B
by Ork-anois, on the s by Berry, and on
tlve w by Touraine. It now lorms the
department of Loir and Cher.
Blamont, a town of Fi-ance, in the
department of Meurthe and late province
of Lorrain, feated on tlie Vezouze, i&
miles s of Luneville. Lon. 6 52 £, lat*
48 40 N.
Blanc, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Indre and late province of
Berry, with a caftle, feated on the
Creufe, 35 miles b of Poitiers. Lon. i
13 E, lat. 46 38 N.
Blanca, an nninhabited ifland to the
n of Margaretta, near Terra F'irma.
Lon. 64 30 w, lat. 11 50 N.
Blanco, a cape of S America, in
Patagonia. Lon. 64 42 w, lat. 47 20 s.
Blanco, a cape of Peru, on the
South Sea, izo miles sw of Guiaquil.
Lon. 83 o w, lat. 3 45 s.
Blanco, a cape of Africa, on the At-
lantic Ocean, 180 miles N of the river
Senegal. Lon. 17 10 w, lat. 20 55 n.
Blandford, a corporate town in
Dorfetihire, with a market on Saturday.
In 1 731, almoft all the town was burnt
down ; but it was foon rebuilt* It has
a manufaflure of fhirt buttons, more of
which are made here than in any other
iome villas. On this heath Wat Tyler place in England. It i» f4eafantly feated
muftered 100,000 rebels: and on the
ikirts of it is Morden College for de-
cayed merchants.
Blackpool, a village in Lancafliire,
near Poukon, much relbrted to for lea-
bathing.
Black Sea, the ancient Euxine,
bounded on the N by Catharinenflaf,
Taurica, and the fea of Afoph ; on the
£ by Mingrelin, Circaflia, and Georgia j
on the s by iNatoiia ; and on the w by Ro-
mania, Bulgaria, and Bt^arabia. It Ue»
between 33 and 44° E lon. and 42 and
46° N lat.
BlackwateR} a river of Iceland,
running through the counties of Coik
:^d Watcrford into Youghall Bay.
BlackwateR, a river in Effex, which
rifes in the nw of the county, and
flowing by Bocking, Coggeftial, and Kel-
vedon, isjoinedby theClieWr at Maiden,
on the river Stour, near the Downs, 18
miles ne of Dorchefter, and 104 w by s
of London. Lon. 2 14 w, lat. 50 53 N.
Blai^s, a feaport of Catalonia, in
Spain, near the river Tordera, 20 mil9l
s of Gironne. Lon. 2 50 E, lat. 41 40 N.
Blankenberg, a town and fort of
the Auftrian Netherlands, fituate on the
German Ocean, eight miles NE of Oltend.
Lon. 3 4 e, lat. 51 zz n.
Blankenberg, a town of Weftphalia,
in the duchy of Bxirg, iz miles E of
Bonn. Lon. 7 30 -e, Tat. 50 42 n.
Blankenbvrg, a town of Germany >
in the circle of Lower Saxony, capital of
a County of the fame name, fubje£l to the
duke of Brunfwick Wolfenbuttle. It
is 45 miles se of Wolfenbuttle. Lon.
II 10 £, lat. 51 5C^ N.
Blareonies. See MALPLAqusT. >
Blavbeuren, a town of S.uabia, in
_^..J
B L O
BON
the dachy of Wirtemburg, 1 1 miles w
oft Ulm. Lon. 9 55 E> lat. 4.8 22 N.
Blayb, an ancient town of Franee, in
the department of Gironde and late pro-
vince of Guiennc. It has a good citadel ;
and is featcd on the Giionde, which is
here 3800 yaids wide. Its trade confifts
in the wines of the adjacent country. Its
haibour is mucii frcqutnted, and the (hips
wh^ch go to Bourdeaux are obliged to
leave their guns here. It is 17 miles N
*)f Bourdeaux. Lon. o 35 w, lat. 45 7 N.
Blechingly, a borough in Suny,
tK:u lends two members to parliament,
but has no majket. It is ieattd on a
hill, which commands extenfive profpe«5t«,
so miles s of London. Lon. o o, lat. 51
15 N.
Blenheim, a village in Suabia, me-
morable for the victory over the French,
gained Augult :, 1704., by the duke of
Marlborough. It is Ibited on the Da-
nube, three miles NE ot Uochltet, ar.d 27
NE of (Jim. Lon. 10 35 E, bt. 48 40 N.
Blenheim Castle, near Woodftock,
In Oxford/hire, a magnificent pabce, built
for the gre-it duke of Marlborough, at
the expeiice of the nation, in commemo-
ration of his vi^oiy ut Blenheim. The
iamily hold it by the tenure of delivering
a French banner at Windlbr, on each an-
niverfary of this vitlory.
Blockzyl, a town of the United
Provinces, in f»— tyilel, with a fort j
leated at the .1 of tlie Aa, on the
Zuider Zee, v' .»erc is a good h2-bo«r,
eight miles NW of Steenwick. Lon. 5
39 E, lat. 52 44 N.
Blois, an ancient commercial city of
France, in the department of Loir and
Cher and late provmce of Blaifois. The
Ccthedral is a large ftrudtiue, leated at
one extremity of the city, on an eminence
whole declivity, toward the centre of the
city, joins that of another emin«nce at the
other end, on which is built a magnificent
caltle i fo that both thefe llru<5lures form,
a« it weie, the two horns of a creicent.
In this callle was born the good Lewis
^11; and here, in 1588, Henr^- m cauled
the duke of Guile, and his brother the
cardinal, to be afTalfinated. Here are
ibpe fine fountains, and a new bridge,
^ne pf the belt in France. Blois is an
epifcopAl fee, and the terrace of the
bifbop's palace affords a charming walk.
This city has the reputation of being one
of thofe in which the French language is
fpoken with the greateft purity j but this
mult be undcrftood of perlbn»' who have
received a liberal education. It is feated
on the JLoirCj 47 irUes w of.TourS} and
100 sw of Fails. Lon. i 25 e, lat. 47
35 N.
Bloneiz, a town of Poland, in Ma-
fovia, 20 miles w of Wariaw. Lon. so
35 E, lat. 52 10 N.
Blyth, a town in Nottirghamfhire,
with a market on Thursday. Here are
fome remains of a caltle and priory. It
is 23 miles NNW of Newark, and 146 N
by w of London. Lon. i 10 w, lat. 53
21 N.
BoBENHAVSEN, a town of Germany,
in Weteravia, with a caltle, featcd on the
river Gerlbrentz, three miles SE ot Franc-
fort on the Maine.
BoBio, an ejjilcopal town of Italy, in
the Milanefe, leated on the river I'rcbia,
25 miles SE of Pavia. Lon. 9 la £, lat.
44 45 N.
Bonio, the largeft river of Chili, in S
America. It has its fource in the Andes,
and falls into the fea in 47° s lat.
BocAT, a valley of Syria, in Afia, in
which are the famous ruins of Balbec. It
is more fertile than the celebrated vale of
Damafcus, and better watered than the
rich plains of Rama and Efdraclon.
Bocca-Chica, the entrance into the
harbour of Carthagena, in S America.
It is defended by feverai forts, which were
all taken by the Englilh in 1741.
Bocca-del-Drago, a ftrait, between
the iiland of Trinidad and Andalufia in
TeiraFirma, in S America.
BocHETTA, a chain of mountains, in
the territory of Genoa, oa'er which is the
road from Lombardy to Genoa. On the
peak cf the higheft mountain is a pals,
which will hardly admit three men to go
abrealt: this pals is, properly, the Bo-
chetta; for the defence of which there
are three forts. It is- the key of Genoa,
and was taken in 1746 by the Auf-
trians.-
BocKHOLT, a town of Weftphalia, in'
the diocele of Munlter, 20 miles E of
Cleves. Lon. 6 12 e, lat. 51 41 N.
BocKlNG, a large village in ElTex,
adjoining to Brair.rree. Its church is 'a.
deanery ; and here is a very large meeting-^
houle. It has a great manufaAure of
bays, and is 41 n-.iles ne of London.
Lon. o 40 E, lat. 51 56 N.
Bodmin, a borough in Cornwall, with
a market on Saturday. It is governed by
a mayor ; and here the fummer affizes are
held. It fends two members to parlia-
ment, and is 32 miles ne of Falmouth,
and 234 w by s of London. Lon. 4 40
w, lat. 50 32 N.
Bodon, a fortifiad tovsm of Turkey in
£uiof«, ia BulgarUi with an archbilhop*3
Cxi
D.il
tlu-
iali
ko]
of]
6
B O K
Csc; ftafcd on the Danube, a6 mils W
oi" Vi.Ii-n. L(m. 23 5.-^ E, lat. 4+ 10 n.
BoDRocH, a tuwn of Hungjiy, on the
iXmube, 100 milt's SE of liuJa. Lon.
It/ <;a E, lit. 45 55 N.
Eoj.scHOT, a towh of Auftrian Bra-
bant, leaitd on the river Nethe, 1^ nnl -s
NE ot Mechlin. Lon. 4 41 E, lat. 51
ii N.
Bog, a river of Poluvl, which runs
thi'ouph Podoli.1 and Bud/iac 'rartary»
talliiur into tht; Black Se;^ between Ocza-
kow and the river Dnieper.
BoDLio, a townot it ;ly> ii. th.: county
of Nice, 25 miles N\V oi Nice. Lon. 7
6 El lat. 44 2 N.
BocoTO, the capital of New Granada,
in Terra Finna, in S America, near
which are gold mines. Lon. 73 53 w,
lat. 4 o N.
Bohemia, a l-.iri!;dom of Europe,
bounded on the N by Nlilhia and Lul'atia,
on the E by Silcliaand Moravia, on the s
by Aultria, and on i.he w by Bavaria.
Ik is 203 mile J in length, and 150 in
breadth, and is fertile in corn, faitron,
hops, and paflure. In the mountains are
iniiies of gold and filver, and, in Tome
places, diamonds, granatcs, copper, an(i
lead. The Roman catholic religion is
the principal} but there are many pro-
teitants. The chief rivers are the Mul-
. daw, Elbe, and Oder. Their language
is Sclavonian, with a mixture of German.
It is fubjeft to the houle of Aultria, and
the capital is Prague.
BoHOL, one of the Philippine Iflands,
to the N of Mindanao. Lon. 122 5 z,
lat. 10 o N.
BojADOR, a cape of Africa, in Ne-
groiand, difccvered by the Portuguefe in
1412, and doubled by them in i433>
Lon- 14 27 w, lat. 26 12 N.
BoiANO, an epil'copal town of Naples,
in the Molife, at the foot of the Appen-
nines, near the river Tilerno, 45 miles N of
Naples. Lon. 14 40 E, lat. 41 3c n.
BoiTNiTZ, a town of Upper Hungary,
in the county of Zoll, remarkable for its
baths, ind the quantity of faftron about
it. Ion. 19 10 K, lat. 48 42 N.
B'jis-LE-Duc, a large fortified town
•f Dutch Brabant, between the Dommel
and Aa. It is the cauital of a diftrifl of
the fame name, whlcti contains alio the
cities of Helmont and Eyndhoven. It
was taken by the Dutch in 1629, and by
the French in 1 704. It is fituate among
morafles, ^^ miles £ by N of Breda, 45
NE of Antwerp, and 45 ssE of Aralter-
4vfi. LoD. 516 c, lat. 51 40 M.
3 Bokhara, a city of Ufbec Tartary,
B O L
capital of Bokharia. It is larp^e and p«- '
pulous, feateif on a riling ground, with t
llendcr wail of earth, and a dry ditch.
The lioiifes are low, and moltly built of
muJ i but the caravanlaries and molques»
which arc numerous, are all of brick. The
bazars, or nnrket-placcs, have been Itately
buii.iiiigs } but the greateibpart ot them
are now in ruins. Here is alio a (lately
buil.ilng for the education of the priefts.
Great numbers of Jews and Arabians fre-
quent this place ; but the khan leizes on
their polleilions at his pleaiurc. It is 1 3t
miles w by s of Samarcand. Lon. 65 ^ok
E, lat. 39 15 s.
Bokharia, Bocharia, or Bvcha-
RIA, adiihiitof Ufbec Taitary, which
lee. Bokhara is the capital.
BOLAEOLA, oncof thi: Society I(land«»
in the S Pacific Ocean, four leagues, KVf
of Otaha. Lon. 151 52 w, lat. 16 3* s.
BoLC(i£RbSK,a town of Kamtlchatka,
on the river Bolchoireka, aa miles from
its mouth, i;i the fea of Okotlk. Loa*
X56 37 E, lat. 5a 54 N.
BoLESLAPE, or BuNTZLAir, a town
of bilefia, on the Bobar, 17 miles ne of
Lignitz. Lon. 16 10 E, lat. 51 12 tt.
Bolingbroke, a town in Lincoln*
fliire, with a market on Tuelday, feated
at the Iburce of a river, which falls into
the Witham. It is noted for being the
biithplace of Henry iv ; and h 29 miles
E of Lincoln, and 1 3 1 N by E of London.
Lon. o 7 e, lat. 53 12 N.
BoLisLAW, a town of Bohemia, 30
miles NE of Prague. Lon. 15 xa e, lat,
50 25 N.
BoLKWcTTZ, a town of Silefia» is
miles s of Oiqgaw. Lon. 16 ^9 s, lat*
51 58 N.
BoLocNA, an antlcnt city of Italy«
capital of the Bolognefe, with an arch-
biihop's fee, and aniniverdty.. There ar«
a great number of palaces, particularly
the Palazzo Publico, in which the canU-
nal legate, or viceroy of the pope^ refidei.
In the area before this palacC) is a noble
marble fountain, the principal figure of
which, a Neptune in bronze, eleven feet
high, the workmanlhip of Giovanni di
Bologna, is highly efteemed. The uni-
versity is one of the molt ancimt and cele*
brated in Europe } and the academy for
, the arts and fciences, founded at the com-
mencement of the pi^fent century by coxmt
Marfigli, is w<^tny the attention of a
fti-angcr. The anatomical threatre, be-
fide its mufeum, is adorned with ftatuea
of celebrated phyiicians. Th9. church lof
St. Petronius is the Irrgeft i|v Bologm;
and on the pavsment of ^S; Ci(&u4rcw
1:1:
■ ?.ti:
i
BOM
BON
hit meriditn line. There are i68 other
r hurches. Though the nobility are not
richi man^ of their palaces are fumifhcd
in a nugnificcnt tafte, and contain paint-
ingv of great value ; the paUceii having
been built and ornamented when the fanii-
liea ef the proprietom were richer, and
yrhen the fineft vi'orks of architeAure and
Minting could be procured on eaficr terms.
The private hotiles are well built; and
the cKj contains 80,000 inhabitaris.
They carry on a conAderable trade in Hlks
and velvets, which ' re manufa£lured here
in great pcrfe^ion. The I'urrotinding
country produces inuncnfe quantities of
oil, wine, flax, and hemp, and fumilhe%
ill Europe with faui'ages, macaroni>
liqueurs, eflfcnces, and even lapdogs. The
viver Remo, which runs near tne city,
turns 400 mills for the fiik-works; and
there is a canal hence to the Po. Bologna
was taken by the French in 1796. It is
feated at the foot of the Appcniiines, xi
niles SE of Modena, and 175. nw of
Kome. Lon. 11 ax e, lat.44 30 n.
BOLOGNESE, a province of Italy, in
the territory of the church, bounded on
the N by the Ferrarefe, on the w by Mo-
dena, on the s by Tufcany, and on the E
by Komagna. It is watered by many
fmall rivers, and produces all forts of
grain and fi-uits, particularly mufcadine
grapes, which are m high eitcem. Some
miles before tiie entrance, into Bologna,
the country fcems one continued garden.
The vineyards are not divided by hedges,
but by rows of elms and mulberry trees j
the vines hanging in feltcons, from one
tree to another, m a beautiful manner.
There are alio mines of alum and iron.
Bologna is the capital.
BoLSENNA, a town of Italy, on a
lake of the fame name, in the patrimony
of St. Peter, 45 miles N of Rome. Len.
la 13 E, lat. 4a 38 N.
BoLSWAERT, a town of the United
Provirres, in Frielland, eight miles m of
Slooten. Lon. 5 25 e, lat. 53 3N.
3oLTON, a town in Lancafliire, with
a market on Monday. It has been en-
riched by the manufacture of fuftians and
counterpanes ; and quantities of dimities
and mullins are alio made here. It is 1 1
miles NW of Mancherter, aiid 239 nnw
•f London^ Lon. a 35 w, lat. 53 33 n.
Bolzano, a town of Germany, in
the Tirol, bn the river Eifach, 27 miles
- n of Trent. Loo. n 26 e, lat. 46 35 n.
Bomal, a town of Auitrian Luxem-
burg) on the river Ourt, 20 miles s of
Liege. Lon. 5 38 E, lat. 50 iS N.
> • l^tAY, an ifland of HindooltaOi on
the X9 coaft of the Deccan, fevcn mffie» in
length, and 20 in circumference. It
cainc to the EngUft by the marriage of
Charles ll with Catharine of Portuf^al.
It contains a Itroag and capacious tor-
tret's, a larKe city, dockyard, and marine
arfenal. The ground is barren, and go«d
water fcarce. It was fonnerly counted
Very unhealthy; but, by dramin^ the
boirs,and other methods, the air is altcrid
for the better. It has abundance of cocoa-
nuts, hut fcarce any com or cattle. The
inhabitants are of feveral nations, and
very numerous. It lit one of the three
prcfjdencies of the Englilh E India Com-
pany, by which their oriental territories
are governed, and is 150 miles S of
Surat. Lon. 72 38 e, lat. 18 58 N.
Bomene, a leaport of the United Pro-
vinces, in Zealand, on the N Ihore of th(r
id and of Schowcn. Lon. 40 E, lat. 51
42 N..
BoMMBL, a town of *he T nited Pro-
vinces, in the ifle of Overflacke, feven
miles w of Willi^unitadt.
BoMMEL, a to%vn of Dutch Guelder-
land, in the ifland of Bommel-Wacrty
ieated on the WaaU f>x miles ne of Huel-
den.
Bommel-Waert, an ifland of Dutch
Guelderland, formed by the junction of
the Waal and the Maeie. It is 1 5 milea
long and five broad. It was taken by
prince Maurice in 1 600 ;, by the Frencn
m 1672; and by the French again in
1794.
Bonaire, an ifland of S America,
near the N coaft of Terra Firma, to the
SE of Curasao. It belongs to the Dutch.
Lon. 68 18 w, lat. 12 16 n«
B0NAVENTUR.A, a bay, harbour, and
fort of S America, in Popayan, 90 miles
E of Call. Lon. 75 18 w, lat. 3 20 n.
BoNAViSTA, one of the Cape de Verd
Iflanda. Lon. as 47 w, lat. 16 o N.
BoMAVisTA, a cape on the e fide of
the ifland of Newfoundland.
Bonifacio, a feaport of Corflca) well
fortified, and populous; 37 miles s of
Ajnccio. Lon. 9 20 £, lat. 41 25 N.
Bonn, an ancient city of Germany,
in the electorate of Cologne. It is the
favourite refidence of tilie elector, wholb.
magnificent gardens are open to the pub-
iic. It contains 12,000 ii^bitants, and
has>a flonrifliing uaiverfity. It was takeh
by tl«e duke of Marlborough in 1703,
and by the French in 17*04. It is feated
on the Rhine, 10 miles s by E o£ Cologne.
Lon. 7 12 £, lat. 50 45 N.
Bonn A, or Bona, a feaport of Africa,
in the kingdomof Algiers. It was tak^
B O R
by Charirt v, in iSJSi ud 'i< too tnilet
^ of Algitrrt. Lon. 6 i$ Ft lat. 36 1 n.
BoNNESTABLB* a town of France, in
the department of Sartc and late )>rovince
of Mainri 15 milei NB of Mans. Lon.
0 30 B, lat. 48 II N.
BoNNEVAL, . t(>.vn of France, in the
department of Eure and Loire and late
province of Beauce. It had L. ly a fine
BenediAine abbryi and i< feated on the
Loire, eight miles N of Chateaudun. Lon.
1 20 E, Tat. 48 IS N.
Bonneville, a town of Savoy, cspU
tal of Faucigny, feated on the river Arve,
at the foot ot a mountain called the Mole.
It it ao miles s of Geneva. Lon. 610
w, lat. 46 31 N.
BooDci-BOODGB, a town of Hin-
dooltan Proper, capital of the rajah of
Cutch, 330 miles Ng of Surat. Lon. 68
o E, lat. 23 16 N.
BoOTAN, a country ne of Hindooftan
Proper, between Bengal and Thibet, of
which laft it is a feudatory. The
fouthemmoft ridge of the Bootan moun-
tains rifes near a mile and a half per«
pendicular above the plains of Bengal,
in a horizontal diftancc of only 1 5 miles ;
and ih>m the luinmit the aitoniOied tra-
veller looks back on the plains, as on an
extenftve ocean beneath hun. The capital
is Taflafudoo.
Bopfincen, a free imperial town of
Suabia, on the river Eger, four miles E
of Awlan. Lon. 10 11 i, lat. 48 55 N.
BoFPART, a town of Germany, in the
archbi/hopric of Treves, at the foot of a
mountain, near the Rhine, eight miles s of
Cohlentz. Lon. 7 35 E, lat. 50 »6 N.
BoRCH, a town of the duchy of
Magdeburg, on the Elbe, 14 miles N£
•f Magdeburg. Lon. iz x E,lat. 51 19 D.
BoRCHLOEN, a town ofWeftphalia,
in the bifliopric of Liege, 15 miles NW
of Liege. Lon. 5 31 E, lat. 50 50 N.
BoREHAM, su village in EflTex, three
niik's NE of Chelmsford. Her«is a ve-
n.^-able feat belonging to the family of
Olmius, which was built by Henry viii,
who nve it the name of Beaulieu ; not-
withftanding which it ha» ever ilnce re-
tained the original name of the manor
Newhall. The greateft part of it was
pulled down by the firii lord Waltham.
BoRGO, a town of Sweden, on the
^If of Finland, 20 miles nb of Hel-
linefbrt. Lon. 25 40 e, lat. 60 34 N.
BoRAOPORTE, a town of Italy, in the
duchy of Mantua, on the river Po, i o miles
• of MahtuR. ^oh. 10 53 b, lat. 45 o n.
BoRoo-SAN-DoniiNo, an f^ifcopal
-tpwa of Italyi i& tUnAuehy «f Hrma, 1 5
B O R
miles NW of Parma. Lon. to 6 B, \tU
4458 N.
Borgo-di-San-Sbpulchro, anepir.
copal town of Tulcany, 40 miles b of
Flovence. Lon. i» 7 k, lat. 43 32 n.
BORoo-VAL-Di-TARO, a town of
Italy, in the duchy of Parma, to miles S
w of Parma. Lon. 10 16 e, lat. 44 30 N.
BoRjA, a town of Spain, in Arragon»
11 mik'n SE of Taiazona. Lon. i iS
W, lat. 42 6 N.
BoRi^EN, an ifland of the W Indies*
near Porto-Rico. The Englifh fettled herc>
but wrere expelled by the Spaniards. It
i» uninhabited, though fertile, and the
water good. Here is a great number of
land crabd, whence fome call it Crab
Idand. Lon. 66 o w, lat. 18 o N.
BoRKELo, a Itrong town of the
United Provinces, in Zutphen, on th*
fiver Borkcl, 10 miles e of Zutphen*
Lon. 6 18 i-, lat. 52 II N.
Dor:4 ( ), a town of the country of the
Grilons, c.| ital of a county of the famr
nair.e. It is feated at the foot of the
mountains, clsfe to the torrent Fredolfo^
which falls at a fmall diftance into thi
Adda. It contains about 1000 inhabi-
tants, and has a defolate appearance. The
houfes are of (tone plaileied : a few make
a toler^'jle Agure aiuid many with paper
wLr Jows ; aiid teveral, like the Italian cot-
tages, have only wooden window Aiut-
ters. It is 40 miles SB of Coire. Leil.
10 5 E, ht. 46 25 N.
Borneo, an iilaud in the Indian
Ocean, dil covered by the Portuguele in
1521, and formerly thought to be the
largeft in the world, being 1800 mile»
in circumference. The inland country
is mountainous j but toward the fea low
and marfhy. It pixxluces rice, pepper^
fruits, diamonds, gold, pearls, and bees^
wax, which laft is ul'ed inftead of money ;
and the famous oi*angoutarig is a native
of this iilaiul. The people ai'e very
fvrarthy, and go alnioft naked. There
are Mahometans on the feacoalt ; but the
reft are Gentoos. The E India Com-
pany had fa<51ories heie ; but differencea
ariilng between them and the natives, they
were driven away, or murdered : however,
in 177%, the Englifh obtained a grant*
from the Sooloos, of the N part of tbic
ifland. The feacoaft is ulually overflowed
half the year, and when the waters jg»
off, the earth is covered with mud; for
which reafon, fome of the houfea are
built on floats, and others on high pillars.
The c;^)ital, of the fame name, is large and
populous, with a good harbour, and feated
ofttkrMwiidc. Lon. iii27t,i«t.45j:t>
Fa
a O R
B O R
' , BoltKHotM> an i/land of the J>aWc
€cx, JO miles se of Schoncn in Swcdtii.
Xon. 14 56 E, lat. 54-55 >^'
BORNOV, an extcnlive country in
Africa, bounded on the NW by Fezzan,
en the N '%y the delut of Blliria, on the
6E by Caflinn, and on the liw by Nubia.
The climate is faid to be chiiaclniycd
Iry excelfive, though not b uniform heat.
"Two fcafons, one comincncinsj; foon after
the middle of Apjil, the other at the
fame period in Ortobcr, divide the year.
The firft is introduced by vicknt winds,
/fbat bring with thKiii.from the se ;u)d s,
»n inttnle heat, with a deluge of lultry
rain, and fuch temptlts of ihundcr and
lightning as deftroy multitudes of the cat-
tle and many of the p^^ople. At the
commencement of the fecond ftafon, tlsc
ardent heat fubfidot. j the air beco.ufs foft
and mild, and the weather pei;-6tiy le-
Tene. The complexion of the nHtiv^j is
black; but they are not of the negro cilt.
The drefs of the greater p;i:t coallfts of
ihirts of bjue cotton n-anufactured in the
coimtry, of a red cap iiiipoited fru:n
Tripoli, and a white iruflin turban t'nnn
Cairo. Ncle-rings of gold are worn I'y the
principal people. But the only covering
•f the poorer fort, is fonl-jtinies a kind
of girdle for the waift. They ciiliivate
Indian corn, the hurfe-bean of Europe,
the common kidncybean, cotton, licnip, and
Indigo. They have figs, grnjKi, apijcots,
pomegranates, lemons, liine^., i^nd niclcns.
^T'he mod valuabl«' tree is called Kuicynali,
in form and height like an clive, tli'i
leaf rei'einbling that of a liir.;:M, and
"bearing a nut, the kernel and fl:tll of
which^are in great ellimation ; the firi't
as a fruit, the la ft on at count of the
eil it produces. Horlcs, afil's, multj,
4ogs, horned cattle, goats, Hicc-p, ar.tl
camels (of tlie flefli of which they are
very fond) are the common atiiuiaL.
Their bees are ib nnmeious, thit the
'wax is often thrown • aw.'.y as wn article
•f no value. Their game confills of the
partridge, wild duck, and oftilch, the
■efh 01 which they prize above every
other. Their other wild an!nr''s are the
lion, leopard, civet cat, woif, fox; the
elephant, which is not common, and of
which they make no uie ; the antelope,
«ameleopardjilis, ciocodile, ami hippopo-
tamus. They are much infeftcd with
inakes, fcorpions, centipedes, and toa<ls'
More than tliirty different language* are
laid to be fpoken in Bornou and its cU .
pendencies; and the reigning religion is
the Mahometan. Their monarchy is
(}«^ire, Ob thr dtath of thv foTcreign,
the privilege of choofinj^ a fucccffor fxfMi
an.ong his funs, is conferred on thrcQ
perfons, vdioic age, and charaiier toi
wi.di)m, are denoted by the title of elders .
Thefe retire to a fequeltered place, thc^
?.v"m:cs to which are guarded j ar.d,
while thtii- dfliberatic-ni lalt, the princi*^
are confined in icp. irate chambers of tiiC
palace. The choice being made, they
proct.-d to the apurtmen: cf the fove-
reign-clecl, and coiKiv.ct him to the
gloomy place where liie corp.'e of Iv.x
father, that cannot be interred til! t'ne
conclaficn of this awful curcinony, awaits
his arrival. There tlie elders expatiate
to him on the virtues and defefls of hi»
decealed parent; defcriblng, with pane-
gyric or cenliue, the meafurcs tlut exalted
or funk tlic glory of his reign. The
fultan is faid to have 500 ladies in 1uj»
fcrajlio, nnd that his Itud likewife coiv
tains 500 iiorfts. He has a vail army,
wjiich conhtls aliuoft entirely of horle:
the fabre, lance, pike, and bow, are
tlieir weapons of oftlnce, ai«l a fliield of
hides li their armour. In their mant:ers
the people are conrteous and humane: they
are pallionately fond of play ; the lowei-
chiles of draughts, and the higher excel iu
chefs. The capit::! is of the fame name.
BoPNOU, the capital of the eippire
of Bornou, fituate in a flat counvry, on
tht b^ks of a fmall .river. It ccn*l(t»
of a nusltitude of houfes, neatly pi uteved,
both witiiin and without, wiih clay qr
iRud; but they are fo Intgularly phceJ,
that the fpacei bctwccnuhcm cannot be
c'-llcd (truets. Their moli|ues are con-
Ihucted of brick and earth; and they
have fchook, l.j which the koran is tau';ht,
as in the print ipal towns of Barbary.
The n)yal palace, forming a kinil of
citadel, is built in a corner of the tov.rn.
Bornou is furrounded by a wall, and is
650 miles SE of Mourzook. Lou. ay
30 X, lat. 19 +0 N.
BoROVGHBRiunK, a borough in the if
riding of Yorklhire, with a market on
Saturday ; feated on the Ure, over which
is a ftcne bridge. Here Edward lij iu
X 3zi, defeated the rebel earl of Lancafter.
It icnih two members to parliament ; and
is 17 miles NW of York, and 118 N by
w of London. Lon. i 25 w, lat. $^
ION.
BoRROWDALE, a d:Tary diftri(5t in
the s part of Cumberland, abo\mding,
beyond any other part of the world, with
the fineft iox;t of black lead or wad ; the
mines of which ai'c only opened ai in-'
tervals, and t|ien carefully doled agaift,
left this pxtcioM iub|i»ce ihcoild becoMi
arel
villi
•f
faltl
▼.-itl
riveT
Al
m
iat.
Re
l^ii
BOS*
f»«e»miVion. Copper, Icnli and calamine,
are alfo ibund in thii trii:\ .
BORROWSTOUNKI-S'j, Of BONESS, a
villugc in Linlithgtjwfhirc, en t!if tilth
•t Forth. It has. nuniejouii coalerics ar,d
Jalt-works, and is eight miles n of L\)i-
Mthjrow.
BosA, an ancient fcaport of Sardinia,
wit!i a birtiop's (cc, and a calHc, on a
river of the iamt nami.-, 1 7 miles SE of
Al^eri. Lon. 8 50 e, ht. 40 7.9 N.
IJosco, or BoscHi, a town ot" Italy,
in the Milanelt', fcated on the Orbc, five
mii'.s E of Alexandria. Lon. 8 52 n,
iat, 44 54 N.
B0SCO8EL, a village in Shropihixe,
nine miles S£ of Newport, noted tor tiie
Royal Oak, in which Charles xi was
Conctaled, and faw tlie ibldiers pafs by
in quelt of him, niter the battle of Wor-
<v.-ftcr. Tiie irte was iacloied by a brick
w;;II, but is now almoit cut Mway by
fravellers.
BosNA Seraco, the capital of Bof-
*ia, feated on the river Boina, no miles
sw of Belgrade. Lon. 17 57 E, bt. .^4
4.0 N.
Bosnia, a province of Turkey in E\i-
«5pe, bounded on the N by Sclavonia, on
the E by S<:rvia, on the s by Albania,
dnd on the w by Croatia and Dalmati*.
«>eraio is the capital.
Bos SIN Ey, a borough in Cornwall,
that lends two members to parliament,
but has now no market. It is feated on
fhe Briftol Channel, 17 njiles Nw of
Launcefton, and 233 w by s of London.
Lon. 4 40 w. Lit. 50 45 N-
BosT, a Ih'ong town of Perfia, capital
of Sableftan. Lon. 64 15 H, Iat. 31
50 N.
Boston, a borough in Lincoln/hire,
with a market on Weilnelday and Satur-
xlay. It is feated on both fides of tlie
Witham, not fai" from its influx into the
fea ; but its harbour cm admit veflels of
inferior burden only. It has a navigation
from Lincoln, partly by the Witham,
and partly b>; a canal, at the termination
of which, in Bofton, . is a large and
curious lluice f an«J there is another canal
to Bourn. It is a flourifhing town, go-
Terned by a mayor, and fends two mem-
bers to pai liatnent. The maiket-pbce is
fpacibus, and the tower of its Gotliic
church is one of the moft lofty and ek-
gart of the kind, and a noted fi*anurk.
It js 37 miles 5E of Lincoln, and 115 M
of London. Lon. o 5 e, iaii. 531 n.
Boston, the capital of Maifachuli^ts,
in N America* feated on a peninfula,
'A (he iRottom of a &ne ba)r, covered
B 0 U
by fmall iHani; and rocks, and defended
by a calMe, wiuch rend«r the approach of
an enemy very difficult. It lies in the fern*
of a creic'.nt about the harbour ; aiul the
country rkfing gradually bdyond, affords
a dcii ;htful proijHr^l. There is ooily one
liife ci);in:u'l to approach the harbour, 2«vd
that lb narrow, that two Ihips can fcarcelf
i'ail abrealtj but, within the harbour*
there is room for 500 ftjips to anchor.
At the bottom of the bay is a pier, neaf
2000 feet in length, to which lhip« of
the greatelt burden may come cloiii:. The
Itrcets arc handfome, particularly thsvt •
cxten-ling from the pier to the town-
hoxife; r.nd there are 16 churches of va-
rious denominations. On the W fide of
the town is the Mall, a beautiful public
walk. Bofton was the place, in the
neighbourhood of which the firft hoftili-
ties comirienced, in 1775, between tlie
cslonitts and the troops of tl»e mother
coxmtry, v/ho evacviated the tow© in
March 1776. It is 356 miles ne of
Philadelphia. Lon. 70 33 w, Iat. 42
45 N.
BoswoRTH, or Market Bo5-
WoaTH, a town in Ltlceftedhire, witli
a market on WLdncld.iy. It is feated on
a high hillj and famous for a battle fought
here between Kichard in and the euri
of Richmond, aftcrwai'd Henry vii, ift
which the formw loft his crown and life.
It is 13 miles N\v of Leicelter, and 106
NNw of London. Lon. 1 18 w, kt. 51
40 N.
Botany Bay, a bay of. New $
Wales., on the e coaft of New Holland, fo
called from the great quantity of herbs
found on the fliore. It was originally fixe4
on for a colony of convi5ls from Great Bm
tain, which, in the fequcl, took place at
Port Jackfon, 15 miles further to tlie N.
Lon. 151 22 E, Iat. 340 s.
Botany Island, a fmall Uland, ia
the S Pacific Ocean, to the SE of New
Caledonia. Lon. 167 16 E, Iat. iz 26 s.
Bothnia, a province in Sweden, oil
a. gulf of the fame name, which divides
it into two parts, called £ and \i
Bothnia.
Botesdale. See 6uddesi>ale. ^
BoTWAB, ai town of Suabia, in the
duchy of Wurtembefg, 15 miles SB qf
Haiibron. Lon. 9 32 \v, Iat. 49 9 N.
BoTZENBURG, a town of Germany,
in the duchy of Miecklenburg, on the river
Elbe. Ltn. 10 48 E, Iat. 53 30 n.
Bov A, an epifcopal town of Naples, in
Calabria Ulteriore, 20 miles SE of Rag-
gio, I.on. 16 ao E, Iat. 37 50 N.
Bo VCHAIK, a fortified town of Frar*i»&
P
'ii ' 'I2S
%'
ii!1
if:
''|;5f":,iih
B O U
B O U
Im the department of the N«rth imA Ute
French Hainault, divided into two parv's
by the Scheld. It was taken by the
French in 1676, and by the tilHes in
1711 ; but retaken the year following. It
is nine miles w of Valenciennes. Lon.
3 ?.i B> lat. 50 18 N.
SoucHART, a town of France, in the
department of Indre and Loire and late
province of Touraine, fituate in an
ifland of the river Viennc, 15 miles ssw
of ToTirs.
• BouDRY, a town of SwifTcrland, in
the county of Neuchatel. Lon. 6 40 E,
lat. 4.7 I N. >
Bouillon, a town of France, in the
duchy of the fante name, and terrtory
of Luxemburg. This duchy is a fovc-
reignty, independent of France; ard, on
.March I -J, 1792* tlu' king of Great
JJritain grhnted to Vhiiip d'Auvttgne,
captain in the royril navy, his licence
to accept the Jiicceificn to the faid dnchy,
in cafe of the death of the hereditary
prince, only fon of the reigning duke,
without ilTue male, purlixant to a declara-
tion of his ferene highnel's, dated June 25,
3791, " at the defire, and with the expreJs
and formal confent of the nation." Ac-
cordingly, captain d'Auvergne has fmce
alVumed the title of prince of Bouillon.
The town has a caftle, featcd on an
almoft inacceflible rock, near the river
Semois, la miles N of Sedan. Lon, 5
zo E, lat. 49 45 N.
BoviGNES, a town of the Auftrian Ne-
therlands, in Namur, on the river Meufe,
ten miles s of Namur. Lon. 4 50 e,
lat. 50 19 K.
Bo VINO, an epifcopal town of Naples,
in Capitanata, feated at the foot of the Ap-
feimines, 15 miles NE of Benevento.
,on. 15 IS E, lat. 41 17 N.
Boulogne, a large feaport of France,
in the department of the Straits of Calais
and late province of Boulonnois. It was
lately an epifcopal fee; and is diviucJ
into two towns, tne Higher and the Lower.
The harbour has a mole for the fafety of
the ihips ; and which, at the fame time,
{Invents it from being choaked up. It
s feated at the mouth of the Lianne, 14
miles s of Calais. Lon. i 42 E* lat. 50
44 N.
Bourbon, aq ifland of Africa, in the
Indian Ocean, 60 mites iong^, and 45
broad. There is not a fate harbour
in the ifland j but many good roads for
Shipping. On the SE is a volcano. It
18 a feitile ifland; producing, in parti-
cular, excellent tobacco. The French
(iitti d here in 167a; and have Tome coa-
fiderable towns in the ifland j and here
their India fliips to\jch for refreftiments.
It is 300 miles E of Madagakar. Lon.
55 %o E, lat. 20 52 N.
Bourbon Lanci, a town of France,
in the department ot Saone and Loire
and late province of Burgundy. It is re-
markable for its cattle, hot mineral
waters, and a large marble pavement,
called the Great Bath, which is a work
of the Romans. It is 15 n-ilts sw of
Autun. Lon. 4 6 E, lat. 4'> 47 n.
Bourbon l'Archamdeau, a town
of P'rancc, in the d«partmtnt of Al-
Jier and late province of Bourbonnois,
fituate in a bottom, near the river AUier,
It is remarkable for its hot baths, and
for giving niune to the family of the
late unfortunate king of France. It is 15
miles w of Moulins, and 362 S of Paris,
Lon. 35^, lat 46 35 N.
BouRRONNE-LES Baint, a town of
France, in the department of Upper
Xiarne and late province of Champagne,
famous for its hot baths. It is 17 miles
E of Langres. Lon. 5 45 E, lat. 47
54 N.
Bourbonnois, a late province of
France, bounded on the N by Nivemois*
and Berry, on the w by Btrry and part
of Marche, pn the s by Auvergne, ana ori
the E by Burgundy and Forcz. It
abounds in corn, fruit, pafture, wood,
game, and wine. It now forms the de-
- partment of Allier.
BouRDEAUX, an ancient city «f
France, in the department of Gironde
and late province of Guienne. It is an
archbifliop's lee; has a univerfity, and ri
academy of arts and fciences. It is built
in the toiin of a bow, of which the river
Garonne is the ftring, bordered by a large
quay. It contains upward of 100,000
inhabitants, and is one of the firft cities of
France for magnitude, riches, and beauty.
The cathedral is much admired. The
caftle, called the Trumpet, is feated at
the entrance of the quay, and the river
iiins round its wull>. The town has
12 gates; and neai* another caftle are
fine walks. The maft remarkable an-
tiquities are the palace of Galienus,
built like an amphitheatre; and li^veral
aquedui5ts. It has a confidei'^ble trade ;
and they fliip every year 100,000 tons of
wine and brandy. Here Edwaid the
Black Prince refided feveral years, and
his fon, aiterward Richard 11, was born.
It is 87 miles s of Rcchelle, and 325
sw of Paris. Lon. o 34 w, lat. 44
50 N.
Bovi(uiN£s, a towf) of titc Auilriaa
B O U
BOX
2<cthephnds, in Namur, fi\e miles NW
ot' Huy. Lon. 5 o E, ht. 50 35 N.
BouP.G, a town otFrunce, in the de-
partment of Ain and late province of
Brefie. Near this place, is tne magniH-
CL-nt church rud nionaitery of the laie
Auguftins. Bourg is featfd ca the rivtr
Rellbulfe, 20 )i/»les SE of Macon and
»33ofrur',3. I^on. 5 ly e, Jat. 46 ii N.
BouRG, a towi. it France, in the de-
partment of Giron and late province
ot Guienne, with a i,-'od .harbour on the
Dor^ogne, near the point of land fonned
by the juniUon of that river with the
Garonne, which is called the Bec-d'Ain-
Y)ez. It U 15 miles N (of Buurdeaux.
Lon. o 30 w> 'lat. 45 5 n.
Bourg, a town of the iHand of
Cayenne, in S America. Lon. 5* 50 w
iat. 5 2 N.
Bou|lGA^f£VF, a town of France, in
the department of Crefufe and late pro-
vince of Marche. It is remarkable fur
a Urge and lofty towrr, faced with itones
eut diamond-wife; ere6led, toward the
end of the 15th century, by Zifun,
brother of Bajazet 11, emperor of the
Turks, when he was obliged to exile
kimfelf, after the lofs of a decifive battle.
Bourganeuf is feated on the river Tau-
rion, 20 miles ne qf Limoges, and 200
S or Paris. Lon. i 35 E, lat. 45 59 N.
BouRGES, an ancient city of France,
in the department of Cher and late pro-
vince of Berry, with an archiepilcopal fee
and a univernty. In extent it is one «f
the greateft cities in France, but the in-
habitants hardly amount to 25,000, and
their trade is mconfiderable. It is the
birthplace of Lewis xi, the Nero of
France; and the celebrated preachtr
Bourdaloue. It is feat<;d on the rivers
Auron and Yevre, 25 miles nw of Ne-
vers, and 125 s of Paiis. Lon. 2 a8 E,
lat. 47 5 N.
BouRCET, a town of Savoy, on a lake
«f the fame name. Ax miles N of Cham-
berry. Lon. 5 50 E, lat. 45 41 N.
Bou&G-LA-REiNE, a town of France,
one league s of Paris.
BouRMONT,^ town of France, in the
(department of Upper Mame and late pro-
vince of Champagne, 22 miles K by N of
Chaumont. Lon. 5 43 E, lat. 48 14 N.
Bourn, a town in Lincolnshire, with
9. good market on Saturday. It is leated
near a fpring, called Bourn Well-head,
from which proceeds a river that runs
through the town to Spalding. From
Bourn is a navigable canal to Bollon. It
is 35 miles s of Lincoln, and 97 N of
London. Lon. o ao w> lat. $i 4^ fi.
BovRO, an iHand in the Indian Ocr:in,
between the Moluccas and- Celebes, fub-
jeSi to the Dutch, who have a fortrefs
here. Some mountains in it are cx.renicly
higli, and the fea on one fide i« uncomv
monly deep. It produces nutmegs ai\d
cloves, cocoa and baana trees, and many
vegetables introduced by the Dutch.
Crocodiles, of an aitonifliing Cze, infeft
the banks of the rivers, devowinir I'uch
lieafts as fall in their way ; and men
are protected from their fury by no other
method than carrying torr hes : they have
even been known, in the night« to feise
people in their boats. Bouro is 50 milf*
in circiunfcrence. Lon. 127 25 E* lat,
3 30 8.
BOVRTON-ON-THE-HILL, « vUIaffe
In Gloucelterihire, on the {tde of a hiUf
with a BiK pvo^A into Oxfordihire.
There are two fpnngs in this pariAi, <inc
of which inins e, and empties itfelf into
the Thames, and the ether w> into the
Severn. It is five miles from StoWf and
30 irom Gloucefter.
Bourton-on-the-water, a village,
one mile from the preceding place, wa-
tered by a river that rifes near it, which
here fpreads 30 feet wide, and over which
is a ftone bridge. Adjoining to it is a
quadrangular Roman camp, inr ioiing Co
acres, now divided into 20 fiel is, VOMK
coins and other antiquities are dug up.
BoussAC, a town of France, in the de-
nartment of Creuie and late province •£
Marche, with a caftle, on an almoft inac«
ceflible rock, 25 miles ne of Gueret.
BovTON, an iAand in the Indian
Ocean« is miles se of Celebes. The
inhabitants are fmall, but well fliaped,
and of a dark oliye complexion. Tneir
religion is Mahometaniihi. Lon. 123
30 E, lat. 50 s.
Bow, a town in Devonfliire, with a
market on Thurfday. It is feated at the
fource of a river that falls into the Taw,
14 miles NW of Exeter, and 1S8 w by s
of London. Lon. 3 49 w, lat.*5o 50 n.
Bow, or Stratford le Bow, a
confidei-able village in Middle&x, two
miles' EN £ of London. It has many
mills, manufaflures, and diftilleries, on
the river Lea, which here feparates Mid«
dlefex from FlTex. It is raid that the
bridge here, was the flift ftone one built
in England, and that from it* «rches it
received th« name of Bow.
liOWNESS. Sec BULNESS.
BoxLEY, ,a village in Kent, near
Maidftone, famous Tor an abbey of.
Ciftertian monks, founded by Wiliiam
carl of Kt^t in 1 246, the remains of
■ ■ F4
I P
lul,
BRA
BRA
wVich ftill exlft. In this abl-sey, Edwrud
II granted the charter to the city cf
London, empowering them to tk6i a
xntjor from their own body. Here was
the famous wooden figure, called the
Kood of Grace; the lips, eyes, and head
*f which moved en the approach of its
irotaries. It was broken to pi«ces, at
St. Paul's Crols, in JS'i^y ^7 HiUey,
bifl)op of Rochetter, who (howed to the
eredulous people the iprings and wheels
by which it had been moved.
BoxTEL, a town of Dx'tch Brabant, on
the river Bommel, eight miles s of Bcis-
]e^\ic. Lon. 5 is e, lat. 51 3a n.
■ BoxTHVDE, a town of Lover Saxony,
in the duchy of Bremen, feated on a brook
"which falls into the Elbe, la miles sw
cf Hamburg. Lon. 9 45 E, Int. 53 ^6 N.
Boyle, or Abbey Bovle, a borough
«f Ireland, in the county of RofcommoH,
remai'kable f<v the ruins of an abbey.
It is feated near lajce Key, 13 miles n
of Rofcomznon.
BOYNE, a river of Ireland, which
rifes in Q^een s county, and rans by
Trim and Cavan, into the Iriih Channel,
below Diogheda. Here James 11 was
defeated by William iii, in 1690.
Bo YOLO, a town of Italy, in the duchy
iftf Mnntua, capital of a territory of the
fame name, fubjeft to the houle of Aul-
tria. It is 15 miles sw of Mantua.
Xon. 10 35 B, lat. 45 6 N.
BraaN, a river of Scotland, which
defcends from the hills of PerthHiirc e
of ioch Tay, and falls into the Tay
above Dtuikcld. Upon this river is a
frand U;ene, at a place called the Rum-
ling Bridge. Under an arch, thrown
over a narrow chafin, between tNvo pro-
jefting rock«, the river is precipitated in
M iall of near 50 feet.
Brabant, a duchy of the Nether-
lands, bounded on the N by Holland, on
Ac ME by Guelderlund, on the e by
Liege, on the s by Namur, and on the
w by Hainault, Flanders, and Zealand.
Bruflels is the capital of Aultrian
Brabant; but the northern part, of which
Breda is the chief town, belongs to the
United Provinces, under the denomina-
tion .of Dutch Brabant. The principal
rivers are the ScheJd and Lis. It was
iubdued by the French ip 17 '14,
^ Bracciano, a town of Italy, in the
Satrimony of St. Peter, oji a lake oiF
\e fame name, la miles nw of Rome.
There are fome celebrated f iths near the
town. Lon. n 24 f, Int. 4^ 3 n.
Bracklaw, a ftrong town of Poland
In i?0(io|ai on ihe nvcr i^ug, 85 miles
E of Kamlnieck. T ^n. zZ 30 e, lat. 48
49 N.
Brack LEY, a borcu^;;h in Narthamp-
tonlhire, with a market on Wednelday.
It contains two churches, ?j.v\ had for-
merly a coljegc, nov.' a frcellhool. It is
governed by a mayor, lends two mtm-
ber« to pnrliament, and is tested en the
Oui'e, iS miles 5 of Nci thimpton, and
64 NW cf London. Lea i 10 vv, lat.
5» 2 N.
Brad, a i^wn of Sdavonin, on the
river Save, 1 8 miles s of Polega. Lon.
18 56 E, lat. 45 If) ti.
Bradeglev, or BaijeJIvEY, avilhge
near Bromtgrove, in Wmcefterftiire, where
are the niiiis of a fupeib abbey, founded
by emprels Maud, mother of Henry n,
Bradfield, a town in Eflex, with a
market en ThurlUay, 16 miles N of
Chelmsford. Lon. o 30 E, lat. 51 58 N,
Bradford, a town in Wilts, with a
market on Monday. It is the centre of
the ereatcft fabric cf fuperfine cloths in
England, which it fhares with the fur-
rounding towns of Trowbridge, Melk-
Iham, Corfham, and Chippenham. It is
feated en the Avon, 1 1 miles w of De-
vizes and icz of London. Lon. z 20 vv,.
lat. 51 20 N.
Bradford, a town in the w riding
of Yorkfliire, with a market on Monday.
It has a trade in (halloons, everlaftings,
&c. whidi are made in theneighbcurhood,
I' Is leated on a branch of the Aire, 36
nules sw of York, and 193 NNW of
Londcr. Lon. 1 40 w, lat. 53 49 n.
Bra£ Mar, a fertile vrIc in Aber-
decnlhire, furronnded by rugged preci-
I>ices. The cartle cf" Brae-Mar, tlie
family fi;at of the earls of Mar, now
belongs to the earl of Fife. Here the
earl /)t Mar. began the rebellion in 1715.
It is 27 miles NW of Aberdeen.
Braca, a town of Pcytugal, capital
of EntreMinho-e-Doinfro, leated on the
river Cavado, iSo miles N of- Lilbon.
Lon. 8 29 w, lat. 41 42 N.
Bracanza, the capital of the duchy
of Bragaiiza, in Portugal. It is divided
into two towns, the Old and the New t
the Old is feated on an eminence, fur-
rounded by double walls j and the Kew
(tands in a plain, at the foot of a moun-
tain, and is defended by a fort. It is
feated on the Sab or, 31 miles nw of
Miranda. Lon. 6 30 w, lat. 42 2 N.
Braila, a town of Turkey in Eu-
rope, in Walachia, on the Danube. It
has a caftle, taken by the Rulfians ilk
1711, but afterward reftored.
Braii«0W| a town of Poland; in TqA^ •
Vva, oi
Brack!
Br|
Haina
4 ft E,|
Br[
m?.rk.B
derabll
to tlicl
noted 1
thclnl
Lcn.
BrI
biiho[i
rlviilel
Lon.
BrI
the c<f
rates
county
Alps
Tacit
Rhasti
Br
.% .».~ •
48
BRA
Ua, on the river Bog, 30 tn'iles NW of
Br.icklaw, Lon. ::8 oE, lat. 49 iz N. •
Brain le Comte, a town of Auftriiin
Hainaui':, 1 5 miles sw of Brufiels. Lon.
4- 6 £, lat. 53 41 N.
Braintrge, a town in EfTex, 'vlth a
ninrk.ec on Wedncidny. It has a conii-
tleiable manufa bjre of b;iys, ami aJjoins
to the lirge vili.io;e of Ujciving, wiiicl; is
noted for Lhc lame. It is ii .jiiks u of
Chelmsford, nnd 41 NE of London.
Li;n. o 40 E, la:. 51 55 N.
BraKEl, a town of VVeitphaiia, In the
hiIho|)ric of Padcrboin, Icaied en the
rivulet Briight, iinules E of Paderboru.
Lon. 9 i-i E, lat. 51 46 N.
Bralio, a mountain of the Alps, in
the country of the Grilons, which lepa-
ratcs the valle" of Munft.r f~om the
county of Bonnio. This par. cf the
Alps is fuppoicd to be the fa.ne which
Tacitus mentions under the name of Juga
Khxtica.
Bramant, a town of Savoy, on the
river Arck, 35 miles Nw of Turin.
Lon. 7 5 E, lat. 4S 25 N.
Bramber, a borough in Sufiex, that
iends two members to parliament, but is
now without either market or faii-. It is
47 miles s by w of London. Lon. o it
w, lat. 50 52 N.
Brampton, a town in Cumberland,
with a market on Tuefday. It is leated
on the river Itfhin, near the Pidls Wall.
On the top of a high hill, is a fortified
trench, called the Mote. It is eight
milea ne of Carlifle, and 311 nnw of
London. Lon. 2 40 w,' lat. 54 58 n.
Brampton, a village in Hereford-
ftiire, one mile t of Rol's. Here are the
ruins of a magnificent caltle.
Brancaster, a village in Norfolk,
to the E of the promontory of St. Ed-
mund's-chapel, the ancif.-nt Branodunum,
a confiderable Roman city, where ancient
c^Jns have been frequently dug up.
joRanchon, a town of the Auftrian
Netherlands, in Namur, on the river
^Jehaigne, eight miles N of Najnur.
Lon. 4 40 £, lat. 50 36 N.
Br ANDELs, a town of Bohemia, on the
river Elbe, 10 miles ne of Prague. Lon.
14 45 e> lat. 50 15 N.
Brandenburch, a country of Ger-
many, bounded on the N by Fomcranla
and Mcclcnbnrgi on the e by Poland;
on the s by Silefia, Lulatia, Upper Sax ny,
and Magdeburg J and on the w by Lu-
nenburg. It is divided into five principal
part8j the Old Marche, Pregnitz, the
Middle Marche, Uckcr Marche, and the
New Marck, 2erUa is the capital j and
ERA
the principal rivers arc the Elbe, Ksrei^
Spree, Uckcr, Oder, and Wartc. i'he
grea 1 part of the inhabitants ai'e Lu-
therans ; but the paplits arc tolerated.
BPANDENBVRf;, a town or Oomany,
divided into the Old and New Town, by
the ilavd, which ieparates the fort froiu
botli. Great numbers of French ictugc^i
having lettled here, introduced their nm-
irui'actuies, and reni'.ertd it a proiptrouj
place. It is 26 miles \v of Beilin. Lon.
14. 5 E, lat. 5a 45 N.
Brandon, a village in Suffolk., featod
on the Little Ouie, over which is a bridge,
and a ferry at a mile's diflance ; whencs
it is divided into Brandon, and J3randoa.
Ferry : which laft has tlie molt buline/s,
bccaule commodities are brought thither
trom the ills ot Ely. It is 12 mites n of
Bury.
Branska, a town of TranfyJvanla,
on the rivtr Merifli, 35 miles s of WeL-
lembui^. Lon. 24 15 E, lat. 46 o .\'.
Brasil, a country of S America,
which gives the title of prince to th« hck-
apparent of the crown of Portugal. It
includes the moft eaitem part of S Amd
rica, and lies between the equino^iai line
and the tropic of Capricorn, being 1560
niilts in length, and 1000 in breadth. |
^vas diicovered in 1500, by Alvarez
Cabral, a Portuguefe, who was iorced
Upon it by a tempeft. The air of thi«
country, though within the torrid zone, is
temperate and wholelbme. The loll is
fertile, and more fugar comes thence
than from all other parts of the world!
It produces tobacco, Indian corn, feveral
forts of fruirs and medicinal di-ugs. Tiie
wtrod brought from Brafil, and hence fo
called, is of gieat ufe in dying red; and
within the country theic is gold, and fe-
verai jorts 01 precious (tones. The cattle,
cairied over trom Enrope, incr«afe pro-
digioully. They have feveral anim=Us
not known in Europe; among the reft, a
beautiful bhc called Colibii, whofe body
K not muf ii larger thin that of a May-
bug and it fings as harmonic ufly as a
nightingale. The Portuguelb chiefly m-
hab»t the coaft ; for they have not pene-
trated for into the countiy. The inland
parts aie iull of people of differau lan-
guages; but they all agree in wearing nk
clothes. They are ot 3 copper colour,
with lung coai le black hair on their heads,
but without any on the otlwr parts of
their bodies, like the reft of the Ameri-
cans. They mo ftuong, lively, and gay,
and lubjed to few diieaies. They love
to adorn themlelvcs with feathers, and
VC Xbiia of fcaJU, at wliich tlwsy dance
f '
L' b':'
;.■¥:; ;fv.
BRA
B R £
Jmiaoderately. TlKy have no temples,
oar any other fign ot religion j anil they
make no manner of fci-upple to many
their nearcft relations. They have huts
made of the brankhes of tiets, and co-
vered with palm leaves. Their lurnitiire
eonfilts clikHy in their h'tminccks, and
. <lifhe»» or cupsi made ot calibalhes, painted
without of a red colour, and black with-
in. Tlv:ir knives are made uf a ibrt of
ftone and fplit canea i and they hav» baf-
kets of dirtcient fues, chiefly n»dc of
palm leaver. Their aims arc bows, nr-
rows, and wooden clubs. Wlxn they
travel, tlKy faften their hammccks be-
tween two trees, and flw..]p all night
therein. The Portugvefe divide Bralll
into fifteen governments, which are go-
verned by a viceroy, who re&de« at St.
Salvadore.
Brassa, one of the Shetland Iflands.
Between this and the principal il' ind,
called Mainland, is the noted BraQ'a
Sound; where iooo fail may at once hnd
conunodious mooring.
BiiASSAW, or Crowstadt, a ftrong
town of Tranfylvania, on the river Burc-
»el, 50 miles e by N of Hermanltadt.
ion. »5 55 It l*t« 46 35 N.
Bratton-Castle, on the e fide of
Weftbui'y, m Wilts, the remain^ of a
fortification, where the Danes held out 24.
^ays againjt the Engliih. It is featcd on
a hill, and encompafled by two ditches,
within which fereral pieces of old iron
anns have been dug up.
Braubach, a tovm of Germany, in
Weteravia, with a caftle, leated on the
Khine, eight miles s of Coblentz.
Bravnaw, a town of Germany, in
Lower Bavaria, feated on the river Kun,
i5 miles sw of Paflau. Lon. 13 3 e,
l3t.48 ION.
Braunsburg, a town of Poland, in
New Pruflia, with a commodious harbour,
feated near the Baltic, 50 miles e of
Pantzic. Lon. ao 6 E, iat. 54 xa N.
Braunfeld, a town of Geiinaitiy, in
the county of Solras, with a handfome
palace, 26 miles N by w of Francfort,
Lon. 8 3s E, Iat. 50 »» n.
Bra V A, an independent town of Afri-
ca, on the coaft of Ajan, with a good har-
bour. It is iio miles from Magadoxo.
Lon. 43 25 e, Iat. i 20 n.
Bravo, one of the Cape de-Vcrd
Iflands, remarkable for txceilent wine,
and inhabited by the Portuguel'e. Lon.
94 39 w, Iat. 14 5a N.
Bray, a feapoiit of Ireland, in the
cvunty of Wicklow>featcdonSt. George's
Channel, 10 miles s of Dublin. Lon. S
1 w, Iat. 53 II N.
Bray, a village in Bcrkfhire, famous
in fong toy its vicar, who, having be«n
twice a papill, ami twice a proteitant, in
fotir fiicceilive reign.i, :ind tiicrcfbre taxed
with beint; a tuincuat, laid, he always
kept to his principle, ' to live and die
vicar of Bray.' It is feuttd on the
Thames, one mile s of Muidcnhcad.
Brazza, a town and illaxvi on the
coaft of Dulmatia, in the gulf of Venice,
oppofite Spalatro, and fubje£\ to Venice.
Lon. 17 35 E, Iat. 43 50 N.
Breadalbane. See Albanv.
Brechin, a borougli in Angusflure,
feated in a plain, on i\w river South £lk.
The Gothic cathedral is partly ruinous,
though one of its at/les ierves for the
paiiih church. Adjoining to this is a
curious antique round tov<rer, compeflrd
of hewn fione ^ it tapers from the bottom,
and is very Sender in proportion to its
helglit. Here is a manufacture of linen
and cotton, and a confiderable tannery.
It is 35 niilee ne of Edinburgh. Lon.
2 18 E, Iat. 56 4.0 N.
Brecknock, or Brecon, the capital
of Brccknockfliire, called by the Wellh
Aber-Honddey, and 1< .U'd at the conflu-
ence of the Honddey and l)ik. It is an
ancient place, a!> appears by the Koman
coins th«t are often dug up here. It con-
tains three churches, one of which is col-
legiate; has a good trade in clothing,
and a market on Wcdnel'day and Friday.
To the s of the town is a conftderable
lake, well ftored with iiih, whence runs
a rivulet into the Wye. It lends one
member to parUament, and is 34 miles
Nw of Monmouth, and 162 w by N of
London. Lcr*. 3 22 w, Iat. 51 54 n.
Brecknockshire, a county of S
Wales, 39 miles in length, and 27 in
breadth ; bounded on the E by Hereford-
ihire and Monmouthlhire, on the s by
Glamorganihire, on the w by Carmar-
thenfhire a^ Cardiganihire, and on the
N by Radnorfhire. It is full of moun-
tains, feme of which are exceedingly
high, pai'ticularly Monuchdenny-hill, not
far from Brecknock ; but there are large
fertile plains and vallies, which yield
plenty uf corn, and feed great numbers
of cattle. It lies in the diocefe of St.
David's, has four market-towns and 6t
f>ari flics, and i'ends two members to par-
iamtr.. Its principal rivers are the Wye
and the Ulk.
Breda, a city of Dutch Babant.
The fiNtificatioiw are dreogthettid by the
watersl
perty
the prl
is a m
^^
deliveJ
B R E
B R E
waters and moraiTes near it. The wo-
perty and government of it bek>n|red to
the prince of Orange. The great church
it a noble ilniflure, with a fine fpire, 361
tret high. In 1577, the Spanifh garrilbn
delivered this city to the Dutch } but it
was recovsred in 158 1. In 1590, the
Dutch retook it. In 1615, the Spaniardsi
after a memorable (lege of ten month*,
reduced it; hut, 151637, the prince of
Oranj^ fftook it. In 1793 it was I'ur-
rendercd to the French, after a fiege of
wily three days, but it was retaken loon
alter. It is leated on the river Merk, ix
miles w by s of Bois-ie-duc, 45 NNE of
Antwerp, and 60 s of Amfterdam. Lou.
4 50 £, lat. 51 35 N.
Bregentz, a tov«rn of Germany, ca-
pital of a county of the fame name, in the
Tirol. It U feated on the lake of Con-
ftance, feven miles ne of Appenzel.
Lon. 9 4.5 E, lat, 4.7 »7 n.
Brehar, the molt mountainous of the
J^cilly Iflands, 30 miles w of the Land's
End. Lon. 6 4.1 w, lat. 50 2 N.
Brele, a rivec of France, which di-
vides the department of Lower Seine from
that of Somme, and watering Eu, enters
the Englifh Channel.
Bremgarten, a town of Swifferland,
in the free lower bailiwics, watered by
the Reuli between the cantons of Zuric
and Bern. The inhabitants deal chiefly
in paper ; and are Roman catholics. It
is divided into the Upper and Lower
Town, has a handfome bridge over the
Reufs, and is 10 miles w of Zurio. Lon.
I 17 E, lat. 47 30N.
Bremen, a confiderable town of Ger-
many, capital of a duchy of the fame
name, with an archbifliop's fee, which is
fecularized. The Wefer divides it into
the Old and New Tovvm. In 1739, w*»»^«
the inhabitants were afleep, the magazine
of powder was fet on fire by lightening,
and all the houfes were Ihaken, as if
there had been an earthquake. It is x»
miles E of Oldenburg. Lon. 8 48 E, lat.
53 6 N.
Bremen, a duchy of Germany, in the
circle of Lower Saxony, lying between the
Weler and the Elbe j the former of which
l«parates it from Oldenburg, and the other
from Holftein. The air is cold j but the
country is fertile and populous. It for-
merly belonged to the Swedes, but was
fold to the eleflor of Hanover, in 1716.
In the winter it is fubjefl to inundations,
and particularly in 1617, on Chriftmas-
^ay, (everal thoufand cattle were droSvn-
cd, beilde icvcral hundreds of men. '
Bremen woerd, a town of Germany*
in the duchy of Bremen, 17 miles N of
Bremen. Lon. 8 4.3 E, lat. 53 33 N.
Brent, a town iu Devonfliire, with
a market on Saturday, %6 miles sw of
Exeter, and too w by s of London.
Lon, 4 z £, lat. 50 33 N.
Brent, a river in Somerfetlhire, which
riles in Selwood Foreft, on the edge of
Wilts, and falls into BiidgewaterBay.
B.'iENTE, a river which rifes in the
bifliopric of Trent, and falls into the
gulf, oppofite Venice.
BreNTFORP, a town in Middlelex,
with a market on Tuefday. It is feated
on the Thames, into which, at the w
end of the town, flows a rivulet called
the Brent. Here the freeholders of Mid-
dlefex choofe the knights of the (hire. It
is a long town ; that part of it, called
Old Brentford, is oppofite Kew Green,
and that called New Brentford, contains
the church and market-place. It is fevea
miles w of London. Lon. o 10 w, lat.
51 26 N.
Brentwood, a town in ElTex, with
a market on Thurfday. It ftands on x
fine eminencs, 11 miles wswof Chehnf*
ford, and 18 ene of London. ' Lon. •
25 e, lat. 51 36 n.
Brescia, a town of Italy, capital of
Brefciano, with a citadel, and a Di(hop*«
fee. It was taken by the French in July
1796. It is feated on the Garza, 95
miles w of Venice. Lon. 10 5 e, lat.
45 3» N.
Bresciano, a province of Italy, in
the territory of Venice ; bounded on the
N by the country of the Grifons and the
bi(hopric of Trent ; on the E by lake
Carda, the Veronefe, and tht Mantuan {
on the s by the Mantuan and the Cremo-
nefe ; and on the w by Cremaico, Berga-
mo, and the Valteline. It is watered by
feveral fmall rivers, and is full of towns
and villages. Brefcia is the capital.
Bresello, a town of Italy, in the
Moden^fe, on the river Po, zf miles NW
of Modena. Lon, 10 41 B»lat. 44 50 N.
Breslaw, a large, rlcH» and populous
town of Germany, capital of Silefia, with
a bi(hop'8 fee, and • umverfity. It it
feated at the conflux of the Oder and Ola,
which lafi runs through feveral of the
(h-eets. Tlie houfes are built with ftone,
and it is furrounded by good wallsy
(f rengthened by ramparts and other woHcs.
There are two idands near it, formed by
the Oder ; in one of wluch is a church,
whofe tower was burnt by lightening in
1730 i in the other, calleil Thum, is the
'■'m\
i i ,'fi
■I
B R E
BUI
fttficdral. The royal palace was dbtainfd
by the Jefuits, where they lounded a
univcrfity in 170a. The two principal
churcinrs belong to the protcilanrs ; nuur
one ot' which i» a college. It wus taken
by the king of Pruflia in ly+x* ami re-
taken by the vVuitrians in 1757} but the
king regained it the lame year. It is 1 r2
niles NE of Prague, and 165 N of Vienna.
Lcn. 17 8 E, lat. 51 5 N-
Bresse, a late province of Fiance,
2>o\inded on tlic N by Jiuigundy ;ind
tranche C'cmtc, on the E by Savov, on
the s by the Viennois, and on tlie w by
the Lyonois. It now forms tlie depart-
ment of Ain.
Bressicj, or BftZ£^K» the capital of
Folcfia, in Poland, Ibated on . the river
Bog, 100 mites B of Warfaw. It is a
fortified town, and has a caltlc l)iiilt noon
a rock. Here is a fynagf>gue, rclorted to
Ky the Jews from all Vac countries in
Ivurope. Lon. 24. 6 e, lat. 52 4 n.
i^^RESsuitrvj a, town of France, in the
dejxirtment of the 7\vo Sevres and late
province of Poitou, with a college, 35
miles Nw of Poitiers.
Bi^E^To ^ <^own of France, in the de-
l^lftment of Finifterre and hte province of
Brittany, with a caftle.fcated on a craggy
rock by the feaftde. The ftreets are nar-
row, crooked, and all tipon a. declivity.
Tlie qnay is above a mile in length. The
arfenal was built by Lewis xiv, whofe
fucceflbr cftablifbed.a marine academy
iiere in 1752; and, as this is the belt
fort in France, ft has every other acqom-
r.ietlation for the navy. The Fngllfc
actemp cd in vain to take this place in
3694. It is 30 miles se of Morkix,
and 325 N of Paris. Lon. 4 30 w, lati
48 iz N.
Bretagny, or Brittany, a late
province of France, 150 miles in length,
and J 12 in breadth. It is a peninlula,
imited on the e to Anjou, Maine, Nor-
iiiandy, and Poitou. The air is tempe-
rate, and it has large forelts. It now
forms the dep^rfintnts of the North
Coaft, jinifterp?e, Kle and Vilaine, Lower
Loire, aiid Morbinan.
BRErEVii<i;a, town of France, in the
department, of Lower Seine and late pro-
vince of Normandy, leated on the Iton,
1 5 miles 3W of Evreux. Lon. i o E, lat.
48 56 N.
v;Breton, Cape, an iflandof N Ame-
rica, between 45 and 47° N lat. feparated
from Nova Scotia by a narrow (trait,
called Canfp, and i» 100 miles in length,
and 50 in breadth. It is a barren covm-
i*y^ fubje<it to fogs throughoat the year,
and covered with (how In the w!ntir.'I'hef«
is Hn excellent fifliery on tliis coaft. It
was taken by the Englilh in 174S) and
rcltoied to the French in 1748. It wan
again taken by tUe KntTlili in 1758, and
v/?.s ccnfirmed to F^nijj!?.nd by treaty Ir
176^^. 8ee LoiUSBOUR(T.
JJrevordt, a town of Dritch GueU
dcrjand, 24 miles SE of Zutphen. Lon.
6:5 E, lit. 57. J N.
B R u w H R s - H AV E N , a good harbour on
the N of the idanu of Chiloe, <rti the coalt
of Chili. 'J'he Dutch landed here in
1643, defigning to get polfeillon of ibme
part of Chili 5 but they were driven
thence by the Spaniards and natives.
Lon. 74 o w, lat. 42 30 s.
Brewood, a town in StafFord(tiir%
with a market on Tucfday, 10 miles 3
by w of Staffo»"d, and 130 NW of Lon-
don. Lon. * S w, lat. 52 43 N.
Brey, a town of We'tphalia, in the
bifl)opric of Litjge, 14 miles N of Maef-
tricht. Lon. 5 39 e, lat. s* + N.
BaiAN^ON, a tpwn of France, in the
de|)u<-tment of Upper Alps and late pro-
vince of Daiiphiny, with a caftie feated
on a craggy rpqk. It is remarkable for
the manna gathered in its neighbourhood,
which at firft appears on the leaves and
fmall branches ot a fort of pine-tree ; but
they make incifions into the bark, to get
larger quantities. It has a handfome
church, and a noble bridge over the Du^
ranee. It is »7 miles nw of Embrun,
Lon. 6 as E, lat. 44 46 n*.
Briaire, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Loirct and late province o£
Orleanois, feated on the Loire, and re-
markable for a canal between ,that river
and the Seine. It is 35 miles se of Or-P
leans, and 88 s of Paris. Lon. 2 47 e,
lat. 4740 N.
Bridgend, a town in Glaraorgan-
fhii'e, with a market on Saturday ; feated
on the Ggmore, which divides it into
two parts, joined by a ftonc btidge. It
is feven )niles w by N of Cowbridge, and
178 w of London. Lon. 3 38 w, lat.
51 30 N.
Bridgetown, the capital of the
iHand of Barbadoes, fitwite in the inmoft
part of Carlifle Bay. It contains 1 506
biOufes, and would make a figui'e in any
kingdom of Europe. The ftreets aw
broad, the houiiss high) the wharfs and
quays convenient, and the forts ftrbng.
The church is as lai*ge as fome cathedrals*
and it has a fine organ. liere alio is a
freel'chool, an hofpital, and a coUeget
the latter erefted by the fociety for propiu
gating the golpel} purfuant to the w^l o^
by
7 N
B R I
vdjortfl Ctxhlngtcm, who endowed Itvvith
aoool.ayear. Lon. 50 36 w, lat. 13 s n.
BwDGENORTii, a borough in Shrop-
Hiirt, with :\ market on Saturday j ll-attd
on the Severn, which divides it into the
Upper and Lower Town, joined by a
itone bridge. It has two churches, and
a fitelchool that fciods and maintains 18
Icliolars at the univerfity of Oxford. It
was t'onnerly fortified with walls, and had
a caltle, iiat-jd on a rock, now in ruins.
It lends two members to parliament, and
is 20 ir.iles w by N of Birmingham, and
t 'jy Nvv of London. Lun. 2 2S w, lat.
52 36 N.
Bridcewateh, a borough in Somer-
fetfhire, with a market on Thurlday and
baturday. It is featcd on the Parret,
over which is a (tone bridge, and near it
J^ips of 100 tons burden may ride. It
carries on a coulkiuable coaiUng trade, and
ti'ades with Inland and Norway. It is
governed by a mayor, lends two members
to pariiathent, and has a large handfoine
church. It is eight miles s of the Briftol
Channel, 31 ssw of Brirtol, and 137 \v
by s of Loudon. Lon. 3 10 \v, lit. 51
7 N.
Bridlington, or Burlington, a
fcaport in the e riding of York.(hire, with
X market on Saturday. It is leated on
a creek near Flamborough-head, with a
cpmmodious quay for (hi^js, and is a place
of good trade, 36 miles N of Hidi and 208
of London. Lon. o 5 w, lat. 54 3 N.
Bridport, a borough in DodetUiire,
with a market on Saturday. It is leattd
ketwecn two riveri, and had once a har-
bour, which is now choked up with fand.
The mai'ket is remarkable for hcinp ; and
i^ere are large manufaclures of lallcloth
and nets. It is 12 miles w of Dorchef-
9tr, and 135 w by s of London. Lon.
* 52 w, lat. 50 42 N.
Brieg, a town of Silefia, capital of
a territory of the fame name, with a col-
lege, and an academy for the nobility.
It belongs »to the king of PrulHa, and is
ieated on the Oder, 20 miles se of Bref-
law. Lon. ;7 35 E, lat. 50 50 N.
Briel, a tewn of the United Pro-
vinces, capital of the ifland of Voorn.
Tl\e Dtitch took it from the Spaniards in
X572, which was the foundation of th<;ir
republic. It is Ieated at the mouth of
the Maefe, 13 miles sw of Rottcidam.
Loa. 4 23 e, lat. 51 50 N.
Brxentz, a lake of Swifferland, in th?
^anton of Bemj three leagues long and
one broad. A v^ty delicate kind of lifh
is peculiar to this lakei which is I'altcd and
drjiffd iilcf bcrrujp. The Aar rua«
B R 1
tlitcugh the whole extent of this lak/»,
and unites it to that of Thim. "
Briescia. See POI.ESIA. - • ■»
Brieux, St. a town of France, In
the department of the North Coaft and
lute province of Brittany, with a bifhop's
lee, and a good hai boitr. Its in)iabitant^
are deemed tho l.cft pionecFs in France.
It is leati'd near the Engliih Channel, 50
miles NW of Kenncs. Lon, % 38 v/, lat.
48. ji N.
Briey, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Moielle and late province of
Lorraine, Ieated near the river Manle, 30
miles NE of St. I.lichcl.
BriCG. SeeGl.ANDFORDBRIDCE.
Brighthelmston, or Brighton, a
feaport in SulTex, witii a nurket oft
ThurlUay, It was a poor town, inhabited
clucllv by fi;1iermen, but having become
a fa/hionable place of refort for lea-bath-
ing, it has been enlarged by many hand-
Ibme houl'es, with public rooms, &cc.
The Stein.:, a fine lawn, forms a beauti-
ful and favourite relbrt for the company.
Here Charles 11 embarked for France in
1651, after the battle of Worcefter. It
is the ftation of the packet-boats, to and
from Dienjie, and is 56 miles S of Lon-
don, and 74 NW uf Dieppe. Lon« o 6
E, lat. 50 52 N.
Bkicnoi.les, a town of France, iu
the departnunt of Var and late province
of Provence. It is famous for its prunes j
and is Ieated among mountains, in a
pleafant country, 325 miles ssE of Paris.
Lull. 6 15 E, lat. 43 24 N.
BuiHUEGA, a tov/n of Spain, in Nevr
Caftiie, where general Stanhope and the
Englilh army wei'e taken prlfonersi in
1710, after tl.ey had feparated from that;
commanded by count Staremberg. It is
ieated at the foot of the mountain Ta-
juna, 43 miles ne of Madrid. Lon. 41
10 w, lat. 40 50 N.
BRiMP£ViELD,a village in Gloucefter-,
fhiie, on the river Stroud. Here are the
foundations of a caltle long deftroyed,
and it had alio a nunnery. The rivet
Stour riii-s here, and the Roman Ermine-
itreet extends along the fide of this pariQi,
It is feven miles ss of Gloucefter.
Brindici, an ardent feaport of Na-
ples, in Otranto, with an archbilhop'*
fee, and a fortrel's. It is feated on the
giiif of Venice, 32 miles e of Tarento.
Lon. 18 15 E, lat. 40 45 N.
Brisn, a town of Moravia, wher.e thi
aflembly of the ftates meet. It was in-
veiled by the Prulfians in 1742 ; but they
were ol)Hged to raife the fiege. It is
ieated ac Uie c<;nfiue;ice of th« ^wiua a)q4
^ In
'>>':■ ii
B R I
Swaft, 53 milet N of Vienna, and 17 8 w
•f Olmutz. Lon. 16 40 £• lat. 49
BrioudEi in France, the name of two
towBi, a mile distant fium each other, in
the department of Upper Loire and late
ii.'oviDce of Velay ; one of which is called
Old BrM>ude,and the other Church Brioude,
•n account of afamous chapter. Old Bri-
•ude U ieated on the river AUieri over
which it a bridge of one ;<rch, 173 feet
in diameter, it is 16 miles s of Iflbire,
and ai5 a by E of Pariit. Lon. a 50 E,
lat. 4s lA N.
Bri(^eras» a town of Piedmont, in
the valley of Lucein, three miles from the
town of that name. Lon. 7 34 £, bt.
Brisach, Old, a town of Suabia,
cnce the capital of Brilgaw. It was taken
ky the French in 1638 and in 1703 ; but
waa reftoi'ed each time to the Auitrians.
It is I'cated on the Rhine, over which
it a bridge of boats, 15 miles s of Straf-
kurg. Lon. 7 49 e, lat. 48 a N.
Brisach, New, a fortified town of
France* in the department of Upper Rhine
and late province of Ali'ace. It is feated
•ppofite Old firil'ach, about a mile from
the Rhine, and 23 s of Strafburg. Lon.
7 40 E, lat. 48 5 N.
Brisoaw, a territory of Suabia, «n
the e fide of the Rhine, which feparates
it from France. One part belongs to the
houfe of Auftria, of which Friburg is the
capital } the other to the houfe of Baden.
Bri s SAC, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Maine and Loire and late
province of Anjou, feated en the Au-
bence, 13 miles I of Angers. Lon. o 17
w, lat. 47 10 N.
Bristol, a city and feaport in Glou-
•elterfliire and Somerlietihire ; to which
laft county it was accounted to belong,
before it, termed a leparate jurildi6lion.
In wealth, trade, and population, it has
long been reckoned the fecond in this
kingdom ; though Liverpool now claims
the pre-eminence as a feaport alone^ It
is ieated at the confluence of the Avon
with the Frome, ten miles from ' the
influx of the Avon into the Severn.
The tide rifmg to a great height in thefe
naiTow rivers, brings veflels of confiderablc
burden to the quay» which extends along
the inner fhores of the Frome and Avon j
but, at low water, they lie aground in
the mud. It hat 18 churches, beiide the
cathedral, a bridge over the Avon, a cuf-
tomhonie, and an exchange. Bi iftol has
^% prodigious trade) for It is reckoned
tiat heuce aooo ibips ibil yeaily. Here
BRI
are no left then 1 5 glafshoufet : and th«
ftii;ar-rcfinery it one of its principl manu.
futures. 1 he Hot Well, about a mile
from the town, on the fide of the Avon, is
much reforted to : it it of great purity,
and hat obtained a high reputation in coo-
fiunptive cafes. In St. Vincent's Rock,
above this well, are found tbofe native
cryftals, fo well juiown under the name of
Briftol ftones. Befide this well, there is
a cold Ibring, which gufhes out of a rock
on the iide of the river, that fupplics the
cold bath. The city walls have been de-
moJifhed long ago ; but there are I'everal
pateii vut (tanding. Here are u fed (ledges
initead of carts, becaufe the vaults and
common fcwers would be injured by them.
Briftol is governed by a mayor, has a
market on Weiinefday, Friday, and Sa-
turday, and fends two membeis to parlia-
ment. It is i£ miles WNW of 2ath, 34
s s w of Gloucelter, and 1 24 w of London.
Lon. % 36 w, lat. 51 18 N.
Bristol, the capital of the county of
Bucks, in Pennfylvania, feated on the
Delaware, 20 miles N of Philadelphia.
Lon. 75 8 w, lat. 40 1 5 K.
Bristol, a town of N America, in the
flate of Rhode Ifland, on the continent,
1 7 miles N of Newport.
Bristol, a cape of Sandwich Land,
in the Southern Ocean. Lon. 26 51 w,
lat. 59 2 s.
Britain, or Great Britain, the
moft confiderable of all the European
itlands, extending 550 imios from N to s,
and 290 from E to w. It lies to the
N of France, from which it Is feparated
by the Englifh Channel. Its moft ancient
name was Albion, which, in proceft of
time, gave way to that of Britain, by
which it was known to Julius Cefar.
The general diviflon of the ifland is into
England, Scotland, and Wales.
Britain, New, a country In N Ame-
rica, comprehending all the traiSl v of Ca-
nada, commonly called the Efquimaux
country, including Labrador, New N and
New S Wales. It is fubjeil to Great
Britain; and lies between 50 and 70** M
lat. and between 50 and 100° w lon.
There are innumerable lakes and morafTes*
which are covered with ice and fnow a
great part of the year. The principal
fijttlements belonging to the Englifh Hud-
fon's Bay Company are Churchill, Nelfbh,
New Severn, and Albany, on the W fide
of Hudfbn's Bay.
Britain, New, an ifland to the n of
New Guinea. By whom it was lirit dil-
covered is uncertain. Dampier firft fail-
ed through the iti-ait which feparatcs id
from^
in i7<
which
nortlK
Irelan(
19 E,
iiland
and m
•f vari
nutme
of pair
woolly
their ^
Bri
Bri
B R O
from New Guinea } and captain Cartcnt;,
in 1767, failed through another ftrait,
which divides it iuto two iflands, the
nortlKrnmoft of which he called New*
Ireland. New Britain lies in Ion. 151
19 E, and lac. 40 s. The /hores of both
slland are roclcy, the inland parts high
and mountainous, but covertd with tree?
of various kinds, among which are the
nutmeg, the cocoa-nut, and different kinds
of palm. The inhabitants are black, and
woolly-headed, like negroes, but have not
their flat nofes and thick lips.
Bmttany. See Bretacne.
Brives-la-Gaillarde, an undent
town of France, in the drpartmtnt of
Correze and late province of Limofm.
It is feated near the confluence of the
Correze and the Vezere, in a delightful
valley ; on which account it has received
the appellation of La Gaiilarde. It has
a handlbme holpital and college ; and a
£nc walk, planted with trees, which I'ur-
rounds the town, and adds to th« beauty
«f its fituation. Since the year 1 764, ie-
veral manufaftures have been eftabliflied
here } fuch as fdk handkerchiefs, muflins,
gauzes, bcc. It is 37 miles s of Limo^
l^es, and 210 s by w of Paris, Lon. i
25 I, lat. 45 15 N.
Brixen, a town of Germany, in the
Tirol, capital of the bishopric of Erixen,
It is feated at the conmience of the
KicBtt and Eylbch, 15 miles E of Tirol,
and 40 N of Trent. Lon. 1 1 47 £, lat.
46 45 N.
Brixen, a biihopric of Germany, in the
Tirol. It is extremely mountainous, but
produces excellent wine. The biihop is a
prince of the empire.
Brizen, or Brietkbn, a town of
Germany, in the middle marche of Bran^
deuburgh, feated on the Adah, i x miles
NE of Wittemberg.
Brod E R A, a fortrefs and tovm of Hinr.
Moollan Proper, in Guzerat, in the N£
part of the traft lying between the rivers
Fapty and Myhie. Through this place
runs the great road, from Sucat to Ougein.
It is 95 miles s by w of the former,
and 1915 NE of the latter. Lon. 73 11 1>
lat. 22 15 N.
Brod, or Brodt, a ifa^ong place of
Hungary, on the river Sav«> famous for
a battle gained by the Turks in i68g. It
is 20 miles se oi Pofega. Lon. 19 25 E,
tat. 45 ao N.
Brod Nsmekx>, or Tevtch-Brod,
a tc^vh of Bohemia, on the rWer Sozawa,
Witailes s by E o£ Czazlaw. Lou. 1 5
40B, lat. 49 J3 N«
6r«dzisC) a town cf Iuthua&ia» on.
B R O
on the river Berezina^ 100 miles t of F«*
lotlk. Lon. 2S 5 I, lat. 54 t N.
Broek, a town of WeitphaUa, in th«
duchy of Berg, the capital of a count/
of the fame name ; fcateii on the Roer, tt
miles N of Dufleldorp. Lon. ( 53 £» lat*
5123N.
Broek, In N Holland, fix miles from
Amlterdam, cne of the moft finevlar and
piflurefquc villages in the world. Th# '
inhabitants, though peafants only, arc all
rich. The (tieets arc paved in mofaic
work, with variegated bricks. Th*
houtes arc painted on the eutlide, and
luok as frem as if quite new. Each ha«
a eacden and terrace, inclofed by a low
railing, that permits every thing to be
feen. The terrace i» in the front of th«
houfe, and from this is a defceni into th»
garden, which forms the feparation be-
tween each houfe. The g^dens are a*
domed with china vafeS) grottos of /hell*
work, trees, and flowers { with bordert
compoled of minute particles of glafs, of
difll-renc colours, and difpofed into a va-
riety of forms. Behind the houfes and
orardens are meadows, full of cattle grat-
mg : the outhoules arc likewile behind ^
fo that waggons, carts, and cattle, never
enter thefe neat ftreets.
Broken Bay, abayof New S Wales,
on th« £ coaft of New Holland. It i»
formed, by, the mouth of a great rivet
called the Hawke(biuy. Lon. 151 27 E,
lat. 33 34 s.
Bromley, a tovm in Kent, with a
market en Thurfday. Here is a college
for 30 poor clsrcrymen's widows; and
near the town is the palace of the bifho*
of Rechelter, where there is a mineral
fpring. Bromley is. 10 miles s by E of
London. Lon. o 6 b, lat. 51 23 11.
Bromley, a town in S*if[ord{h\T9^
with a market on Tuefday. It wa»
formerly called Abbots-Bromley, and
afterward Pagets-Bromley, being given
to lord Paget at the diflblution ot tha
abbies. It is feven miles- B of Stafford,
and 130 NW of London. Lon. s 3s w»
lat. 5i 50 N.
Bromley, a village near Bow, in
Middlefex. It had once a monaltery, the
church of which is ftill ufed by the in^
habitants.
Brompton, a village ia Middlefex,
two miles- w by s of London. Here is»
the public botanical garden and librasy
o£ Mr. William Curtis.
Bromton, a village in Kent, fituatc
on an cafy afceat from Chatham, and
containing the fine barracks for tbe aoif
Utary-of uuitt gaixifoa. ¥s
I
-■ r
12724r
B R U
B R U
. Bromsgrovb, a town in Worcefter-
IhliK, with a iivirket on I'uclday. It is
Crated on die river Sviwurp, und has a
coniklciahle trad« in cluthin^. It is 1 5
nika nne of VVoixeftcr, and 115 nw oi
Ito&don. Lon. i $0 w, Ut. ^z 25 n.
Br-OMyaru, a town in Ilcrctm-dlliire,
with a market on lucldny. It i» iS
milcH w of WoiCwiicr, and 125 WNW of
Lpudon. Lon. a 20 w, ut. 52 i! n.
BkonnOi a town of Ituly, in the Mi-
laaele, 10 miles ijk of Pava. Lon. 9 26
K, lat. 45 6 N.
Broom, Loch, a p;i'eat lake and arm
•f the feu, in Kol'sihirt:, on the w coalt of
bcotUnd. It has long been noted ior
hu-rrings of peculiar txccUencc, and is
«(teemcd one of the belt fiiliing itatiunu on
the coalt.
Br.ora> a feaport on the E coalt of
Sutherlandlliirc. Here is a coal mine,
which was lately worked, and the coul
uiied in the m;uiuiadure of I'alt; but
k cannot be exported, or carvied to any
(liltancc, as it takes fiie on being cxpoied
to tlie air. Brora is 40 milts N by E of
Inverncls.
Brora> a river in Sulhcrlandniire,
which ill'ues from a lake ox the fume name.
Above the town of Brora, it terms feveral
tine cafcades ; and, below it, falls into
the Britifli Ocean. The precipice!) on
the banks of this river are compoled of
liiueltone, in which a variety of fhells are
^nbedded.
BrouacE, a town of France in the
department of Lower Charente and late
province of tJaintongc. Its lalt-works
»ie the tineft in France, and the fait is
called Bay-falt, bccaufe it lies on a bay
cf the iea. It is 17 miles s of Rochelle,
and 170 sw of Paris. Lon. i 4. w, lat.
45 5'^ ^'
Brovca, a town of Sicily, on the gulf
«f Catania, 1 5 miles s of Catania. Lon.
15 30 E, lat. 3725N.
Brovershaven, a feaport of the
United Provinces, in the ifland of Schonen,
XMne miles sw of Helvoetfluys. Lon., 4
15 E, lat. 51 40 N.
Brvchsal, a tovm of Germany, in
the bithopric of Spire, feated o}^ the river
Satz, five miles SE of Philipfburg. Lon.
S 36 E, lat. 49 It N.
Brucg, or BROuc^atownof Swiffcr-
.|md, in Argau, feated on the river Aar,
over which is a bridge. It has a college,
with a public library ; and is aa miles se
<rf'Bafd. Lon. 8 4 e, lat. 47 a i n.
Br VGES> a large epifcopal city of Au-
firlan Flanders, once the -greatett tradirg
IjiwA iA Europe j, but, » the i6tli tm-
ttfty, the civil wars, occafioned by the
tyranay of Philip 11, drove the trade firft
to y^ntwerp, and tiu-n to i'Vmittrdam. It,
thireiorc, u not popuiou::. now in propor-
tion to its extint ; and poUetfes nothing to
attrart attention hut tome fine churches
and rich monalterics. Its fituation, how-
ever, Itill coininards Ibme tr;idc; for it
has canul). to C>hcnt, Oftend, Sluys, Nieu-
port, Fumes, Yprts, and Dunkirk . Bru-
ges has been 01 ten taken and rt taken, the
laft time, by the French, in 1794' It is-
eight miles E of Qltend. Lon. 3 5 E,
lat. 51 iz N.
Brvcge, or Bruccen, a town of
Lower Saxcn\', in the biihopric of Hildel-
heim, fix miles trom the city of that name.
Lon. 10 5 e, lat. $2 6 N.
Brug N ETO, an epifcopal town of Italy,
in the territory of Genoa, at the foot of
the Appennincs, 35 miles s£ of Gtr.oa.
Lo. 9 30 E, lat. 44 15 N.
Bi "'ETTO, a (Irong and important
plact Pidemont, near Sufa, which it
defer as.
Brunseuttle, a feaport of Germany,
in Holltein, at the mouth of the Elbe, 1 j
miles NW cf Gluckltadt. Lon. 9 z £,
lat. 54 2 K.
Brunswick, a country of Germany,
in the circle of Lower Saxony, bounded
on the N by Lunenburg, on the w by the.
circle of WeHphaiia, on the s by HeHe,
and on the e by Anhalt, Halbcrftadt, and
Magdeburg. 'J'he principal rivejs aie the
Wel'ar, Ocker, and Lyne. It is diviiied
into four duchies and two counties. The
duchies of Brunlwick Proper and Brunf-
wick WoUcnbuttle, with the counties of
Rheinftein and Blankenhurg, arc fuhjeft
to the duke of Brunfwick Wolfenbuttle j
while the elcAor of Hanovor is duke of
Brunfwick Grubenh.igtn and Brunfwick
Calenberg, which alio includes the diftyitt
of Gottingcn. The duke of Brunfwick
Wolfenbuttle is ftylcd duke of Brunfwick
and Lunenburg, as well as the eleftor of
Hanover, they being both defcended from
Erncft duke of Lunenburg andZell, whs
died in 1546.
Brunswick, alarge city ofGermany,
in the duchy of Brunlwick. It was for-
merly an imperial and hanfeatic town, till
it was taken by the duke of Brunfwick
Wolfenbuttle in 1671, who built a citadel
to keep it in awe. In the fquare before
the cslltle is a famous (tone ftatue, with >
lion made of block-tin, done after the
life. Here is alfo a rich monaitery of St.
Blaife, whofe prior is a prince of the
houl'e of Severn. This town it famous
for tiui liciuac. c4i«4 Mm> vlucb has
B R U
hence the nsme of Bninfwlck M. .«. It
it feated on the Ockcr, 55 miles w of
Magdeburg. Lun. 10 4z £| lat. 5a
15 N.
Brunswick, a town of Georgia, in
N America* where tlie Turtlfr River en-
ters St. Simon's Surnd. It has a lafe
harbour, capable of containing a nu-
mtu'ous fleet of men of v/ar i from its
advantageous lituation, and the fertili-
ty of the back country, it promil'es to
be one of the Ailt trading towns in
Georgia. It h 70 miles wsw of bavan-
nah. Lon. 8z o w, lat. 31 to N.
BRUNswy:K, a city of New Jerfey,
in N America, fituate on the Raritau,
12 milek above Perth Amboy. Its fitu-
ation is low and unpleafant ; out the inha-
bitants are beginning to build on a plea-
fant hill, which riles at the back ot the
town. They have a confiderable inland
trade, and many fmall vclTcls belonging
to the port. Here is a flouriihing college,
called Queen's College. Lon. 75 o w,
lat. 40 20 N.
Brunswick, New, in N America,
one of the two provinces into which No-
va Scotia was divided in 1784} bounded
on the w by New England, on the N by
Canada, on the e by the gulf of St. Law-
rence, and on the s by the bay of Fundy
and Nova Scotia. At the conclufiun of
the American war, the emigration of
loyalifts to this province, from the United
States, was very great. St. John's is the
capital.
Brussels, the capital of Brabant, and
feat of the govemor of the Aultrian Low
Countries. It has many magnilicent
fquares, public buildings, and walks, and
many public fountains, one of which, in tlie
Place de Sablon, was ere£led by Thomas,
fecond earl oi Ailefbury, who rcfided here
43 years in a kind of exile. Here is a kind
of nunnery, called the Beguinage, which is
like a little town, having fome ftreets, and
being furrounded by a wall and a ditch :
the women educated here are allowed to
leave it when they choofe to marry.
Bruilels is celebrated for its fine lace,
camblets, and tapeftry . It was bombarded
by marfhal Villcroy in 1695, by which
4000 houfes were deftroyed ; and has been
more than once taken and retaken fmce ;
the laft time by the French in 1794. It
is feated partly on an eminence, and partly
on the rivulet Senne. It hat a communi-
cation with the Scheld by a fine canal,
jmd is 22 miles s of Antweip, 26 sb of
Ghent, and 148 n by e of Paris. Lon.
4 21 E, lat, 50 51 N.
Bruton, a town in Somerfetflure,
B U C
with a market on Saturday, a ftlk-mill,
and manufactures in iergcs and (lockings.
Here is a fiee.chool, ibundcd by Kdwaid
VI ; and a Itatcly ahniho\ile, conflitlng of
the ruins of a priury. It is feated on th«
river Brew, 12 miles SE of Wells, and 109
w of London. Lon. a 38 w, lat. 51 7 N.
Bruviers, a town of France, in the
department of the Volges and late pro-
vince of Lorrain, 12 miles s bv b of
Lunevillc. Lon. 6 50 E. lat. 48 18 N.
Bryans-bridge, a town of Ireland,
in the county of Clare, Icated on the
Shannon, eight miles N of Limet'ck.
Lon. 8 34 w, lat. $% 50 N.
BuA, an illand of the gulf of Venice,
on the coad of Dahnatia, near the town of
Traou, called likewifc Partridge Kland,
bccaufe frequented by tho(e birds.
Buarcos, atown of Portugal, in Beira,
27 miles s of Aveira. Lon. 8 30 W, lat.
40 13 N.
BucHAN, a diArifl in the ne part of
Aberdeenlhire, from the fea to the river
Ythan on the s.
BuCHANNESS, the mctt eaftem pro-
montory of Scotland, fituate in the diltrift
of Buchan, in lon. 1 26 w, lat. 57 ig n.
Between this promontoi y and the town of
Peterhead is the place called the BuUers,
or Boilers of Buchan ; a large oval cavity,
formed by the liand of nature, in the Iteep
rocks on the coaft, about 1 50 feet deep.
Boats frequently lail into this awful pit.un-
dcr a natural aich (pening to the lea at the
E end, and refembhng the e window of
fome great cathedral. At a little dif-
tance, is a vaft inlulated rock, divided by
a narrow and very deep chalin from the
land i and in the middle of the reck, many
feet above the level of the water, is a laige
tiiangular aperture, through which th«
fea, when agitated, tufhes with a tremen-
dous nolle.
BucHAW, a free imperial town of
Suabia, on the Tederfce, with a nunnery,
whole abbefs has a voice in the diet of
the empire. It is 27 miles sw of Ulm<
Lon. 9 40 £, lat. 48 10 N.
BucuoREST, a laige and firong town
of Walachia, where the hofpodar com-
monly refides. It is 45 miles ss of Ter-
govilto. Lon. 26 17 E, lat. 45 7 n.
BuCHORN, a free imperial town of
Suabia, on the lake of Conltance, tS milet
£ of Cunitance. Lon. 9 42 e, lat. 47
41 N.
BucKENHAM, a town in Norfolk, mih
a market on Saturday, 12 -miles £ by M of
Thetford, and 97 N£ of London. Lon.
I 6 E, lat. i;z 34 N.
Buckingham, the chief town Sa
' 'M
i\
I I
S U D
Bucl^inghamfhue, with a market on Sa-
tucday^. I-t is almoft liirrounded by the
Ou{e, over which are thjxe ftone bridges.
There was formerly a caltle, on a niount>
in the middle of the town. It lends two
member* to parliament, and is 25 miles
NE of Oxtoid, and 57 Nw of London.
I<on. o 5S w, lat. 51 56 N.
Buckinghamshire, or Bucks, a
county of England, bounded on the H by
Northamptonftiire ; on the E by Bedford •
ihire^ Herts, and Mic'.dlcfex; on the w
by Oxfcruihire, arH on the s by Berks.
It IS 39 miles in length, and 18 in
breadth, containing 8 hundredu, 185
parifhcb, and 11 market- towns. It fends
14 members to p.irliamenl, and lies in
the diccefe of LiiKoln. Jt^s principal rivers
are the Thames, Coin, C)u!e, and Tame.
The air is htaithy, and the Ibil rich,
being chiefly chalk or marl. The moll
general raanufafture Isbonelace and paper;
and the woods of the hills, chiefly beech,
form a confidtrable article of proiit, both
as fuel and timber.
Bucks, a county of Pennfylrania, 38
miles long and 15 broad. The inha-
bitants, in 179O) were 25,401. Newtown
h the capital.
. Bud A, the capital of Lower Hungaiy,
(ituate on the fide of a hill, on the
Danube. The churches and public
buildings are handlbnie. In the adjacent
countiy are vineyards, which produce
cxcelUnt wine 5 and hot baths that were
in excellent order, with magnificent
rooms, while the Turks had pouellion of
this place. It was taken by the Turku
in 1526, and rttaKen by the Aultrians
the iame year. The Turks took it again
iit 1529, and it was afterwards befiegcd
feveral times by the Germans to no
purpofie, till 1686, when it was taken. It
is 105 miles SE of Vienna, and 560 n%v
of Conitantinople, iMn, i8 zz t, l:it.
4-7 25 N.
BuDDESOALE, a town in Suffolk,
with, a mai'kot on Thurfday , It is (eared
in a valley, 15 miles nk of Bury, and
88 NE, of Lbndon. Lon. 1 4 li, lat. 51
12 N,
BUDELICH, a town of Germany, in ihe
archbifhopric of Treves, on tne Traen,
10 miles E of Treves c Lon. 655 Ej
lat. 4.9 50 N,
Budqa, a ftrong epifcopal tov/n of
Daluutia, fubjcft to tke Venetians. It
was.alraoft ruined by an earthquake in
j^6r, ind is 30 miles se of Ragufa.
Lon. 18 58 Ey lati 4» 30 N.
EUDRio, a town of Italy, in the Bo-
}QZryt(tt wiwfc adj^icwJt fifWA produce
B U L
large quantities of fine hemp. It; Is eight
miles E of Bologna. Lon. 11 37 E, liiX.
44. 30 N.
liUDWEis, a town of Bohemia, taken
feveral times in the war of 1741. It is
70 miles 6 of Prague, and S5 NW o*"
VicnHa. Lcn. T4 5a e, lat. 48 55 N.
BuEN Ayre. See Bonaire.
BUEI,03 AYRES, or ClVIDAD DE
LA T?.iNiDAD, a confiderablc leaport of
La I'hi'u, in ■) America, with a bilhop's,
(cc. It i'.i well fortifitd; and hither is
brought a gieat pai't of the trealures and
intrchandlie of Peru and Cluli, which
are exported to Spain. It was Ibunded
by Mtndola in i.';35, but afterward
abandoatdi and in 1544, another colony
of the "Spaniards came here, who left it
alio; hut it was rebuilt in 1582, and i|
Tt preftnt inhabited by Spaniards and the
native Americans. It i» leated on the
Plata, 50 miles from thr ocean, though
the river there is ai miles in brtadtli.
Lon. 58 31 w, lat. 34 35 s.
BuGiA, a populous feaport of the
kingdom of Algiers, at the mouth of
the Major, on a bay of the Mediterra-
nean. It has a ftrong caftle, but fir Edward
Spragge deftroycd feveral Algcrinc men
of war under its waUs in 167 1. It is 75
miles t of Algiers. Lon. 3 58 e, lat.
36 49 N.
'iuiLTH, a town in Bi"ecknockfhire,
feated on the Wye, over which Is a
bridge into Radnorshire. It has a market
on Monday and Saturday, and is xz
miles N of Brecknock, and 171 w by N
of London. Lon. 3 14 w, lat. 52 8 N.
Buis, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Drome and late province of
Dauphiny, 40 miled sw of Gap,
BuKART, a town of Hungarian Dal-
matla, %vith u harbourj' on the gulf of
Bik'.'ri7,a, near the gulf of Venice, t«n
miles NE of Vcglia. Lon. 14 59 e, lat.
45 C9 N.
BuLAC, a town of Egypt, on the
Nile, tv/o miles w of Grand Cairo,
being tiie feaport of that city. On the
» fide of it is the Califch, whofe banks
are cut every year, to convey the waters
ot' the Nile, by a canal, to Grand Cairo,
Lon. 31 2z E, lat. 30 2 N.
BuLAM, an iiland of Africa, at the
mout+i ofthe Rio Grande. The foil is
good 5 and, as it was uninhabited, a fet-
tlement of free Bhck^ was fonned here,
in 1793, by the Engjifli, who purphafed
it of the neighbour ing kingi' Lon. 156
W, lat. HON.
Bulgaria, a province of Turkey 19
Eitropet t)Ound^ 9ti ths N by Waliic^i'^
I
B U R
on the E by the Black Sea, on t\^e s by
Kv>inania and Macedonia, and on the w
by bcrvia.
'BuLNi-ss, or BowNESS, a village in
Cumberuri'l, at tlie end of the i'ii.U
Wail, on the SoiwLiy tnth. It was a
Koi.ian Itution, called Biauiu Bulijiuni ;
;i:id lience Antoninus begin his Itinerary.
St is I J nii'es w by N or Carliile.
BuNOELAj or BuNDELCUN?, a ter-
ritory 01 Hin.l )oft.:n Proper, on tlie s\V
ot the river Jurnna, an.l ;epar:itea hv.n it
by a. nari*:)w traiFl ol low Cf-uniry. It is
inhabited by a tribe or R ijpoots, and is
AirrouMueii by dse danunions ot Oii^t, Be-
uares, stnd the Mahrattaj. Ic is a moun-
tainoufs tract^ of moie th-.m loo niiles
l'qu«ire, and contains the celebrated dia-
ftiond mines 6t' Puhna, with Ibme Itrong
ffjriiefles. Chattcrpour is the capital.
Lon. 79 75 E, lat. 25 o N.
Bungay, a town in Sutfolk, with a
market on Thiir.day, leared on the
Wavenay, which is navigable hence to
Yarmouth. It has two chinches j and
ihe ruins oPa' Ittmous nunnery, anJ of a
caftle. In 1689, the town was almoit all
de^royed by hre. It is now, however,
a good tradm? pace ; and the wcmcn are
employed in "knitting worded ftockiiigs.
It is 36 jniles N by e of Ipiwlch, and
107 NB ot' London^ Lon. i 30 E, icit.
5* 35 N-
Bunco, a kingdom of Jnpn.n, in the
iiland of Ximo, whc-"" capital is 'unay.
The king of this country was converted
to Chriftianity, and lent an embaily to
pope Gregory, in 1683.
Buniva, a mountain of Greece, be-
tween Jpanna and Liva'.lia, extending to
the gulf of Zeiton. The ancient name
vvas CEta ; and it is famous for tlie pals
of ThermopyicB (lb cilh.d for the hot
baths in the nci^hbourhcofl) wliere Leo-
nidus, and his gailmt 300 Spartans,
rt'fiifed', for thive day;;, the wlr^le Perfian
anny. Ti.Ls ia ihc pl'-ce, feigned by the
ancients to be the fcene of tiie death of
Wferculfcs.
BtTNTiNOFORD, a town of Herts, with
a market on Monday, leven miles s of
koyilon, and 31 N by e of London. Lon.
o 6 E, lat. 51 58 N.
BVRAGRAO, a river of Barbary, in the
kingdom of Fez, which falls into the At-
lantic Ocean, at Sallee.
BURELLA, orClVlTA BURREL^A, a
town of Naple», in Abru770 Citeriore,
20 miles a of Lancimio. Lon. 14. 4!$ e,
lat. 41 58 N.
Bur EN, a tcTi-n of Dutch Guelder-
land, which gives the title of count of
i •-.' H.
BUR
Buren to thef prince of Orang*. It ie iz
miles w 6f Nimegiien. Lon. 5 it S^
lat. 51 58 N.
BuKhiN, a town of Wcftphalia', in
the bin;6pric of Padcfboifn^ leated on
the Alme, to mile.'* s ot J^aderboro.
Lon. 8 53 E, lut. 53 16 N.
BtREN, a town of Swifferland, in the
canton of Bern, :ciud oil the Aar, be-
tween Arberg and Soleure.
B u RF 0 RD, a town in Oxfordihire, with
a niark .t on Sa urday j fcaied on the river
Windrulh, and noted lor the making ojf
laddies, and tor the downs in iis neigh-
bourhood, it is 17 miles \v by N of
Oxford, and 71 w of London. Lon. 1
33 w, iat. 51 4.9 N.
Burg, a town of the United Pro-
vinces, in Zutphcn, feated on the Old
Yliel, 18 miles E of Nimegueh. Lon.
6 15 E, lat. 52 59 N.
Burg AW, a town and caftle of SuabJi,
capital of a m> ^mvatc of the fame
name. It belongs to the houfe of Aiiftria,
and is 26 miles w of Auglburgi Lon.
lo 25 E, kt. 4.8 28 E.
Bu RG DO RF, a large town of Swifltr-
land, in the cantort of Bern, v^th a
caftle. It is ieated on an eminence, ei^ht
miles tile, of Bern. Lon. 7 19 E> hu
46 58 N.
BurgH-jLear, a village in Hamp-
fliiie, three miles \v of Kingfclear. On
the top of a hill, near it, is the traces
of a camp, and an extcnlive profpeft.
Burgh- trpoN-SANDs,^ a village in
Cumberland, near Solway Frith, where
Edward the Firlt died, in 1307, as h«
was preparing for an expedition againft
Scotland, The fpot where he died is
diftinguilhed by a column 17 feet high,
cr.^i5led by the duke of Norfolk in 1665'.
It is five miles nw of Carlifie.
Eurgos, a town of Spain, capital
of Old Caftilc, .ind an archbiftiop's fee*.
The ft^uares, public buildhigs, and fotiu-
talns are fine. It is (bated partly on a
mountain, and partly on the river Arari-
zon, 95 rriiles E by s of Leon, and' 1V7
N of Madrid. Lon. 3 30 w, latl 4*
20 N.
B u R G u ri D r , a late provincfe' of Frapp>',
112 miles in length,, and 75 in breadtoi
bounded ca the 5 by Franchc Coniptf,
on the w by Botu;bonnols and Nivieirhoi's>
on fhe s by Lyonois, and on l£fi N by
Champagne". It Is fertile in com, fru'its,
and excellent wines j and is now fonhe^
Into the three departments" of Cote d'Oi*,
Saone and Loire, and Yorine.
BuRHANFOUR, a city of HindooKan
in the Ditfcftn, the capitiJ of Omdeiih,
^ G X
BUR
and, at one period, of the Deccan alfo. It
is ftill a flourifhing city, fituate in the
midft ot' a delightful country, iz$ miles e
by N of Siirat. Lon. 76 19 E, lat. 21
BuRiCK, a town of Germany, in the
duchy of Cleves, feated on the Rhine, op-
pofite Wefei, 17 miles se of Clcvcs. Lon.
6 18 E, lat. 51 32 N.
BURKHAUSEN, a town of Germany, in
Lower Bavaria, on the river Saltz, 27
miles N by w of Saltzburg. Lon. 12
50 E, lat. 40 17 N.
Burlington, a town in Yorkfhire.
See Bridlington.
Burlington, a town of New Jerfey,
in N America, leated on the Delaware,
which is here a mile bread, and affords a
fafe and conveniest harbour. Here are
two places of worfliip ; one for the quakers
(the moft numerous) the other for the
epii'copalians ; alfo two market-houlcs, a
court-houfe, and the belt gaol in tlie ftate.
It is a free port ; and the mayor holds a
commercial court, when tlie matter in con^
troverfy is between foreigners, or fo-
reigners and citizens. It is 17 miles N of
Philadelphia. Lon. 75 10 w, lat. 40 17 n.
BuRMAH, an extenfive kingdom of
Afia, to the E of the Ganges j fonietimes,
but erroneoufly, called Ava, frsm the name
of its capital. It is bounded by Pegu o«
the s, and occupies both fides of the river
Ava, to the frontiers of China j on the
w it has Aracan, and on the E Upper
Siam. This country, wliich is little
known to Europeans, produces fome of
the beft teek tiinWr in India. Ships built
of teek, upward of 40 years old, aie no
uncommon objeiils in the Indian Teas,
wi'ere an European <hip is ruined in five
years. The forelta whith produce this
valuable wood, at/e fituate between the w
bank of the Ava and the countiy of Ara-
can, and are only 250 miles from the fea,
by the courfe of the river.
BuRNHAM, a town in Norfolk, with
a market on Monday and Saturday. It is
feated near the fea, ig miles NW of Nor-
wich, and ir,6 ne of London. Lon. o
48 E, lat. S3 4- N-
BuRNHAM, a town in Eflex, at the
mouth of the viver Crouch, which is here
called Burnham Water. The Walfleet
and Burnham oyfters are the produft of
the creeks and pits of this river. Bum-
fiam is 1 1 mi its se of Maiden.
Burnley, a town in Lancafhirc, with
a market on Monday, 35 miles se of
Tnncafter, and 208 Nnw of London.
Lon.' 2 f 5 w, lat. 53 46 N. .
BurntislaKd, a boiough in Fife-
BUR
ihire, on the frith of FortTi, with an ex-
cellent haibour. It is feated under a *tu-
pendous rock, ten miles nw of Edin-
burgh. LoH. 3 5 w, lat. 56 8 N.
Burrampooter, a river of Afia,
which rifcs near the head of the Ganges,
in the mountains of Thibet. Tliel'e two
rivers, ifluing from oppofitc fides of the
fame ridge of mountains, direft their
courfe toward oppofite quarters, till they
ai-e more than 1 200 miles afunder ; meet-
ing in one point near the fea, after each
has performed a winding courfe of more
than 2000 miles. From its Iburce, the
Burrampooter proceeds e through Thi-
bet, where it is named Sanpoo, or Zan..
cin; that is, the River: after wafhing
the border of the territory of Lafia, it
proceeds se to within 220 miles of Yunan,
the wefternmoft province of China: it
then turns luddenly to the w, and palfing
through Aflam, afTumes the name of Bur-
rampooter. It enters Bengal on the ne,
makes a circuit round theweftern point of
the Garrow Mountains, and then, alter-
ing its courfe to s, meets the Ganges abouC
40 miles from the fea. During the lalt
60 miles before its junftion v/ith the
Ganges, it forms a Itream which is regu-
larly from four to five miles wide j and^
but for its frefhnefs, might pals for an
arm of th^ fea.
Bursa, or Prusa, one of the largeft
cities of Turkey in Afia, capital of Bee*
fangil. It was the capital of the Otto-
man empire before the taking of Con-
ftantinople. It ftands upon Itveral little
hills, at the foot of Mount Olympus,
and on the edge of a fine plain full of
fruit-trees. So many Iprings proceed
from the mount, that every houfe has Ita
own fountain. The mofques are elegant,
as are the caravanl'arie«. The bezelUne
is a large ftru6lure full of warehoufes and
fiiops, containing all the commodities of
the Eaft, befide their own manufa6lures
in filk. Here aie the beft workmen in
all Turkey, who are excellent .litators
of the tapeftiy of Italy and France. It
contains about 40,000 Turks, and none
but muflelmans are permitted to dwell in
the city ; but the fuburbs, which are much
finer, and better pc;opled, are filled with
Jews, Armenians, and Greeks. Burfa
is 99 miles s of Ccnftantinople. Lon.
29 5 E, lat. 39 24 N.
Burton upon Trent, a town in
Staffordshire, with a market on I'hurf-
day. It had formerly a large abbey ; and
over the Trent is a tamous bridge of frce-
ftone, a quarter of a mile in length, lup-
portedby 37 arches. It coitlUts chivuy
BUS
B U X
«f one long ftreet, which inns from the
fite of the abbey to the bridge } and has
a i^ood market for corn and provifions,
JBurton is famous tor excellent ale j great
quantities of which are fent down the
river to Hull, and exported to other
parts of the kingiiom and abroad. It is
12 miles NE of LichHeld, and 124. nnw
ef London. Lon. i 40 \v, lat. 52 48 n.
Burton, a town In Lincolnfliire, with
a maiket on Monday ; I'eated on a hilJ,
Bear the Trent, 30 miles N of Lincoln,
and 164 N by w of London. Lon. o 36
W, lat. 53 40 N.
BuRTON,atowninWeftmorland,vvith
a market on Tuefday ; feated in a valley,
near a hill called Earieton-Knothill, 1 1
miles N of Lancatter, and 247 nnw of
I-ondon. Lon. 2 50 w, lat. 54 10 N.
Bury, a town in Lancalhire, with a
market on Thurfday. It ttands on the
Irwell, and is noted for its fuftian manu-
fafluie, and the coarfe goods called half-
tone ks and kerfeys. Roman coins have
been dug up here. In 1787, more than
300 ptrlcns were buried by the fall
of the theatre, and many of them were
Jcilled, ormuchbruifed. Bury is 36 miles
SE of Lancafter, and 190 nnw of Lon-
don. Lon. 2 24 w, lat. 53 36 N.
Bury St. Edmunds, a borough in
Suffolk, with a market on Wednesday
^nd Saturday. The fituation is pieafant,
and the air is fuppofed to be the beft in
England; for which reafon it is fre-
quented by genteel people. The noble
ruins of its abbey, are (till ftanding near
the two churches, which are both large,
and feated in one churchyard. In St.
Mary's, lies Mary, queen of France, who
was married to Charles Brandon duke of
S.utfolk. Bury fends two members to
parliament, and took its name from St.
Edmund tlie king, who was buried here»
after being murdered in a wood. Here is
an ancient guildhall, a fellions houfe, a
theatre, a treefchool, &c. The affizes
are held here. It is 14 miles E of New-
market, and 72 nne of London. Lon.
o 46 E, lat. 52 z2 N.
BussARAH, or Bassora, a city and
feaport of Turkey in Afia, in Irac Ara-
bia, 40 miles Nw of the gulf of Perila.
It ftands on the Euphrates, a canal from
which divides the city into two parts j
and over it is a bridge of boats. The
circumference is very large j but a great
number of date- trees are planted within
the walls. The* houl'es are conftru6led
of bricks dried in the fun, and have a
vciy ine:u; afpeft. Here are many Jews,
Wyojlive by brokerage and exchanging
money ; but they are kept very poor. In
1 69 1, the plague deltroyed So,ooo of tlje
inhabitants; but it was afterward peo-
pled by the wild Arabs, who were loon
brought under the fubjeftion of the
Turks. The trade here is not fo conli-
derable as it was formerly. It is 240
miles s by E of Bagdad. Lon. 44 52 s,
lat. 29 26 N.
Buteshire, a county of Scotland, ■
ronfifting of the iflands ot Bute, Arran,
and Inchmarnoc, which lie in the frith of
Clyde. They are fertile in com and
paitures, and there is a confiderable her-
ring-fiftieiy. This (hire lends a member
to parliament alternately with Caitluiefs-
fhire.
BuTRACO, a town of Spain, in New
Caftile, ijbated on the Lozoya, 30 miles
N by E of Madrid. Lon. 3 5 W, lat. 40
46 N.
Butrinto, a feaport and epifcopal
town of Turkey in Europe, in Albania,
on the canal of Corfoi, and at the entrance
of the gulf of Venice, 30 miles s of Chi-
maera. Lon. 20 9 E, lat. 39 49 N.
BuTTERMERE WATER, a lake in
Cumberland, eight miles sw of Kefwick.
It is two miles long, and nearly one
broad. On the w fide it is terminated by
a mountain, called, from its ferruginous
colour, the Red Pike. A ftrip ot culti-
vated ground adorns the E Hiore. A
group of houfes, called Gatefgarth, is
feated on the s extremity, under a very
extraordinaiy amphitheatre of mountain-
ous rocks. Here Honifter Crag is feen
rifing to a vaft height, flanked by two
conical mountains, Fleetwith on the e and
Scarf on the w fide. A hundred moun-
tain torrents form never-failing catarafts
that thunder and foam down the centre of
the rock, and form the lake below. This
lake is called the Upper Lake; and, near
a mile from it, to the ne is the Lower
Lake, called alio Cromack Water. The
river Cocker flows through both thcCc
lakes to Cockermouth.
Button's Bay, the n part of Hud.
fon's Bay, through which attempts have
been made to difcover a Nvv paflage to
China. It is fo called from fir Thomas
Button, who here loft his (hip, and came
back in a (loop built in the country. It
lies between 60 and 66° n lat.
BuTZfAW, a town of Geripany, in the
bi(hopric of Schwerin, 17 miles sw of
Roitock. Lon. 11 55 e, lat. 540 N.
Buxton, a village in Deibyihire, at
the entrance of the Peak. It has nine
wells that rife near the fource of the river
Wye i and arc deemed one of the fcvew
O4
m ■ m
k'.
'i 1-1
[7\
CAB
C A C
wonder* of the Pes!:. Their waters vere
noted in the time of the Romans. They
aif hot and fuiphureous, but create an
appetite, and open obftrufticns ; and, if
bgthed in, give reli-it iii fcorbutic rlun-
natifmi, nerroiis cafe;;, ojc. Much com-
pany re&it to tl em in the fummer. The
Duiiding for the bath was erci5>ed by
Qcorgc earl of Shi-ewlbury, ai:d here
Mary queen of Scets was for fome time.
The duke of Devonfliire has erefted a
beautiful building in the form of a cref-
cent, under which are piazzas and Jhops.
A mile from hence is another of the won-
ders, called Pool's Hole, at the foot
of a mountain. The entrance is low and
narrow, but it prefently opens to a cave
of confiderabk height, and 696 feet long,
with a roof refenibling a Gothic cathe-
dral: it contains many ftalaititiouy con-
cretions, and leverul curlcus repreicnta-
tions both of art and nature, produced by
the peti"ifying water continually dropping
from the rock. Buxton is 31 miles nw
of Derbv, and 160 nnw of London.
BuzBACH, a town of Germany, in
Weteravia, and in the county of holms,
29 miles N by E of Francfort. Lou. 8
44. E, lat. 50 23 N.
ByCHOW, a town of Lithuania, on
the Dnieper, 180 miles sw of Wilna.
Lon. 30 o E, lat. 53 38 N.
Byron's Island, an illand in the S
Pacific Ocean, difcovered by commodore
Byron in 1765. It is low, full of wood,
and very populous. The natives are tall,
v.cll proportioned, and clean j their fea-
' furcs good, and their countenance exprcf-
five ot a i'urpri?ing mixture of inrepidity
and cheerfuincfs. Lon. 173 46 E, lat. i
18 s.
Byzantium. See Constantino-
ple.
C.
CAANA a town of Egypt, on the
river Nile, v^'hcnce ihey tranlport
corn and pulllt to Tuecca, Some fine
inonaraents, covei-ed wich hicrof/lvphlcal
ctoa)a61ers, have been tound here. It is
310 mik-s s ol Cairo. Lon. 30 -23 E,
lit. 46 30 N.
Cabbca-de-Vide, a town of Portu-
gal, in Alentejo, with a caftle, 1 2 miles
sw ot Portaiegro. Lon. 6 43 w, lat. 39
ION.
CABENpA,afeapeFt of Africa, in Con-
go, 00 miles SE of Loango, fubjeft to
Portugal. Loa. la a e, lat, 4 5 s.
CAfES, or Gabes, a town of Africa,
in the kingdom of Tunis, on a river near
a gulf of the fame name. Lon. lO 55
E, lat. 33 40 N.
Cabreria, an iiland in the Mediter-
ranean, about fevcn miles s of Majorca.
It has a large harbour, defended by a
cafUe.
Cabul, a province of Hindooftan Pro-
per, bounded on the w by Fcifia, on the
N by the HIndoo-ko, on tiie u by Cafli-
mce, and on the s by Candahar. It is
a country highly divirfifiedj confifting of
mountuins covered with eternal fnow}
hills of moderate iiclght and eafy afccnt ;
lich plains, and lUtely fortfts; and tWele
enlivened by inmunerable ftreams. It
prcduc:s eveiy aiticle ntceflary for human
Jife, with tJie moft delicate fruits and
flowers. It is fometiir.es called Zabuli-
Itan, from Zabul, one of the names o;
Ghizni, which was the ancient capital 0:
the country. This province is lubjeA
to the king of Candahar.
Cahul, the capital of the province
of Cabul, and of the dominions of the
king of Candnhar, leated near the. foot
of the Hindoo ko, and the fmnce of the
Attock, which runs near it. Its fitua-
tlon is nolefs romantic than pleafant ; and
it has within its reach, the fruits and
other products both of the temperate and
torrid zone. It is confidered as the gate
of India toward Tartary, as Candahar is
with relpeft to Ptrfia. It is 680 mHes
NW of Delhi. Lon. 68 58 E, lat. 34
36 N.
Cacaca, a town of the kingdom of
Fez, v^'ith a fort upon a rock. The
Mo(;rs retook it flora the Spaniards in
1534. Lon. z 55 w, lat, 35 2 N.
Cacerks, a town of Spain, in Eftra-
nisdura, tamotis for its fine v.ool, and
ILattd on the Siibrot, 22 miles sE of Al-
cantara. Lon. 5 44 e, lat. 39 11 n.
Caclr s Dii Camarinha, a town of
Luconla, one of the Philippine Iflands,
witn a bidiop's ite. Lon. 124 o e, lat.
H ^5 N-
Cackan, or Cashan, a'town of Pef-
fia, ill Lac J^ gemi, where they carry on
a conliderabie tratle in filks, fiiver and
gold brocades, and fine earthen ware.
I'htre are ir.any ChriiUano, and Guebres,
or worfluppers of fire, in this place. It
is le;ited in a vaft plain, 55 mileg N by w
ollfpahan. Lon. 51 55 e, lat. 33 20 N.
Cachao, the capital of a provinv:e of
the fame name, in 1 ontjuin, on the river
Hoti, 80 mika from the gulf of Ton-
quia. It contains zo,ooo houfes, whofe
giralls
thatcl
is th
pcopl
men
They
ber o
fdks
Lon.
on th
to thi
and
flaves
C
on
greati
MJ !.■• '
Cad
c A E
lear
55
fer-
■ca.
a
lO-
the
fli-
is
of
i
walls are of mud j the roofs covered with
thatch. The hoiifc of the EngliHi faftoiy
is the beft in the place. The trading
people are civil to Itrangirs, but the great
men haughty, ard the poor thievifli.
They are pagans and have a great num-
ber of pagodas. The faftories putchale
filks and lackered ware, as In China.
Lon. 105 31 £, lat. 22 10 N.
Cached, a town of Negroland, fcated
on the river St. Domingo. It is fubjeft
to the Portuguele, who have three foits,
and carry on a great trade in v/ax and
Haves. Lon. 14. 55 £, lat. 12 o N.
Cacongo, aiVnall kingdom of Africa,
on the river Zaire. The inhabitants are
great traders ; and their manners, religion,
and government, are the fame as in Lo-
ango. It lies in lat. 5 o s.
Cacorla, a town of Spain, an Anda-
lufia, on the rivulet Vega, between two
mountains. It belongs to the archbilhop
of Toledo, and is 15 miles ese of Ubeda.
Lon. 2 55 E, lat. 37 40 N-
Cadenac, a town of France, in the
department of Lot and lute province of
Querci, ll-atcd on the river Lot, 27 miles
£N£ of Cahors. Lon. 2 o E, lat. 44.
3a N.
Cadenet, a town of France, in the
department of the Mouths of the Rhone
and late province of Provence, 28 miles
SE of Avignon. Lon. 5 30 E, lat. 43
4Z N.
Cadillac, a town of France, in the
department of Gironde and late province
,of Guienne, feated on the Garonne, with
a caftle, 1 5 miles SE of Bourdeaux. Lon.
O 22 w, lat. 44 40 N.
Cadi 7,, a large and rich city of Spain,
in Andalufia, with a good harbour. It
is a bi(ho^)'s fee, and feated on an ifland,
18 miles in length and nine in breadth j
but the N\v end, where the city ftands/
is not two broad. It has a communica-
tion with the continent, by a bridge.
The bay formed by it is 12 miles in
length and fix in breadth. Tiie s fide is
inaccelfible by leabecaui'e it is edged with
craggy rocks ; and two forts, the Puntal
and Matagorda, command the [aflage
into the harbour. It is a very ancient
place, being built by the Phenicians : it
was afterward a Roman townj and there
are ftill leveral remains of Roman anti-
quities. All the Spanilh ihips go hence
to the W Indies, and retuirn hither. It
was plundered by the Ehglifh in 1 59^5 ;
hut being attempted again in 1 702, they
had fiot the like fuccefs. It contains
50,000: inhabitants } and the cathedral is
4 handiome ftru£lure. It is 4^ n\ile8 w
of Gibraltar, and 90 w by s of Malaga.
Lon. 6 IX w, lat. 36 31 M.
Cadore, the capital of the diftrif^ of
Cadorino, in Italy 5 and the birthplace
of Titian, the painter. It is 15 mile*
N of fielluno. Lon. 12 o E, lat. 46
28 N.
Cadorino, a province of Italy, in
the territory of Venice j bounded on the
E by Friuli Proper, on the s and w by
the Belhinefe, and on the N by Brixen,
It is a mountainous country, and the chief
town is Cadore.
Caosand, an idand on the N coaft of
Flanders, at the mouth of the Scheld,
which river it commands.
Caen, a confiderable city of France,
in the department of Calvados and late
province of Lower Normandy, of v«^ich
it was the capital. It has a celebrated
univerfity, and an academy of literature.
The inhabitants are computed at 40,000.
The caltle has four towers, built by the
Englifti. The firtt ftone of the noble
barracks was laid in 1786, by the unfor-
tunate Lewis XVI. The late abbey of
St . Stephen was founded by William the
Conqueror, who was buried in it. The
riverOme runs through the city, to which
the tide brings up large veflcls. It is 65
miles w by s ot Rouen, and 125 w cv
Paris. Lon. o 17 w, lat. 49 11 N.
Caer. For fome places that fre-
quently begin thus, as Caerdiif, fee under
Car.
Caerleow, a town in Monmouth-
fhire, with a mai-ket on Thurfday. It
was a Roman town, as is evident from the
antiquities found here; and it has the
ruins of a caftle. It is fcated on the U/k,
19 miles sw of Monmouth, and 148 w
by N of London. Lon. 3 o w, lat. 51
40 N.
Caerphilly, a town in Glamorgan-
ftiire, with a market on Tb irfday, feated
between the Taafe and F.umney. It is
thought thait the walls, now in niins,
were built by the Romans, whofe coins
are dug up here. It is five miles N
of Landaff, and 1 58 w of London. Lon.
3 18 w., lat. 51 33 N.
Caerwent, a village in Monmouth-
fliire, famous for a beautiful teflelated
pavement, difcovered here in 1777J and
alVerted to be iUj;erior to any fuch difco-
vered on this fi(k the Alps, and equal to
thoie preferved at Portici. It is four
miles sw of Chepftow.
Caerwis, a town in Flintshire, with
a market on Tuefday, five miles w of
Flint, and 103 nw of London. Lon. 3
30 w, lat. 53 i» N.
G4
■jm
If
%m
C A F
C A H
i i
Cay FA, a town of the Crimea, with
^n excellent harbour. It was taken> in
S266, by the Genoeiei who made it the
feat of their trade in the Eaft) and one of
the moft flourifhing towns in Afia. It
was taken *^.om them, by the Venetians)
in 1297, but foon recovered ; however, in
1474, the Tartars, aJfiftcd by the Turks,
finally expelled them. It was the iaft poft
in the Crimea of which the Genoefe retained
the Ibvereignty. CafFa was the Theodo-
fia of the ancients j a name which has
been reftored to it fmce the Ruffians be-
came poifeiTed of the Crimea. It is feat-
ed on the Black Sea, 150 miles N£ qf
Conftantinuple. Lon. 35 45 e, lat. 45
8 N.
Caffa, Strait of, the ancient Cim-
merian Bofphorus, a ftrait tliat Ibrms the
communication between the Black Sea
and the fea of Afbph.
CAFFRAaiA, a county of Africa, lying
. to the s of the tropic of Capricorn, and
extending along the Indian Ocean to the
mouth ot the Great Fifh River, in lat. 30
30 s. By this river it is divided from
the country of the Hottentots. Its other
boundaries cannot, at prefent, be a(cer-
tained, it having never been viiited by any
European, before the .ourney which licut.
Paterlon made in thclc parts in 1779.
Tht; Caffres are tall and well-proportion-
ed 5 and, in general, evince great courage
in attacking lions and other beafts of
prey. Their fkin is a jet black, their
teeth white as ivory, and their eyes large.
The clothing of both iexts is the fame,
confining entirely of the hides of oxen,
which are as pliant as cloth. The men
wear tails of diffenint animals tied round
their thighs ; pieces of bral's in their hair,
and large ivory rinf;s on their arms : they
are adorned alio v/ith the hair of lions,
and feathers falter ed on their heads, with
many other fantafiical ornaments. They
are lb fond of dogs, that if one paiticu-
larly pleafes them, they will give two
bullocks in exchange lor it; and their
exeiciie is hunting, lighting, or dancing.
They are expert in throwing their lances,
and, in time of war, ufe Ihields made of
the hides of r^xen. The women are em-
ployed in . - cultivation of their gardens
and corn. They raife feveral vegetables,
which are not indigenous to the country,
as tobacco, watermelons, kidncybcans,
and hemp, They have great pride in
their cattle ; and cut their horns in fuch a
way as to be able to tuni them int© any
ihape they pleale : when they wifh their
cattle to return, they go a little way from
the houie and blow a wliKtle^ which is fo
conftrufted as to be heaid at a great dif-
tance, and in this manner bring them all
home, without any difficulty. Their
huts arc higher and more commodious
than thole of the Hottentots, and their
lands more fertile ; but their oxen, andal-
molt all their animals, are much linaller.
Indultry is the leading trait in the cha-
racter of the Caffres, who are diftinguifh-
ed from their neighbours to the s by their
fondnefs for agriculture. They have a
high opinion ot the Supreme Being, and
of his power : they believe in a future
liate of rewards and punifhments, but
think that the world had no beginning,
and will be everlafting. They have no
facred ceremonies, and never pray . They
inftruft their children theinfelves, having
no priefts. Inftead of thel'e, they have a
kind of conjurors whom they greatly re-
vere. They are governed by an heredi-
tary king, whoie power is very limited,
receiving no tax, and having no troops at
his command j but being permitted to
take as many wives as he pleafes, he has
a larger portion of land to cultivate, and
a greater number of cattle to tend and
feed. His cabin is neither higher, nor
better decorated than the reft; and his
whole family live around him, compofing
a group of la or 15 huts. The diftance
ot the different hordes makes it necelTary
that they fhould have inferior chiefs, who
are appointed by the king.
Cagli, an ancient epifcopal town of
Italy, in the duchy of Urbino, at the foot
of the Appennines, 20 miles s of Urbino.
Lon. 12 42 £, lat. 43 26 N.
Cagli ARi, an ancient and rich city,
capital of Sardinia, with an archbifhop's
fee, a univerfuy, a caftle, and a good
harbour. The French made an unluC-
cefsful attack upon this place in January
1793. Lon. 9 14 E, lat. 39 27 N.
Caho Rs, a confiderable town of France,
in the department of Lot and late pro-
vince of Querci, with a bifhop's fee, and
a univerfity. It is leated on a penin-
fula made by the river Lot, and built part-
ly on a craggy rock. There are three
bridges over the river. The cathedral isi
a Gothic ftru6lure, and has a large; fquare
fteeple. It has a manufafture of^ fine
cloths and ratteens, and furniflies excellent
red wine. It was taken by affault, in
1 580, by Henry iv, by means of petards,
which were firft employed here. The
garrifon confifled of 2000 menj the af-
failants were not more than 1500; and
they fought five days and nights in the
ftreets. In one of the fuburbs are the
remains of a Koman amphitheatre. Ca-
hors is
of Paris
Caja
nia, in
miles 1
64 n
Caja
town oi
miles N
41 10
Cak
Nof St
from th
lat. 21
Caii
s. f Chin
provinc
the reb
the riv<
inhabit
CaI!
to the
86° w
tants
tortoiii
Cai
in the
of wh
famous
variou
darics
luftre <
Cai
city,
C A I
liors is 50 miles nw of Alby, and 287 s
of Paris. Lon. i 32 E, lat. 44. 26 n.
CajanaburG) the capital of E Both-
ma» in Sweden, en Lake Cajania, 300
miles NE of Abo. Lon. 27 45 £» lat.
64 13 N.
C A K
public bagnios, very handlbme wItTiIn,
and u cd as pl.;cis of refreflimcnt and di-
verfion, efptcially for the women, who
go there twice a week ; but the wives of
great men have baths at hoir.e. It is ex-
ceedingly populous ; lieveral families lir-
'i"fi
Cajazzo, or CaJIZZO, an epifcopal ing in one houie, and a number of people
Terra di Lavora, 22
Lon. 14 34 E, lat
town of Naples, m
miles NE ot Naples
41 10 N.
Caicos, iflands of the W Indies, to the
N of St. Domingo, which take their name
from the principal one. Lon. 71 30 w,
lat. 21 40 N.
in each room ; and in the buly time of
the day, the ftreets are lb crowded, that
it is ditficuk to pais along. The women
have greater lib rty here than in any
part of the Turkim empire, and there
are particular Itreets where the coiurte-
zans fit at the doors, richly dreffed. The
Caiv'ONG, a large and populous city Caliih is a canal which conveys the waters
s.f China, leated on the Hoang-ho, in the
province of Honan. When befieged by
the rebels, in 1642, ihey cut the dikes of
the river, which drcwned 300,000 of the
inhabitants. Lon. 113 27 E, lat. 35 0 N.
Caiman Islands, in the W Indies,
to the NW of Jamaica, between 81 and
86° w lon. and 21'' N lat. The inhabi-
tants of Jamaica come hither to catch
tortoiies, which they cany liome alive.
Cairngorm, a mountain of Scotland,
in the E of Invcrnelslhire, the lofty top
of which is patched with fnow. It is
famous for beautiful rock-cryftals of
various tints, much efteemed by lapi-
daries i and ibme of them, having the
luftre of fine gems, bring a high price.
Cairo, or Grand Cairo, a large
city, capital of Egypt, with a cattle built
on a rock. It confilts of three towns,
about a mile apart j Old Cairo, New
Cairo, and the port termed Billac. The
ancient town had the name of Mefra.
Old Cairo is reduced to a fmall place,
through the harbour for boats that come
from Upper Egypt. Some of the beys
h.ave country houfes here, to which they
retire when the country is overflowed by
the Nile. New Cairo is a mile from the
river, and feven miles in circumference.
It has three or four grand gates, but the
ftreets are narrow, and look like lanes.
The fincft houfes are built round a court,
in which they make the belt appearance,
having few or no windows next the ftreet.
To the w of the caftle are the remains of
fome grand apartments, covered with
domes, and adorned with mofaic piftures
of trees and houles : thefe arc now ufed
for weaving and embroidering. Still
higher is Joeph's Hall, whence there is a
delightful profpecl over the city, the py-
ramids, and all the country round. It
was probably a terrace to that magnifi-
cent room which is now open on the top,
and is adorned with large beautiful pil-
lars of red granite. There sxe fevexal
of the Nile into the city: it is 20 feet
broad, and has houi'cs on each fide of it.
As loon as the water begins to rile,
they dole the mouth of the canal with
earth, and place a mark, to (how the time
when this and all other canals in the king-
dom are to be opened, which is done with,
great folemnity. There are not lefs than
300 mofqucs in Cairo, the lofty minarets
of which pielent a veiy pittmefque ap-
pearance. The Europeans have confuls
and faftors here ; and it was a place of
very great trade, before the dilcovery of
the Cape of Good Hope. It is fuppofed
to contain 700,000 inhabitants ; and is
leated near the Nile, 100 miles s of its
mouth. Lon. 31 27 e, lat. 30 2 N.
Cairoan, or Kairoan, a tow^n of
the kingdom of Tunis, on the river
Magrida, 80 miles s of Tunis. Lon.
10 12 E, lat. 35 20 N.
Caithnessshire, the moft northerly
county of ScotIand,bounded on the n by the
Pentland Frith, on the se by the Briti/h
Ocean, and on the w by Sutheilandfhire.
Its greateft extent is 35 miles from n to
s, and 20 from e to w. The whole sw
part is occupied by great mountains, the
abode of roes and a variety of game ; and
the lakes are often reforted to by numer-
ous waterfowls. A vart ridge of hills
forms the sw boundary, ending in the pro-
montory called the Ord ol Caithnefs.
Alon^ the fide of this fteep hill, impend-
ing, in a manner, above the fea, a wind-
ing road is cut, which is the only en-
trance into this flilre from the s. The
climate is good, and the foil around the
coaft very Improveable. Its chief ex-
ports are beef, meal, barley, butter,
cheefe, yam, flcins, feathers, and kelp.
Englifli is chiefly fpoken on the coalt,
but in the highlands the Gaelic pre-
vails.
Caket, a town of Perfia, near Mount
Caucafus. lis trade conlifts chiefly in
filks, Lon. 46 15 E, lat. 33 o n.
m
m
"t ■?■■ •
mm :
C A L
C\i.ACRrA, n county of Naples, di-
vided into Culabria Citeriorc, and Cala-
bria Uhcrlcrc, or Hither and Fmthcr Ca-
labria. The lirit is one of the 12 pro-
vinces of NapK-y, bounded on the s by
Calabria Ultcriorc, on tlic N by Bafili-
cata, and on the w and E by the Medi-
terranean. Cofeiiza is the capital. Ca-
labria Uitcriorc vi wiilhed by the Mediter-
ranean on the E, s, and w, and botinded
by Calabria Citeriorc on the N. Reg<:io is
the capital. In Febnuiry and IVIarch
17S3, a great part of Cakbria, as well
as of Sicily, was deftroycd by one of the
moft terrible earthquakes on record. Be-
lide the de*ltru6lion of ir.any towns, villa-
ges and farms, above 40,000 people pe-
riflied hy this calamity. Mountains were
i'plit, and vallies formed in an inllant :
new rivers began to flow, and old ftreams
were funk into the earth aiul dcftroyed :
plantations were removed from their fitu-
ations, and hills carried to places far dif-
tant. The earthquakes (for there were
many (hocks) vented their greateil force
from the foot of the Appcnnines, extending
•weftward to the lea 5 in all which valt
traft, there was not a fmgle village or
town, which was not either totally de-
ftroyed, or very much damaged.
CaLahorra, an epifcopal town of
Spain, in Old Caftile, on the fide of a
hill, which extends to the Ebro, 70 miles
£ of Burgos. Lon. a 7 w, lat. 42 12 n.
Calais, a feaport of France, in the
department of the Straits of Calais and
late province of Picardy, with a citadel.
It was taken by Edward ill, in 1347,
after a memorable fiege of more than 1 1
months, which has given rife to fome hil-
torical as well as dramatic fiction. In
1557, it was retaken by the duke of
Guife. It v/as bombarded by the Engli/h
in 1696, without receiving much injury.
Tile fortifications are good : but its
greateft ftrength is its fituation among the
marfhes, which may be overflowed at the
approach of an enemj'. In time of peace
thw-re are packet-boats, which go twice a
week between Dover and Calais. It is
zi miles ESE of Dover, and 152 n of
Paris. Lon. i 56 E, lat. 50 58 n.
Calais, St. a town of France, in the
department of Sarte and late province of
Maine, 16 miles NW of Vendonte.
Calamata, a town of Turkey in
Europe, in the Morea. It was taken by
the Venetians, In 1685; but the Turks
retook it. It ''^ands on the river Spinar-
za, eight miles fi'om the Mediterranean.
Lon. zi 55 E, lat. 37 o N.
Calamianes, three fmall iflands of
C A L
Afia, bf twecn Borneo and the rhilippinesy
and N of Parago. They are famous for
their edible bud-nefts. Lon. ij8 5 £,
lat. II o N.
Calatajud, a town of Spain, in Ar-
ragon, at the confluence of Xalon and
Xiloca, with a calHe on a rock, 37 miles
sw of Saragofl'a. Lon. i 9 w, lat. 41
43 N.
Calatrava, a town of Spain, in
New Caltile, the chief place of tne mili-
tary order of the knignts of Calatrava.
It is ieated near the Guadiana, 80 miles
s of Madrid. Lon. 3 zo w, lat. 39 4 n.
C ALB EN, a town of Germany, in the
old marche of Brandenburg, with a good
caftle, 32 miles N of Mag|d?biirg.
Calcar, a town ot the duchy of
Cleves, feated near the Rhine, eight
miles SE of Cleves. Lon. 5 55 £, lat.
S» 40 N.
Calcinato, a to\vn of Italy, in the
Mantuan, remarkable for a viftoiy gain-
ed over the Auftrians, by the French,
in 1706. It is 25 miles NE of Milan,
Lon. 9 52 E, lat. 45 45 N.
Calcutta, or Fort William, thp
emjxjriujii of Bengal, fituate on the e fide
of the Hoogly, or wellem arm of the
Ganges, 100 miles from its mouth, m
the bay of Bengal . It is a modern city, hav-
ing riien on the fite of the village of Go-
vindpour, about 1 700. It extends from the
wtltcra point of Fort William, along the
banks of the river, almoft to the village
of Coflipoor, i'our miles and a half j the
breadth, in many parts, inconliderable.
Generally fpeaking, the delcription of
one Indian city is a defciiption of all ;
being all built on one plan, with very
narrow and crooked Itreets ; an incredi-
ble number of relervoirs and pcnds, and
a great many gardens interfperfed. A
few of the Itreets are paved with brick.
The houi'es arc vai iouJjy built : fome of
brick, others with mud, and a greater
proportion with bamboos and mats :
tliele different kinds of fabrics, inter-
mixed with each other, form a motley ap-
pearance. Thofe of the latter kinds are
invariably of one ftory, and covered witl;
thatch ; thofe of brick i'eldom exceed two
floors, and have flat terraced roofs : the
two foimer claflts far outnumber the laft,
which are fo thinly fcattered, that fires,
which often happen, do not, fometimeS|
meet with the obitniftion of a brick-
houfe through a whole ftreet. But Cal-
cutta is, in part, an exception tothis rule
of building} for there, the quarter iijha-
bited by the Englifli is corapoied entirely
of brick-buildings, many of which ha\t
the appca
building*
oiplanade
It adds g
that the
other.
C A L
Oic appearance of palaces. The line of
building* that iiirrouiuie two lide« of the
olplanade ot the loit, is niat^nificcnt ; and
it adds great iy to the fuperb appearance,
that the Uoules are dctachtd iroiU each
other, and iniulited in a great Ipace.
The buildim^s arc all on a large Icalc,
from the neceflity of having a tr>;e circu-
lation of air in a climate, the heat of
which is extreme. The general approach
to the houles is by a flight oi Iteps with
great proiefting porticoes, or lurrounded
by colonnades or arcades, which give
them the appearance of Grecian teniplts.
But the remainder of the city, and by
much the greattit part, is built as before
defcribed. Cakutta has been wonder-
fully unproved both in appearance and
in th« ialubrity of the aii-, lor the Itreets
have been properly diained, and the pondt
filled up. It is iuppoicd to contain at
lealt 500,000 inhabitants. The mixture
of £uroue?Ji and Aliatio manners that
C A L
Caledonia, New, a large Ifland, in
the S Pacific Ocean, extending from
19 to ^^^P s lat. and from 163 to 167° i
Ion. It was dilcovtred by captain Cook,
in 1774. The inhabitants are ilrong,
nc'tivf, and wcil made ; thCir hair is
black., and much ix'vnXvX, but not woolly j
their beards are cril'p and thick j they
bcljneai ihcir faces with black pigment \
md their only covering is a wrapper,
maile trom the bark of a tree, or of leaves.
They cul.ivatc the Ibtl with Ibme art and
induftry, hut iubfift chiefly on roots and
fi(h. PI .Brains and lugar-canes are not
plentiful, bread-fi-uit is very icarce, and
the cocoa nut trees are but thinly planted ;
but their yams and taras are in great
nhundance. Their houfes are circular
like a bee-hive, and as clofe and warmj
being formed of fmall ipars ?nd reeds,
covered with long coarie grafs, and the
floor laid with dry grais. They depofit
their dead in the grcund, and decorate
may be oblerved here, is curious : coaches, the grave of their chi-l» with fpears, darts.
phaetons, chailes, with the palankeens
and hackeries of the natives, the palling
ceremonies of the Hindoos, ami the dit-
fcren' appearances ot the fakiiii form a
fight more extraordinary, perhaps, than
a^ other city can pielent. i'he hackery
here mentioned is a imall covered car-
riage upon two wheels, drawn by bul-
locks, and uied generally lor ttie female
part of tlie *amiiy. The Ganges is navi-
gable up to the town for the largeit fliips
that vifit India. Here is tie leat ot tiie
goveni..r general and coimcil of Beng.il,
paddles, &c. all ftuck upright in the
ground abov it. J'hey are of a pacific
dilpofition, and their women are much
chafter than thole of the more eaftcm
illands.
Calenber?;, acaftlcof Lower Saxony,
capital of the ducliy of Brunfwick Calen-
berg, ieated en the river Leina, lo miles
s of Hanover. Lon. 10 5 e, 4at. 5*
15 fJ.
Cali, a to'vn of Terra Firma, in Popa-
yan, in a valley of the lame name, on the
river Canca. The governor of the province
who have a controul over the prefid'-ncics generally refides here. Lon. 77 5 W, lat.
of Madras, Bombay, and Bencooien.
Here i$ likewKe a liipreme court ot judi-
cature, in which jultice is diipenicd, ac-
cording to the lav.s 01 England, by a
chief jullice and three puime judge.'!. In
175*} Calcutta was taken by the Ibubah
of Bengal, who forced the feeble garriibn,
to the amount oi 1+6 perlbns, into a pri-
fon called the Black Hole, a cube of 1 8
feet, out of wliich only z] ciitnt alive.
It was ret'<iken the naxt year ; the vii-tory
of Plafl'ey followed; and the intiumau
ibubah was depofed, and put to death by
his fucc'iTor. Immediately after this
3 15 N-
Calicut, a country on the coaft of
Mala'car, ()^ miles in length, and as much
in lenguh. It produces pepper, ginger,
aloes, ami rice ; and the trees are always
green. There is a tree, which produces
a kind of dates, from which is ob ained
lugnr anil oil. This coimtry was fubj^ft
to Tippto Sultan, regent of .Vlyfore ; but,
in 1792, part of it was ceded to the Eng-
lifh F-^ India Company.
Calicut, a city, capital of a countiy
of the lame name, on the coaft of Mala-
bar. It was tiie firft Indian port vifited
yiiSlory the ere^ion ot Fort William Cum- by European shipping ; being difcovered
meuced, wbicfck is fuperior to any fortrefs by the Portugucils, when they came to the
19 India. Calcutta is 1030 miles nne '^ t---- ^ - > - «^ cr>% ■•■.
of Madras. Lon. SS 28 e, lat. 22 23 n.
CAiyD^ft, a river in Yorkfhire, which
' irifef on. thf borders of Lancafhii'e, and
t^^Vg ^y Hiiddvrafield atid WakefieM,
ibilj» into the Airb «ight miles below the
E Indies by rhe Cape of Good Hope, in
149S. The Englifh have a factory here.
It is J20 miles vvsw of Madras. Lon.
74 24 E, lat. 11 18 N.
California, a neninfuh of N Ame-
rica, in the N Pacific Ocean, feparated
l-^ter iji^ce. It is tutvigable the greater from the w coaft of America, by theVer-
fxyit oi' iti c«\Nrr8» mliion Sea, orGulf of Califoraiaj ex
8 ■
"'I U' I
Irh
1 \\
"\^
.^
C A L
ttndinp SE, from lat. 31° N, to Cape St.
J.ucar, in lit. 43* N. It was diCcovered
by Cortes, in i.S3^>) <)nd is J'uid to have
been vifittd by fir Francis Dnike, in
1578, and to luive received from lum the
name ol NewvAlliion. This) latter name,
however, belongs ro no pji;. of the peniii-
fuia, but to :i country tuii^er N, bciwi-cn
37 and 45" latitude J the htubour of fir
I'Vancis Drake being fjtuate jn about 1 10
•S3 w Ion. ami 38 23 N lat. During a
long period, Calilornia continued to be
fo little frequented, that even its form was
unknown; and, in moft charts, it was
j-eprefented as an ifland. Though the
climate of this country, if we may judge
from its fituation, muft be very defirable,
the Spaniards have made fmall progrels in
Ijeopling it. Toward the clofe oi' the
aft cc:ntury, the Jefuits, who bad great
ihtrit in exploring this neglefted province,
and in civiU/ing its rude inhabitants,
imperceptibly acquired a dominion over
it, as complete as that which they pof-
fefled in their mifTions in Paraguay j and
^ley laboured to govern the natives by
the fame policy. lu order tq prevent the
court of Spain from conceiving any jea-
loufy of their defigiis, they feem (huii-
oufly to have depreciated the country, by
;"ep,refepting the climate as fo dil'agree-
able and unwbolefome, and the foil fo
barren, that nothing but a zealous defire
of converting the natives could have in-
duced thein to lettle there. Seven:! pub-
lic-fpiriied citizens endeavoured to unde-
ceive their fovertigns, and to give them a
hetter view of Calilornia j hut in vain.
At laft, on the expulfiou of the Jeliiits
from the Spanifli dominions, the court of
Madrid appointed don Jofeph Galvez to
vlfit this peniniula. His accoimt of the
country was tavorabit ; he found the
peail fi/hery on its coaft to be valuable,
and he difcovered mines of gold of a very
proniifing appearance. Ac prefent, how-
e\'er, California (the natural hiftory of
which is very little known) Itill remains
amcng the moft defolate and ufclefs dif-
trifls of the Spani/h empire.
Callao, a fcaport of S America, in
Peru. The harbour is the belt in the 8
Sc-a. It was almoft totally deftroyed by
' an earthquake, in 1746. It is five miles
from Lima, of which it is the port. Lon.
76 53 \v, lat. la a s.
Cali.a Susung, a town of the ifland
•of Houton, in the Indian Ocean. It is a
itiile from the fea, on the top of a hill,
eiicompafled with cocoa-nut trees. There
is 3 ftonc wall round the town, an4 the
houfes are built on pouS. The religion
CAM
of the Inhabitants is the Mahometan, an4
they fpeak the Malayan language. The
people are Imall, well-fhaped, and of a
dark olive coloui*. Lon. 123 45 E, lat.
50 s.
Callen, a town of Ireland, in the
county of Kilkenny, 10 miles sw of
Kilkenny. Lon. 7 6 w, lat. <;3 28 N.
Cali.00, a fo;:trcls of the Netherlands,
in the territoiy ot Waes, on the Scheld,
jubjed to Aultria. 7'he Dutch were de-
feated here by the Spaniards in 1638.
It is five miles w of Antwerp. Lon. 4.
20 £, lat. 51 13 N.
Callington, a borough in Cornwall,
with a matket on VVcdnelday. It fends
two members to parHaiuent, and is fituate
on the Lynher, 12 miles s of Launcefton,
and 217 w by s of London. Lon, 4 35
vv, lut. 50 30 N.
Calmar, a ftrong feaport of Sweden,
in the province of Snioland, divided from
the ille of Oeland, by a (trait about i'^vcn
miles broad in i!s narroweft part. It is
celebrated in the hiftory of the North, as
the place where the deputies of Sweden,
Denmark, and Noi-way, were appointed
to afllmble for the election of a king, ac-
cording to the union of Calmar. On an
eminence, half a mile from the town, is
the caftle, the only remains of its ancient
magnificence. This palace, once the re-
fidence of the illuftrious queen Margaret,
is now converted into a diftillery. It is
150 miles sw of Stockholm. Lon. iS
27 E, lat. 56 40 N.
Calne, a borough in Wiltfliire, with
a market on Tuelday. It ftnds two
members to parliament, and is feated on
a river of the fame name, 25 miles e of
Briftol, and 88 w of Loudon. Lon. i 59
w, lat. 51 30 N.
Calvados, a department of France,
including part of the late province of Noi--
mandy. It is fo called from a rock of the
fame name. Caen is the capital.
Calvary, Mount, ahillnear Jerufa-
Itm, on which Je R u sCh Ri s r was crucified.
Calvi, an e, ifcopal town of Naples,
in Terra <li Lavora, eight iniles N ot Ca-
pua. Lon. 14 19 E, lat. 41 15 N.
Calvi, a town of Corfica, on a craggy
mountain and gulf of the fame name, witk
a ftrong fortrels and a good harbour. It
was taken from the French, by the Eng-
lifli, Aug. 10, 1794; and is 32 miles sw
of Baftia. Lon. 9 16 e, lat. 42 26 N.
Cam, or Grant, a river which riles
in Herts, and flowing by Cambridge in-
to the . Ifte of Ely, there falls into the
Oufe, to which river it is navigable fron^
Cambridge. ■
Cama
tKKed
white CO
Cama
ilepartmt
of Britti
fireft, in
and loft !
on a bay
Cam]
Proper,
ftands or
lame nan
lemy.
inferior
for the
and filk
are foun
are note
their qii
is fubji
is $7 mi
is the po
Cam
cd on tfa
China i
by the g
divided
Camboc
CAM »
Camarana, an iflanil of Arabia, In
ih*: Red Sea, where thUe is a Hlhcry lor
white coral and peurl oyftcrs.
Camarat, a leaport of France, in the
department of Fini(tcrre and late province
of Brittany. In an exi^editiun again(t
fireft, in 1694, the EngliHi lamkd here,
and loft a great number of men. It (lands
on a bay of the fame name.
Cambay, a large city of Hindcollan
Proper, in the province of Guzcrat. It
ftunds on a detn and dangerous gulf of the
lame name, and was the Camanes of Pto-
Iciny. Its j)rodudis and manufaihues are
inferior to thole of few towns in India ;
for the country abounds in corn, cattle,
and filjc ; and cornelian and agate ftones
are found in its rivers. The inhabitants
are noted for embroidery; ami ii'me of
their quilts have been valued at ^1. It
is iubjecl to the Poonah Mahrattas, nnd
is $7 miles s of Amedabad, of which it
is the port. Lon. 72 10 e, lat. aa 25 N.
Cambodia, a kingdom of Afia, bound-
ed on the N by Laos, on the E by Cochin-
China and Ciampa, and on the s and w
by the gulf and kingdom of Siam. It is
divided by a large river called Mecan, or
Cambodia, which annually overflows the
country ij) the rainy fealbn, between June
and Otlober. Its jjroduflions and fruits
are much the lame with thole ulually
found between the tropics.
Cambodia, the capital of a kingdom
of the fame name, in Afia, featcd on the
river Mecan, or Cambodia, 150 miles
from its mouth. Lon. 1 04. 5 e, lat. 1 3 10 N.
Cambray, a fortified city of France,
in the department of the North and late
province of the Cambrefis. It was lately
an archiepifcopal fee, but is now only a
bifhopric. It has a citadel and fort, and a
confiderablc manufadure of cambrics,
which took their name from this city.
It is feated on the Scheld, 2z miles SE of
Arras, and 102 N of Paris. Lon. 3 20
£. lat. 50 II N.
Cambresis, a late province of France,
25 miles in length; bouoded on the N
and E by Hainault, on the s by Picardy,
and on the w by Artois. Cambray is
the capital; and it is now included in the
department of the North.
Cambridge, the county-town of
CambridgeHure, and feat of a celebrated
univerfity, fituate on the river Cam. It
eonfifts of 14. parifhes ; and is governed
by a mayor, who, on entering upon his
oiHce, takes an oath to maintain the pri-
vileges of the univei-fity. The townhall
and Ihire-houfe are the only buildings of
JMte tkit^Q not belong to the univerilty :
CAM
the co\mty [jaol is the gatehoufe of nn an-
cient calllc, built by William the Con-
queror. It has a market on WedntlUay
and Saturday; and in the market-place*
which confilts of two fpacious oblong
fquares, united together, is a conduit
that is conftantly running. The univer-
fity is fuppoled to have been founded
during the heptarcliy. It contain! 1%
colleges and four halls, which, unlike
tholi; at Oxford, have equal privileges
with tlie colleges. The colleges arc,
Peter Houle, Corpus Chriiii or i^ennct.
King's, Queen's, Jefus, Chrift's, St.
John's, Magdalen, Trinity, Emanuel, and
bidney Sulfcx. The halls are, Clare, Pem-
broke, Trinity, and Catherine. Of the
colleges, Peter Houfe is themoft nncient,
being founded in 1257; and Kin'^'s and
Trinity colleges the moit conliderabie.
King's college is the noblelt foundation in
Europe, and the chapel one of the fiiwft
pieces of Gothic architedurc in the world.
The libraiy, chapel, &c. of Trinity col-
lege juftly place it in the firft rank. The
otner (hutJtiues belonging to the univer-
fity are the lenate-houfe, a fine edifice,
which, with St. Mary's church, the
fchools, the univerfity library, and other
buildings, forms a noble- I'quare. Here is
alio a botanical garden, and a general hof-
pital, called Addenbrooke's, from the
name of the founder. Cambridge lends
four members to parliament, two for the
borough and two for the univerfity. It:
is 17 miles s of Ely, and 51 N by e of
London. Lon. o 4. E, iat. 52 I^ N.
Cambridge, a village in Gioucefter-
ftiirc, neax Berkeley, on the river Cum.
Here the Danes v/ere attacked by Edwai'd
the Elder, and Ibme thoulands of them
were killed.
Cambridge, a village in the fiate of
Maflachufets, in N America. It has a
flourifhing univerfity, which confilts of
four elegant brick houfes, and is, with
refpefl to its library, philofophical ap-
paratus, and profefibrAiips, the firlt lite-
rary inftitution in America. It was
eftabliflied in 1638, and has generally
from 120 to 150 fludents. The names
of the four buildings are Harvard Hall,
Maflachufets Hall, HoUis Hall, and
Holden Chaple. Cambridge is four miles
w of Bofton.
Cambridgeshire, a county of Eng-
land, bounded on the Nvv by Lincoln-
Ihire, on the ne by Norfolk, on the E
by Suffolk, on the s by Eflfex and Herts,
and on the w by the counties of Hunting-
don, Bedford, and Northampton. It
extends jo miles from N to s, and 25
1 1'
-l!H
r:.fw
■'
:' i.
r
i f
m
&M< ''i
v.!
C A M
from e to w. It lies in thedlocffe^of Ely
and Norwich; contains 17 hurulrtds, a
city, a univcility, li-vcn market-towns,
and 163 pariHies ; ami ii-nds lix nr.cmbcpa
to pailiaincnt. Th« pfincipal rivers ate
the Grant, Oufe, Nen, »M Cam. The
»ir and Toil vary exrremflyi ibmc pariii,
•Iprcially the loiithcrn and ealttrn, are
plcalaAt and henithy; but the northern
part, caikd the Illc of Ely, is low and
tcnny- from the conBuenu: oi laany
rivers. Ail the \vnteF% or the middle part
of England, wliich do not run into the
Thames or the irent, fall intothcic lens j
and in the latter part ot the yv if, when
they a»c ov«rflovrcd by water, they appcai*
covffed with' fogs ^ i'o that whik* t he higher
grounds of the adjacent country glitter with
the beams oly the iiin, the ille ur Ely ap-
riars wrapt in a milt. See Bedford
SVEb.
CameLFORD, a borough in Cornwall,
with a nlarkct on Friday. It is governed
hy a mayor, and iends two membera to
parliament. A great quantity of yarn
li ipun in this place and its neighbour*
kood. It i» linted on the river Camel^
24. miles w of Launcefton, and 229 w
by s of London. Lon. 4. 55 w, lut. 50
4s N.
CjufAEkiuo, an ancient and populous
tovim of Italy, in the patrimony of St.
Peter, with a bifhop's liie. It is I'eated on
a raouniain, near the Appcnnines and the
river Chiento, 37 miles sw of Ancona,
Lon. 13 o E, lat. 43 15 n.
Caminha, a fcaport of Portugal, in t'le
provirce of Entre-Doucro-e-Micho, at the
mouih of the Minho, iz miles N of
Viana. Lon. 8 29 \v, lat. 41 50 n.
Cammin, a diftrift of Prulllan Po.
merania, fovmerly the^ territory of the
bifbop of Caramin, converted into a
principality!, in favour of the houiii of
Brandenburg, by the treaty of Weft-
{dialia. Colberg is t\ye capital.
Cammin, a feapoit. of Prulfian Po-
merania, in the principality of the
faine name ; featcd on tlie Oder, oppofite
the iflc of Wollin, 30 miles N of Stetin.
Lon. 14 55 E, lat. 544 N.
Campagna, or Campania, a town
of Naples, in Principato Ulteriore, with
a biAiop's fee, 40 miles SE of Naples.
Lou. 15 19 E, lat. 40 35 N.
Campaona di Roma, anciently La-
TlUM, a province of Italy, in the Eccle-
flaftical State, extending 60 miles se-
along- the Mediterranean, to the frontiei-s
of Naples. Formerly the beft peopled
and belt cultivated 'fpot in the world, few
villages^ little cultivation, and fcarcely
CA N
any inhabittnti are now to be IMt: n%
tree;>, no inclofures; sothing, in iboit,
bt!t the Icattered mini of n-itiples and
tombs, which prel«nttbc tdcaot a country
depopulated by pettiience. Kon^ is tlM
c:ipitul.
L'AMrDBLTON, » boTougii of Scot-
land, hcuatc on a bay, toward ths s ex-
tremity of the peaiAiula of Caatyrc, in
Ari^yle/hire. It has a conftderable trade ;
tor which it is principally indebted to its
being tlie Kcncral rendezvous of th*
Hlhing vt(kl9 that annually vifit the w
CO alt. It is xo miles w of the iile o{
Aicm, Lon. 5 42 w, lat. 53 29 n.
Campdbn, a corporate town in GIou-
celterihire, with a market on Wednc.day,
32 mija NE of Glouceiter, and 87
WNW « London. Len. i 50 w, lac 59
4 N.
Campbachy, a town of N America,
in New Spain, in the pcninfula of Yuca>
tan, on the w coalt of the bay of Cam-
peachy, defended by Itrong forts. It^e
noted loi- logwood, which, how^ever, does
not grow very near it. It was taken by
the Englifti in 1659, by the buccarxeers in
1678, and by the treehooters of St. Do-
mingo in 1685, who burnt it, axd blew
up the citadel. Loa* 90 57 w, lat. 10
o N. See Honduras.
Campen, a toviTi of the United Pro-
vinces, in OveryflH, with a citadel, and a
port almolt choked up. It was taken
by the Dutch in 1 578, and by the French
in x6ji; but they abandoned it in 1673.
It is feated near the mouth of the Ylfel,
on the Zuider Zte, 44. miles ne of
Amfterdam. Lon. 5 55 K, Ut. 52 3S K.
Cam PC LI, a town of Naples, in
Abruzzo Ulteriore, 23 miles n by B of
Aqnib. Loo. 43 57 E, lat. 45 42 N.
C'.-.MPo Major, a town of Portugal,
iuAI.-nicjo, 100 miles £of Lifbon. Lent
7 4 w, lat. 34{ 53 N.
Campredon, a town of Spain, in Ca-
talonia, at the foot of the Pyrenees, and
on the river Ter, 45 miles N of B»'ce-
lona. Lon. '^ 16 w, lat. 42 o N.
Canada, a large country of N Ame-
rica, bounded on the n by New Britain,
on the E by the gulf of St. Lawrence, on-
the s by New Brunfwick and the United
States, and on the w by upknown lands.
It lies between 61 and 81^ w lon. an<f
45 and 520 N lat. and was difcovered
by John and Sebaftian Cabc<t, father an<i
fon, in 1497. This country, in general
is pretty good j but the winter continues
for fix months very fevere. Thfr lan<|-
that is cleared is fertile, and the v«^heat
fowed in May is reaped at the end of Au-
S
ft. o
,e mol
are i gr
CAN
juft. of all th<lr aniimU, the b<^ vci u
tne molt uleful and curious; and thcru
are 'I great number of trees unknown in
Europe. Canada turpentine is j;icatly
eltecMncd for its ballainic qualities, and
for its ufc in dilbrdcrx of the brc.iU yiid
Itomach. Tlie ditfcrcnt tribes of liiJl.uu,
«r original natives, in Canada, are ahnoii
innuaierable } but they have been ob-
fervcd to decreafe in popuUtioa where
the Kui'opeans aie molt numerous, owing
chiefly to their immoderate ule of ipi-
rituous liquors. Canada was coniiuered
by the Englifli, in 1759, '^"^^ connniied
to them by the French at the peace of
176 J. In 1774, this country was formed
into . province, c:\lled Quebef, from the
name of the capital j a government was
inltituted conformably to the French
laws of Canada; and the Roman catholic
religion was eltablifhed. In 1791, the
country was divided into two provinces.
Upper Canada and Lower Canada, of
which Matter province Quebec is the chief
town; and a conltitution, in imitation
of that of England, was given to each
of thefe proviiices.
Canal, Duke of Bridgewa-
TER's, a ftupcndous work, begun In
t'/f9, at Worlley Mill, feven miles from
Manchefter; where, at the foot of a
nountiun, v/hich proves to be compol'cd
•f coal, a balin is cut, ci'.pable of con-
taining ail t\v: boats, and a great body
of water, whicii ferves as a refervoir to
the navigation. The canal runs through
a hiU, by a liibten-anean pa/H'-gc, large;
enough for the admilHon of Io:ig flut-
bottomed boats, tovvtd by hand-rails en
each fide, near three quaiters of a, mile,
to the duke's coal-works. Tlieie the
paflTage divides into two channels; one
<Jf which goes 500 yaidi to the right,
and the other ns m^ny to tue kit. In
fome place-;, this paJfage is cut tlnough
folid rock : in others, arched over with
brick. Air-fuiinch, ibmc of wluth are
37 yards perpendicular, are cur. at cer-
tain diftanccs, through the reek, to the
top of the hill. The arch, at the en-
trance, is fix feet wide, and tive feet
above the furface of the water : it widens
within, in fome places that the boats
may pafs each other; and, at the pit, it
is ten feet wide. Th; coal is brought
to. this palfage in low waggons, that hold
nearly a ton each; and, as the work is
CO a defcent, they are eafily puflicd or
pulli^d on a railed way, to a ftage over
the canal, and then fiiot into one of
the boats ; each of which holds feven or
eight tons, 9^nd i$ drawn out by on« man
CAN
to the bafin at the mouth, where five or fix
of them arc linked together, ;uid ilrawii
alony; the canal, by a hngie horle, or twa
mules, on the towing paths. The cjjial
ib there broad enou[;h tor the bar^, js tx> g4»
abrcalf. At B.ii'tun Lridge, three intks
from the balia, is a noble aquedu^,
wliich, tor ujjA-ard of 200 yai'ds, conveys
the canal acroi'» a valley, .nnd alio mar«
than 40 feet above the navigable riveo
Irwell. There are three arches over %\\im
river, which, with their piers, are all oi
hewn ftone: the centic arch is 63 Cctt
wide, and 38 feet high above the water,
and will admit the largefl barges tu m
through with malt and lail» (tanding. At
Longford i^ridge, the canal turns to the
right, and croiling the Mcrl'ey, paflesnca<
Attringham, Dunham, Grapenhali, and
Kaulton, into the tide way ot the Merfcy,
at Runcorn Gap, where the duke's bargt9
can come Into his canal from Liverpool at
low water. This navigation is more thaa
29 miles in length; it falls 95 feet, aai|
was iiniihed In five years, under the di«
re(.^ion of Mr. Brindlev.
Canal, Grand Trunk, or STAf<«
FORDSHIRE Canal, a Work begu«
in 1 7 &(*» under the dircftion of Mr. Brini«
ley, in order to form a conununicatioa be«
tween the Merfey and Trent, and, ia
courfe, between the Irilh Sea aiui the Ger«
man Ocean. Its leng:h is 9.1 miles |
niunely, 31 miles on the N fide, t'rot$.
H.u'ecaltle Hill, where it was begu^
Lo the duke of Bridgewater's can^. at
Prcibn OIL the Hill in CheOtire, and 6|
n]lles from the s fide of the hUL to. WiJ^
don-feiry, in Perbyihire, whcife it coir*
municates with the Trent. To effefl t^t
work, 40 locks were conftru^ed on tHt
s fide, there being 316 teet fall. OQtIif
n fide there is only one lock, which ii
near Middlewich, and is 14 feet widn
Ths canal is 29 feet broad at the top, z4
at the bottom, and the depUi four fsct aa4
a half. It is carried over the rivej^Dovet
in an aqucdu^ of 23. arches, aiid tL<
ground is railed above a inUie, to a cp^'-
nd.;rable height : it is alfo carried over tb«
Trent by an aqueduft cf fix arches. At
Ilareca(ile Hill, it is conveyed under
ground 2880 yai'ds; at Bai-ton in Chef*
rtiire, a fubterraneous palTage is cfFe6ted
of 560 yards in extent ; and in the
fame neighbourhood, another of 350; at
Prcrton on the riiil, where it join* the
duke's canal, it paffes under ground 1241
yards. From the neighbourhood of Staf-
ford, a branch is made from' this canals
to run near Wolverhampton, and to joie
the Severn near Bewdley. from this
$ I
1I
i
<
' 1
;'4
CAN
CAN
again two other bi"anches arc carried, one
to Birmingham, the otlier to Worcefter.
Mr. Brindky died in 1772, and left this
canal to be finished by his brother-in-
law, Mr. Henlhall, who completed it in
»777«
Canal, Great, a noble canal In
Scotland, which forms a junftion between
the Forth and Clyde. Its length is 35
miles ; in the courfe of which;iuvigation,
the veffels are raifed, by means of zo
locks, to nearly the height ot 160 feet
above the level of the iea. Palfing after-
ward upon the fummit of the covmiry, lor
18 miles, they then de.c»nd, by means of
19 locks more, into the river Clyde, and
thence have free acceis to the Weltern
Ocean. In theipace of 30 miles, this canJ
is cairied over 36 rivers and rivulets, be-
fide two great roads, by 38 aqueducts of
hewn (tonf;. The road frcm Edinburgh to
Gkigow pafles under it near Falkirk, and
over it, by means of a drawbridge, fjx
miles from Ghigow. In the courle of
this inland navigation, which muy, in ge-
neral, b« pei-formed in lels than 1 8 houjs,
are many ihiking fcenes: bur, above all
others, the beautiful and romantic fitu-
ation of the llunendous aqueduft over the
K. Ivin, near Glafgow, 4.00 feet in length,
canying a great artificial river over a
natural one in a deep valley, where large
veffels fail at the height of 70 feet above
the bed of the river below, is one of the
feattues of this great work;, which gives
it the pre-eminence ever any of a fimilar
nature in Europe. The utility of this
important communicatif.>n, between the
Eaftern and Weltern Sea, to the com-
merce of Great Britain and Ireland ; to
Liverpool, Lancafter, Whitehaven, Dub-
lin, Newiy, and Belfaft on the one hand }
to Hull, Kewcalile, Ltith, and Dundee
on the other j and alfo to all ports in St.
George's Channel, in their trade to
Norway, Sweden, and the Baltic j muit
be ftrikingly evident, as it ftoitens the
nautical diftance in Ibme inllances 800,
and in others :c:jo miles } affording a
fafe and fpeedy navigation, particularly
at the end of the lealbn, when velltiis are
too long detained in the Baltic, and can-
not .*tempt the voyage round by the
North Sea, without dan«r of fliipwreck,
or of the market being loft from ielay.
Canal Royal, or Canai. of Lan-
GUEDOC, v.i France, a work begun in
1666, in order to eiff^ ?n inland commu-
nication between the Atlantic and IvJedi-
terranean, and finiO^ed in 168?.. From
the port of Cette, in the Mediterranean, it
erodes the iaiic of Thauj and^, below
6
Toulouf*;, Is conveyed by three flulccs
into the Gaionne. At St. Ferreol, near
Revel, between two rocky hills, is a
rel'ervoir 7200 fcnt long, 3000 broad, and
I'io deep: into this bafin, the rivulet
La\idot, which defcends iiom the hills^
is received and inclofed by a wall. 2400
feet long, 132 high, and za thick;
having a Itror.g dam lecured by a wall of
frecltone. Under the dam ruus an arched
pafl"ar;c, reaching to the main wall, where
three large cocko of caft brafs are turned
and Ihut by means of iron borsj and
the.e cocks difcharge the water, through
mouths as large as a man's body, into
an arched aquedu£l, whert- it runs through
the outer wall, and then goes under the
name of the river Laudot 5 continuing its
courle to the canal called Rigole de la
Plaine. Thence it is conveyed to ano-
ther fine refervoir near Naurouf'e, izoo
feet long, 200 broad, and 7 deep; and
out of this bafin it is conveyed, by
llu.ces, bo';h to the Mcdit'irranean and.
Atlantic, as the canal requires it.
Near Be7itrs are eight lluices, which
form a reguhsr : nd grand calcade, 536
feet long, and 66 high, by which veflels
crols the river Orb, and continue their
voyage on the canal. Above it, between
Be/icrs and Gapeltan, is the Mal-Pas,
where the canal is conveyed for the length
of 720 feet, under a mountain cut intc^a
lof;y arcade, the ;;reateft par*: of which Is
lined with freeftone, cxc-pt toward ihe
end, w'^ere it is only hewn through the
rock. At Agde is a rcund fluice, with
three openinEjs, three ditferent depthb of
the water mt^Mng there; and the gates
are 10 ingcnloufiy contrived, that veflels
may pais thrcviph by opening which fluice
thti mafttr pkaiiis. 1 his canal coit fome-
thing more than half a million fterling,
part of which money was furniflied bytht^
king, and part by the ftates of Languedoc.
The king granted to Klquet, the in-
ventor and conduftor, and his male heirs,
all the lurifiliflion and revenues beloilg-
ing to it : the annual net profits are up-
ward of /^24,ooo itcrling. The length
Ci' this canal, from Touloufe to Beziers,
where it johis the river 0»b, is 1 52 miles.
There are j 5 locks \.pon it in the fall to-
ward the ocean, and 45 on the fide of the
Mediterranean. 'Ihe higheft point be-
tween the two (eas is at Naurouge, which
is elevated more than zto yards above the
level ol esch Ihcre. The canal is carried
over 37 aquedufts, and croflTed by eight
bridges.
Can A NO RE, a large feaport, on the
coaft of Malabar. It was ceded by
Tippo S\
Englifh I
74 to E,
CANAi
Malabar,
Itb molt
14 20 N.
Can..
the iprln
which gi
temperat
ices
ear
s a
and
ulet
4-00
CAN
Tippo Sulfan, regent of Myfore, to the
Englifh E India Uompany ini/jz. Lon.
74 10 £, l.it. iz o N.
Canara, a province on the coaft of
Malabar, I'ubiedt to the leycnt oi My. ore.
Its> molr nortnerly port ii Onore, in lat.
14. zo N.
Can.xRia, or the Grand Canary,
the iprlnclpal of the Canary liiands,
which rives name to the whole. 1 he
temperature of its air is deJightful; its
water p;^ntihil and good j and abundance
of trees, herbs, and dt-licious fruits, are
l<iund upon it. Hefe are two wheat
harvefts, in February and May, and the
coin makes bread as white as Inow.
It is 41 miles long, and Z7 bcoad j and
lies 1 8 leagues w by i of Fuertaventura.
Lon. 15 34 w, lat. z8 14 N.
Canarv Islands, anciently called
the Fortunate Illands, are feven in num-
bej, lying in the Atlantic Ocean, near
the continent of Africa ; namely, Palma,
Ferro, Gomera, Teneritfe, Canaria, Fu-
ertaventura, and Lancerota; to which
may be added feveral fmaller ifles, as
Gracici'a, Roccas, AUegranza, St. Clare,
Infierno, ar.d Lobos. They belong to
the Spaniards, and produce barley, fu-
gar-canes, and excellent wine j and it is
hence that the canary birds originally
came. The ne point of thefe is in lon.
IS 58 w, lat. z8 13 N.
• Canary, the capital of the ifland of
Canaria, with a biihop's iee, an inqui-
fition, th'-' ;iip!cme council of the Seven
Illands, a;:d a caftle ieated on a hill.
They have liigarhoules, in which a great
quantity of lugar is made. The wine
called Sack, has hence been often termed
Canary. It is computed that 10,000
hogflieads are ient annually to England
in time of peace. Lon. 15 50 w, lat.
28 4 N.
Cancalle, a bay on the cof.ft of
France, 10 miles Eof St. Miloes, where
the iiht'lifh made a delcent, under the
duke of Marlborough, in 1758, and hence
'procteded to burn the fliips at St. Malocs.
CandahaR, a rich trading city of
Afia, capital of a kingdom of the I'anie
name. VVIille the Perfjan and Mogul
empires were each entire, it was the fron-
tier tbrtret's of Hindooltan toward Perfia:
it was eiteemed the key of the wcltern
provinces of the latter, and frequently
changed mailers, although very ftrong
by fituation, being; liirrounded by fen»
and rocks. It is 145 miles sw of Cabul.
J.on. 67 15 E, lat. 33 o N.
Canoahar, a kingdom of Aiift, be-
itvona the river Indus and PerfUf bound*
CAN
ed on the N by Cabul, on the e by La
horc, on the SE by Moultan, and on
the w by Perfia. 1 he dominions of the
king of this country extend weltward to
the neigiiijourhood or the city of Ter-
fhifhj including Cabul, Peilhore, Ghizni,
Gaur, Segeltan, and Kora.'an; a trait,
not lefs tiian 650 miles in length; its
breadth unknown; and, on the £ fide of
the Indus, he polleiies the territory of
Ca.iiniere, and lome oiltrifts above the
city ot Attock. Thefe countries are
ail called by the general name of the
Country of the Abualli. Ahmed Abdalla,
the founder of this kingdom, was origi-
nally the chief of an Afghan tribe,
named Abdal (whence the name Abdalli)
who was liript of his country by Nadir
Shah, in 1739. '-^w ^^^^ death of Nadir,
he fuddenly appeared among :us former
fubjedts, and eret::led a confiderable king-
dom in the ealtern purt of Perlia, adding
to it molt of the provinces to the w ot*
the Indus, which had been ceded by the
G^eat M^gul to Nadir Shah, together
with Caftimere on the £ of that river.
Candia, an ifland in the Mediterra-
nean, formerly Crete, lying to the & of the
Archipelago. The capital, of the fame
name, though populous formerly, is
little better than a defart, there being
nothing but rubbifh, except at the bazar
or market-place; and the harbour of
Candia is now lit for nothing but boats j
but the walls of the town are ftand-
ing, and it is the fee of a Greek arch-
bitliop. This ifland was taken by the
Turks, in 1669, after a v/ar of zf years. It
was attempted to be retaken by the
Venetians, in 1697,, without etFe£l. The
produds are com, wine, oil, wool, filk,
and excellent honey. The air is good ;
and it is chiefly inhabited Ly Greeks, who
bear a good charafter. Mourt Ida, fe
famous in hlftory, is in the middle of this
ifland, and is nothing but a huge, u^y,
fharp-pv>Inted enn'nsncc, with not the leaft
fhauow of a hndicape. Carila is 200
miles in length, and 50 in breadth. It
is 500 miles sw of Conftantinople. Lon.
25 18 E, iat. 35 18 N.
Canoeism, a rich and populous prv
vince, in the Dcccan ot Hindooftan^
fubje^ to the Poonah Ma.hrattas. It. 1$
bounded on the n by Malwa, on the e
by Berar, on the s by jDowlatabad, and
on the w by Baglana,
CandlemasIsi.es, near theeoafto);'
Sandwich Lskidk Lon. 27 13 w, Ut. 57
10 s.
Candy, a kingddm of Ceylon, con-
tAininr about » quarter of Ute ifland.
H
.' i: |i, !i '•'
\
mm- If
CAN
CAN
It U full of hills, whence rivulets pro-
ceed; and the inhabitants are dexterous
in turning them to water their land,
which is fruitful in rice, puUe, and
hemp. The king is ablblute, and his
liibjciSts are idolaters.
C.ANny, the capilal of a kingdom of
the fame name, in the ifland of Ceylon. It
was often burnt by the Portuguefe, when
they were mailers of thele coafts. Lon.
Ho 52 E, lat. 7 45 N.
Cane, Grotta del, a celebrated
grotto, on the ban-ks of Lake d'Agnano,
i<vcn mik's from Puzzoli, in the kingdom
of Naples. Here many doga have been
tortured and futfocated, to fhow the etfeil
vl- a vapour, which rifes a foot above
the bottom of this cave, and is deftruc-
tive to animal life. A dog having his
head held in this vapoin-, is couvulfed
in a few minutes, and loon after falls
motionlefs to the earth. The fellows
who attend at the cave, have always fonie
niiferable dogs, with ropes about their
necks, leady for this cruel puipoltj.
C.\N£A, a confiderabk' town of the
if and of Caudia, with a good harbour.
The environs are adorned with forefts of
olive- trees, mixed with fields, vineyards,
gai dens, and brooks,bordered w'th myrtle-
trees, and laurel-roffs. It was taken by
^he Turks, in 1645, after a defence of
two months, in which the vigors lolt
nearly 2o,occJ men. Lon. 24 15 E, lat. 35
ao N.
Caneto, a town of Italy, in the
Mantuaii, on the river Oglio, feveial
times tnken aiTd retaken by the French
and Aulbvans. It is 2c miles w of
Mantua. Loh. 10 zi E, lat. 45 9 n.
CangeRecora, a large river of the
l>enin(iila of Hirtdooftan. Ii defcends
from tlie Gauts, and flowing sw to the
coull of Malabar, enters the Indian
Ocean, four miles to the N of Mount
Dillaj previoudy to which its courfe
is parallel with the fearoaft for about 1 1
miles, bf" g fepriraied only by a Ipit of
fand.
CaniadeRago, Lake, a narrow lake
of N America, in the Itate of New York,
'.\ji mile* \v cf Lu.ie Otfego, and nine
miles long. A ftream, called Oaks
Creek, itfues from it, and falls into the
river Sulijuehanna, five miles below
Otltgo. ihe bell chtcle in the ftafe of
New York is made in this creek.
Canina, the capital of a diftricil: of
the fame name, in the N part of Albania,
a province of Turkey in Europe, lying
near the eutran«i» of iht gulf of Venic*;,
eight mil^s N of Vaiona. Lon. 19 15 f|
lat. 4T 12 N.
Can NAY, one of the weftem iflcs of
Scotland, sw of the ifle of Skye. In
this fertile ifiand, are vaft bafaltic co-
hur.ns, which rile above each other to a
great height, in many fucceifive ranges,
each i»,parated from the other by a ftratum
of pebbly concretions, rel'embling pud-
dingltone. On the E fide of the ifland,
the tops of an immenfe number of thele
columns appear at low water, forming a
fort of caufeway of furprifing extent,
the furfice of which is linooth and re-
gular, like an ordinary paved ftrcet.
Canned. See Canosa.
Canogue, a town of Hindooftan
Proper, in the province of Agra, feated
on the Ganges, near its confluence with
the Calir^i. It is laid to have been built
more tiian 1000 years before the
Chriftiaji era, and to have been the ca-
pital of all Hindooltan, under the prc-
deceflbr of Porus, who fought againft
Alexander, in the year 326 before Cbrilt,
In the 6th century, it was laid to ccntaiu
30,000 Ihops, in which betel-nut (which
the Indians almoft univerfaliy chew) was
Ibid. It is now reduced to the fixe of a
middling town. It is 127 miles S£ of
Agra. Lon< 80 13 E, lat. 27 3 N.
Canobia, a town of Italy, in the
Mi^anefe, on Lake Maggiore, 35 miles
NNW of Milan. Lon. 8 44 E, lat. 45
55 N-
Canosa, a town of vhe kingdom of
Np.ph's, in Terra di Bari. I^ contain*
not more than 300 houfes, but Hands on
the fite of the ancient Canulium, one of
the moll populous ar.d magnificent cities of
Italy. Between Canoio and the river
Ofanto, are (till fome traces of the ancient
town of Cannae, in the plain of which
was fought the celebrated battle between
Hannibal and the Romans, wherein the
latter loll 45,000 men. Lon. 16 32 E,
lat. 41 30 N•
CANSo, a feaport of Nova Scotia, in N
America, on a llrait which I'eparates
Nova bcotia from Cape Breton. Near
this town is a fine fifiiery for cod. Lon*
60 55 vv, hit. 45 20 N.
Canstat, a town of Suabia, in the
duchy of Wirtemburg, feated on tht
Neckar, two miles ne of Stutgard. Lon.
9 14 e, lat. 48 S3 M.
Cantal, a department of France, in-
cKuling part of the late province of Au-
vergne. It is fo called from a ;ut(h inomT-
1, »a, near St. Flour, almoft alu.jv.' €<--
vercd with fnw. The ca^tital is St. Flour.
Cant
Naples,
near th<
Lon. 1^
Cant
capital
fee, the
The ca
once fa;
Becke-^
of Euro
been mi
ward m
tended
CAN
CAP
Cantazaro, an epifcopal town of
Napleti, in Calabria Citeriore, fituate
near the lea, 20 miles E of Nicallro.
Lon. 1-6 47 E, lat. 39 3 N.
Canterbury, an a xient city, the
capital of Kent, with an archbilhop's
lee, the metropolitan of all England.
The cathedral, a large Itrucliire, was
once famous for the Ihrine of Thomas
Becke", vifited by pilgrims from all parts
of Europe. This turbulent prieft having
been murdered here in 1170, was after-
ward made a faint ; miracles were pre-
tended to be performed at his tomb ; and
100,000 pilgrims, vifiters to this tomb,
have been regiftered at one time in Can-
terbury, where the devotion to him had
quite eflFaced the adoration of God, and
eveu of the Virgin. At the altar of God,
for inftance, there were offered, in one
3'ear /J3 : 2: 6; at the Virgin's ^^63 : 5 :
5; at St. Thomas' ,C''3** '*• 3' The
next year tLe difproportion was (till
greater : there was not a penny on Gods
altar; the Virgin gained only ^4.: i: 8,
but St. Thomas had got £95^: 6: 3.
Lewis vn, of France, made a pilgrimage
to this tomb, and beltowed on the flirine
a jewel, efteemed the ritheft in Chrilten-
dom. But Henry viii, in 1538, not
only pillaged this rich Ihrine, but caufcd
the laint to be cited in court, tried, and
condemned as a traitor; ordering his
name to be ftruck out of the calendar, his
bones to be burnt, and his allies throv/n
into the air. In tliis cathedral rue inter-
red Henry iv, and Edward the BL .k.
Prince. The city has likewile 14. parilli
churches; the remains of many Roman
;nMr;iiitics; and an ancient calHe, with
•'.:ilh )ul a deep ditch. It is governed
• ;v .1 ,-K'.yor, and poflefles a fliare of the
t'iK ;'i afaftvnes introduced by the Wal-
looi wi.o have litre a chinch under the
cathedi\ii. This city ii noted for its
brawn, and the adjacent country products
abiindar.ce of hops. It has a market on
Wcdiiclduv Mid Saturday, fends two
)nembers to parliament, and is fcated on
the river Stcjr, z6 miles ese of Ro-
rhefter and 56 of London. Lon. i 4E,
lat. 51 19 N.
Cantin, Cape, a promontory of the
Atlantic Ocean, on the coaft of Morocco.
Lon. 9 5 w, lat. 32 49 N.
Cawton, a conliderable city and fea-
port of China, in the province of Qij^ang-
tong, leated on one of the fineft rivers in
the empire. It conlKts of three towns,
divided by high walls, and is about as
htga M Faii*. The iti«et$ ar« long and
vi"t
^ J
ftraight, paved with flig-ftones, ani
adorned with triumphal arche«. The
houfes aie only a ground floor, built of
earth, and covered with tiles. The better
fort of people are cairied about in chairs ;
but the common fort walk barefooted and
bareheaded. They have manufaftyres of
their own, efpecialiy of f^lk ftv.ffs ; and
their goods are carried by potters, for
they have no waggons. At the end of
every Itrct is a barrier, which is Ihnt
every evening, as well as the gates of the
city; lb that people are obliged to be af
home early. The river is covered with
barks, which h:ive apartments in them
for families, where many refide. The
number of inhabitants is computed at
1,000,000. Lon. 113 2 E, lat. 23 7 N.
Cantyre, a narrow peninl'ula in Ar-
gyleflilre, 50 miles long, and from live
to eight broad. It is connecled on the
N hyaniflhmus, to the mountainous dif-
trict of Knaj«iale. Acrofs this iithinus,
which is I'carce a mile broad, a canal
might ealily be cut. It has been ufual, for
many ages, to draw boats and final!
veil'cis ovei- it, in order to avoid the dan-
gerous navigation round the headland,
amid Ihoals and currents: hence, proba-
bly, it has obtained the name of Tarbat^
which fignifies a carrying-place. To
the s the peninlula terminates in a gre-'t
promontoiyj furrounded by a group of
dangerous rocks, called the "Mull of
Cantyre. The foil, in general, is fertile.
Caorlo, a Imsll ifland in the gulf of
Venice, on the coalt of Venetian FriuH,
20 miles sw of Aquileia. It has a town
of the lame name, with a bilhop's fee.
Lon. iz 30 E, lat. 45 41 N.
CAPACio,anepiicopal townof Naples,
in Piincipato C'iicriore, 16 miles s of
Salerno. Lon. 15 o E, lat. 40 10 a.
Cafe Bretcn. SceBRKTON,CAPK ;
and other Capes, in like n,anner, le*;
under their relpet-^tive names.
Capkli.i:, a (own of France, in the
depaitment of Aiihe and late province of
Picau-ly, eight miles Ni- ot Cniile, taken
by the Spai.i. rdi in 1636, bat retaken ihi
year after. Lon. 3 30 E,la«-. 49 58 n.
Caplstan, a town of France, in tht.-
department of Auda and late province of
Langucdoc, near the river Aud^ and the
canal of Langucdoc. Lon. 3 i> E, lai.
43 21 N.
Capitanata, a province of Naples,
bounded on the N by the gulf of Venice,
on the E by Terra di JBaii, on the s by
Balilicata and Principato Uitrfricre, ani
©ft th« W by Molilb ; nd /ibJUiW* U »6
■,. .ruiK:-^;u:" W 2. , - .".<.••• ■ -
im 11
1 tf,-*
im
CAR
%)ev£l country, without trew ; has a fandy
toil, and a hot air ; but the land, near
the rivers, is fertile in pattures. Man-
fredonia is the capital.
Capo Fino, a baiTen rock, in the ter-
rltoiy of Genoa, with a c;iftle on its
eaftcm peak. Near it is a port of the
fame name, 13 miles ESE of Genoa.
Lon. 8 56 E, lat. 44- 20 N.
Capo DIstria, a town of Italy, In
Venetian Iltria, on the gu]f of Trieft,
with a bilhop's fee. Its principal revenue
confifts in wine and fait. It is eight
miles s of Trieft. Lon. 14. 6 e, lat. 4.5
49 N.
Cafrala, an ifle in the Mediterra-
nean Sea, to the ne of Corfica, on which
it depends. It has a ftrong caltle, and is
15 miles in circumference. Lon. 10 0 e,
lat. 4.3 5 N.
Capri, an ifland of Naples, in the
Mediterranean, oppofite Soiento, tamous
for being the retreat of the r r^vnr Ti-
berius. A vaft quantity of ^^\ ome
here every year, forining the j ipal
revenue of the hilliop, who is hence called
theBifhop of Quails. It is five miles in
length, and two in breadth.
Capri, the capital of an illand of the
fame name, with a bilhopric and a caltle.
It was ouce a delightful place, emhel-
lilhed with magiiiricent works^ which
were demoliOied after the death of Tibe-
rius. Lon. 14 8 E, lat. 40 1 1 N.
Capua, a town of Naples, in Terra
dt Lavora, with an urchbilhop's lee.
It is two miles froiu the ar.cicnt Capua,
and was built out ol its ruins. It is t!ic
place where Hannibal and hisoliiceTs trif-
led away their time in pleafuie, during
whicl) the Romans recovered from their
conftcrnation alter the battle of Cann;e.
It was taken by the Aulhians in 1707 j
and is feated on the Voltiuno, 15 miles
N of Naples. Lon. 14 19 e, lat. 41 7 n.
Caraccas, a dilhicl of S America,
in Terra Fiima, included in the w part
of the province of Venezuela. It is
bounded on the N by the g\ilf of Mexico,
on the e by Cuniana, and on the s by
New Granada. The b^It cocou nuts,
next to thofeof Guatimala, are |)roducevl
in the rich plains of this province. The
Dutch, by the vicinity of thtir fettle-
ments in the illands of Curacjoa ^nd Bucn
Ayre, having gradually engrolfed the
gieateft part w the cocoa trade, Philip V,
to remedy this evil, granted, in 1728, to
a body of merchants, an e^clufive right
to the commerce with Caraccas and Cu-
jnana, on condition of their employing,
»t theii: own ^penc«^> 4 iui^^At ^lumbei*
C A R
of armed veflbls, to clear the coaft of in-
terlopers. This eftablifhment proved
hig;;ly beneficial to Spain. It is fonir-
tiincs called the Company of Caracca.s,
and ibmetimes the Company of Guipifcoa,
from the province of Spain, in which it
is eftabliflied. St. Jago de Leon is the
capital.
Cara;v;."Nia, a province of Turkey
in Alia, in the s part of Natolia. Molt
of the hcufes have tui'rets fo contrived, as
to cool the rooms in fummer. Satalia is
the capital.
Caramanta, a province of Terra
Finna, lying on both fides the river
Cauca; bounded on the N by the diftriit
of Ciirthagena, on the E by New Gra-
dana, on the s and w by Fopayan and
Panama. It is a valley furrounded by
high mountains, and there are rivulets
whence the natives get very good fait.
Caramanta, the capital of a pro-
vince ' of tliat name, in Terra Firma,
feated on the Cauca, 240 miles nne of
Popayan. Loti. 75 15 w, lat. 5 18 n.
CaRara, a town of Tufcany, in the
principality of Mafl'a, between Mafia and
Sarzana, five miles from each. Near
this place are quarries of marble of va-
rious colours. Lon. 9 55 E, lat. 44 5 bf.
Carasu, a river of Natolia, which
rifes in Caramania, crofles part of Ala-
dub, and falls into the MeditciTanean.
Carasu Mestro, a river of Roma-
nia,'which riles in Mount Rhodolpho, and
fails into the Archipelago.
Carasui, a lake in Bulgaria, faid to
be 55 miks in circumference, and to con
tain leveral illands. It is formed by a
branch of the Danube, not far from its en-
trance into the Black Sea.
Caravacca, a town pf Spain, among
the mountains near the river Segura, in
Murcia. They pretend to have a crofs
here, brought by an angel to a prieft, who
was going to fay maCs to a Moorifli king.
It is 50 miles NW of Carthagen.t. Lon.
* 5 w, lat. 38 5 N.
Carcassone, an ancient town of
France, in the department of Aude and
late province of Languedoc, with a
bimop's fee. It is divided into the Upper
ajid Lower Town by the Aude, over
which is a ftone bridge. In the Upper
Town are a ftrong calile and the cathed-
ral. The Lower Town is fquare, regu-
larly built, ind kept very neat, by means
of an aquedu^f, which brings the water
of the Aude todiH'erent fountains. Thia
part is modem; but the Upper Town,
which is alfo called the City, is very zxi'-
QU^tf unJ in tlie c4tk aic prcfeived fomo
•bridgi
over
and
CAR
CAR
(i\(\ rixords written on the baiJc of trees.
Here arc mamii'acturcs of ail forts of
cloth. It is 1 5 miles W of Narbcnnc,
und 400 s of Paris. Lon. 2 25 E, lat.
4-3 »4 N.
Cardiff, abmough InGlamorganlhirc,
with'a market on Wfdnefliay and Satur-
day. It has a caltle, a wall, and fo\Tr gates ;
^nd is fcated on the Taafe, over which is a
•bridge, and it has a coniideriible trade
with Brifti , for vefiels of fmaller bur-
den may come to the bridge. The con-
ftable of the caltle is the chief magiltrate,
whom they call mayor. It lends one
member to parliament, and here the
alfizes for the county are held. Near
the town are feme ron-works j and a
canal, extending 25 miles hence, to the
iron-works at Merihyr-Tid'il. In the
caftle, died Robert, duke of Normandy,
eldeft fon of William the Conqueror, after
having been blinded, and confined 28
\-ears, by his brother Heiiry I. Cardiff
is 12 miles E of Cowbridge, and 164 w
of London. Lon. 5 12 w, lat. 51 30 N.
Cardigan, the county-town of Car-
diganfliire, with a market on Tuefday
unci Saturday ; fituate on the river Tyvy,
over which is a ftone bridge. The walls
and cattle are gone to ruin. It is go-
verned by a mayor, fends one member to
parliament, and is 33 miles ne of St.
David's, and 225 WNW of London.
Lon. 4 38 w, lat. 52 10 N.
Cardigan Bay, on the coaft of Car-
diganfliire, at the mouth of the Tyvy,
extending to Barfey ifknd in Carnarvcn-
ihire. It is 40 miles from one cape to the
other, and affords good fhelter for
(hips.
Cardioa N SHIRE, a county of S Wales,
bounded on the N by Merionethfhirc and
Montgomtryfhire, on the E by Radnor-
fhire and Brecknockfhire, on the s by
Carmarthtnfhirc and Pembrokefhire, and
on the \v by Cardigan Bay. It extends
41 miles from N to s, and 20 from E to
W; and h divided into five hundreds,
containing fix market-towns, and 64
nariflies. It lies in the diocefe of St.
David's, and lends two members to par-
liament. The air is milder here than in
moft parts of Wales. To the s and w
;u-e plains fruitful in corn ; but the N and
K parts are a continued 1 idge of moun-
taiins: yet, in the wortt parts of this
county, there are paitures in which are
bred fiocks of fheep and large herds of
cattle. Near the rivers are great num-
bers of otters ; and in the valleys are Ic-
veral lakes. The mountains abound
with v^ins of lead and filver ore } and the
the mines have b«en worked (everal timet ^
to great advantage: fir Hugh Middletoa
is laid to have cleared ool. a month, for
leveral years together, hich enabled him "
to biing the New River water to London ; .
but he expended the whole on that great "
objci:^. The principal rivers are the
'J\vvy, the Kydal, and the Iltwith.
Car DONA, a town of Spain, in Cata- '
Ionia, with a caftle. Near it is an in-
exhauftible mountain of lalt, of leverai '
colours, which, when w.ifhed, becomes
white ; and there are vineyards, which '
produce excellent wine. It is feated on
an unipcnce, near the river Cardencro, '
30 miles Nvv of Barcelona. Lon. i 30 1, '
lat. 41 36 N.
C A r E L I A , the caftern part of F inland ;
belonging partly to the Swedes, and partly ■
to the Ruffians. See Wl burgh.
Carentan, a town of France, in the
department of the Channel and late pro-
vince of Noi-mandy, with an ancient cafHe,
eight miles from the fea, and 21 w of
Bajeux. Lon. 1 4 w, lat. 49 16 n.
Cariati, 9. town of Naples, in Cala-
bria Citeriore, with a bifhop's fee, two
miles from the gulf of Taianto. Lon.
17 »9E» iat- 39 35 N.
Caribbean Sea, that part of the
Atlantic, lying between Cuba, St. Do-
mingo, and Porto Rico on the n , and Terra
Firnia on the s. It was formerly called
the North Sea ; for the Spaniai-ds having
croffed the ifthmus of Darien from N to
s, gave the fea they dil'covered the name
of the South Sea, and this, of courfe,
the North Sea, although with refpeft to
the American continent, the Pacific is the
weftern, and the Atlantic the eaftern
ocean.
Caribbee Islands, the moft eafteni
iflands of the W Indies, divided into
Windward ^nd Leeward Iflands. See
Indies, West.
Carignano, a town of Piedmont, in
a diltrid of the fame name, feated on the
rivt r Po, three miles s of Turin. Lon.
7 45 E, lat. 44 57 N. -
Cariman Java, a clufter of iflands
to the M of Java, at the principal of
which fljips touch for reii'elhments, in
their voyage to B>)rnv-o. Lon. no 125,
iat. 5 56 s.
Carinola, an epilcopal town of Nar
pies, in Terra di Lavora, feated near
Mount Maflico, 25 miles Nw of Napics.
Lon. 14 18 E, lat. 41 15 N. ■
Carinthia, a fertil«; duchy of Ger--
many,' in the circle of Auftria, boundcH^
on the N by Auftria, on the e by btiria,
on the s by Camiola and Friuli, and on
H 3
> . .4
CAR
CAR
the w by Tirol and Sakzburg, Ll-'frcn- •
iurt u tfic capital.
Cariserook Castle, an ancient
caltle, near Newport, in the Hie of
Wight, where Charles i was imprilbned
in i6,\.y.
CARiSTO,anepifcoi\il townofGretce,
in the E part of the'iilund of Ncgiopont.
Lon. »4 4-5 e, lat. 58 4 N.
Carlincford, a leaport of Irehnd,
on Carlingford Bay, in the county of
Lowth, 21 miles K of Droghfcda. Lon.
6 ow, lat. 54 UN.
Car-Lisle, an ancient city, the capital
of Cumberland, with a market on Satur-
day. It is walled I'ound, and plcalantly
fitiiate above a rich fraft of mt?.d(jws,
bordering the Eden and two other rivciS,
which here unite their ftreams. IT.c g.itt s
ofthis city are called the EngU(h,Iri(h,and
Scotch. It has a caftic, on the w fide of
the town J and the cathedral is a llately
ftrufture. Carlifle has a confiderable
manufa61ure of printed linens and checks,
and is noted for the making of whips and
fi/hhooks. It was taken by the rebels in
'74-J> but retaken by the duke of Ciun-
berlapd. It, is governed by a mayor,
lends two niembers to parliament, and is
60 miles s of Edinburgh, and 301 NMW
'of London. Lon. 253 w, lat. 54 56 n.
Carlisle, the county-towjn 9^" Cuin-
Kei-larid, in the ftate oi Pennlylvr.nia, in.
N America, It contains a college, acourL-
houle, 300 houll's, aiid 1500 inhabitants. ,
In 1752, this fpot was a wilderneis, in-
habi'tcd by Indians and v/iid bcalts. It
is 100 miles w by N of Philadelphia.
Lon. 77 30 \v, lat. 40 10 N.
CARLOW,orCATJt£RLOUGH, accunty
of Ireland,' in the province of Lcinfier,
•28 miles in length, and eight in breadth ;
bounded on the e by Wicklow and Wex-
ford, on the w by Queen's County and
JCilkenny, and on the N by Kildare. It
contaisis 42 parilhes, and lends fix mem-
bers to parliament.
^ Carlow, or CATnERLQTTGKj a town
of Ireland, in a county of the fame n^if,
on the river Barrow, 16 miles ne of Kil-
kenny. Lon. 7 14 w, lat. ca 48 n.
CARLOWiTZj'a town of Scluvoniji,
remarkable for a peace, concluded liere be-
tween the Turks and Germans in 1669.
Itis leated en the I'anube, 38 miles N\v
oFBelgrade. Lon. 20 5 e, lat. 44 45 n.
Cah^scrona, or Carlscroon, a
feaporc of Sweden, in the province of
Blekinetn, It derives its origui and name
from Cnarles xi, vv-ho laid the foundation
of a new town in 1680, and removed the
ft-et tiom StockAkv^'^ ^0 ^^^^ place, on
accoimt of its centrical fituation, and tlie
fuperior fecuiity of its harbour, which
has depth of water for firlt-rate (hips to
rmry their lower tier of guns ; the en-
trance into this harbour, is defended by
two Itroiig forts. The greatett part of
t^\-^ town Hands upon a Ihiall rocky ill.uid,
v/iiich liics t'cntly in a bayot the Baltic:
the fuburbi extend over aiuit'oer linall
rock, and along tiie mole, dole to the .
bafin where the fleet is moor;d. The
town contains about 18.000 inhil»Itnnts j
and the fuburbs are fortified, toward the
lind, by a ftone v/all. Formerly, veliels
in tiiis port, when careened andnp-drcil,
were laitl uppn their fides in the open har-
bour J until a dock was hollowed in the
folid rock, in 1724, capable of receiving
a firlt-rate anan ot war. A projeit tor
conltruiSling 30 covered docks, and other
improvements, was begun ifl 1759; ^ut
they h'.a e proceeded iiowly. One dock
was rinifhei in 1779, 2nd gives an Idea,
Of the expence and gieatnefs of the plan :
the bcttOin and fides aic of hewn granltj ;
rows of granite pillars fupport the roof,
and bear rather the appeaianci; of a colon-
nade to a temple, ttian a receptacle for
fliips. Carl crona is 220 miles sw of
Stcckhoim. Lon. 15 36 E, lat. 56 20 n.
Carlstadt, the capital of Croatia,
on t!i^' river Kulp, 140 'miles s of Vienna.
Lyn,. $5 21 E, iat. 46 e N.
Carlsjadt, a town- of Sweden, : in
W'ermeiand, on tlie ill and of Tingwalla,
which is formed by two branches of tN-
Clara Jj^ib. It in a biihop's lee, The
houles a;e built of wood and painted s
the tpiiccpal palace is alio of wood, buls
not painted j ard has fueh an extenfive
tront, and lb many windows, as to look
like a fartoiy. The town contains 1 500
inhabitants, who carry on a ti-ade in iron
and wootl acrofs Lake Wenner. It is 133
miles w qf Siockholm. Lon. 13 43 e,
lat. 59 16 N.
Carlstadt, a town of GeriTiany, in
the bifhopric of Wurtzburg, feated on the
Maine, 1 0 miles N of Wurtzburg. Lon.
9 12 ii, Jat. 49 56 N.
Carmagniola, a trading town of
Piedmont, with a ftrong citadel. It was
taken by the French in 1691, but re-
taken the fame yeiu. It is leated on a
Imall river, which runs into the Po, 14
tnilcs s of Turin. Lon. 7 45 E, lat. 44
51 N.
Carmarthen, the county-town of
Caj-marthenih ire, with a market on Wed-
neidny and Saturday. It is leated on the
river Tov/y,over which is a Itone bridge,
to which fmall velfelj may comti up. It
t of
Uud,
Itlc:
inail
the
The
ints J
the
CAR
was fbi'tified with a wall anjl a caftle, nqw
ill ruins. It is a populous town, uiualiy
reckoned the iirit in S Wales, and go-
vc-ied by a mayor. It fends one niem-
b 1 to parliament, aed is 24 inileu sg of
Cardigan, and 207 w by M oi London.
Lon. 4. 23 w, iat. i;i 52 N.
CARMARTHtNSillRlw a COUtlfV of S
Wales, 55 miles in icuyth, and 20 in
breadth; bounded by Cyidiganfnirf on
the N, t\\e Briltol Channel on the s, Ereclc-
«ock and Glamorganihire on the ]■., and
Pembrokeihire on tlje "W. It lies in the
diooefe of St. David's j <:ontains eight
market towns and X7 parilhes } and fends
two members to paiUanicnt. It is fruit-
ful in com and grals, and has plenty of
wood, coal, and lime. The air is. mild
and wholcfome, it not being fo mountain-
ous as the other covnjties of Wales. Its
principal rivers are the Towy, Tyvy, and
Taafe.
Carmel, a mountain in Paledlne,
noted for having b^jcn the retreat of the
prophet Eiias, and for a mouaftiy of
Carmelites. It is 50 milfs N of Jtru-
lUlem.
CAR
cipal rivers are the Conway and Seint,
The air is fliarp and cold ; this county
being the moft rugged diltriil of N
Wales, and may h\: truly called tlio
Briiilh Alps. Its ecu; cd part is occu-
pied by the famtd vSnov/don, and \\\c
levcral craggy limiinits, deep dell'.,
moors, chaliiis, and hkes, which conlti-
tute its dreary regions. Cattle, ihecp,
and goats are almoit its fole rural riches.
Thele are M, dining the linnmer, very
high on the mountains, tendeil by their
owners, who relidc for that leafon in tem-
porary huts, and make butter and checfe
for their own conl'umption. The prof-
pefts around are rude and lavage in the
higheii degree ; but not without a mix-
ture of bcuity, when the diracnfions of
the vales ailmit the varieties of wood*
water, and meadows. In fome of the^
lakes aie found the char, and the gwy-
uiad. Many rare vegetables, met with
only on the molt elevated fpots, grow
here. Copper mines have been worked
in various parts of thefe moTmtains, and
are at prefent about Llanberris. Other
places aiford lead ; and quantities of ftone,
Carmona, a town of Italy, in Auf- excellent for hones, are dug near Snow-
trian Friuli, on a mnuntain near the river don ; to the bleak region of which the vale
Indri, fe\en miles Niv of Goritz. Lon. -of Conway below, in fertility and beauty,
J3 »3 £> Iat. 46 25 N. forms a very pleafmg contraft.
Carmona, an ancient town of Spain, Carnatic, a country of the penin-
in Aiulalqfia. The gate toward i^eviJle fula of Hindoollan, extending from the
is o*\e of the moft extraordinary pieces of Guntoor circar, along the whole coaft pf
antiqvity in ail Spain. It is 25 miles e
of Seville V Lon. 4. 48 w, Iat. 37 24 N.
Carnarvon, the county-town of
Carnarvonfhire, with a market on Satur-
day. It is feated on a itrait of the Irifh
fea, called Menai, and carries on a con-
Coromandel, to Cape Comorin; includ-
ing its appendages, "which are Tanjore,
Maravar, Tricninopoly, Madura, and
Tinevelly. It is 570 miles fronii N to s,
but no where more than 120, and, com-
monly 75 miles wide. The anntia| re-
fiderable trade with Ireland and the prin- venue of its fovereign, the nabob of Ar-
cipal Englifli ports. It is furrounded on cot, is 1,500,0001. out of which he pays
ail fides, except the e, by the Tea and two a lubfidy of i6o,o6ol. to the Englifh E
rivers. It has a cattle, built by Edwui'd India Company, toward the expence of
I, in which he gave the Wellh, accord- their military eftabliftiment. The Britiih
ing to his equivocating promife, a native poflelfions here are confined chiefly to the
prince for their fovereign, in^the pei'ibn traft called the Jaghire ; its annual re-
of his Ton, Edward u, who was born in venue 150,0001. There is, befides, a
this caftle. Carnarvon T-^nds oJ:»e member land revenue of 7*5,0001. dependent on
to parliament, and is governal by the Madras. The Carnatic is rich, fertile,
conltable of the caftle, who, by patait, and populous } and contains an incredible
is always mayor. It is i'cvcn miles sw number of fortrefles: public monument*
of Bangor, and 251 NW of London, too, the unequivocal marks of civilization
Lon. 4 20 w, Iat. 53 8 N. . and opulence, are more common here than
Carnarvonshire, a county of N in the n parts of India. In 1787, the
Wales, 50 miles in length, and 13 in E India Company took the whole admin i-
breadth 5 bounded on the N and w by the ftration of the Carnatic, and the colhc-
Iri(h Sea, on the s by Merionethrtiire, tion of the nabob's revenues into their
and on the E by Denbighfhire. It lies in own hands. A^rcot is the capital,
thediocefeof Bangor, contains fix mar- Carniola, a province of Germany,
ket-towns and 68 par .'S, and fends in the circle of Auftria ; bounded on the
ivvg Wf qibuii to paiiiuft Jit, The prin- n by Carinthia and Stiri^ on the s by
H4
11
iii'
>
111
1
Ill I!)
ifcii
,:); I
:: n
' t;
m
CAR
CAR
Sclavonia and Croatia, on the s by Mor-
lachja and Iftiia,and on the w by Friuli.
It is full of rocks and mountains, but
produces corn, wine, and oil. Laubach
Is the capital.
Carolina, North, one of the United
States of America; bounded on the N by
Virginia, on the E by the Atlantic, on
the s by S Carolina and Georgia, and on
the w by the MilfiiTippi. It iii 758 miles
long, and no broad j divided into eight
diltiids, and 58 counties. Belide the
vegetable produfts common to America,
thpre are ground peas, which nui on the
lurface ot the earth, and arc covered by
Jiand vfi\.h a light mould, and the pods
glow under ground j they are eaten raw
or roafted) and talk much like a h.izle-
nut. Cotton alio is univerlally cultivated
We. The moft jonarkable of their
trees is the pitch pine ; a tall handfome
tree, far fuperior to the pitch pine ot the
northern ftates : it may be called the
flaple commodity of N Carolina ; for it
aflords pitch, tar, turpentine, <vid vari-
^ OU5 kinds of lumber. Among their me-
dicinal herbs and roots, this country
abounds with the ginfeng, Virginia and
Seneca fnakeroot, and lion's-heart, a fo-
yerclgn remedy for the bite of a ferpent.
The inhabitants of this ftate were eltj-
inated, in 1790, at 210,000 whites and
60,000 negroes. Newborn is the capital.
Carolina, South, ono of the United
States of America j bounded on the E by
the Atlantic, on the N by N Carolina,
and on the s and sw by the river Savan-
nah, which divides it from Qeorgia 5 its
weftern boundary has noi yet been accu-
rately afcertained. It is 200 miles long,
and 125 broad} divided into levendiftrifts,
and 35 counties. Befide Indian corn,
wheat, &c. for hon^e coni'umption, large
quantities of tobacco, and Ibme iRvligo
and wheat arc railed for exportation.
The number of white inhalutants iias
been eftimatcd at 80,000; the , negroes
the fame number, but *u>me coippyre the
latter to be 120,000. Cciumbia is the
capital.
Carolinas, or Caroline Isl^vnds.
See Philippines, New.
Carpathian Mountains, moun-
^tains which divide Hungary and Tranfyl-
vania from Poland.
Carpentras, an epifcopal town of
France, in the late province of Provence,
and capital of Venaiflin. Before the re-
yc tion, it was fuhjeft to the pope. It
as icated on the Aulon, at the foot of a
ihountain, 14. miles N£ of Avignon, Lon»
S 6 Et lat.44 8 N.
Carpi, a town of Italy, in the
Modenelc, with a caltle, eight miles n
of Mbdena. Lon. 11 16 e, lat. 44 41 N.
Carpi, a town of Italy, in the Viro-
neie, where a victory was gained by the
Aultrians over the French in 1701. It
is leated on the Adige, a+ miles s£ of
Verona. Lon. 11 39 i;, iat. 45 10 N.
Carrick on Sure, a town of Ireland^,
in Tippernry, 14 miles NW of Water-
ford. Lon. 7 10 w, lat. 52 24 N.
Carrickfergus, a populous borougij
and leaport of Ireland, in Antrim, with
a caftle. It is fcated on a bay in the Irifh
Channel, of its owjinamt?, 85 miles N of
Dublin. Lon. 5 46 w, lat. 54 43 N.
Carron, a river of Stirllnafliiit, which
riles on the s licit of the Campiey Hills,
and flows into the frith of Forth, below
Falkirk. Two miles Irom its Iburce, it
forms a fine caiicade, called the Fall yf
Auchinlillvj and on its banks are the
celebrated Canon Works.
Car RON WoRks, an extenfive foun-
dry, belonging to the Carron Company,
on the rivei Carron, one mile from Fal-
kirk, confilting of the greateft ironworks
in Europe. All forts of iron goods are
made in it, irom the moft trifling article
to a cannon that difchaiges a ball of 42
pounds. The /hort piece of ordnance,
called a carronade, and introduced into
the navy in the laft war, was firft made
here, and hence received its name. Above
a thou land men are here employed ; and
hence a great quantity of j^rge cannon
are exported to Ruflia, Germany, and
other toreio^n paits. Thefe works were
erefted in 1761 ; i)t:fore which time there
was not a fmgle houle on the fpot. In
one place, where coal is converted into
toak; and th>; fire fpread of courie over
a large lurface, the volumes of Irnoke,
the Ipiiy fiances, and the liittbcating heat
of the glimmering air, are wondtrfully
afFeCHng; ai;d at night, its glare is in-
conceivably grand. How valt tlie fire is,
wc may conceive, when we are told
that it oiieri burns too tons of coal in a
day. The mafly bellows which roule the
furnaces' cux put in motion by water, and
receiving the .iir in large cylinders, force
it out again through linali orifices, roar-
ing with altcinilhing noii'e. The fire of
tlur furnace thus rouied, becomes a glow-
ing fpot, which the eye can no more lock
at than at the fun. Under fuch intenfe
heat, the rugged Itone inltantly difl'olves
in ftreams of liquid iron.
Cart, the name of two riveis in
Renfrewfhire, diftingwiihed by the appel-
lations of Black and White. The Jiiack
CAR
Cart iiTucs from the lake called Lochwln-
noch; the WWuc Cart defcends from the
NE angle of the county j and, uniting
their Itreams, they both flow into the
Clyde, near Renfrew. Oppoilte this
town, in the road to Port Glaijgow, is a
handfome briilge of ten arches, hui!t
exaft ly at the confluence of theie two rivers.
Three roads meet upon this bridge, fo
that it has thitc enas or entrances.
Cart AM A, a tawn of Spain, in Gra-
nada, at the f«x)t of a mountain near the
river Gundala Medina, eight miles N\v
of Malaga. Lon. 4 4.3 w, \i\t. 36 40 N.
Carteret Island, an ifland in rhe
S Pacilic Ocean, feen by captain Carteret
in 1767. It is fix leagues lung from £ to
W. Lon. 159 14 E, lat. i 26 s.
Carthage, a famous city of Africa,
which difputed the empire of the world
with Rome, but was at length razed by
the Romans. Some of the ruins are to
be feen on the coaft of the Mediterranean,
10 miles NE of Tunis, near a. promon-
tory called Cape Carthage. Lon. 10 25
k, lar. 36 50 N.
Carthage, a town of New Spain, in
Cofta Rica, with a bifhop's fee, 360
miles VVNW of Panama. Lon. 85 45 w,
lat. 10 15 s.
Carthagena, a feaport of Spain, in
Murcia, built by Aldrubal, a Carthagi-
nian general, and nanf J alter the city of
Carthage. It has the beft harbour in
Spain. It was taken by fir John Leake
in 1706, but the duke of Berwick retook
it. It is featcd on a gulf of the lame
name, 27 miles s of Murcia. Lon. o
8 w, lat. 37 37 N.
Carthagena, a province of S Ame-
rica, in Terra f'irma, bounded on the w
by the irthmus of Darien, off the N\v and
N by the Caribbean Sea, on the E by St.
Martha, and on the s by Pojiayan. It is
a mountainous country ; but has many
well-watered and fertile vailies ; yet, be-
ing tiiinly peopktl, it is ill cultivated. It
produces a variety of valuable drugs, and
fome precious Itones, particularly eme-
ralds.
Carthagena, the capital of the pro-
vince of L'nrthngena, in Terra Firma,
one of the molt populous, opulent, and
beautiful cities j&i S America. Its har-
bour is the lafeftand beft fortified in the
Spanilh American dominions. This was
not the only circiimftance, to which Car-
thagena owed its fplendour and import-
ance } it was chofen as thfe port in which
the galleons Hiould firft begin to trade ; on
their arrival from Europe, and to which
they were dirc^cd to retvun, in order to
CAS
prepare ^or their voyage homeward. Tlier*
is rcalbn, however, to ajiprc'uend, fhaC
it has reached its higheit point of exalta-
tion, as it mult be affected, in a great
degree, by the change in the SpHniflr
fyllem of trade wirh America, which has
withdrawn from It the defirahlc vifits of
the giiUeons. It was taken by the En-
gll/h 'P 1585, and by;he French in 1697,
who tound a great booty: but admiral
Vernon, in 1741J though he had taken,
the caftles, was obliged to abandon the
fiege. Lon. 75 26 \v, lat. 10 24 N.
Cartmel, a town in Lancalhire, with
a market on Monday, and a handiome
church, built like a cathedral. It is
leated among the hills called Cartmel
Fells, not far from the lea, and near the
river Ken, 12 miles N by w of Lan-
cafter, and 260 nnw of London. Loii.
3 6 w, lat. 54 iz N.
Car WAR, a feaport on the coaft of
Malabar, lubjeft to the regent of My-
lore. It is 60 miles s by E- of Goa.
Lon. 74 34 E, lat. 15 o N.
Casal, a town of Italy, in Montferrat,
with a citadel and a bilhfp's fee. It hat
been often taken and retaken in the wars
of Italy ; the laft time by the king of Sar-
dinia in 1746. It is leated on the river
Po, 37 miles NE of Turin. Lon. 8 27 e>
lat. 45 18 N.
Casal Maggiore, a town of Italy,
in the duchy of Milan. It was taken by
the French in May 1796, and is leated oa
the river Po, ao miles SE of Cremona.
Lon. 10 35 E, lat. 44 56 N.
Casal Nuova, a town of Naples, in
Calabria Ulteriorc. A terrible earth-
qunke happened here m 1783, by which
the princeis Gerace, and upward of 4000
inhabitants loft thfjir lives. '"
CASBiN.or Caswin, atownof Perfia,
in Irac A»emi, where feveral of the kings
of Pei-fia hive refided. Nadir Shah biiut
a pakce here, incloCed by a wall a mile
and a half in circumference ; and the
town is incircled by one four miles in cir-
cuit. It carries on a great trade and is
feated near the high mountain Elwend,
where there are fine quarries of white
marble, 180 miles N of Iljpahan. Loft.
52 16 E, lat. 35 30 N.
Cascais, a town of Portugal, in
Eftramadui-a, at the mouth of the Tajb,
17 miles Eof Lilbon. Lon. 8 43 w, lat.
38 40 N.
Caschaw. See Cassovia.
Casco Bay, a bay of N America, in
the ftate of Malfachufe! s and diftrift of
Main, between Cape Elifabeth and Cape
Small Point. It is z; miles wl<le, an<)
s
I , ■■
ill
'I
CAS
CAS
iatrrfperrcd with AnuU iHaiids. Lon. 69
30 w, lat.4+ 5 N.
Cashan. See Cachan.
Cashel, a town of Ireland, in Tip-
*^raryi with an archbifliop\ Ice,' 13
mile* Nw of C'lonmel. Lon. 7 33 w,
Jat. 52 26 N.
CaSHGUR, or LlTTI.E BOKHARIA,
a country of Vihcc 'Jartary, which coni-
mencty^ on the N and ni, of Callimucj in
Hindoottan (from which it is ll-pai uted
by the Himmalrh moiintriins) ami extends
ta 40*^ N lat. Great put of il is a fandy
dtikn } th* other pans are populous and
fertile, but the air is cold, on account of
the mountainii. Here are rich mines of
gold and fiiver, which the natives do not
worlf, becauJe they are employed wholly
in feeding cattle. The niulk-animals arc
&ind in this country; and they have
fcveral precious Itones befide diamwnds.
Cashgur, a city of Afia, capitnl of
a country of the lame name. It Itands
at the foot of the Himnialeh mountains,
and enjoys a good trade with the neigh-
bouriDg countries. Lon. 73 as E, lat.
Cashmere, a province of ilindooltan
Proper, fiibjeilto the king of Cundaliar;
bounded on the w by the Indus, on the n
by Himnialeh Mount, and on the e and
s by Lahore. It is 80 nijlcs long, and 40
broad j and is celebrated for its romaaitic
beauties, the fertility of the foil, and the
tempera u*e of the atmofphere. Tliefc
particuLrs may be accounted for, when
it is confKlered, that it is an elevated and
cxtenjive valley, fiirrounded by iteep
mountains, that tower above the regions
of ihow ; and that its foil is coinpoled of
the mud depofited by a river, which
originally formed i^ . waters into a lake,
that covered the whole valley, until it
[opened itfelf a pafTage tlirough the moun-
tains, and left this fertilized valley an
iimple field to human induitry. The
periodical rains, which almoft deluge the
reft of India, are Ihut out of Caibn:ere
by the height of the mountains, 16 that
only light iliowers fall there j but thei'e
aie fulficiently abundant to feed fome
hundreds of cafcades, which are preci-
pitated into the valley, from evciy part
of this liupendous and romantic bulwark
that encircles it. The foil is the richeft
that can be conceived, and its produc-
tions thofe of the temperate zone. A
valt number of ftreams from all quarters
of the valley, bring their tribute to
the Chelum, the parent of the foil, and a
large navigable river. Many fmall lakes
2re fpread over the furfacen and ioma of
thfm contain floating iflands. The fti-
perflition of the iniiabitants has niulti-
plied the places of worfliip of Maha
deo, Bel'clian, and Brama. AllCafhmcK'
is holy land, and miraculous fouiitaijis
abound. But it is conftanily lubiecf t»
eariluiuakes ; and, to (rumii ngainlt th-r
mod tenible effeCl^, aJi tiitir liov.;*.,. aic
built of wood. A'.y.cAg ether ciirlou.s
maiuifadures of C-llin.Lre is that of
lliawli; and the delicate wool of which
ihey are made, is tlK- pioduol of a Ipecies
of goat of this country, or of the ad-
joining Thibet. Here arc bred a Iptcici
of rtieep, called Hinidoo, which are em-
ployed in carrying burdens. The Calh-
niercans have a language of their own,
laid to be anterior to that of the banfcrit ;
and a religion too, it is tliougtt, dif-
ferent from that oi the Hindoos.
Casjimere, a iaige city of Hindoo-
flan Proper, capital of th.e province or
valley of Calhmerc. It is kattd on both
fides of the (Jhelini, 285 miles E by s of
Cabul. Lon. 73 11 e, lat. 33 49 n.
Cash N a, an extenllve empire of Africa,
part of the rigion called Negrolandi
bounded on tlie N by Fcizan und Za.hu.ra,
on the s by the Niger, and on the E by
Zaiiiphaia and Boiuou. It re^anblfi
Bornou in climate, foil, and natural pro-
duaions, and in tire colour, genius, leli-
glon, and govtinmtnt of the peopl*. 'I^ie
rain.i, ii)deed, are lefs violent than thole of
Boiuou. ita monkies and parrots (but
feldom Icen in Bornou) are numerous aj}d
oi vaiiuus Ipccies. 1~he common people
are lei's courteous in Caihna than in Bor-
nou. A thouland lowuo and villages are
liiid to be included in this empire, which,
like Bornou, conlifts of different tribes or
nations, lubject to the dominion of" one
ruling power.
Cash N A, the capital of the empire of
Calhaa in Africa, 970 miles s by w of
Melurata, in 16 ao N lat.
Casimir, a town of Poland, in the
palatinate of Lublin. Lcn. zz 3 e, lat.
51 o N.
Caspian Sea, a great inland fta of
Afiaj bounded on the N by the country
of the Kalmucs, on the E by a tribe of
the Turcomans, en the s by Perlia, and
on the w by Georgia and CircafUa. It
is 680 miles in length, reckoning from Gu-
rief to Medlhetifar, and in no part more
than a6o miles in breadth. It has no tide j
and, on account of its frequent fhoals, is
navigable only for veflels drawing from
'9 to 10 feet water. It has flrong cur-
rents, and, like all iniun^l feas, is fubjc^t
to viol(.-ut Uorius. Its waters are l.<-ackiili.
The fiAu
Uralian '
the coait
Ural i
have an
niaining
roe ot
large (ju
which ai
ton fide w
Rullian
with
caught
to sV
Cass
duchy
prince
the duk'
force th
is feate(
Milan.*
Cass
labria C
miles N
39 55 ^
Cass
vutc of
Old an
beautit\
and the
or pala
prolpef
ww\
CAS
The fifliviy is a nurfcry lor fallors. The
Uraii.iii CofluLiiPiijoy the rlehCol fiihingoii
the cuall 47 miles uucuch tide of the t iviT
J/ial ; ami the iahal^itants of Altracan
have an exgliifive privilege on tlu ix-
nialiiing llioies belonging to Riillla. I'he
roe ot the (hirgvuns and bftluga iiimily
large (jvrajiritles of caviare; and the hi)],
winch are < hitfly lalted and dried, fonr a
toniideiable article <;t confumption in thp
Rvdlian empire. Ihc Calpian abounds
with iVauogs, which are huatcd and
caught in great numbers. Lon. froni4i{
to 53° E, tat. from 37 to 4.7° N.
Cassano, a town of Ilaly, in the
duchy of Milan, with a ca/tlc. Here
prince Eugene, in ^705, was defeated by
the duke dc Vendome, in attempting to
force the pafiage of the Adda. Caliano
is feated on the Adda, 15 miles NE of
Milan.* Lon. 9 24 h, lat. 45 30 N.
Cassano, a town of Naples, in Ca-
labria Citeriore, with a bilhop's Ice, 35
miles N of Coienza. Lon. 16 20 £, lat.
39 55 N.
Cassbi., the capital of tlie landgra-
vate of HefTe-Cafiel, divided into the
Old and New Town. The ftreets are
beautiful ; the market-places fpacious j
and there are four churches. The cattle,
or palace, whence there is a delightful
prolpeft, is built of freeltone. The gar-
dens, the arfenal, and the cabinet of cu-
-fiofities, delerve the attention of travellers.
It is feated on the p'ulda, 40 miles s of
Paderborn. Lon. 9 29 e, lat. 51 19 n.
Cass EL, a town of France, in the de-
partment of the North and late French
Flanders, feated on a mountain, whence
may be feen 32 towns, and the German
Ocean, though 50 miles from it. It is
10 miles NE of St. Omer. Lon. 2 36 £,
lat. 50 48 N.
Cassel, a ftrong town of Germany,
in the circle of the Lower Rhine, fituate
on the Rhine, oppofite Mentz, with
which it has a communication by a bridge
of boats. It was taken by the French in
1792, and retaken by the Pi-uifians in 1 793 .
Cassovia, or Caschaw, a ftrong
town of Hungary, with a fine arfenal,
feated near the river Herat, 55 miles ne
of Agria. Lon. 21 25 £, lat. 46 48 N.
Castanovitz, a town of Auttrian
Croatia, on the river Unna, which divides
that coimtry from Tuikey. Lon. 17 19
E, lat. 45 40 N.
Castelamara, a leaport of Naples,
in Principato Citeriore, with a bifliop's
fee, 15 miles' SE of Naples* Lon* 14-
35 Ef lat. 41 40 N.
CAS
Castel-Aracjonkse, a feaport of
Sardinia, with a hilhop'ti fee, 20 miles
NE of Saflari. Lon. y 1 E, lat. 40 56 N.
Castel-Baluo, a town of Italy, in
the Vcronele, on llie river Adige, 35 miles
SE of Verona. Lon. 12 7 t, lat. 45 5 N.
Cas'ijelpar, a town of Ireland, in
the county of Mayo, 35 miles N of Gal-
way. Lon. 9 15 w, lat. 53 54 N.
CASTEt,-BRANCo, a town of Portu-
gal, caj)ital of Beira, on the river Lyra,
38 miles N\v of Alcantara. Lon. 6 40
vy, lat. 39 52 N.
Casii:i,-j>£-Vide, a town of Portugal,
in Alentejo, el^ht miles N of Portalcgrc*.
Lon. 7 31 w, lat. 39 15 N. , .
Castel-Folit, a tom\ of Spain, m.
Catalonia, on an inacceflible eminence, near
the river Fulvia, 15 miles w of.Gironga.
Castel-Gondolfo, a vUlas« -m'
Campagna di Roma, near Lake Albano,
on the extremity of which is a caitle, to
which the pope retires in the fummer.
Near this village is the villa Barbarini,
within the gardens of which are the ruin*
of an immenfe palace, built by the <in-
peror Domitian. It is 10 miles s by Er
of Rome.
Castel-Jaloux, a town of Fiance,
in the department of Lot and Garoooc
and late province of Guienne. It is feated
on the Avance, 20 miles £ of Baxas*
Lon. o 25 E, lat. 44 zo n.
Castel-Nuovo, a town of Vcvtian
Daln)aua, on the gulf of Cataro, la mik«
N by w of the town pf Cataro. Loo. iS
29 e, lat. 4a 36 N.
Castel-Rodrioo, a town of PortUp-
gal, in the province of Tra-los-Montet,
30 miles Nw of Cividud-Rodrigo. Lon,
6 22 w, lat. 41 o N.
CaSTEL - NuOVO - DI-CaRFACN ANA,
a town of Italy, in the Modenefe, with
a ftrong fort. It is the capital of the
valley of Carfagnana, and leated on the
river Serchio, 17 miles above Lucca.
Lon. 10 40 e, lat. 44 5 n.
Castellane, a town of France, in'
the department of the Lower Alps an4.
late province of Provence. Near it is a
fait Ipringf from which the water iiVue*
infuch abundance as to turn a mill at
the Very fource. Many of the ancient
lords of Caftellane were diftinguiihed
among the poets, called Troubadoui:s.
It is feated on the Verdon, in a hilly
country, 27 miles s by e of Senez. Lon.
6 34 E, lat. 43 55 N-
Castellon, a town of Spain, in Ca-
talonia, five miles NW of Ro^> Lon*
24 58 £, lat. 42 18 N,
IN
I ' I ; t
if:' ''
I
HI
CAS
CAS
Casi ELNAUDARy, a town of Frnncc,
in tlic dcpaitinen! of Atidc and late pro-
vince ot Langiialor, on an tininencc, at
the toot ot which is the RovA C'lmnl,
which hert t'oiiTis a hifm abrut i,f-'yri lat
in ciicumffiviicf. Near tlits town, jn
1631, m:'r(l\al Schon'btrp; defcarcd tlic
tHike ct Orlf:ins, and ic 'k. tlv.' (inf'-rMi-
nate Montmorency prilbncr. C;ifttlu;iii-
dary is 15 inik-s w oF CircafiuniK'. Lon.
a o E, lat. 4.3 19 N.
CASTiriLlCNt, a town of Italy, in
the Mantnan, with a caltlc. It \vas
token by tht Anttrinnj in' 1701 ) hut t!,e
French dttieatcd them near it in 170",
and again on Auguft 3, 4706. It is
zo mileii nw ci Mantua. Lon. lo 32
Ei tat. 45 23 K.
Castile, the principal and moft opn-
lent of th«f kingtloms into which Spuin
wag formerly divided. It now fonns the
two provinces of Old Caltiie end Ni.w
Caltile; the fornner havincj botn recovered
from tlie 'Moort> ^bme time before the-
latter.
Castile, Old, a province of Spain,
X92 miles in length, and 115 in breadth;
bounded on the s by New Caltile, on the
S by Arragon and Navarre, on the n by
Bilcay and the A(turias, and on the w
by Leon. Burgos is the capital,
Ca$.tile» New, or 1'oledo, a pro-
vince of Spain, aoo miles in length, and
184. in breadth; bounded on tlic N by
Old Cattiie, on the e by Anai;,on anct
Valencia, on the s by Murcia and An-
dalucia, and on the w by Eftramadura.
It iS' divided into three parts; Argaria
to the N, Mancha to the e, and Sierra to
the s. Madrid is the capital.
Castile del Oro, or New Cas-
tile, in America. See Terra Firma.
Castillara, a town of Italy, in the'
Mantuan, fix miles ne of Mantua. Lon.
xo 54 £, lat. 45 14 N.
CUsTlLLON, a to\vn of France, in
the department ot Gironde and late pro-
vince of Guitnne ; famous for a vi(itory
gained by the French over the EnglHh in
145 1. It is Jeated en the Dordogne, 25
miles £ of Bordeaux. Lon. 0 z e, lat.
44 52 N.
Castle-Carv, a town in Somerliet-
fliire, with a maiket on TueHlay, 12
miles SE of Wells, and 112 w by s of
London. Lon. a 42 w, lat. 51 5 N.
Castle-Comb, a town in Wilt-
/hire, fo called from its ancieat caftle. It
formerly had a market. It is 1 2 miles
NNEof.Bath.
Castle-Hedincham, : a village in
EHex, So called from the ancient caitlc of
the extinfl family of the Veres, earls of
Oxford ; a fine tuwcr of which, on an
cmlntnce, is ftiil entire. It is levcn milt*,
sw of Stidbnry.
(,' \sTi K-RuiNO, 1 boroMgh in Nor-
folk, which h;ul ;i maiket, now dilnied,
on acronnt of its bnbotir biing choked
up; hjit it is jrov-rntd by a mnyor, and
It-nds two mcmbeib to parliament. The
caltlf, whvncf it his its name, is now
in ruins. '•• li liven miles NE oi' I.ynn,
:ind 103 NNh ot London. Lon. o 30 E,
hit. 57. 50 N.
( AS J LhTON, a village in ihe peak
of JXrhyil'irc, at the loot of a rock
above 250 feft high, on which are the
rcinaina ot a tidUc, afcribcd to William
Pevcrel, natural fon of the Conqueror.
It h:ts three of tho I'evtn wonder* ^t tiie
peak in its neighbourhood; the Devils
Arle, Mam Tor, and EhUn H©le. The
firft is a cavern in the rock abovemen-
lioncd, whole arched entrance is 42 fettt
hi'gh and 120 wide, wl»ich becomes nar-
rower as it proceeds, and the root
titfeeixls t(> within two feet of the fur-
face of n brook ; this being pafled ano-
ther large cavern lucceeds, with feveraj
high openings in the roof, which defcends
again to a llcon<! brook ; after which is
a'third cavern called Roger Rain's houfe,
Kcuuli; of the perpetual dropping: the
length of the whole cavern is 480 yiirds.
Mam Tor, a mile w of the villag*;, is a
mountain, 1000 feet above' the lev^l of
the valky, on the top and fi.-ies of which
is a camp, luppol'ed to be Roman: it
overtops the whole Peak countj^y ; and
the vulgar itory is that this hill is con-
tinually crnir.i>ling, wirlwut being di-
miniflied. Elden Hole, a mile s of
Mam Tor, is n jxrpendicular gulf oi'
chai'm in a linielhjne rock, tlie depth of
which is unfatltomable, its fides being
io very flielvin^ and iriK-g'tlaJ' : it has-
been plumbed from 192 to 295 yards, >
40 ot which leenied to ne in water.^
Caftleton is five miles N of Tidel'well.
Castletown, the capital of the Hie'
of Man, with a cattle, but of no great im-
portance, on account of its diftance from"
the rocky ami fliallow harbour. Lon. 4
35 w, lat. 53 55 N.
Caston, a town in Norfolk, with a
market on Monday, 10 miles NNW of
Norwich, and 113 ne of London. Lon.
1 22 E, lat. 52 48 N.
Castor, a town in Lincolnlhire, with
a market on Saturday, 20 miles NE of
Lincoln, and 159 N of London. Lon.
o 9 w, lat. 53 30 N.
Castres, a town of France, in the
CAT
CAT
d«, ..lent of Tarn and late province of
Languedoc, of which it wai rtttntly an
cpilcopal ice. In tlic iclirn of Lcvvii
XIM it was a kind ut' protcttant n-public ;
but, in 16^9, its fortitit'Htiuns were dc-
inolifhed. Near this town, ait- mines of
Turquoife Itones. It is the birthplace
of Kapin Thoyras, Abel Boyer, and
M. Dacicr. It is (dated in a tine valley,
on the Aguut, 10 niiics s of Alby.
Lon. * to E, lat. 4.3 37 N.
Castro, a townot Italy, in the patri-
mony of St. Peter, 40 miles N w of Koine.
Lon. II 54. £, lat. 4-1 23 N.
Castro, a leaport of the kingdom of
Naples, lix niiies s of Ot ran to. Lon. ig
31 £, lat. 4jo 16 N.
Castro, a town of S America, in
Chili, capital of the iHand of Chilue. It
ii 180 miles s of iialdivia. Lon. 75 5
w, lat. 42 4 s.
Castro-Marino, a town of Portu-
gal, in Ali^ai'vc. It is ftrong by fituaf ion,
and Icated near the moiuh ot the Ciiia-
diana, 55 miles s of licju. Lon. 7 12
w, lat. 37 6 N.
Castro-Vekegna, a town of Peru,
remarkable for mines of /liver, good to-
bacco, and wholefome air. It is 125
miles SE of Lima. Lon. 7445 W, lat.
12 50 s.
Cat Island. See Guanahami.
Catabavv, a town belonging to the
Catabawij, the only Imiian nation in the
I'tate of S Carolina. It is lisated on the
river Catabaw, on the boundary line
between N and S Carolina. Lon. 81 1 5 w,
lat. 34 49 N.
Catalonia, a province of Spain,
bounded on the N by the Pyrenese,on the
is and s by the Mediterrane;in Sen, and
on the w by Arragon :ind Valencia.
Its greatvft cxLeiit from £ to w is iii
rniles, and from m to S 148. The air is
wholefome; and it is tull of high moun-
tains, covered with forett and truit-tree*.
It abounds in wine, corn, and puhl, and
has quarries of marble and leveral Ibrts
•f mines. B.uteloua is tlie capital.
Cai ANIA, a celebrated city of Sicily,
on a gulf of the fame name, with a
bifhop's lee, and a univcrlity, the only
one in the i/land. The church is a noble
fabric, the largcft in Sicily ; and the organ
is much admired by mufical connoilfeurs.
The principal ftreets are wide, Ihaigiit,
and well paved with lava; and the inha-
bitants are computed to be 30,000. The
knd about it is fertile in corn, excellent
wine, and fruits. By an eruption of
,£tna, in 1669, it was almoft totally de-
stroyed; aadj ia i^^'U i^ vvas cmifdy
fwallowcd up, by an earthquake, which
buriw-d 1 8, coo p upie in the mink. It is
52 miles sw of iVldiina. Lon. 15 ajt
S, hu. 37 36 N.
Catan/aro, a town of Naples, in
Calabria Uiteriore, with a bifhop's lee,
lep.ted on a iiiousUnin, 1 5 miles sw of
Bekaltio. Lon. 16 4S h. lat. 39 o U.
Cataro, a town o: Venetian Dahnatia,
with a chiUl, and a biiliop's lee; leuted
on a gulf ot its own name, 30 miles w
ot Scutari. Lon. i!J 40 E, iat. 4^ 40 N.
Cateau. SteCHAj EAU CaMBRESIS.
Categate, a gulf between Swedea
and Denmark, by wiiich the Baltic com-
municates with the oce.m.
Catharinenslaf, or Ecaterri-
NENSLAF, a government of the KulTinn
empire, divided into two provinces}
namely, Catharinenllaf, whicli include*
New Kuliia and the late government of
Aibph ; and Taurida, which includes
the Crimea.
Catharinendlaf, the capital of a
province of the fame name, built by the
jjfefent eintjrels of Kulha j and its name
fignities The glory of Catharine. It ia
fcatcd near- ihe confluence of the Kiltzia
and Samai ., 178 miles ne of Cherlon.
Lon. 35 15 E, lat. 47 23 N.
Catharines, St. the principal ifland
on the coalt of the s part of Brafil, with
a harbour defended by feveral forts. It
is 27 miles long, but not more than Hji
broad. Lon. 49 17 w, lat. 27 35 s.
Catherlouoh. See Carlow.
Catmandu, the capital cf Napaul,
in Hindooltan Proper, 445 miles E of
Delhi. Lon. 5J4 51 E, iat. 28 6 N.
Catouhe, Cape, the ne promon-
tory of Yucatan, in N America, where
the Englilh adventurers from Jamaica
firlt attempted to cut logwood. Lon.
86 30 w, lat. 22 10 N. See Honduras.
Cattack, or Cuttack, the capital,
of Orifia, a province of Hindooltan, in the
Deccan. It is a poll of conlcquence, as it
lies on th2 only road between Bengal and
the Northern Circars; and the poff^flion
of this city and its dependencies gives the
Eerar rajah (i Mahratta prince) mor#
coniequence in the eyes of the govern-
ment of Bengal, than even his extcnfivft
domain and centrical pcliiion in Hindoo*,
fian. Cattack. is fcated on the Maha.
nuJdy, near its influx into the bay of
Bengal, 220 miles sw of Calcutta. Loiu
86 I £, lat. 20 51 N.
Cattarick, a village near Rich-
mond, in the w riding ot Yorklhire. It
has a bridge over the river Swale, and
a fort of catara^ near it, fiom whid^
S
^
■\'-
C A U
it {ecmi to have derived its name. Tt
appears to have been a grsat city in the
time of the Komans, one ot whole high-
ways eroded the river here, on the banks oi
which are the foundations of grt.t walls,
and a mount caft up to a valt height.
Many coins and ums have been dug up
here. The final deltruftion of this city
vms by the Danes
C A 2
the foot of a mountain, near the Seine,
18 miles NW of ?ouen. Lon. 1 26 e,
lat. 40 31 N.
Caviana, an ifland of S America, at
the mouth of the river Amazon, go miles
in circumference, and of a triangular
form, with its bafe to the ucta:.. It lies
under the equino£lial line in lon. 50 20 w.
Cauvery, or Cavery, a confider-
C/vTWiCK, a village of Holland, on able river of the peninfula of Hindooftar,
the German Ocean, near which the only
bran»n of the Rhine that retains its ori-
ginal name, is loitin ihefands. It is fix
exiles iV by w of Leyden.
\C4vA, a town of Naples, in Princl-
pato Citcriore, with a billiop's iee ; feated
»t the toot ci' Mount \ietelian, three
miles w of Salerno. Lon. 14 55 £, lat.
40 z6 N.
Cavaillon, a town of France, u\
whicii riles among the Gauts, and watering
Seringapatam and Tanjore, enters the bay
of Bengi'i, by feveral mouths, between
Cuddalore and I'richinopoly.
Cavina, a town in the illand of Ma-
nilla, with a ftrong caftle, a harbour)
and a dock. It is 10 miles from the city
of Manilla.
Caune, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Tarn and late province of
Venaiflin, with a late epilcopal lee, then Languedoc, I'eated near the moimtains,
iiibjed: to the pop*:. It is leated on the
Durance, 20 miles se of Avignon. Lon.
5 17 E, iat. 43 34 iN.
Cavan, a county cf Ireland, in the
proArince cf Uifter, 47 mi!«s in length,
and 23 in breadth; bounded on the N by
Fermanagh and Monaghan, en the E by
the latter county and Louth, on the w by
Leitrim, and on the s by Longford, Weft
Meath, and Enft Meath. I: lias biit two
towns of any note, Cavan and Kilmore.
It lends fix members to parliament, and
contains 37 parifties.
Cavan, a borough of Ireland, capital
cf the county of Cavan, 60 miles NW of
Dublin. Lon. 7 23 vv, lat. 54 51 N.
Caucasus, a chain of :rcaatains In
Afia, which extend iiom the Black Sea to
the Cafpian. They are the higheft in
Afia, and their tops ave always covered
with fnow. The lower parts abound in
iwney, corn, wine, fuits, gum, hogs, and
horned cattle. The vines wind about high
trees. Thele mcmtains are inhabited by
frven diftincl nations, each fpeakitiir a
different language : namely, the Turco-
mans, the Abkhas, the Circalliuns, the
Olli, the Kilti, the Lciguis, and the
Georgians.
where the river Agout has its fource. It
is ai miles ne of Caftres. Lon. 2 43 e,
lat. 43 40 N.
Cauterets, a villag* of France, in
the de; artment of the Upper Pyrenees
und late province of Bigorre, noted for its
mineral water. It is 18 miles sw of
Bagnere.?.
C A WOOD, a town in the E riding of
Yorkfhire, with a market on Wednefday,
12 miles 8 of York, and 186 N\v of
London. Lon. j o w, lat. 53 47 N.
Caxamalca, a town of Peiii, capital
of a territory of its own name. Here
Pizano, the Spanifli general, in 1532,
perfidioufly feized the ir.ca A'':liuhalpha,
• and the next year, after a mock trial,
caufed him to be puljlicly executed. It
is 300 miles NNt; of Lima. Lon. 74 53
w, lat. 7 15 s.
Caxton, a town in Cambridgefliire,
with a market un Tuelday, 10 miles w
by s of Cambridge, and 49 N of London
Lon. o 10 w iat. ro o N.
Caya, a river of Portugal, which vifes
near Portalej^re, and running se divides
Spain fioni Portugal, and tails into the
Guadiana, Kt Badajoz.
Cayenne, a rich town and illand on
Caucasus, a govcmment of the Ruf- the coalt of Guiana, capital of the French
fian empire, di .'ided into the two provinces
of Aftracan ard Caucaius. I'he pro-
vince of Caucaius ccmpril'cs the Cuban,
and all that dihrirt to the E and s, now
in the pofleliion of Ruilia, betweeii the
rivers Don and Cuban, and between tlie
Black Sea and the Cafpian, extending as
far as the confines of Geoij.'^ia.
Caudebec, a populous trading town
of France, in the department of Lower
.btuM aod late province of Nui luauiiy, at
lettlements there, bounded en the w by
the Dutch colony of Surinam. The
French iLttled here in 1635, but left it in
1654. iind it was fuccefiively in the pof-
lelFion of the Englifti, French, and
Dutch ; but the latter were expelled by
the French in 1677. Cayenne pepper,
fugar, aiKl coffee, are the principal com-
modities. Lon. 5215 w, lat.4 56N.
C iT.jMiR, a town of Little Poland, in
the palatinate at' Lublin^ feated oa the
a
Viftula,
3 e, lat.
Cebu
the Phil
Ceda
River in
bridge ;
on the a
have bee
fome gr<
at the b:
at the b
of courl
bridge
Its bre;
feet, bu
nefs of
arch,
thickne
earth,
trees,
both lid
This bi
of Rock
paiTage
eroded
city
CRN
Viftula, 80 miles E of Zarnaw. Lon. 2*
3 E, lat. 51 o N.
Cebu, one of the moft foutherly of
the Philippine Iflands.
Cedar Creek, a water of James
River in Virginia, in the county of Rock-
bridge; remarkable for its natmal bridge,
on the ai'ccnt of a hill, which iecms to
have been cloven through its length by
fome great ccnvulhon. The fiimre, jiilt
at the bridge, is 250 feet deep, 4.5 wide
at the bottom, and 90 at the top. This,
of courli?, determines the length of the
bridge and its height from the water.
Its breadth in the middle is about 60
tfct, but mon- at the ends, and the thlck-
nefs of the mals at the fummit of the
arch, about foi-ty feet. A part of this
thicknefs is conltituted by a coat of
earth, which gives growth to many large
trees. 1 he reiidue, with the hills ca
both lides, is one folid rock of limeftone.
This bridge gi'r^is name to the county
ot Rockbridge, and affords a commodious
paifage over a valley, wl.ich cannot be
croiTed elfewhere for a confiderable dil-
tance.
CE.f>OKGA, a town of Naples, in Prln-
cipato Ulteriore, v/ith a bifhop's lee ;
lieated at the foot of the Appennmes, i i
miles NW of Melfi. Lon. 15 38 t, lat.
41 5 N.
Cefalonia, a confiderable ifiand of
the Mediterranean, on the coalt of Liva-
dia, and oppohte the gidf of Lepanto.
It is fertile in oil, and excelknt niulcra-
dinc wine. It is liibjcft to the Venetians,
and the capital is of the fame name. Lon.
io 36 r, lat. 38 22 N.
CefaLU, a fcaport cf Sicily, in the
valley of Demoua, with a caltlc, and a
biihop's lee. Lon. 13 58 e, lat. 38
35 N.
Celano, a town of Naples, inAbruz-
70 Ulterioic, a mile from the lake of Ce-
lano. Lon. 13 39 e, lat. 4.1 56 N.
Ci-iei'.ep, or MACAS'jAR,an illand In
the Indian Ocean, to the t cf Borneo.
The heat would be inluppoitable, Init for
the N winds, and the rains, which con-
ftantly fall live days befora and after the
full mooiis, ?.rnd during two months tlut
the fun is nearly vertical. The fruit";
are ripe all the year. The natives are
Mahometans, and the be(t foLdiera iu
thefe parts. The Dutch have ftrong
forts here, by which they keep the na-
tives in arr Lon. from ii<j to r%^° e,
lat. from 1 30 N to 5 30 s.
CenadA, an ancient town of Italy, in
Trevilan^i with, a bilhop's lee, li miles
C E R
fforth of Trevigio. Lon. 12 a6 e, (atft
46 2 N.
Cenis, a mountain, which is a part of
the Alps, and feparates the marquifaie of
Sui'a from the Nlorianne.
» Cenu, a town of Terra Firma, eight
miles s of Ctrthagena. Lon. 7 5 24 w,
lat. 10 19 N.
Ceram, an ifland in the Indian Ocean»
one of the Moluccas, to the w of New
Guinea, 140 miles in length, and 40 in
breadth. It is moimtainous and woody j
and the Dutch have a fortrcis to keep
the natives in fubjeftion, and to defend
the Spice Illands, having deftroyed the
clove- trees here. Lon. from 126 to 129"
E, lat. ^i o s.
Cerdagna, a fmall diftrift, partly of
Spain, in Catalonia, and partly of France,
in the department of the Eaftern Pyre-
nees and late provirce of Rouini'lon.
Puycerda is the capital of the Spanillj
part, and Mont Louis of the French.
Cerenza, a town of Naples in Call,
bria Citerioie, with a Bilhop's lee; I'eat-
ed on a rock, 1 2 miles N w of St. Severino.
Lon. 17 2 e, lat. 39 23 N.
Ceret, a town of France, in the de-
partment cf the Eaftern Pyrenees and
late province of RoulfiUon, with a m-'gni-
fictnt bridge of one arch over tlie Tet.
Here the commilfioners of France and
Spain met, in 1660, to fettle the limits of
the two kingdoms. It is 12 miles from
Perpignan. Lon. 2 46 E, lat 42 36 n.
Cekigo, an iiland of the Archipelago,
to the s of the Morea, and to the N of
Candia, I'ormerly known by the name of
Cytiicrca. It is 45 inllcs in circumfer-
ence, full of mou'itains, and has a fmail
town of the lame name. Lon. 23 22 e,
lat. 36 20 N.
Cerines, a leaport of Cyprus, with a
ca(tle, and a Greek bifliop's lee. Lon. 33
35 E) lit. 35 59 N.
Cernev, North, a village in Glou-
cefieHhire, r.'ar the downs, where Ciren-
cefttr races arc run. In an adjacent field
is a camp of cuufide<-able extent. It is
four miles from Cirencefter.
Certosa, a celebrated Cartlnifian "*
monaltory, in the duchy of Milan, four
miles from Pavia. Its park is lurround-
ed by a wall 20 miles in circumference,
and contair feveral villacrcs.
CervEi. , a town ot Spain in Catalo-
nia, on a river of its own name, 22 mileft
NW of '^I'anagona. Lon. i 9 E, lat.
41 25 N.
Cervia, a leaport of Italy, in Ro-
niagna, with a biihop's fee j feated on the
i
!l|^
vl
r
! ».|
lir
■4,
1,1
>'>}.
,1
m
GEY
G H A
milf of Venice, lo miles se of Ravenna.
Lon. 12 17 E, lat. 44 30 N.
Cesena, a town of Italy, in Romagna,
wltha biihop s ice; I'eated on the tluvio,
15 miles SE of Ravenna. Lcn. iz zo £,
lac. 44. 25 N.
CJette, a ftapoit of France, in the de-
pavtment oi Hevault and laii. province of
Langufcdoc, icated at the piace whtre the
Canal of Languedoc begins, beiv-et-n
Montpellier and Agde, on the Mediter-
ranean Sea. Lon. 3 41 E, lat. 43 23 N.
Cev.'v, a town of Piedmont, on the
Tanaro, with a fort, eight miles se of
Mondovi. It was taken by the French in
April 1796. Lon. 8 10 e, lat. 44
a6 N.
Cevennes, a mountainous country in
the s of France, in which, alter the revo-
cation of the edi£l of ^;ants, a remnant
of the perlecuted Huguenots tcok reiuge.
Here, under the name of Camiiards, they
led a lavage life with the rude natives.
In 1701, tncoui'aged by the promilcs of
the confederates, they revolted, and for
ibme time were luccelsiul againlt the ge-
nerals lent to reduce them; and marfhal
Villars deigned to enter into treaty with
them. Sulpefting, however, the hncerity
«f the court, thty broke off the uegocia-
tion; and, Villars being recalled, the duke
of Berwick took the command, and, in
1705, finally lubducd them.
Ceuta, a leaport of Africa, with a
bifliop's l<?e. John, king of Portugal,
took, it from the Moors, in 1415, but it
now belongs to Sp.iin. It is leated on
the flraits of Gibraltar. Lon. 5 zo w,
lat. 35 50 N.
. CeyLoN, a large ifland in the Indian
Ocean, 250 miles in length, and 195 in
breadth. In gcnernl the air is very good ;
and though the country is lull ot moun-
tains, there aie fertile Vailies. In lome
places there arc rich mines, whence are
got rubies, fapphires, topazes, and other
Itones of lels value. Here is abundance
«f wood foi- all forts of ules, and
feme proper for dying red. It is re-
markable lor abundance oi cinnamon ; and
in the kingdom of Candy is plenty of
very large caidamums. The peppei* here
is ib good, that it leils de:u\i- than that
of other places. One of the molt le-
markable trees in Ceylon is the tallipot,
which grows flraight and tall, and is as
big as tiie maii cf a Ihip : the leaves
are lb large as to cover 15 or 20 men ;
when dried, they are round, vanX fold up
like a fan. The nfttires wear a piece
of the leaf on their head when they travel
to ihacle them iirom the fun, and they are
Co tough that they are not eafily torn,
though thofe that wear them make il tir
way through the woods and buflie^.
Evei"y Ibldier carries one, and it fervt^-.
for his tent. Of the animal tribes, thU
ifland is inoft famous for its elephants ^
tiie tame elephant of Ceylon hein^r niorc
eileemedthan any other in the indies, )u t
only on account of their [;iganiic bulk,
and the beauty of their ivory, hut for
their remarkable docility : and it abo\md:i
with buffaloes, goats, hogs, deer, hares,
dogs, jackals, monkies, tigers, and bears.
It has a great variety of birds, fome of
which are not to be met with in other
places ; alio very dangerous iiirpents. and
ants which do a great deal of milchicf.
The inhabitants are divided into *'eveial
tribes, from the nobleman to the maker
of mats, and all the children follow th\s
lame bufmeis as their fathers j nor is it
lawful to marry into any other tribe.
They are pagans ; and though they ac-
knowledge a fupreme God, they worfliip
none but the inferior fort, and among
thefe they reckon the fun and moon. In
their temples are images, well executed,
though their figures are monftrous : fome
are of filver, copper, &c. The different
Ibrts of gods have various prielts, w^o
have all Ibme privileges. Iheir houfes
are fmall and low, with walls made of
hurdles, fmoothly covered with clay, and
the roofs thatched. They have ng chim-
nics, and their furniture is only a few
earthtn vefiels, with two copper bafms,
and two or three Itools ; none but tire
king being allowed to fit in a chair.
Their food is^ generally rice, and their
common drink is water, which they pout
into their tuouths out of a vefTel like a
tea-pot, through the fpout, never touch-
ing it with their lips. There ar» ibme
inlcriptions on the rocks, which mult be
vciy ancien^-, for they arc not underitood
by any of the prefent inhabitants. The
Pcrtiigucle were the firlt Europeans who
fettled on this illandj but the Dutch loon
drove them away, and eltablilhcd tl\f m-
felves on all the principal places along
the coalt. In Fcbuwiy 1796, all the
Dutch forts and itfttiements Surrendered to
tlie Er.glilli. Lcn. from 80 to 82° e, lat.
from 6 to lo*^ N'.
Chabl Ais, a province of Savoy, bound-
ed on the N by the lake or Geneva, on the
E by Vallais, en the s by Faucigny, and
on the W by the Genevois. Thonon is
the capital.
Chablis, a town of France, in the
department of Yonne and late province of
Burgundy} remarkable for white wines.
it IS 1 5
S 59 E»
Cua(
Indians
Miififni
They h
taining
iightinr
Chai
Sound,
1778-
ChaJ
C H A
C H A
It 5s 15 miles E by N of Auxerre. Lon.
S 59 E, lat. 4.7 4* N.
Chactaws, or Flat Heads, a tribe^of
Indians, between the rivers Alabama and
JMiinflippi, in the w part of Georgia.
They have 43 town* and villages, con-
taining ii,ia3 ibuls, of which 4,041 are
itghting men.
Chacktoole Bay, a bay in Norton
Sound, diicovcred ' by captain Cook in
3778. Lon. 162 47 w, lat. 64 31 N.
Chagre, a fort of S America, in the
province of Darien, at the moutli of a
river of the fame name, to the sw of
Porto-Bel b. It was taken by admInU
Vernon in 1740. Lon. ^o 7 w, lat. 9
10 N.
CHAis-DiEU,a town of France, in the
department of Upper Loire and late pro-
vince of Velay. Its late Benedictine
abbey was much celebrated. It is 12
miles E of Brioude. Lon. 3 4 £, lat. 45
35N.
Chaldea. See Irac Arabia.
CHALONS-suR-SAONE,aH ancient city
of France, in the department of baone
fctid Loiri, lately aa epilcopal fee in the
jjrovince of Burgundy. It is the Itaple
of iron for Lyons and St. Etienne, and of
the wines for exportation. The great
Roman way from Lyons to Boulogne
paired by Chalons ; and here are various
indications of Roman magnificence, par-
ticularly the ruins of an ampliitheatre.
The city contains the Old Town, the
New Town, and the fuburbs of St. Law-
rence. In the firft is the coqrt of juitice,
and the cathedral. In the church of the
late Carmelites, is the tomb of the epi-
cure Des BarreaOx, immortalized by the
fine fcnnct, Grand DIeu, tes jugemens,
&c. Chalons Is ieated on the Saoiie, 35
miles s of Dijon. ^Lon. 4 57 E, lat. 46
47 N.
Chalons-sur-Marne, a city of
France, in the department of Marne,
lately an epilcopal fee in the province oi'
Champagne. It contains 15,000 inha-
bitants, who carry on a confidcrable trade
in flialloons and other woollen fhitfs.
Here is an academy of the fcicnces, arts,
and belles-lettres. Chalons is feated on
the ri/ers Marne, Mau, and Nau, 40
miles sw of Verdun, and 95 e of Paris.
JLon. 4 27 E, lat. 48 57 N.
Chamb, a town of Germany, in the
circle of Bavaria, capital of a county of
its own name, feated on the river Chamb,
37 miles NE of Ratilbon. Lon. 12 55 E,
lat. 49 14 N.
Chamberry, a populous town, the
capital of Savoy, w^th s, c»ftlci It U
watered by many ftreams, which have
their Iburces in St. Martin's Hill, and
run through feveral of the ftreets. There
are piazzas under molt of the houl'fcs»
where people may \vaik dry In th^ word
Weather. It has large and handibme
fuburbs, and in the centre of the town is
the ducal palace. It was taken by the-
French in 1792. It is 27 miles NE of
Grenoble, and 85 Nw of Turin. Lon.
3 50 E, lat. 45 35 N.
CuAMBERSBURG, the capital of the
county of Franklin, in Pennfylvania. .
Lon. 77 41 w, lat. 39 56 N.
Chamond, a town of France, In the
department of Rhone and Loire and late
province of Lyonois, with a caftle, on the
river Giez, 17 miles s of Lyons. Lon.
4 55 E, lat. 45 29 N.
C H a m p a c n e , a late province of France,
162 miles in length, and 112 in breadth;
bounded on the N by Hainault and Lux-
emburg, on the E by Lorrain and Fran-
chs Comic, on the s by Burgundy, and
on the w by the Ille o;" France and Soif-
fonnols. It now fomis the department
of Ardennes, Aube, Marne, and Upper
Marne.
Champlain, Lake, a lake of N
Ameiica, which divides the ftate of New
York from that of Vermont. It is 80
miles long, and 14 in its broadett part.
Lon. 74 10 w, lat. 45 on.
Chancha, a town of Egypt, five
miles from Cairo, at the entrance of th«
dcll-rt which leads to Mount Sinai.
Chanpa, a city of Eerar, in the De-
can of ; iiHjUan, fubjecl to the chief'
of thcEaltci", VTiihrattas. It is feated on
a branch or tlic Gcdav'.ry, 70 miles s
of Nagpom'. Lon 79 40 E, lat. 20
10 N,
CUANDERNAGORE, a large towi. cf
Hindooltan Proper, in Bengal. It i> a
French Icttleir.ent, and had a vtry ftrong
fort, deftroyed by admiral Wr.tlbn in
1757 J and, in 1793, the Eng ih again
dirpolTefled tlie French of tlus icttlemcnt.
It is leated on the w fide of the Hoogly,
a li;tle nnw of Calcutta.
Chang-hai, a town of Chin the
province of Kiang-nan. In thi. town,
and the villages dependent on it, aie
more than 200,000 weavers of common
cotton cloth.
Chang-tong, a maritime province
of China, on the eaftern coaft. It cou-
talns fix cities of the firlt, and 1 14 of the
fecond and third claflies. It is traverled
by the river Yun, or grand imperial
canal. The capital Is Tfi-iian-fou.
Chanmanni.ng, a city of Tlubet,
i i '
if; I,.
l I!
C H A
C H A
which has been the refidence of the grand
lama. It is i 30 miles w of LafTa. Lon.
S9 4.5 E, lat. 31 o N.
Channeray, a village in Rofsfirire,
near the frith of Murray, formerly a
bifhop's fee. It is 30 miles w of Elgin,
the fine catliedral of which town is called
Channeray church, it having been in-
tended, it is faid, to be built here.
Chan-si, one of the fmallett provinces
of China, bordering on the great wall.
It is full of mountains, fome of ^yhich
are uninhabited, and have a wild and
frightful appearance ; but the reft are cul-
tivated with care, and cut into terraces
from top to bottom. Chan-fi contains
iive cities of the firit clafs, and 85 of the
fecond and third. The capital is Tai-
yuen-fou.
Chantilly, a town of France, cele-
brated for a fine forcll and magnificent
hunting-feat, which belonged, before the
late revolution, to the prince of Condc.
3t is 17 miles N by E ot Paris. Lon. %
36 E, lat. 49 II N.
Chao-hing-fou, a city of China, In
the province of Tche-kiang. It has
eight cities of the third rank under its
juvifdi^lion. The inhabitants of this
diftrift are faid to be the greateft adepts
in chicanery of any in China. Indeed,
they are fo well verfed in ths laws, that
the governors of the provinces and great
mandarins choofe their fecretaries from
among them.
Chao-tcheo-fou, a city of China,
in the province of Quang-tcng, fituate
between two navigable rivers, and cele-
brated for a monaftery of the bonzes in
its nelghl urhood. Lon. 114. zz E, lat.
15 o N.
Chaparanc, or Dsaprong, a con-
fiderable city of Thibet, in Afia, feated
tin the fouthern head of the Ganges, not
far weftward from the lake Manlaroar.
Lon. 78 4.2 E, lat. 34. o n.
Chapel in Frith, a town In Derby-,
(hire, with a poor market on Saturday,
feated on the confines of the Peak, 17
miles SEof Manchefter, and 165 nnw of
London. Lon. i 55 w, lat. 53 22 n.
Charabon, a feaport on the N coaft
of Java, in the Indian Ocean, 130 miles
E of Batavia. Lon. 109 10 E, lat. 6
c s.
Charcos, Los, a province of S Ame-
rica, in Peru. It has the fineft filver
mints in the world. La Plata is the ca-
pital. 8ee Porosi.
Charo, a town In Somerfetfhlre,
tcfith a market on Monilay ; feated on the
Jflae of a hill, fix miles w of Crcwkerne,
and 141 w by s of London. Lon. 3 iS
w, lat. 50 52 N.
Charente, a department of France,
Including the late province of Angou-
mois. It is name.; from a river, which.
rift'S in Limofin, runs by Angouleline and
Sainfes, and falls into the bay of Bilcay.
Angoulefineis the capital,
Charente, Lower, a department
of France, confining of the two late pro-
vinces of Aunis and Saintonge. Saintes
is the ciipital.
Chare NT»N, a fmall town, on the
river Seine, four miles s of Paris } once
famous for its prolcftant church.
Charite, a town of France, in the
department of Nievre and late pro-
vince of Nivernois. Its fituation on the
road from Paris to Lyons, and the canal
of Briare, has made its trade very briflc.
Here are forges, for converting the iron
In the neighbourhood into ftecl, awollen
manufailure, and another for arms, hel-
mets, and hardware in general. The
fuburb is fituate in a kind of ifiand,
which forms about a fourth of the town.
The ftone bridge communicating with it
was ruined by the melting of the ice in
1789. The moft remarkable edifice in
this town is the priory of the late Bene-
diftlne Clunlftes. When we confider the
vaft riches and prerogatives of this mo-
maftery (the prior commendatory of which
was temporal lord of the town) we fliould
not forget, at the fame time, that, in a
feafon of Icarcity, the whole town has
fubfifted upon it« bounty ; and hence it
derives its name. It is leated on the
Loire, 15 miles N of Nevcrs. Lon. 3
10 E, lat. 47 10 N.
C H A R I, f. N! 0 N t, a borough of Ireland,
in the county of Armagh, feated on thts
river Bl ickwater, fix miles s of Dungan-
non. Lun. 6 37 W, lat. 54 44 N.
Char Lt MONT, a fortified town of
the Netherlands, in the county of Namur,
ceded to the French by the treaty of Ni-
meguen. It is feated on the Meuie,
15 miles sw of Namur. Lon. 4. 40 £,
lat. 50 6 N.
Char LE ROY, a town of the Auftriao
Netherlands, in the county of Namur,
built by the Spaniar , in 1666. It has
been often taken and retaken, the laft
time by the French '. ~i 1794. It is feated
oh the Sambre, 18 miles w of Namur,
Lon. 4 30 E, lat, 50 zo N.
Charles, Cape, a promontory of
Virginia, on the N fide of Chefapeak Bay.
Lon. 75 50 w, lat. 37 iz N.
Charles, Cape, a promon':ory on the
sw part of the ftrait entering into Hud-
C H A
fon*6 Bay. Lon. 75 15 Vf, lat. 6z
10 N.
Charles Fort, a fortrefs of Ire-
land, at the entrance of Kinlale harbour.
Lon. z 23 w> lat. 51 I N.
Charleston, a feaport, the capital
of S Carolina. It is a place of good
trade ; and has an exchange, a ftatehoule,
and an armoury. In 1787, there were
J 600 houfes, 9600 white inhabitants,
and 5400 negroes. In June 1796, a
dreadful fire, which raged for labours,
deftroyed upward of 300 houi'es. It
is feated on a peninfula, formed by the
rivers Afiiley and Cooper, the former of
which is navigable for fliips of burden
ao miles above the town. The banks of
the rivers are adorned wjth beautiful
plantations, and fine walks, interfperfed
Vtth rows of trees. Lon. 80 1 5 w, lat.
32 so N.
Charleston, a town of N America,
in the ftate of Rhode Ifland and^ county
of Waftiington. It is remarkable for
being the refidence of the greater part of
the Indians that ftlU remain (to the num-
ber of 500) in this Itate. They are
peaceable and well difpofed toward the
government, and fpeak the Englilh lan-
guage.
Charleston, a town on the sw fide
of the ifiand of Nevis, in the W Indies.
It is the feal of gcvernment, an(^ defend-
ed by a fort. Lon. 6z 50 w, lat. 16 10 N.
Charleton, an illand ^t the bottom
of Hudlbn's Bay. Lon. 79 5 w, lat.
Charleville, a borough of Ireland,
in the county of Cork, 30 miles n of'
Cork. Lon. 8 30 w, lat. 52 23 n.
Charleville, a town of France, in
the department of the Ardennes and late
province of Champagne. The ftreets are
ftraight, and the houfes of an equal
height. Here is a magnificent fquare,
and in the centre a handfome fountain.
It is featetl on the Meufe, near Mezieres,
from which it is feparated by a bridge
and acaufeway; 15 miles Nw of Sedan,
and 115 NE of Paris. Lon. 4 45 E, lat.
49 50 N.
Charlotte-town, formerly Ro-
seau, the capital of Dominica, 21 miles
SE of Prince Rupert's Bay, on a point of
land on the sw nde of the ilUmd. Lon.
€1 25 w, lat. 15 25 n.
Charlottesville, a'town of Vir-
ginia, on James River.
Charlton, a village in Kent, on an
eminence that commands a fine view of
the Thames. It is famous for an annual
fair on St. Luke's day, called Horn Fair,
C H A
in which horn wares are fold, and the
mob wear horns on their heads. Tradi-
tion traces its origin to king John, who,
being dete^ed in an amour hei^e, was
obliged, it is fald, to appeafe the hufband^
by a grant of all the land from this place
to Cuckold's Point; and he eftablilhed
the fair as the tenure. In this pariih,oa
Blackheath, is Morden CoUege, a noble
inftitution for decayed merchants, founded
by fir John Morden, bart. a Turkey mer-
chant. Charlton is fix miles es£ o£
London.
Charmes, a town of France, in the
department of the Vofges and late pro*
vince of Lorrain, feated on the Molelle*
over which is a handlbme bridge, eight
miles £ of Mirecourt. Lon. 6 17 E>
lat. 48 21 n.
CHARNwooii, or Charley Forest,
a rough open traft in the NW part of
Leicefterfhire.
Charolles, a town of France, in the
department of Saone and Loire, and late
province of Burgundy. It has a ruinous
caftle, and is feated on the Reconce, 24
miles WNW of Macon, Lon. 4 24 E, lat,
46 28 N.
CHAROST,a town of France, in the
department of Indre and late province of
Berry, feated on the Amon, fix miles Ng
of Iflbudun. Lon. 2 10 E, lat. 47 1 N.
Chartres, an ancient city of France,
in the department of Eure and Loirt and
late province of Beauce. It is the epif-
copal fee of the department, and, before
the abolition of nobility in France, gave
the title of duke to the eldeft fon of the
duke of Orleans. Here is a general hof-
pital, and another for 120 blind perfons.
The cathedral is one of the hneft in
France, and its flreeple much admired.
The pj-incipal trade confifts in corn. It
is feated on the Eure, 45 miles sw o£
Paris. Lon. i 34 e, lat. 48 27 n.
Chartreuse, or Grand Chaktre-
u.SE, lately one of the moft celebrated
monafleries in France, eight miles N of
Gret^le. It is feated on the top of a
high mountain, which itands in a plain,
three miles in length, having only one
entrance. It was the chief of the mo-
nafteries of the ordeV of Chartrcux, and
fo large that there were lodgings for aU
the deputies of the order throughcfilt;
France, who met here once a year. It ts *
now converted into a kind of arfenaL
Lon. 5 49 E, lat. 45 20 N.
Charybdis, a famous whirlpool, in
the ftraltof Meffina, on the coall 6i Skily,
oppoiite the celebrated Scylla, in Italy,
According to the theme ol poets, it wa«
I %
m
'^'<\
'VI ii
\ i
m
C H A
Tery formidable to marin(i's> but U is
Aid to have been entirely removed ty the
drea,dfiil earthquake in 1783.
CilATEAU-feRiANT, a towTt of France,
in the department of Lower Loire and
late province of Brittany, with an old
caftle) 14. miles s of Rennes. Lon. i
s6 w> lat. 4.7 4.6 N,
Chatbau-Cambresis, a town of
France, in the department of the North
auid late province of the Cambrefls, with
Z magnihcent palace, which belonged to
the late archiepifcopal fee of Cambmy.
It is famous for a treaty concluded be-
tween Hemy n of France and Philip 11
ef Spain ; and is 1 2 miles s£ oi Cambray.
Xon. 3 40 E, Ut. 13 7 N.
Chateau-Chinon, atown of France,
in the department of N icvre and late pre-
vince of Nivernois, with a confiderable
roanufa6lureof cloth. It is feated on the
Vonne, near the fource of that river, 36
miles E of Nevers. Lon. 4 8 e, lat. 47 o N.
Chateau-Dauphin, a itrong caftle
©f Piedmont, j 8 miles w by n of Saluces.
It was taken by the French and Spaniards
in 1744, ''^"d reltored in 1748.
Chateau-du-Loir, a town of France,
in the department of Sarte and late pro-
vince of Maine, famous for a fiege of
feven years againft the count of Mans.
It Is ieatcd on the Loir, £2 miles SE of
Mans, and 97 w of Paris. Lon. o 30 E,
lat. 47 40 N.
Chateaudun, an ancient town of
France, in the department of Eure and
JLoire and late province of Beauce. Heic
is a caftle,aiul a holy chapel, built by the
famous count of Dimois. The txcaiury of
fhis church contained a magnificent crols
of gold, enriched with precious ftontS; ami
a glafs vafe which bore the name of
Ciiarlcmagne, and is faid to have been a
prefeni from Aarcn king of Ptifia. The
nreets are ftraight j the houl'es uniform ;
and the great iquare is very fpaciovis.
It is feated en an eminence, near the
Loire, 30 miles N of Blf^is, acd 72 svv
cf Paris. Lon. i 22 e, lat. 4?, 4N.
Chateau-Gontier, a town of
France, in the department and late
Kroyince of Maine, lieated en the river
laine, with a caftle. It has a mineral
fpringj its trade confifts in linens; and
it is aa miles Nw of Angers, and 147
'iiW of Paris. Lon. o 56 e, lat. 47 47 n.
Chateau-Landon, a town of France,
in the department of Seine and Marne
and late province of the Ifle of France,
with a late Auguftine abbey, feated on a
hill, five miles s of Nemours, and 50
J by E of Paris. Ion.« ^ia, ht.^Z 11 u.
C H A
Chateauiin, a town of France, in
the department of Fimfterre and late pro-
vince of Brittany, 1 8 miles N of Ouim^er,
on the river Auzon, where there is a
falmon fishery.
Chateau-.Meillant, a town of
France, in the department of Cher and
late province of Ueiry, nine miles E of
Chatre. Here is a cattle, with a tower,
faid to have been built by Julius Cefat .
Chateau NEUF, a town of France, In
the department of Cher and late province
<>f Berry, 16 miles s of Bourges.
Chateauneuf, a town of France,
In the department ^ Eure and Loire and
late province of Bt^auce, 12 miles ne of
CUartrcs.
Chateauneuf, a town of France, in
the department of Maine and Loire and
late province of Anjou, feated on the
Sarte, i?. miles N of Angers.
Chateau-Ren aud, a town of France,
in the department of Indre and Loire and
late province of Touraine, •20 miles nw
of Ambolie, and 88 sw of Paris. Lon.
1 I w, lat. 47 33 N.
Chateauroux, a town of France, In
the late province of Berry, and recently
erected into the cpiicopal fee of the de-
partment of Indre, with a caftle. It has
a manufafture of cloth, and is leated in a
pleafant piaui, on the Indre, i 5 miles svv
of Ifibudun, and 148 s of Paris. Lon. i
51 E, lat. 46 46 N.
Chateau-Thierry, a town of
France, in the department of Aifne and
late province of Champagne, with a caftlii
•n an eminence, feated on the river Maine.
It Is the birthplace of the inimitable La
Fontaine; and h zy miles sw of iiheinis,
aixd 97 NW of Paris. Lon. 3 33 E, lat.
49 2 N.
Chatel, a town of France, In the de-
partment of the Voices :uid iate province
of Lorrain, feiitcd on the Mofelie, 8 miles
E of Mirccourt.
Ci;A'iiiL-CHALON,atcv.'nofFrance, In
the department of Jura and late province
of Frunclie-Cornte, remaikable for its
late Bjuediifline nunnery, 20 miles s of
of Pole. Lon. 5' 38 E, lat. 46 46 N.
Chatellerault, a town of France,
in the department of ilie Vienne and late
province of Poltou, feated on the Vienne,
over which is a handfomc ftone bridge.
It is noted for its cutlery, watclmialiing,
and the cutting of falfe diamonds. It
gives the title of duke to the Scotch duke
of Hamilton. It is 22 miles nne of Poi-
tiers, and 168 ssw of Paris. Lou. o
44 E, lat. 46 50 N.
Chatham, a town in Kent, adjouung
the
C H A
CHE
Rothefter» and feated on the Medwaj.
It is one of the principal ftations of the
royal navy ; and the yards and magazines
are fiirniflitd withall forts of naval ftores.
In 1667, the Dutch failed up to this town,
and burnt feveral men of war : but the
entrance into the Medway is now de-
fended by Sheemefs and other forts ; and
>i I757> additional fortifications were
begun at Chatham. It has a market on
Saturday, a church, a chapel of eale, and
a ihip ufed as a church, for the failors.
It is 31 miles ese of London. Lon. o
36 E, lat. 51 42 N.
' CHATItLbN^LES-DOMBES, a town of
France in the department of Ain and late
province of Brelfe, 12 miles w of Bourg.
Chatillon-sur-Indre, a town of
France, in the department of Indre and
lafe province of Berry, 10 miles s of
Laches. Lon. o 55 E, lat. 47 zz n.
Chatillon-sur-NIarne, a town of
France, in the department of Maine and
late province of Champagne, 17 miles s
of Rhtems. Lon. 4 5 E, lat. ^i 58 N.
Chatjllon-sur-Seine, a town of
France, in the department of Cote dOr
and late province of BurgunJy, divided
into two by the river Seine. It has iron-
works in its neighbourhood* and is 36
miles Nwof Dijon. Lon. 4. 35 £, kt. 47
43 N. •
Chatoojje, a lake «if N America, in
the ftate x)f ^New York. It is the iburce
■of the river Conawoago, which runs into
the Allegany. The lower end of it,
whence the river proceeds, is in lat. 4*
ION. From the Nw of this lake to Lake
Erie is nine miles.
Chatre, a town of France, in thede-
partment of Indre and late province of
Berry, feated on the river Indre, 37 miles
,froin Bourges. It has a confidexable
trade in cattle. Lon. i 55 E, lat. 46
35 N-
Chatswortii, a village in the Peak
of Derbyfliire, near the river Derwent,
fix miles w of Chefterheld. Heve is a
noble ftat of the duke of Devonfhire,
which, for its fine fituation,: park, gar-
dens, fountains, &c. is deemed one of the
wonders of the Peak. In its firft age, it
was -the prilon of Mary queen of Scots,
for 1 7 years j in memory of which the
new lodgings that are built, inltead of
the old, are called the Queen of Scots
apartment.
Chanes, a town of Portugal, in the
province of Tra-los-Montes, feated at the
foot of a mountain,.on the river Tamega.
It has tvtto fuburbs and two forts. Be-
t>'crn the (own and the fv^burb ^lagda-
lena, is an old Roman ■fione4|>'ldge. If
is 30 miles sw of Braganza. Loa. /
o w, lat. 41 45 N.
Cha VMONT, a town of France, in th«
department of Upper Mame and latt
province of Champagne. The principal^
gate of the church oi the college is much
admired. It is feated on a niountain»
near the river Mame, 14 miles s of JoiafJ
ville. Lon. 5 9 E, lat. 4S 8 N.
Chaumomt, a town of France, ii\ th&
department of Oiie and late province of
the^Lle of France, 30 miles NW of Paris.
Lon. 2 7 E, lat. 49 18 N.
Chauny, a town of France, in the
department of Aifne, on the river Oi(e,
20 miles £ of Noyon. Lon. 3 18 £»
lat. 49 17 N.
Cheadle, a town in Staifordfhire,
with a market on Saturday, feated in the
molt fertile part of t]j|| moorland, ix
miles NE of Stafford. Lon. i 56 w,
lat. 53 o N.
Che AM, a vlUaige in Surry, adjoin-
ing to which is the fite of the village of
(^odinton, or Cudington, where Henry
viji built the palace of Nonfuch, ib much
celebrated, by Camden and Hentzner,
for its magnificence. It was a favourite
reiidence of queen Elifabethj but bein;
granted by Charles li to the duchefs of
Cleveland, fhe pulled down the houfe,
and difparked the land. Chcam is 13
miles &«w of London.
Chebukto, a harbour, near Halifax,
in Nova Scotia. Lon. 63 18 w, lat. 44
45 N.
Chedder, a village in Somerfetfhire,
famous for its cheefes, which are as large
as thoie of Chcfliire. It is three miles £
of Axbridge.
Chedworth, a village in Glouccfter-
fhire, four miles wsw of Northlech, fituate
on the declivity of two hills. In this
parifh, in 1760, a Roman bath was dif-
covered ; and near it is a tumulus, in which
great quantities of human bones have
besn found.
CuElTOREjror OuDiPOUR, one of the
principal of the Rajpoot ftates, in Hin-
dooltan Proper. It confifts, in general
of high mountains, divided by narrow
vallies , or ot plains environed by mourt-
tains, acceffible only by narrow pafTes or
defiles J and ^bounds with tortrclfes : in
reality, one of the (trongett countries in
the world ; yet having an extent of arable
land fufficient for the lupport of a nu-
merous population, and blelicd with a
niikl climate, being between 24 and 28^
N bt. It is tributary to the Mahruttas.
Chiitore, ©r OuDiPOUR, a town,
I3
CHE
G H E
]A*a provlnflle of the fame namei in Hin-
dooftan Proper. It was the .capital of
the rann, or chief prince, of the Rajpoots,
in the days of his greatnefs ; and was a
fbrtrei's and city of great extent, fituate
on a mountain ; but it has been in ruins
iince the time ot Aurungzebe, in 1681.
It is 120 miles s by E of Nugpour. Lon.
74. 56 E, lat. ?,5 ax N.
Chelm, a town oi Poland, in Red
KulTia, capital of a palatinate of its own
name, with a bishop's fee. It is 100
miles £SE of Warfaw. Lon. 23 29 £,
lat. 51 20 N.
Chelmer, a river in Eflex, which
rifes near Thaxted, and flows by Dun-
mow and Chelmsford to Maiden, where
it joins the Blackwater, and forming the
eftuary called Blackwater Bay, or Maiden
Water, enters the German Ocean.
Chelmsfordi the county-town of
lEflTex, fituate irF a beautiful valley, at
the confluence of the Chelmer and Can,
with a market on Friday. It confifts of
the town and hamlet of Moulfham, parted
from each other by the river Can, over
which is an elegant ftone bridge of one
arch. In the town are the church, a
magnificent ftiire-houfe, a freefchool, a
r.«^v conduit, and a neat theatre : the
hamlet contains the new county-gaol, and
three meeting-houfes. In 1793, an aft
was obtained, to make the Chelmer navi-
gable hence to Maiden. Chelmsford is
ai miles wsw of Colchefter, and 29 ene
of London. Lon. o 33 E, lat. 51 43 n.
Chelsea, a village in Middkfex, on
the Thames, one mile w of Wettminfter ;
remaikable for its magnificent hofpital
for the invalids of the anny, and for the
noble rotur.do in the garden of Ranelagh
Houfe, a place of ftfhionable amule-
ment in the iummer evenings, and the fineft
itrufturc of the kind in Europe. Here is
•alfo an excellent phyfic garden, belonging
to the company of apothecaries.
CHE^r EN HAM, a towff in Gloucefter-
Ihire, with a market on Thurfday ; and
tioted for its mineral waters, which are
fomewhat like thole of Scatborough. It
is nine miles ne of Gloucefter, and 95 w
by N of London. Lon. 2 ai w, lat. 51
JSN.
CHelum, a river of Hlndooftan Pro-
per, being the wetternmoft of the five
eaftem branches of the river Indus. It
riles above Cafhraere, waters that city,
and. flowing through the province of that
name, in a se diretftion, joins the Indus
below Moaltan. This river is the fa-
mous Hydalpes of Alexander.
Chen-si, one of the molt extcnfive
provinces of China» bordering on ti\6
great wall. It is divided into two parts^
the eaftem and weftem« and contains eight
cities of the firft rank, and 106 of the
fecond and third. It is fertile, commer-
cial, and rich, but fubjefl to long droughts}
and clouds of locufts ibmetimes deiftroy
every thing that grows in the fields : theie
infe61s the Chinel'e eat boiled. InChen-fi,
are rich gold mines, which, for political
reafons, are not allowed to be opened. 6i-
ngan-fou is the capital.
Chen-yan, or MouG-DEN, the ca-
pital of Eaftem Chinefe Tartary (or
country of the Mantchew Tartars) and
of a department of the fame name, which
is bounded on the s by the great wall of
China.
Chepelio, an ifland in the bay of
Panama, three miles from the city of Pa-
nama, which it I'upplies with provifions
and fruit. Lon. 80 15 w, lat. 8 46' n,
Chepstow, a town in Monmouth-
fliire, with a market on Saturday. It is
feated on the fide of a hill, on the Wyej
near its confluence with the Severn. It
was formerly a confiderable place, and had
a large caftleon a rock, and a priory, part
of which is converted into a church. It is
walled round, has a handfome high bridge
over the river, and fends provinons and
other commodities to Briftol. The tide
is faid to rife higher here than in any
other part of Europe, it fwelling to 5a or
60 feet perpendicular. It is 18 miles
N of Bnftol, and 127 w of London^
Lon. 2 36 w, lat. ^ 42 N.
Cher, a department of France, in-
cluding part of the lateprovince of Berry.
It receives its name from the river Cher,
which riles in Anvergne, and falls into
the Loire, below Tours. Bourges is the
capital. *
Cherasco, a confiderable town of
Piedmont, capital of a territory of the
fame name, with a ftfong citadel, to
which the duke of Savoy retired in 1706^
during the fiege of Tiuin. It is feated
at the confluence of the Sturia and Ta-
naro, upon a mountain, »4 miles se of
Turin. Lon. 7 58 E, lat. 44 45 N.
Cherbourg, a feaport of France, in
the department of the Channel and late
province of Normandy, with alate Au-
guftine abbey. It is remarkable for the
feafight between the Englilh and French
in 1692, when the latter were beat, and
upward of twenty of their men of wai
burnt near Cape la Hogue. The Englilh
landed here in Auguft 1758, took the
town, with the fliips in the bafin, demo-
iiftcd tlw fpitificaticns, and. ruined the
other wo
to enlar
more fat
were re
fcale,
frcl's w;i
:herboi
Lon. I
Chef
Afia,
•f Bagd
Chei
CHEf
Ocean,
I.on.
Chei
nice,
Croatia
foil is
cattle,
40 E, 1
Che
the gov
^ new
the n1
low th
not yet
many <
a prett
prmcij
jjxport
which
ifhips 1
^upplie
U
rts,
ight
the
ner-
htsj
Toy
hele
i-fi,
ical
6i,
. CHE
ether wo Its which had been long begun
to enlarge the harbour, and render it
more fafe and convenient. Thcle works
were refumed, on a very Itupcndous
fcale, ny Lewis xvi j but their pro-
frel's was interrupte.i by the revolution.
Cherbourg is 50 miles Nw ot' Caen.
Lon. 1 33 E, lit. 49 38 N.
Cheresoul, a town of Turkey in
Afiu, capital of Curdiftan, 150 miles N
•f Bagdad. Lon.44 15 E, lat. 35 50 N.
Cherokee River. SccTennesse.
Cherry Island, in the Northern
Ocean, between Noi-way and Greenland.
JLon. ao 5 E, laf. 74 30 N.
Cherso, an illand in the gulf of Ve-
nice, with a town of the fame name, near
Croatia, belonging to the Venetians. The
foil is ftony ; but it abounds in wine,
cattle, oil, and excellent honey. Lon. 14
40 E, lat. 45 II N.
Cherson, the capital of New Ruflia, in
the governnunt of Catharinenflaf. It is
fL new town, ere£lcd by Catharine 11, on
)the N bank of the Dnieper, 10 miles be-
low the mouth of the Jngulec. It is
not yet veiy large ; but the church, and
many of the houfes are built of ftone, in
a pretty tafte. It is intended to be the
prmcipal mart of all the commodities of
pxport and import. It has a dock, from
which feveral men of ^yar and merchant
ifhips have been already launched. It is
fupplied with fuel by reeds only, of
which there i,s an inexhauftible foreft in
the (hallows of the Dnieper, oppofite the
town. Rails, and even temporary houfes,
are made of them. They are tall and
ftrong, and afford ihelter to various kinds
of aquatic birdsi fomeof which are very
teautiful. The fortifications are made,
and thie plantations formed, by malefac-
tors, who amount to fome hundreds. In
1787, the emprefs made a triumphant
journey to this czfitzl, and here met the
emperor Jofeph 11. Her intention, it is
faid, was to be cix)wned here queen pf
Taurica, and emprefs of the Eaft: but
the defign 4>d hot take place ; and Que
was content to have infcribed over one of
the gates of the city, Through this gate
lies the road to Byzantium. In this
"i)lace, in 17^0, the celebrated Mr. How-
ard, fo well known for his plans of re-
form of the diffeirent hofpitals and prifons
of Europe, fell a vi6lim to his indefati-
gable humanity. Cherfon is 50 miles £
of Oczakow. Lon. 33 10 e, lat. 46
5 N.
Chertsey, a town in Surry, with a
market on Wednefday. It is feated near
the Xhame»; over wluch is a handfome
CHE
ftone bridge of feven arches. It is feven
miles w oT Kingfton, and 20 w by s of
London. Lun. o %o w, lat. 51 25 N.
Cherz, an ancient tc-n of Poland, in
Maibvia, 1 5 miles from \\ arfaw. Lon.
21 8 w, lat. 51 I N.
CilESAPEAK, one of the largeft bays in
the known world. Its entrance is be-
tween Cape Charles and Cape Henry in
Virginia, 12 miles wide, and it extends
270 niUes to the N, dividing Virginia
from Maryland. It is from ieven to 18
miles broad, and generally nine fathoms
deep J affording a i'afe navigation and
many commodious harbours, it receives
the Sulquehannah, Potomac, Rappahan-
noc, York, and James Rivers, which are
all large and navigable. Lon. 76 o w,
lat. 36 45 N.
Chesham, a town in Bucks, with a
market on Wednefday, 12 miles s£ of
Aileftury, and 29 w by N of London.
Lon. o 36 w, lat. 51 42 n.
Cheshire, an Engliih county pala-
tine, bounded on the N by Lancafliirc;
on the NE by Yorkfhire, on the £ by
Derbyrtiire, on the SE by Statfordfhire, on
the s by Sbroplhire, on the w bv Den-
bighftiire and Flintftiire, and on the NW
by the Irilh Sea, into which projefts a
peniniula, 13 miles in length and fix in
breadth, formed by the mouths of the
Merfey and the Die. This county ex-
tehds 33 miles from N to s, and 42 'from
E to \v, without including the peninfula
juft 'mentioned on the w, or a narrow
traiSt of land which Ihetches between Lan-
caHiire ;ind Derby/hire, to York/hire, on
the NE. It is divided into feven huh.
dreds, containing one city, 1 1 market-
towns, and loi parifhes. ft fends two
members to parliament for the county,
and two for Chefter. The air is tem-
perately cold, and very healthful. The
principal rivers are 'the Merfey, Weaver,
Dee, and Dane;- and it has feveral fmall
lakes. It is rich in pafture and corn land j
but there are feveral heaths upon which
horles and fliecp feed, among which are
the extenfive forefts of Macclesfield and
Delamere. The countiy is generally level j
the higheft hills in it are about Frod^am j
and its extenfive pafturcs feed a great
number of cows, whofe milk is peculi-
arly rich, and of which is made excel-
lent cheefe. Such quantities of ilj^fe
cheefes are made, that London alone is
faid to take annually 14,000 tons ; and
vaft quantities are alfo lent to Briftol,
YorK, Scotland, Ireland, &c. But a
confiJerable quantity of what commonly
goes by the name of Cheiliire che«lc is
u
I U
k ii
i- i\
.jc. -: -■
^...^■..•?^r
iv.;'i, (I
!M:' I
trnm
CHE
C H I
nidc in' Shropfhire, StafForfiflilre, antl
Lanralhire. This county is Ukewiie
famous for its fait fprinp;s at Niinipt-
vvich, Midcllewich, Northw'jch, rnd Wins-
ford ; and, at Northwlcli, thcip are valt
pits of folid fait rock.
Chester, tlie capital of Chcftiire,
with a market pn Wednefclay and Satur-
day. It is a place of great antiquity ;
the walls are near two miles in circum-
ference, and there are four gates, towards
the four cardinal points. It has a rtrong
caftle, jn which is the ihire-hall, a^id lo
churches, befide th^ cathedral. The
main Itreets have a fort of covered por-
tico running, out from home to houl'e,
which arc. called rows, and attbrd a fliel-
tered walk tor the foot paficng'jrs. It
has 4 con(tant cornmunicution vith Ire-
land} this and Holyhead being the prin-
cipal places of taking fliipping for Dub-
lin.. It has a Imall fharc of toreign
tjade } and its two annual fairs are the
moft npted in England, especially for the
Xalc of Irifh Jinen. It has a manufai'ture
of gloves, and a confide; aiiL- trafRc of
fnop goods into N Wales. Jt gives the
title of earl to the prince' of Wales, is
jgovtrned by a mayor, fends two members
to pajlianunt, and is a bilhop's fee. It
is 20 miles s by e of Ljivtrppol, 38 sw
of Manchcfter, and iSJz NW ol^ London.
Lon. 35 \v, lat. 53 12 N.
Chester, a county of Pennfylyania,
4.4. miles long and 22 broad. In a 790,
it contained 27,937 inhabitants. Weft
Cheiter is the capital.
Chester, West, the capital of thp
couuty of Clxitcr, in Pennl'ylv.inia, It
Is fea:ed on the Del-iware, and ha.-; a fme
harbour, 17 miles w by s of Philadel-
phia. Lon. 75 3 w, lat. 39 S4- N.
Chesterfield, a town in-Derby-
fliire, with a market.pn Saturday, aiid a
handibme c'lurch, ryiiarkahJc' fcr.^ its
curved fpiro. It is governed by a mayor,
'«,nd, next to Derby, is the nioic coififKlcr-
able trading town in tlic county. • It has
a manufafliire of ilockingy, and alio of
carpets. There are po.ierie'j for brown
ware, and near the town large iron foun-
dries, the ore and coal for the fupply of
which arc dug lu the vlcirity. Large
quantities of iv'ad are ri. ^ fiom hence, by
a caniil from this town to the 'J rent,
wl'.ich it joins below Gainlbcr^ugh.
Chefterficld is feated en a hill, between
the rivulets Ibber and Rother, 22 miles
N of Derby, and 149 nnw of London.
Lon. I 127 \v. lat. S3 18 N.
Cheviot Hills, a ridge of morn-
tains, which nm from N to s through
Northumberland and Cumberland. Near
thefe ni.my an obltinate battle has betn
fotight bctwern the Englilh and Scots,
bctore the two kingdoms were united.
Thele hills arc ddetly wild and open
fjieepwaikt : goats alfo are fed among
them ; and fome of the fined cattle in the
kingdom, in parts of the Scotch border.
CfiiAPA-pE-LOS-iNDios, a large town
of N America, in Mexico, in a province
pf its own name. Lon. 96 5 w, lat. 15
16 N.
Chiapa-el-real, a town of N Ame-
rica, in Mexico, in a province of its own
name, with a bUhop's lee. Its principal
trade coniiits in ctcoa-nuts, cotton, am^
fugar. Lon. 94. 4.5 w, lat. 17 lo N.
CiiiABtNZA, a leaport of Turkey in
Europe, ip the Morea, oppofite the iilan4
of Zante. Lon. 21 35 E, lat. 37 50 N.
Chiari, a town of Italy, in the Bref-
fiai'.o, where the Auftrians defeated the
French in 1701. Lon. 10 17 E, lat. 4.1
30 N.
Chiako-Monte, a town of Sicily, on
a mountain, 25 miles vy of Syracufc.
Lon. 14. 59 E, lat. 37 3 N. '
Chiavenna, a town of Swifferland,
capital of a county of the fame name,
under the fovereignty pf the Griibns. It
is a trading place, cfpecially in wine ana
delicate fruits j but its chief fupport is
the tranfport of merchandife, it being the
principal communication betvveen the Mi-
lanei'e and Germany. The governor's
palace, and the churches are magnificent j
and the inhabitants are Romap catholics.
Here are the ruins of » once celebrated
fortrefs, on the fumrait of a rock; and
Cloie to the town is a reck of aibeftos, a
kind of mineral fubttance, of a grayi/h
filvercidour, which can be drawn out mto
longitudinal fibres as fine as thread, and
4s uippojj.tl to be indehruftlble by fire.
^{Jliinyf«na is feated ner.r the lakes of
> Chiavenna and Como. Lon. 9 19 £,
,fat. 46 19 N. ;
. ; CuiAVENNA, Laohetto di, a, fmall
lalte of the country of the 6rjfons, iii
Swiflcriand, near the town of Chla-
yennfi. The views of this lake are wild
.anti, magnificent ; furround(;d as it is by
barren rpcks, craggy, and rlfmg into
ipiits fprinkled with fnow. The bafes
of thefe dreadful precipices arc loft in the
overfhadovved water, dangerous on ac-
count of its malignant ynpours, and af-
fording no afylum, fcarcely'a landing-
place, to the crews of thole frail boats,
which are caught unwarily in the violeut
ftornis to whicn it is. fubjcil.
CHiCAS.'\\vs,anationofrri{Uans,fettl?»l
needles .
It is 61
48 W,
IT
C H I
§n the head branches of the Tombcckbe,
Mobile, <uui Yaioo rivers, in the NW cor-
ner of Georgia. The number of thele
Indians Ina been reckoned at 1725, of
which 575 are fighting men. They have
i'evcn towns, the central one of which i$
in Ion. 89 43 \v, lat. 34. 23 N.
Chichester, the capital of SuiTex,
with a market on WL-dnelUay and Satur-
day. It is leated in a plain, on the river
Levant, is a biihop's fee, and has a ca-
thedial, with feven fmall churches. It
fends two members to parliament, and is
governed by a mayor. The city is walled
round, and from the market-place, which
is the centre, may be ieen the four gates.
It exports corn,, mak, &c. and has Ibmc
foreign comjnerce, tuid a manufaolurc of
needles. The haven affords fine lobllers.
It is 61 miles s\v of London. Lon. o
48 w, int. 50 50 N.
Chielefa, a town of Turkey in Eu-
rope, in the Morea. It was taken by the
Venetians in 1685 ; but the Turks retook
it. Lon. 22 28 E, ht. 36 35 N.
Chi EM SEE, a lake of Germany, in
Bavaria, which contains an ifland and
town of the fame name, with a bifliop's
fee. The ifland is 17 miles in circum-
ference, and the town is 22, miles vvsw
of Saltzburg.
Chieri, a fortified town of Piedmont,
feated on the declivity of a hill, in a plca-
fant country, bounded on all fides by hills
covered with vines. . It is eight miles E
of Turin.
Chietj, a town of Naples, capital of
V^bruzzo Citeriore, with an archbifhop's
fee. It is feated on a mountain near the
river Pefcara, eight miles sw of Pefcara.
Lon. 15 7 £, lat. 42 20 N.
. Chigwell, a village in Eflex, near
Epping Foreft, noted for a freefchool,
founded by aixhbifliop Harfnett, who had
been vicar of this place. He was buried
in the church ; and his graveftone was
adorned with his figure in brafs, in his
pontifical robes, but for its bf^fer pre-
iervation, it has been fixed on a peueftal
in the chancel. Chigwell is 10 miles NE
of London,
Chihiri, or Port-Cheer, a feaport
of Arabia Felix, which carries on a con-
{1 Jer able trade . Loh . 49 2 5 E , lat . 1 4 40 N .
Chili, a large counfcry of S America,
on the coaft of the S Pacific Ocean, dif-
covered by Diego d'Almagro in i52(|.
She mountainous part of it is (till pof^
Ted by the Puelches, Araucos, and
ot\er tribes of its original inhabitants,
forf^idable neighbours to the Spaniards,
with whom, during two centuries, they
CHI
have been obliged to maintain almoft pi
petual hoftility, fulpended only by a few
mtci-vals of infecure peace. That part
of Chili, therefore, wnich may be pro-
perly deemed a Spanish provinr-, is a
narrow diftrifl, extending along thecoad,
frcm the defart of Atakamas to the ifland
of Chiloe, above 900 miles. Its climate
is the moll delightful in the New World,
and Is hardly equalled by that of any
region on the face of the earth. Though
bordering on the torrid /one, it never
fetla tbe extremity of heat, being fcretned
on the E by the Andes, and refreflied
from the w by cooling I'cabreezes. The
temperature of the air is fo mild and
equable, that the Spaniards give it the
preference to that of the fouthem pro-
vinces in their native country. The fer-
tility of the foil correlponds with the be-
nignity of the climate, and is wonder-
fully accommodated to European pro-
duilions. The mofl valuable of thefc,
coini, wine, and oil, abound in Chili, a$
if tliey bad been native in the country.
Here all the .'rnit. imported iVom Europe
attain to full ma!.i.irlt.y j and the animals
not only multiply, but improve. The
horned cattle are of larger fize than thofe
of Spain ; and its horfes excel in beauty
and fpirit, the famous Andalufian race
from which they fprung. Nature too,
has enriched Chili with valuable mines
of gold, filver, copper, and lead. Yet, in
all this extent of country there are not above
80,000 white inhabitants, and 240,000
negroes and people of a mixed race.
Chilka, a lake in the Deccan of Hin-
dooftan, which bounds the five Circars
on the N. It lies on the coaft of the bay
of Bengal, and feems the efFei5l of the
breach of the fea over a flat fandy fur-
face, whole elevation was fomething
above the level of the country withi».
It communicates with the fea by a very nar-
row but deep opening,and is fliallowwithin.
It is 40 miles long, and x 2 or 1 5 wide,
with a narrow flip of ground between it
and the lea. It has many inhabited iflands
in it. On the n\v it is bounded by a
ridge of mountains, a continuation of
that which extends from the Mahanuddy
to the Godavery River, and ftiuts up the
Circars toward the continent. To thofe
who fail at fome diftsnce' from the coaft,
this lake has the appearance of a- deep
•^ay J the flip of land not being vifible.
Chiloe, an ifland of S America, on
the coaft of Chili, 125 miles in length,
and 1 7 in breadth. The principal to\vn
is Caftro.
CuiLTERN, a chain of chalky hills,
i
*:
f ■
r^f^.!^
C HI
C H I
nmnlng from e to w through Biicking-
hamihire. They are covered, in variotis
jwirts, with woods : und Ibme of the tmi-
licnces are of cunfideruhlc iieight, and af-
iord rich prolj)e<Fls. This dlltrift be-
longs to thi: crowM, which, for time ini-
neinorial, has had an otticer tindi-r it,
with the title of Steward of the Chiltcrn
hundreds. Of this office, as well ns
that of Steward of tlie manor of Eaft
Hundred in IJerks, it is remarkable, that,
although frequently conferred upon mem-
bers ot the houfe of commons, it is not
froduflive of either honour or emolu-
ment; being giar.ted, at the requeft of
any member of that houfe, merely to
enable him to vacate Ms I'eat, whenever
he may choofe • ., by the acceptance of a
nominal office under the crown : and, on
t!i:s account, it has not unfrequently been
granted to three or four dift^rent members
in a week.
Chimay, a town of France, In the de-
partment of the North and late province
of Haiaault, leited en the xlvei" Blanche,
20 miles ssvv of Charleroy. Lou. a. 15 e,
lat. 50 o N.
CHjM/t;RA,an ancient townof lurkcy
in Europe, in Albania, capital of a ter-
ritory of the fame name, including a
chain of moimtains, of which one part
is free, and the other fubjeft to the Turks.
It i& feated cm a rock, at the entrance of
'lie gulf of Venice, 29 miles n of Corfu.
Lon. 20 ? E, lat. 4.0 8 N.
C111MI.KIO.H, a town in Devonfliire,
with a market on Wednefday. It is al-
moft furrounded by the river Dart j and
is 21 miles nw of Exeter, and 195 w by
spf London. Lon. •? 53 vv,lat. 50 57 N.
China, an extenfive empire in Afia,
bounded. on the N.byTartary, from which
it is lepjirated by a great wall 500 leagues
in length ; on the e by the Yellow Sea and
t)ie Chinefe Ocean } on the s by that
ocean and the kingdoms of Tonquin,
laos, and Burmah; and on the w by
Thibet. It lies between ? 00 and 125° e
Ion. and 20 and ^i*^ N lat. It is 2000
iniles from N tb s, and i 500 from E to \v,
and divided into j 5 provinces, which con-
tain 4402 walJed cities, divided into
clafles, the civil and the military: the
civil clafs contains 2045, ^^^^ ^^^'-^^ °f ^^^
military 2 357. The civil clafs is again
divided into three other clafles, namely,
the firft clafs, which are called fou-y the
fecond, called tcbeou\ .and *4ie third,
which are called^/V«. Ac«-jrding to tlje
calculations of father Amiot, China con-
tains 200,000,000 inhabitants. Aftonifh-
ing as this may appear to Europektns,
abbe Groficr is of opinion th.it this ac-
count is by no means exaggerated j and
he himltlt not only Itates all the calcu-
Jations of Amiot, but gives a variety of
reafons,' from circumftances almott pecu-
liar to China, to account for this won-
derful population in that remote coiner of
Aila. The climate and foil are various,
as tiie different provinces are nearer to, or
remote from, the s j fevere cold being ftit
at I'ckin, while the fbuthern provinces
arc expofed to exceflivc heat. Here are
llvcral large rivers, and where thefe arc
wanting, there are fine cann.ls. In feveral
oi the provinces, the land yields two
crops a year; yet, though the hufband-
man cultivates it with luch care, as not
to loCe the linalleft portion of ground,
China has been often delblated by famine.
Its numerous mountains (which art;
chiefly in tl:e N and w parts of the em-
pire) contain mines of iion, tin, copper,
quicl^filver, gold, and fdver: but thofe
of gold and iilver are net permitted to be
^penedj the eniptrcri having always
feared, that if the people fhouTd be ex-
pofed to the temptation of th^fe artificial
riches, they would be induced to negleft
the more uleful labours of agriculture.
Quarries of marl)le, coal mines, lapis
lazuli, rock cryftals, precious ftpnes, and
a kiiid of fonorous .Hopes, of which mu-
fical inltruments are compofed, are abun-
dant in China. They have potter's ear^i^
too of fuch various and fuperior kinds,
that their celebrated fine porcelain will
ever remain unrivalled. Bf:nde the fruits
peculiar to the country, China produces
the greater part of thole of Europe; but
(excepting the grapes and pomegranates)
they are much inferior. Ovainges^were
firft brought us fro^n China. They have
alfo lemons, citrons,' the tfe-tfe, a kind
of fie peculiar to China j the li-tchi, of
the fize of a date, its ftone covered with
a foft juicy pulp, of an exquifite tafle,
but dangerous when eaten to excefs j the
long-yen, or dragon's-eycs, its pulp
white, tart, and juicy, not ib agreeable
to the tafle, but more wholefome than the
li-tchi. The Chinefe furpafs us in the
art of managing kitchengardens, and
have a number ot vegetables unknown to
us. They cultivate even the bottom, of
their waters; the beds of their lakes;
ponds, and rivulets, producing crops un-
known to us, particularly of the pitfi, or
water chefnut, the fruit of which (foUnd
in a cover formed by its root) is exceed;-
ingly wholefome, and of a very delic?fe
taite. Amon<T the trees peculiar to CJ"]*
is the tallow-tree^ the fruit yf wh^« i*
/
/.
/
C H I
CHI*
contained in a huflc, divided uito three
^herical fegments, which opeK when it
U ripe, anu dii'cover three white grains
of the dze of a I'mall walnut, the pulp of
which has ail the properties of tallow ;
the wax-tree, producing a kind of white
wax almoft equal to that made by bets ;
the tfi-chu, or varni(h-trcc, which pro-
duces the admirable Chinele v.vmifli ; the
tie-ly-mou, or 'iron wood, thi' wood of
which is io hard and heavy, that it finjcs
in water, and the anchors of the Chinell-
fhips of war are made of it ; the cam-
phire-tree j the bamboo-reeds, which giow
to the height and fize of a large tree,
and befide being ufed as natural pipes to
convey watei', are employed for number-
lefs other purpofes} the tea-plant, 6cc.
with cotton, betel, and tobacco: the
flowering flnubs, flowers, herbs, and me-
dicinal plants aire too numerous to be re-
•cired. The mountains and vaft forcfts
abound with wild animals of every fpecies ;
but that valuable quadruped, the raufk-
deer, is peculiar to it. Of their birds,
'the molt beautiful in China, and, per-
haps, in the world, is the kin-hi, or gol-
den fowl. The complexion of the Chi-
'neli: is a fort of tawny, and they have
large foreheads, fmall eyes, Ihoi't noles,
large ears, long beards, and black hai^*;
smd thofe are thought to be the moll hand-
fome who are the moft bulky. The wo-
men aife<^ a great deal of modefty, and
lare remarkable for their little feet. The
men endeavour to make as pompous an
appearance as pof^ble, when they go
abroad; and yet.tiieir houi'es are meaa
and low, confiiting only of a ground floor.
Learning, with the arts and fciences in
general, is much cultivated in this country.
The govcrnipent is abfolute, and the em-
peror has a privilege of naming his fuc-
ceflor ; but the chief mandarin has per-
milfion to tell hira of his faults. He
looks upon his I'ubjefts as his children,
and profeflbs to goverp them with paternal
affeftion. Their empire is very ancient,
and they pretend that it exitted many
thoufalld years before Noah's flood ; it is
generally allowed to have continued 4000
years. The annual revenues of the crown
are computed at 2i,ooo,oool. Iterling,
and the forces are faid to confdt of
5,000,000 of men in time of peace ; but
<hey have no enemies to cope with. Their
religion is paganifm. They allow poly-
gamy, and keep their wives pretty clofe.
The Chinefe pretend to have a great vene-
ration for their anceftors ; and ibme keep
images of them in their houfes, to which
they pay a fort of a4pratio{jj They b:\ve
bw$ which rcgubte the civilities and ce-
remonious falutations they pay to each
other, for which realon thuy always ap.
pear to be txlremtly goocinutuitd } nul
yet they are as dtcejtuu as any peo;ile i&
the world. Their writing is very parti-
cular i for every letter is a word, aucl con-
fequenily they have as many letters, or
charaiPters, as words in their language.
All their towns are fo much alike, that
thole who know one, are acquainted with
all. Pekin is the capital.
Chinca, a feaport of Peru, feated on x .
river, in a valley of its own name, 90 miles
s of Lima. Lon. 76 15 w, lat. 13 10 s.
Chin ON, an ancient town of France,
,'n the department of Indre and Loire and
iau' provmce of Touralne, with a cadlc,
in which Henry 11, king of England ex-
pired; anii here the celclnalea Joan of
Arc i:'-<t prefcnted herfclf, in a nuhtary
habit, before Charles vii. Chinon is
the birthplace of Rabelais and of Quillet.
It is feated on the Vienne, 10 mile^ N of
Richelieu, and 150 sw of Paris. Loq.
o 22 E, lat. 47 12 N.
Chinsura, a town of Hindooftan
Proper, in Bengal. It is a fettlement of
the Dutch, and is feated on th: river
Hoogly, nearly midway between Chan-
dernagore, and the old town of Hoogly.
It contains fevcral good houfes, and a
church, with a little mole projefting into
the river. It was taken by the Englith
in 1795.
Chinv, a town of the Netherlands,
capital of a county of the fame name, in
Auftrian Luxemburg, 57 miles w of.
Luxembiu"g. Lon. 5 37 e, lat. 49 45 n.
Chiourlic, an ancient town of Ro-
mania, with the iee of a Greek biihop ;
icatc-d on a river of the fame name, 47
miles w of Conllantinople. Lon. 27 57
£, lat. 41 8 N.
Chiozzo, a town and ifland of Italy,
in the territory of Venice, w ith a bi/hop's
lee, and a harbour, defended by a fort.
It is 18 miles s of Venice. Lon. iz 9 Ey
lat. 45 17 N.
Chippenham, a borough in Wilts»
with a market on Saturday. It fends two
members to parliament j and is feated
on tha Avon, over which is a ftone bridge
of 16 arches, 21 miles E of Bnltol,and94
w of London. Lon. z 8 w,lat. 51 27 n.
Chirk, avillagfi s of Wrexham, in Den-
bighftiire. It had formerly two caftles,
on the top of a hill, one of which feems
to have been a magnificent ftrufture.
Chislehurst, a village in Kent, near
Bromley. Here is Camden Pbce, the
ancient feat of carl CanuUn, and the rtf;-
! n
k '
i 1:
f,
'A
[i
m
( . :
C H O
C H R
dence of the celebr'ated antiquary of fhat
r;une, who died here. Chiflehiirft is
alio the birthplace of fir Nicholas Bacon
and lir Frmcis Walfinglram. It is ii
miles SE of London,
Cms ME, a feaport of Natolia, on the
ftralt that parts the continent from the
ifle of Scio. It was anciently called Cyf-
fiis, was celebrated for the great viftory
•which the Romans gained here over the
fleet of Antiochiis, in 191 B. C. and has
been diltinguifhed by the deftru6lion of
the Turki/li fleet by the Ruffians in 1770.
Cms WICK, a village in Middlefex, on
the Thames. Here is Chifwiclc Hnui'e,
a celebrated villa of the duke of Dci'on-
ihire, built by the earl of Burlington, after
a. de/ign of Palladio. In the churchyard
5s a monument to Hogarth, with an epi-
taph by Garrick. It is five miles w by
» of London.
Chitro, a town of Macedonia, on
the bay of Salonichi. It is the phce
whciT the mother, wife, and (on of Alex-
ander were murdered by Caflander; and
■where Perl'eus was defeated by the Ro-
mans. Lon. zz 35 E, lat.40 70 N.
CfHTTEnROOG, a town of the penin-
fula of Ilindooftan, in Myfore, 117 miko
K by w of Seringr.p''tam. Lon. 76 15 E,
lat. 14. 5 N.
Chivas, a town of Piedmont, which
bas been feveral times taken and retaken.
It is fo udvantageoudy fituate near the
river Po, that it is called the key of
Italy. It is 12 miles NE of Tui in. Lon.
7 47 E, lat. 4.5 13 N.
Chiusi, an epifcopal town of Tufcany,
pooriy peopled, on account of its tm-
wholeibme air. It is 35 miles sr of
Sienna. Lon. 10 5* e, lat. 4.3 on.
Chiutaye, a town v.? Turkey in Afia,
capital of Natolia Proper, and the reii-
dence of tlis grand fignior before the
taking of Conftantinople. It is feated en
the river Ayala, 75 miles E of Burla.
Lon. 30 47 E, lat. 39 30 N.'
CHOCZiM,a town of Moldavia, on the
Dn>':ffer. It was taken by the Polts, in
1670, alter thty had totally defeated the
Turkitb di'iny, before its walls. It was
tjken by the Ruifians and Auftrians •*:
1788, but reitored to the Turks at the
fubiequcnt peace. It is no miles Nvv of
JaflTy. Lon. 46 15 w, hit. 48 46 N.
Cholet, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Maine and Loire, and late
province of Anjou, with a caftie, 1 70 miles
s\v of Paris. Lon. o 45 w, lat. 47
10 N.
Chonat, an epifcopal town of Hun-
gary, capital cf a county of the lame
name,, on the Mcr!ch, 25 miles i of Sc-
gedin.' Lon. zi 4 E, lat. 46 20 N.
Chorges, a town of Tvance, in the
department of the Upper Alps and late
province of Dauphiny, burnt by the duke
of Savoy in 1692. It is 10 miles e of
Gap. Lon. 6 23 E, lat. 44 35 N.
ChORLEY, a town in Larcafhire, with
a market on Tuefday. ' It is feated near
the fource of a rivulet called Chor, not
far from the river Yarrov/, fix miles SSE
»f Prefton, and 205 Nvv of London.
Lon. 2 45 v/, lat. 53 38 N.
Chowle, a town on the coaft of
Malabar, with a harbour for Irnall vefltls,
which is^ fortified. It belongs to Por-
tugal, and was fornlerly noted for its
fine embroidered quilts. It is 15 miles
s of Bombay^ Lon. 72 45 E, lat. 18
4* N.
Ghremnitz, the chief mine town in
Upper Hungary, 90 miles N£ of Prei-
burg. Lon. 19 27 e, lat. 4.8 59 N.
Christchurch, aborovighin Hamp-
■fhire, with a market on Monday. It is
governed by a mayor, lends two mem-
bers to parliament, and is feated at the
confluence of the Avon and StOur, 98
miles s\v of London. Lon. i 46 w,
lat. 50 45 N.
' "Christxania, a city of Southern
Norway, in the government of Agger-
huys, ntuate at the extremity of a fertik
valley, forming a femicircular bend along
the fliore of the beautiful bay of Biorn-
ing, which forms the N extremity of
the gulf of Chriftiania. It is divided into
the city; the liiburbs of Waterlandt,
Ptterwigen, and Fierdingen; the fortreis
of Aggerhuys j ?nd the old town of Oj)f-
loe or Aniloe. The inhabitants amount
to about 9000. The city was rebuilt in
its rrefent fitualion by Chrtftian iv, after
a plan defignt-d by himlelfi The ftreets
are carried in a {traight line, and at right
angles to each other, are utiilormly 40
feet hroaci, and very n'tat and clean. The
caltle of Aggi;rhuys is built on a reeky
eminence on the w fide of the bay, at a
Imail diftance from the cify. The go-
vernor is the chief governor of Norway,
and prefides ii. the high court of jultice.
Oplloe was the fite of the old city, burnt
in 1624: it contains the epifcopal palace.
ChriRiania has an exceiknt harbour, and
carries on a confiderable trade. Its priri-
cipal exports ire tar, foap, iron, copper,
planks, deals, and alum. The planks
and deals are of fuperior eftimation to
thofc lent from America, or from Rullia
and the other parts of the Baltic. It
has 136 privileged" fa'vmUls, pf vy-hlch
100 beloi
of Anker
the open
pcnhage
C li u
C I c
100 belong to a fingle tamlly of the r.ntne
of Anker. Chriftiunla is 30 rnifci iVom
the open lea, and 290 N by w cf Co-
penhagen. Ldn. 10 50 E, lat. 59 6 N.
Christianople, a Itrong f'euport of
Sweden, on th-' Baltic, and capital cf
Blpklngen. It is 13 miles ne ot Cailc-
Icroon. Lon. 15 47 E, lat. 56 26 N.
CiiRiSTiA.NBURG, a I'ort of Africa,
on the Gold Coalt of Guinea, fubjcft to
the Danes. Lon. 1 55 e, lat. 4 u H.
Christianst.\Dt, a town of Sweden,
in the territory of Blekin^^en. The
houfe* are all of brick, and moltly ftuc-
cocd white. Englifii veffcls aiuivaily
refort to this port, for alani, pitch, and
tar. The ir.habitruits have manuiaolures
»f clorh and filken (lufis. The town Is
fcaied in a marfliy plain, cloie to the
river Htlge-a, which flows into the Baltic
at A.hus, about the diltance of 20 miles,
and is navigable only for fmall crait of
ftven tons burdan. It is cltetnicd the
ftrongeft fortrel's in Sweden, and is 50
iniks NE of Copenhagen. Lon. 14. 10
E,]at. 56 25 N.
Christina, St. one of the iflands
in the S Pacific Ocean, called the Mar-
«juefas. Lon. 139 9 W, lat. 9 56 s.
Christmas Island, an ifland in the N
Pacific Ocean, fo named by captain Cook,
on account of his rirft iundlny; there on
Chriltmas day. It is 4.5 miles in circum-
ference, uninhabited, and deftitute of
frelh water ; but has abundance of fine
turtle, Lon. 157 30 w, lat. i 59 N.
Christmas Sound, a found of S
America, in 'IVrra del Fuego. Lon. 70
a w, lat. 5521 s.
CiiKisToi'Ui'R, St. or St. JIit's,
one ot' thi- Leeward lilands in the W
Indies, 60 miles \v of Antigua. It was
forn-.crly inhabited by the French :iiid
Euf.lilh ; but, in 1713, it wasc«ded to the
latrtr. It is 20 miles in breadth, and leven
in length, r.nd has high mountains in the
middle, v nee rivulets flow, which are
of great u)c to the inhabitants. Between
the mountains are dreadful rocks, horrid
precipices, ind thick woods ; and ia the
sw parts, lot fulphurous fprings ::t the
foot of them. The air is good, the foil
light, I'andy, and fruitful i but it is lubje.T:
to hurricanes. The produce is chiefly
fugar, cotton, ginger, indigo, and the
tropical fruits. It was taken by the
French in 1782, but rcftored the next
year. Bafliiterre is the capital.
Chudleigh, a town in Devonfhire,
with a market on Saturday; featcd near
ijie river Teigne, ivac miles sw of
Exeter, and 185 w by s of London,
Lon. 3 39 w, lat. 50 38 N.
Chunar, a fort of Hindcoftan Pro-
per, in Allahabad. It is feated dn the
Ganges, 20 miles above Benares, and
is built on a rock, fortified alt round by
a wall and towers. At the end, over-
looking ihe river, is tile citadel, which Is
laid to be «f the bighelt antiquity, and
originally built by the Hindoos. In the 1
ciLadei is an altar, coniilting of a plain
black marble (lab, on which the tutelary
deity of the place is traditionally fup-
poled to be leated at all times, except \
from funrile till nine in the morning,
wh. n he is at Bi-iiares ; during whick
time, from the fuperftition of the Hin-
doos, attacks may be made with a prof-
peit of fucccfs. Chunar was unfuccefs fully
attempted by the Englifli in 1 764. : the next
year, it was furrenclered to them : they
redored it to the nabob of Oude at the
fubfequent peace j but, in 1772, it was
finally ceded to them in exchange for
AlLihabad. At this place is kept the
magazine of ammunition and artillery for
the brigade at Cawnporc.' It is 3X5
niiles N\v of CalcucU. Lon. 83 50 £,
lat. 25 10 N.
Chunaub, or Jenaub, a river of
Kindooltan Proper, one of the five ealfern
branches of the Indus. It runs through
Caihmere and Lahore, between the Che-
lum and the Rauvee. It is united with
botk thelc rivers at ibme diftanc;; above
Moultan ; and, at their confluence with
the Induo, 20 miles ~w of Moultan, they
form a ft:ream as large as that river. The
Cliunaub is the Acefmes of Alexander.
CiiuN-TE-FOU, a city of China, in
the province of Pc-tcheli, with nine
populous citlw's of the third rank under
its jurifdiciii^i.
CHURCII-bTRETT0N,atOwnof Siirop-
fliire, witli a market on Thurfday, 14.
miles s of Shrewibury, and 153 WNVV
of London. Lon. 2 4.6 vv, lat. 52 32 N.
Churchill Fout, a fort «n ChiAich-
hill river, en the e fide ofilu^lon'* Bay.
Lon. 94 3 Vv, lat. 5S 48 N.
Ckusa:-!, an Illand on the E coaft of
Chinj!, wlure the Englilh £ India Coin-
j'.my had oiice a failoiy. Lon. 124 o £,
lat. 30 o N.
CiAMPA, a kingdom of Ada, bounded
on the E ar;d s by the Indian Ocean, on
the N by Cochin-China, and on the w
byCumbodla.
CiCLUi, or CicLUOH, a fronu^-r town
of Dalmatia, on a rocky hill on the w
hziik. of the NiirGnth^. It was uktn
M
-Xv
.
C I N
from the Turks, by the Venetians, in
1694. Lon. 18 zz E, lat. 4.3 29 n.
CiLLE Y, an ancient town of Germany,
in Upper Carniola. It is the capital of
a county of the fame name, and feated on
^e ciaan, 36 miles N£ of Laubach. Lon.
15 15 E» lat. 46 31 N.
CiMBRiSHAM, a feaport^f Sweden,
in Schonen. Lon. 13 30 e, lat. 56 40 n.
CiNALOA, a province and town of
New Spain, in the audience of Galicia,
•n the E fide of the gulf of California.
The aborigines in this province have
neither laws nor kings to punifh any
crime. They acknowledge, indeed, cer-
tain caciques, who are the heads of their
families or villages j but their authority
appears chiefly in their expeditions againft
their enemies, and depends not on here-
ditary right, but on their valour, and
the power and number of their con-
nexions. In other refpefts, they feem
to be among the iiideft people in Ame-
rica united in the focial Itate: they
neither cultivate nor fow, but depend
on the fpontaneous produftions of the
earth, or on hunting or fiftiing. They
have not the leaft knowledge of God,
nor any idea even ot" a falle deity: a
future ftate, and all religious worihip,
are, in courfe, unknown to them. About
the year 1771, the Spaniards, in "their
earaeditions againft the fierce tribes in
this and the province of Sonora (who
had committed great depredations upon
them, and whom they finally fubdued)
difcovered, that thefe negle6ted and
thinly inhabited provinces, abounded in
the richeft gold mines, and might foon
become as populous and valuable as any
pait of Spanifti America; and, accord-
ingly, the population in thefe parts has
fince very much increafed. The town is
leated on a river of the fame name.
Lon. 92 10 w, lat. 26 15 N.
CiNECUiLLA, a town of New Mexico,
in the province of Sonora. When tiie
Spaniards attacked the natives in Cinaloa
and Sonora (See Cinaloa) they here
entered a plain of 14 leagues in extent,
in which, at the depth of only 16 inches,
they found gold in great abundance, and
in grains of great fize and weight. The
confequence was, that in 1771, above
zooo perfons were fettled in Cinegullla,
under the government and infncftion of
proper niagiftrates and ecclefiaftics. Lon.
96 23 w, lat. 35 5 N,
CiNev, a town of the Netherlands, in
the archbiftiopric of Liege, eight miles
E of Diaant. Lon. 4 57 z, lat. 50
C I R
Cinque Ports, certain ports on the
coatl of Kent and SufTcx, io called on
account of their being five in number,
when their firft charter was granted by
William I, in 1077. Thefe were Dover,
Haftings, Hythe, Romney, and Sand-
wich j to which were afterward added
Winchelfea, Seaford, and Rye. That
king appointed a conflable of Dover
Caftle (who is now called Lord Warden
of the Cjnque Ports) and invefted him
with the command of thefe ports, whofe
inhabitants had confiderable privileges,
fuch as freedom from fubfidies, from
wardfliip of their children, from being
fued in any court but their own, &c.
For thele immunities, they were obliged
to fupply the government with 57 fhips,
at 40 days notice, and to pay their
crews during 15 days. At that period,
the opulent traders of London were ftyled
barons ; a privilege, which was enjoyed
likewife by the merchants of thefe ports,
whofe reprefentatives, to this day, are
ftyled Barons of the Cinque Ports.
CiNTRA, a c<^)e of Portugal, in Eftra-
madura, called the Rock of Lilbon, on the
N fide of the entrance of the Tajo. On
it is a town of the fame name, 14 miles
w of Lifbon. Lon. 9 30 w, lat. 38
46 N.
CiOTAT, a feaport of France, in the
department of the Mouths of the Rhone
and late province of Provence, defended
b^i a ftrong fort. It is famous for Muf-
cadlne wine, and is feated on the bay of
Laquee, between Marfeilks and Toulon,
Lon. 5 46 E, lat.- 43 12 N.
CiRCARs, Northern, five provinces
on the w coalt of the bay of Bengal.
They were originally denominated North-
ern from their pofition in refpeft to
Madras, on which they depend. Of
thefe Circars, Guntoor belcngs to the
nizam of the Deccan j and Condapilly,
Ellore, Rajamundry, and Cicacole are in
the poffelTion of the Englifh. The laft
four extend from the N bank of the
Kiflna to Chilka Lake ; forming a nar-
row flip of country 350 miles long, and
from 26 to 75 broad, bounded by moun-
tains and extenfive forefts on the fide
oppofite the fea. The Englifh Cirears
had been ceded to the French, by the
nizam of the Deccan, in 17535 but
they were conquered by colonel Clivc in
1759, and produce an animal revenue of
360,0001. See Guntoor.
CiRCASsiA, one of the feven Caucafian
nations, between the Black Sea and the
Cafplan j bounded by the governments
of Taurica and Caucafus on the n, and
liy Min
being
river Cu
Great
Temirg
and Bfi
of terri
degrees
C I R
fcy Mlngiella and Georgia on the s,
being lep;u-ated from Taurica by the
river Cuban. It contains the tliftrifts of
Great Cabarda, Little Cabarda, Beflen,
Temirgoi, Abafech, Bftduch, Hatukai,
and Bfliani. This nation, from extent
of territoiy, which includes nearly lo
degrees of longitude; and, from their
extiaordinary courage anil military genius,
might become vei*y formidable, were they
united under one chief. But a nation of
mountaineers, who fubfift by raiilng cattle,
and are therefore forced to fix themlelvcs
on the banks of rivers, for the fake of
water and p^fturage, foon forget their
origin, and divide into feparate and hoftile
tribes. From this principle of difunion,
the CircalFians of the Cuban are fo little
powerful, as to be fcaixely known even to
Ruffians, but by the general appellation of
Cuban Tartars, in which they are con-
founded with the Abkhas and Nogays,their
neighbours. The Cabardian Circafllans,
however, arc ilill the moft powerful
people of the « lide of CaucaJiis i and
this fupcriority has introduced among their
»>eighbours luch a general imitation of
their manners, that, from a defcriptioii of
thefe, an idea may be formed of all the
reft. They are divided into three chiles j
namrly, the princes ; the nobles, called ul-
dens5 and the vafTais or people. A cer-
tain number of the people is allotted to
each princely family. In each of tliefe,
the eldeft individual is confidered as chief
of the family, and as judge, protestor, and
father of all the vaflals attached to it. No
prince can be a landholder} he has no
other property than his arms, horles,
flaves, and the tribute he may be able to
extort from the neighbouring nations.
The perlbn of every prince is facred ; but
this is the only diftinftion of birth
when unaccompanied by perfonal merit : ■
tjje greateft hono\u" a prince c;m acquire
is that of being the firlt of the nation to
charge the enemy. The princes are not
to be diftinguilhed iu time of peace from
the nobles, or even from the peal'anis ;
their food and drefs are the fame, and their
houfes are little better. The nobles are
choien by the princes from the inferior
dais : they are the officers of the prince,
and the executors of the laws, and are
employed in the genera! affemblies of the
nation to gain the ailent of the people to
the meafures propolcd by the princes.
The people, as wtll as the iifdins, are
jJroprietors of land*. By an odd kind of
contradiftion, the princes claim, and fome-
Umas attempt to ^xetcile the right: of
C I R
felzing the whole property of their vafTals ;
but, at the fame time, the vaflTal has a
right f transfei" his allegiance to any other
prince, whenever he thinks himfeif ag-
grieved : by this privilege, the princes are
comp,elled to gain the affeftions of their
valfals, on whofe readinefs to follow then*
into the field, all their hopes of grcatndii
and wealth mult abfotuteiy depend. Tbe
Circaflians do not appear to have ever had
any written laws, but are governed by a
kind of common law, or colleflion of an-
cient ufages. On great occafions the wljoie
nation is alTembled : a meal'ure is pr^o-
poied by the oldeit of the princes ; it Is
firll debated among the uldens, and after-
ward by the deputies of the people $ who
are old men, and often polTefs greater
influence than the prince himlelf : if the
piopotltion be accepted it is confirmed by
a folemn oath by the whole people. They
have few manufaSures ; and their agri-
culture produces barely fufticient for
their own fubfiftence. Sheep and horfea
arc the principal articles of their com-
merce, p.irticularly the lattei-, which fell
at a high price ; but the balance of trade
would be conliderabiy againlt them, were
it not' for the flavts which they make in
their predatory excurfions. At the birth
of a prince, fomc ufden, or fomctimes
a prince of another family, is choien by
the father as liis future preceptor. At
a year old he is prcfented with feme
playthings and :inns : if he fcems to pre-
fer the latter, the evi.nt is celebrated ia
the family by great rejoicings. At twelve
years of age, he leaves his father's houle
for that of his preceptor : by him he is
taught to ride, lo ulc arms, and to iteal,
and conceal his thefts. The word thief
is a term of the utraoft reproach anjong
them, becaufe it implies deteftion. He
is afterward led fo more dangerous rob-
beries, and does not retm'n to his father's
houle, until his cunning, addrels, and
ftrength, are fuppofed to be perfe.5t.
The preceptor i« lecompcnfed by nine
tenths of the booty made by his pupil
while under his tuition. This mode of
education is perfevei'ed in, with a view
to prevent the bad effects of . paternal
indul;;^ence; and is fuppofed to be pe-
culiar to the Circaflians : but the objcrt
of educaiion is the lame among ail the
mountaineers of Caucaiiis, who unlver-
fally lubfilt by robbery. Girls arc
brought up by the mother s they learn to
embroider, to make their own drefs, and
that of their future hulbands. The
daughters of lUvcs retcivc the ^ fam:
i K
/ ii
C I R
C I T
n
cdttcation, and arc fold according to their
beauty, from 20 to icol. 'I hefe are prin-
cipally Georgians. Soon after the birth
or a girl, a wide leather belt is fewed
round herwaift, and continues till it burfts,
when it is replaced by a fecond. By a re-
petition of this praftice, their waifts are
Tendered aftonifhingiy Imall, but their
ihouldtrs become projiortionably broad ; a
defeft, which is little attended to, on ac-
count of the beauty of their breafts. On
the wedding night, the belt is cut with a
dagger by the hufband j a cuftom fome-
times protluftive of fatal accidents. The
bridegroom pays for his bride a marriage-
prefent, confifting of arms or a coat of
mail, bu: he muft not fte her, or cohabit
with her, without the greatt-ft mylteryj
and this referve continues during life.
The father makes the bride a prefent
on the wedding day, but referves the
greater part of what he intends to give her
till the birth of her firft child. On this
occafion fhe pays him a viljt, receives from
him tire remainder of her portion, and is
•iothed by him in the drels of a matron,
the {irincipal diiiinftlon of which coniilts
in a veil. Until tliis time, the drefs of
the women is much like that of the men,
excepting that the cloak is longer, and fre-
quently white, a colour never worn by
men : the cap too is generally red, or
rofe- coloured. Before niarri:',gc, the youth
of both fexes fee each other freely at the
little rejoicings which take place on fefti-
vals. Before the ball, the young men
Ihow their aciiviiy and addreis in a variety
of military exercifes, and the moit alert
have the privilege of choofmg the molt ■
beautiful partners. Their mufical inlfru-
ments are a long flute with, only three
Itops, a Ipecies of mandolini?, iunl a tam-
bourin. Their dances are in the Ahatic
ftyle, with little gayety or exprcflion ; the
Iteps difficult, but not graceful. 1 he wo-
men participate in the general ch.'.rader
of the nation : they take pride in the
coiM'age of their huibands, and reproach
them leverely when defeated. They po-
lish and take care of the armour of the
men. Widows tear their hair, and dif-
£gure themielves with Icais, in teftimuny
ot their giicf. The men had formerly
the i'ame cuftom, but are now grown more
tranquil luider the lofs of their wives and
relations. The habitation of a Circaihan
is compofed of two huts, becaufc the vvilrt
and hufband are not fuppofed to live to-
gether. One of thefe huts is allotted to
the hiufband, and to the reception of
ftrangersj the other to the wife and fa-
mily; the court which feparates tlwm i&
furrcundcd by palifades. At meals fhrf
whole family is afiembled i ib that her*',
as among the Tartars, each village i>
reckoned at a certain number of kettle*.
Their food is extremely fimple, conlifting
only of a little meat, lome pafte made of
fnillet, and a kind of beer, com^)olt'd of
the fame grain fermented. Whatever may
have been the original religion of this
people, they have been luccefiively con-
verted to Chrldianlty and Mahometanifm,
and have now no religion or woiHiip
among them. They break, without
fcruple, fi!c.h oaths as they have taken on
the bible and the koran j but there are
certain forms of oaths, «nd certain places
in the neighbourhood of their ruins (!\ip-
pofc-d to be remains GFChrihiarichurche;;)
which iniure their fidelity. Their co\j-
rage, great as it ii, is not proof againft re-
ligious tenors. Like all barbarians, they
believe that what is called accident, m.ay
be influenced by particular ceremonies.
The Circal]i;tr.i; have not any letters of
their own ; thofe among them who wifli
to write th.;ir language being obliged to
make ulc of Arabian characters.
Cirencester, a confiderable bcfou^
in Glouceiterfliire, with a market on
Monday and Fiiday. It Is feated on the
river Churn, and was a place of great ac-
count in the time of the Remans. The
riiiirs of the walls are yet vifible j and it
had alfb a caftle and an abbey. Many
Roman antiquities have been difcovered;
and here the Roman roads croffed each
other. It is one of the greatefi marts in
England for wool, fends two members tc>
parliament, and is 18 miles SE of Glou-
cefter, and 89 w of London. Lon. i
5« w, lat. 51 A3 N.
CiRENz.x, a town of Naples, capital
of Baillicata, with a bilhop's fee. It i&
feattd on the river Branduno, at the foot
t1)e Appennines, 97 miles E of Naples,
Lon. 16 xo H, lat. 40 44 N.
CiTTADiLLO, a feaportand capital of
Minorca, on the w fide of that ifland.
Lon. 3 34 E, lat. 39 54 N.
CtTTA-ni-CASTELLO, a populous
city of Italy, capital of a county of the
fan;c name, in Umbria, with a bifhop's
fee. It is teated on the Tiber, a? mllea
&w of Urbino. Lon. 11 iS e, lat. 45
32 N.
Cjtta-Nuova, a city of Italy, in
the mnrqui'ate of Ancona, containing
iCi churches and convents within its
walls, and 15 without. It is feated oa
the gulf of Venice, 10 miles s of Lo-
rerto. Lon. 13 40 E, lit. 43 16 N.
CiTTA-NuovA, a feaportof VeactiftU
4S
" C L A
Iftr'n, Willi a bi/liop's fee, 60 miles E of
Venice. Lon. 1 i- a E> lat. 4.5 36 N.
Ciudad-Rkal, a town pf Spain, ca-
pital of Manclia. The inhabitants are
ncned for cirefling leather for gloves. It
is two miles from the Guadiana, and 90
s of Madrid. Lon. 3 25 w.lat. 38 58 N.
C L A
Clameci, a totvnof France, In the de-
partment of Nievre and late province of
Nivernois. Before the late revolution, tlie
chapel of an hoi'pital in the luburb waa
the provifion tor the biftiopric of Beth-
lehem, founded in 1 180, when Guy count
ot NcveiB, gave an afylum, in this place»
CiuuAD-RoDRiGO, a town of Spain, to a Latin biihop of Bcthlcliap, wht had
in Liron, with a biftiop's (ce, fcated on
the river Aijuada, 4.0 miles sw of Sala-
maiicv. Lon. 5 58 \v, iat. 40 33 N.
Civita-di-Friuli, an ancient town
of Italy, in Venetian Friuli, feated on
the Natifona, 10 miles fi of Udena. Lou.
13 15 E, Iat. 46 12 N.
Cjvita dx-Penna, an ancient town
of Naples, in Abruzzo Ulterioi-e, with a
biHiop's fee, near the rivei" Salino, 35
miles Ne of Aquila. Lon. 14 52 £,
Iat. 4.1 27 N.
Civita-Castellana, a town of
Italy, in Campagna di Roma, on a high
rock, at the foot of which i» a river, which
falls into the Tiber. It is %$ miles N of
Rome. Lon. 12 35 e, Iat. 42 25 N.
Civita-Vecchia, a feapoit of Italy,
in the patrimony of St. Petej*, with an
arfenal. Here the pope's gallies are
ftatloned, and it is a free portj but the
air is unwholefome. It is 35 miles Nw
of Rome. Lon. 11 51 £, laC 41 5 N.
Clackmannan, a borough in Clack-
mannanlhire, on the N fhore of the frith
of Forth, and .at the bottoan of a hiiJ,
on the top of which is an ancient calUe.
A laige Iquare tower in this caftle derivts
its name from the illultrioua Robert
Bruce, whole great fword and cafque
been driven from tlie lioiy Land by the
Saracens. Clameci is i'eated at the con-
fluence of the Bcuvron and Yonne, ux
miles s by E of Paris. Lon. 3 36 £, Iat.
47 28 N.
Clapham, a village in Surry, noted
for many handfome villas, which chiefly
furround a beautiful common. In the
old parilli church, divine fervice i« per-
formed at funerals onlyj an elegant new
church having been erefted on tlie com-
mon, but without an adjoining cemetery.
Clapham is three miles ssw of London.
Clara, St. a fmall ifland of S Ame-
rica, in Ptau, in the bay of Guiaquil, 70
miles sw of Guiaquil. Lon. 8* zo w,
Iat. a 20 s.
Clare, St. a fmall ifland, or rather
rock, one of the Canaries, between Lan-
cerota and Allcgranza.
Clare, a town of Suffolk, with a
mai-ket on A-kwiday. The ruins of a
caiile and of a collegiate church are ftill
vifibl&s and here is a manufa^lure of
bays. It is feated near the Stour, 15
miles s of St. Edmund's Bury, and 56
NE of London. Lon. o 36 e, Iat. 52 iz m,
Clare, a county of Ireland, in the pro-
vince of Munlter, 5 5 miles in length, and.
38 in breadth ; bounded on the E and s
are here pieferved. A large fword is by the Shannon, which feparates it from
alio fliown, faid to have belonged to fir Tipperaiy, Limerick, and Keriy ; on the
John Graham, the faithful attendant of w by the Atlantic, and on the N by
the heroic Wallace. It is 23 milts n by
E of Glafgow. Lon. 3 40 w, Iat. 36
5 N.
Clackmannanshire, a county of
Scotland, bounded on the e by Fife/hire,
on the N and w by Perthlhire, and on
the s by the Forth. It is eiG:ht miles in
Galway. It contains two market-towns
and 76 pariflics, and fenda four members
to parliament.
Clare, a town of Ireland, capital of a.
county of the fame name, 17 miles NW
of Limerick. Lon. 8 46 w, Iat. 52 52 N.
Clarendon, a village, tlu-ee miles c
length, and five in breadth; and produces of Salifbury, where Henry 11 fummoncl
good corn and palture, and plenty of coal a council of the barons and prelates, in
and ialt. This ftiirc, with Kinrofs, fends 1164, who enafted the laws, called the
«ne member to parliament. Conitltutions of Clarendon; and here
Clagenfurt, a town of Germany, were two palacc»s built by king John,
capital of Carinthia, 50 miles sw of Clarens, or Chatillard, a vil-'
Vienna. Lon. 14 ao E, Iat. 46 53 N. lage of Swiflerland, in the Pays de Vaud,
Clair, St. a lake of N America,
half way between the lakes Huron and
Eiit:, 90 miles in circumference. It
receives the waters of the great lakes Su-
perior, Michigan, and Huron, and dil-
charges them, through the ftrait called
Detroit, into the lak« Eric,
celebrated as the principal fcene of Rouf-
feau's Eloife, thovigh its ancient caftle by
no means accords with the dbfcription in
that work. It is delightfully fitua*rc»
not far from Vevay, onaneuiinence>Vrh >fe
declivity Hopes gradually toward tiic lake
ot Gcneviu
i i
mm
MMMMMMM
■MWMIIMMMIMM
CLE
C L I
CLAt7DK> St. a handfome city of
France, in the department of Jura and
late province of Franche Comte, with a
bifliop's fee. It is feated between three
hfgh mmintains, on the river Lifon, and
owes its origin to a celebrated abbey, built
in 425, in this then barren and uninha-
bittxi ccxintjy. This abbey had the pious
privilege of legitimating baftaiids, and
could confer nobility and pardon criminals,
till the year 1 74.2, when it was ereftcd into
a bi£hopric,and its Benediftine monks wei-e
metamcrphofed into noble canons. The
cathedral is extremely elegant. Great ■um-
bers of pilgrims have flocked hither, to vi-
(It the rcnlains of the body of St. Chude,
which they pretend are yet uncorrupted.
From Mount St. Claude, which forms part
of Mount Jura, is a fine profpeft over
• Swliferland and Savoy, the lake and town
of Geneva, and the Pays dc Vaud. In
this city are many public fountains witli
large balms. It is 35 miles NW of
Geneva. • Lon. 6 18 E, lati 46 24 N.
Clausenburg, a town of Tranfyl-
Vania, on the river Samos, 60 miles NW
cf Ilcrmanftadt. On one of the gates is
an infcription in honour of the emperor
Trajani. Lon. 23-20 E, lat. 46 53 N.
Clay, a town in Norfolk, feated on
an arm of the fea, between two rivers,
20 miles NW of Norwich. Here are
Ibme large falt-works.
Clear, Cape, a promontory of a
little ifland on the s of Ireland. Lon.
II 15 w, lat. 51 18 N.
Clebury, a town in Shropfliire, with
:i market on Thurfday, I'eated on the
river Rea, 28 miles SSE of Shrewibury,
and 136 Nw of London. Lcn. 4 33 w,
lat. 52 21 N.
Clerac, or Clairac, a town of
France, in the department of Lot and Ga-
ronne and late province of Guienne,
feated on the river Lot, 10 miles NW of
Agcn. Lon. o 25 E, lat. 44 20 N.
Clermont, a town of France, in the
flepartment of Meufe and late territt)ry of
farrois, 127 nules NW of Paris. Lon.
5 9 E, lat. 49 34 N.
Clermon r, a town of Frartce, in the
department of Oile and late province of
the lile of France, 37 miles N of Paris.
Lon.ji 25 E, lat. 49 •'.5 N.
Clermont, a confiderable city of
France, in the department of Puy de
Dome and late j)ro\rince of Auvcrgne,
with a bifliop's li;e. It is feated on an
eminence, Mid Is alio called CleRMoMt
Ferranj>, ever fincu the town of Mount
Ftirand, about a mile diltant to the ne was
taitbtl uiwier the name of a f«burb. The
cathedral, public fquares, and walks, we
very fine j but the Itreets arc narrow, anU
lined with houfes built of ftones of a
fombre hue. Many Roman antiquities
are found in the neighbourhood. There
are aUb Tome minei al fprings j and that
of the fuhurb St. Allyre has formed a
natural bridge over the brook into which
it falls : it is called the Mineral Bridge,
aad carriages may pals over it. Cler-
mont contains 30,000 inhabitants, and
has manufaftures 6f ratteens, diiiggetb,
ferges, and leather. It is the birth-
place of the celebrated F;'ifcal ; and is
300 miles s of Pai'is. Lon. 3 10 E, lat.
45 47 N.
Clery, a village in France, nin^
miles sw of Orleans, once famous i'or
the pilgrinrages to our lady of Clery . Here
is the tomb of that monfter Lewis xi,
who appears, in white marble, as the faint
and the patriot king.
Clerke's Islands, two iflands in the
N Pacific Ocean, between the coaft of
Kamtfchatka and that of N America.
They were fcen by captain Cook in
1778, and were fo named in honour of
captain Clerke, his fccond in command.
They were both inhabited, and were not
unknown to the Ruffians. Lon. 169 39
w, lat. 63 15 N.
Cleves, a duchy of<?ermany, in the
circle of Weftphalia, divided into two
parts by the Rhine. It is a fine country,
delightfully variegated with hills, woods,
fields, towns, and villages } and is fubje6t
to the king of Pnillia.
Cleves, a city of Weftphalia, capital
of the duchy of Cleves. It is leatt-d on
tlie ealtern fide of three hills, about a
mile w of the Rhine ; and has a cattle,
built in the time of Julius Cefar. Seve-
ral of the Itreets, from their elevated fitu-
ation, extend their views many leagues
deep into the country, en the oppolite
Ihore. It has been often takc^n and re-
taken i the laft time by the French, in
1704. It is 1 5 miles SE of Nimet^uen,
Lon. 5 50 E, lat. 51 45 N.
Clevbrook, Great and Little,
two villages in Leicciterfhirey on the NW
fiilv of Lutterworth. They are fuppofeJ
to have been a j)art of Cleycelter. fituatu
one mile to the w, which was a flourifli-
i)ig- city of the Romans, and where their
bricks and coins have been fretjuently
found.
Clifp, a town in Northamptonfliire,
with a market on Tuelday, 30 miles ne
of Northampton, and 88 NNW of London.
Lon. o 37 w, lat. 52 33 N.
CliftoN) a \iUag9 in Wellmorknd>
47 I N.
Clit
with a
rougii
C L\V
GOB
three miles SSE of Penrith, noted for
a (kinniih between the krng's forces and
the lebeis in 1745, in which the latter had
the advantage.
Clm-ton, a village in Gloucefterfhire,
near Briltol, noted for the hot well in its
neighbourhood, upon the Lower Avon, at
the loot of St. Vincent's rock.
Cmssa, a fort of Dalsnatia, taken frmn
the Turks by the Venetians. It is Rated
on a craggy mountain, fix miles N of Spa-
latto. Lon. 17 31 H, lat. 4.4 10 N.
Clisson, a tow« of France, in the
department of Lower Loire and late pro-
vince of Bretagne, on the river Seure, t i
miles s of Nantes. Lon. 1 28 w, lat.
47 I N.
Clithero, a borough in Lancafhirc,
with a market on Saturday, and the re-
mains of an ancient caftle. It lends two
members to parliament, and is I'eated
near Pendil Hill, 36 miles se of Lan-
caft-cr, and 213 NNw of London. Lon.
a 21 vv, !at. 53 54 N.
Cloghlr, an epii'copal town and bo-
rough of Ireland, in I'/rone. Lon. 6
50 w, lat. 54 30 N.
Clonmel, a borough of Ireland, in
the county of Tipperary, leated on the
river Sure, 19 miles SE of Tippeniry.
Lon. 7 27 w, lat. 52 14 N.
Cloud, St. a town of France, four
miles w of Paris, Seated on tlie Seine.
Here was lately a magnificent x'oyal pa-
lace, gardens, &c.
Cloyne, an eplfcopal town and bo-
rough of Ii%land> in the county of Cork,
16 miles E of Cork. Lon. Sow, lat. 51
54 N.
Cluny, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Saone and Loire and late pro.
vince of Burgundy, remarkable for its
late famous Bciiediftine abbey. It is
I'eated on the Grofue, 10 miles NW of
Macon. Lon. 4 33 E, lat. 46 r!4 N.
Cluse, a town of Savoy, in Faucigny,
leafed on the Arve, 22 miles SE of Ge-
nevH. Lon. 6 29 E, lat. 45 57 N.
Clwyd, a celebrated vale of Denbigh-
fliire, extending from its upper end to the
Irifli Sea, above 20 miles j its breadth
varying from three to eight, according to
the approach or recels of the high moun-
tains inclofing it, through whichj in dif-
ferent parts, are gaps formed by nature
for entrances. This delightful fpot is in
a high (tate of cultivation, even far up
the alcent of the bills : and its numerous
inhabitants are remarkable for retaining
their vivacity to a late period of life. A
river of the fame name, which rifes in the
middle of the county, runs along this vaU,
and having entered Flintflilrt, falls irtt«
the Irifli Sea.
Clyde, a river of Scotland, vrhich
rlfes in Annandale, l-uns through Clydef-
dale, and paifing by Lanerk, Hamilton^
andGlalgow, falls into the frith of Clyde.
Near Lanerk, this river runs, for ii;veral'
miles, between high rocks covered with
wood; and in its courfc exhibits many
altoniihing catara6\s. At Stonebyres, it
is confined within a very narrow 1k(1. and
makes one entire fhoot, faiUing about 60
feet over a perpendicular rock j the water
then pouring over another precipice, is
dafhed into a deep chafm beneath. The
horrid and inceflant din with which this
is accompanied, unnerves and overcomes
the heart. The waterfall at Corehoufcj
called Cora-lin, is no lefs remarkable :
the water is here precipitated at leaft 100
feet between two vaft rugged precipices. '
On a pointed rock, overhanging this
ftupendous fcene, Itands a Iblitary tower j •
lately inhabited, but now in ruins. In
floods, the rock and tower have been ob-
ierved to fhake in liich a manner as to
fpiil water in a glals ftanding on a table!
in the caftle. A path leads to the top of
the fall, where, from a pro'efting rock, the
fpeftator has a tremendous view down the
furious cataraft, as it pours below the
eye. See Canal, Great.
ClydesDal!^, a wild diftrlft in the
S part of Lanerkfhire. Amid the moun-
tains heie, particles of geld have fometimes
been found wafhed down by the rains and
Itreams of water ; but this traft is chiefly
remarkable for producing metals of infe-
rior worth. The veins of lead lie moftly
N and E, and their thicknefs, which fel*
dom exceeds 40 feet, varies greatly in
different parts. The fcanty pafture here
feeds fome flieep and cattle; but thofe, ia
the neighbourhood of the mines, fome-
times perifh by drinking the water in
which the lead ore has been wafiicd. See
L£AUHILLS.
Coast Castle, Cape, the principal
fettlement of the Englifli on the coalt of
Guirifia, with a ftrong citadel. It is 30
miles E by N of St. George del Mina,
Lon. o o, lat. 5 6 n.
CoBifENTZ, an ancient city of Germany,
in the cle6*lorate of Treves. It is the re-
fidence of the ek'<5lor, who has lately built
a new palace here ; the old one being on
the oppofite fide of the Rhine, in the vale
of Ehrenbreitftein. It was taken by the
French in 1794. It is feated at the con-
fluence of the Rhine and Moft-Ue, 50 miles
NE of Treves. Lcn. 7 32 E, lat. 50 24 N.
CoBURc, a tswn of Gumiuiy, in the
COD
cifcl* of Frjinconia, capital of a princi-
pality oi the lamf uami', with a colkge,
a tort, f'Ui a caftle. ri;is town, and its
|^rintip?,lity, belongs to the huulc of Sax-
ony. It is leatcd on tlit iich, 20 miles
N of BaiTibeig. Lon. n i3 K, lat. 50
%Z N.
Coca, town of Spain, m Old Caftik,
n«ai- which is a (trong callle tin Itatt pii-
lont'js. It is ieatid among mountains, ,
at the ccnlliitnce of the iVIorvedro andjl a morals, 30 miles s of Gioningen.
C O K
the confluence of the Adda and Po, 35
niilc-b £ of Pavia. Lun. 10 49 £, lat. ^.j
6 N.
CoESFELD, a town of Germany, in the
territories of the bilhop of Munltcr, where
he often refides. It is lisated near the
river Burkel, as miles sw of Munfter.
Lon. 7 30 E, lat. 51 48 N.
CoEVORDEN, -.1 fortified town of the
United Provinces, in Overyfiel, feated in
Ivlc/eua, 2 5naies NNEof Stgovia. Lun. 31,
34 vv, Lt. 41 17 N.
CocHiKiM, a, town in the ele61orate of
Ti-eves, formerly imperial. It was taken
by the FVtnch in 1794, and is iiiated 00
tl^e Moiclle, 25 miles sw of Coblentz.
Lon. 7 2 E, lat. 50 12 N.
Cochin, a leapgrt on the coa,ft of Ma-
il^lxu', in Travancore. It is a Dutch
fcitienjeiit, and was taken by the Englifh
jn 1795. It is 110 milts s. by e of Ca-
licut. Lon. 75 30 E, lat. 10 o N.
CotHiN-CHiNA, a kingdom of A fia,
bounciai on the E by the Ealfern Ocean,
on the N by Tcn(]iiin, on the w by<Cam-
bodia, and on the s by Ciampa. It
nbouiuls in gold, raw lilk, and drugs.
The religion of the inhabitants is much
the lame as that of China. Their cities
and towns have gates at the end of each
ftreet, which are (hut every night ; and if
any fire break out in a ward, all the in-
habitants are deftroyed, except the women
Sili(] children.
Cocker, a river which rifeS in the s of
Cjimibcrlind, and flowing through the
lakes of Buttermtre, Cromack-watei">
and Lowes -water, join* the Perwent, be-
low Cockermouth.
CocKERMoUTH, a populous borough
in Cumberland, with a market on Mon-
day. It lies between the Derwent aod.
Cocker, over which latter arc two ftone
^nidges ; aiid I'ttween two hills, on one
of V, hjcli llaiiab a handfome church; and
*n th.e other a '>attly caftlc. It has a
niLinuta.'^h'rr of ihalioons, worfted ftock-
iju,-s, and iu^fs. It lends two niembtrs
Co parkainent, iind is 27 miles 9w of Car-
lilie., sT'^i z<:,o NNW of Loudon. Lon. 3.
^5 w, i.it. 54 47. N.
CrivONATo, a town of Piedmont, re-
■^/.irkuMe tor being the birthplace of Co-"
Uimb;:';. It is 20 miles E of Turizi,
J, on. 8 9 E, lat. 45 5 N.
Con, Capk, on the s fide of Bofton
Buy, in iht: Itate of iVjaiihchuletts, in N
A;<)erica. Lon. 70 18 w, lat. 42 o N.
C!o;)0!..No, a town of I-ily, in the
%[\]ct)-y of Mildi. it f;;'TviKit;t.J to the
J'^'envh in \hiy,ij^O. It ).;> icitttd n«ar
9
Lon. 6 44 E, lat. 52 44 N.
CocjN.vc, a town pf France, in the de-
partment of Charente ^id late province of
Angoumpis, with a cattle, where Fnmcis i
vvas born. It is remarkable for excel-
lent brandy, and feated on the Chaitnte,
1 7 miles vv of Angoulelme. Lon. o 10 w,
lat. 45 44 N.
Cog M, an ancient town of Turkey In
Aiia, in Caramanja, in a country abound-
ing in corn, fruits, pul'l^, and cattle.
Here are flieep, wholp tails weigh 30
pounds. It is 270 n9ile$ SE of Conftan-
tinople. Lon. 35 56 e, l*t. 37 56 N.
CoHGESHAL, a town in Effex, with a
market on Saturday, and a manufatf^ure
of bays. It is feated on the river Black -
water, 43 miles en E of London. Loa. o
47 E, lat. 51 5a N.
CoiMBETTOREf a province and town
o£ the peninfula of Hindooftan, in the
kingdom of Myfore. It was taken by-
general Medows in 1790, but retaken by
Tippoo Sultan in 1791, and confirmed to
him by the peace of 179a. It is 100
miles s by E of Seiringapatam. Lon. 77
10 E, lat. 10 5 N."'
CoiMBRA, a town of Portugal, capi-
tal of Beira, with a hilhop's fee, and an
univerfity. The cathedral and the foun-
tains are magnigcent. It flands on a
mr^untain, by the fide of the river Mon-
dego, 100 miles ne of Lifbon. Lon. 8
17 vv, lat. 40 12 N.
CojRE, a t©wn of SwilTwland, capital
of the country of the Grifons, with a
bifliop's fee, whofe prelate has the right
of coining money. It is lituate at the
foot of the Alps, in a rich plain, and is
lurroundcd by ancient brick walls, with
Iquare and round towers, in the Ityle of
fortification prior to the invention of gun-
powder. The Itreets are narrow and dirty j
and it contains about 3000 Ibuls. It i3
divided into two parts, the leaft of which
is of the Roman catholic religion, aji(i
the greateli of the proteftant. It is go-
verned by its own laws, and is fcate4
near the Khine, 48 miles s of Conftiince*
Lon. 9 25 E, lat, 46 5.0 N.
COL
COL
RMflia, in the government of Livonia, on
the river Dwina, 50 miles SE of Kiga.
Lon. 25 50 F, lat. 56 30 N.
Col, one of the Weftern Iflands of
Scotland, nine miles s\v from the point
of Ardnamiirclian in Argylplhire. It is
rich in corn and pailurc. Lon. 7 15 vv,
lat. 57 o N.
COLBERfJ, a feaport of Prudian Pome-
rania, remarkable for its lalt-works. It
was taken by the Kulfians, in 1761, but
reltored at the fubl'ecjiicnt peace. It is
leatfd at the mouth of the Perfant, on the
Baltic, 60 miles NE of Stctin. Lon. 15
39 E, laf. 54. 21 N.
Colchester, a\i ancient borough
in Eflex, with a market on Wednelday
ami Saturday. It is feated on a fine emi-
nence, on the Coin, which is navigable
within a mile of the town, at a place
called the Hythe, where the cuftomhoufv
is fituate. The town was furrounded by
a wall, which had fix gates and three pof-
terns ; but thefe are now demolifhed. It
had 16 churches, but now only 12 are
Hied ; and moft of them were damaged in
1648, when the town furrcndered to the
army of the parliament, after a memor-
able fiege. There is a large manufafture
of bays ; and the town is famous for
oyfters and eringo-roots. It is governed
by a mayor; and to the E are the ruins
of an old caftle, in which is one of the
town prifons. It is n miles ene of
Chelmsford and 51 of London. Lon. i
o E, lat, 51 55 N. SeeCoLN.
Colchester, a town of Virginia, on
the river Potomac.
CoLDiNGHAM, a heathy tra.Ft near the
coalt, in the county of Berwick, in
Scotland, anciently noted for a nunnery,
built in the beginning of the 12th cen-
tury by Edgar, king of Scotland. Ebba,
one of the abbefl'es, reiiowned in tradition
for her chaftity,gave najtie to the neighbour-
ing promontory called St. Abb's Head.
CoLDiNG, a town of Denmark, in N
Jutland, remarkable for its bridge, over
•which all the cattle pafs, that go from
Jutland into Holftein, and they pay a
fmall toll. Here is a royal palace, con-
taining a fuite of 190 rooms. The har-
bour is two miles in circumference* and
deep enough for ftiips of the Urged bur-
den. It is fituate at the extremity of a
bay of the Little Belt, 50 miles s by e
of Wiburg. Lon. 10 15 E, lat. 55 35 N.
Coldstream, a town in the county
of Berwick, feated on the Tweed, over
which is a handfc<me bridge. It had a
famous monaftery ; and here general Monk
raifed the two battalions, now known by
tke name of the Coldi .vam Regimsnt of
Guards. Lon. 2 5 w, lat. 55 36 N.
Colebrook Dale, in Shropdure; a
winding glen on the banks of the t-evan,
between two vaft hills, which break into
various forms, being all thickly covertd,
and forming bcantitul flie;'ts of hanging
woods. Htrf are many kilns for burning
liineltone ; thi.- molt conliderahjc irca
works in England ; and a curious bridge
ovL-r the Severn, conitmcttd entirely of
cait-iron. There is alio, in the dale, a
remarkable (pring of folfil tar, or petro-
lium, which has yielded a valt quantity
of that lubliance ; but it is now much
diminifliud. A work, for obtaining a
fimilar kind of "tar, from the condenlcd
linoke of coal, has been ere»Sled here.
Cole net, Cape, a cape of the illard
of New Caledonia, in the S Pacific Ocean,
Lon. 16.}. 56 e, lat. 20 30 s.
Cole RAIN, a borough of Ireland, in
the county of Londonderry, on the rivtr
Bnnn, 25 miles ne of Londonderry.
Lon. 6 39 w, lat. 55 16 N.
CoMiSHiLL, a town in Warwickflnre,
with a majkct on Wedncltlay j leated on
the fide of a hill, on the Coin, over which
is a ftone bridge. It is w miles NV/ of
Coventry aua 105 of London. Lon. 1
35 w, lat. 52 32 N.
CoLFORD, a town in Gloucefterfliire,
witii a market on Tviefday, 14. miles s of
Hereford, and 123 w by N of London.
Lcn. 2 40 w, lat. 51 4.8 n.
CoLiMA, a llaport of Mexico, capital of
a fertile valley of the lame name. It is
feated at the mouth of a river, near the
N Pacific Ocean, 300 miles w of Mexico.
Lon. 106 5 w, lat. 19 10 N.
Co MOURE, a feaport of France, in
the department of the Eaftern Pyrenees
and late province of Roufdlon. It was
taken by the Spaniards in 1793, but re-
taken the next year. It is leated at the
foot of the Pyrenees, 10 miles se of Per-
pignan. Lcn. 3 8 E, lat. 42 34 N.
CoLLE, anepifcopal town of Tufcany,
10 miles Nvv of Sienna. Lon. 11 7 E,
lat. 43 16 N.
CoLLUMPTON. See Columbton.
CoLMAR, a city of France, capital of
the department of Upper Rhine and late
province of Upper Allace. It was for-
merly an- imperial town, and has been re-
cently erefled into a bilhopric. It i^;
feated near the river 111, 35 miles s by w
of Strafburg. Lon. 7 27 E, lat. 48 5 n.
CoLMARs, a town of France, in tlu?
department of the Lower Alps and late
province of Provence, 20 i^iles B •f
Pigne. Lou. 6 35 e, lat. 447 m.
■■y i
1
(1
l!
m U
I^H *
iw
I
r
C O I.
CftLMOGOROD, a town of RiifTia, in
^n ifland formed hy the river Dwina.witli
an ai-chbi(hop s ice, 30 miles st ot Archi-
angcl. Lon. '^9 4; E, hit. 64. 14. N.
CoLN, a river which riles ncp.r Chrc in
SufFoiic, and paJfing by HaKtc.id nnd Col-
chefter in EiTcx, empties itielf into the
German Ocean, beLwan Mt.ricy ICand
and the mainlanrl. In the inlets and
pools, at the mouth of this river aie bred
the fymous Colchelu r oylicrs. There are
ffvtral ihn.'ll rivers of the lame name in
lEn'riand.
COLNEROOK, a town of Bucks, wit!\
a m;!rket on Wednefday, feated on the
river Coin, 1 7 miles w 01" London. Lon. o
»5 W, Int. 51 29 N.
CoLN.', a town in Lancafliire, with
a market on Wednelday, feated on a hill,
36 niiks 3E of Lancalter, and 214 nnw
of London. Lon. 2 5 w, lat. 53 50 n.
Coi.ocniNA, an ancjtnt town ot Tur-
key, ii. tl;e Morea, 50 miles sR of
Wilitra. Lon. 23 22 e, lat. 36 32 n.
CoLOCZA, a town of Hungary, on the
Danube, capital of the county of Ihth,
with an archbifliop's fee, 57 miles s of
Buda. Lon. 18 29 e, lat. 46 38 N,
(.'OLOGNA, a town of Italy, in the
Paduan, 26 miles s\v of Padua. Lon.
17 27 E, hit. 45 14 K.
Cologne, an cleft orate of Germany,
in the circle of the Lower Khir.e;
bounded on tlie N by the duchy of Cleves
and Guelderland, on the E by the duchy
of Berg, on the s by the arcUbiflicpric of
Treves, and on the vv by the duchy of
Juliers. The elcftcr is archchanctllor of
the empire for Italy, and has a right to
coni'ecrate the tm})eror for Italy, with
tliat of Mentz. It is one of thi.' moft fer-
tile countries in the empire, and the re-
venues are computed to amount to
X3o,ocol. a year.
Cologne, an ancient city of Ger-
jnany, capital of the cleftorate of Co-
logne, with a bifliop's fee, and a unlver-
fity. It certains 10 coilegiate and 10
parochial churches, four abbles, 17 mo-
naftfries, 40 nunneries, and about 50
chipels ; all of which are candidates fr r
the attention of the devoiit and curious,
by their fine p^inting-s, their trealures,
or their rJiits. Qclo^yx is immortalized
by its being the birthplace of the great
Jiubensj and it is if.fiified in the ancient
mai Dt'r, with ftrong walls, towtrs, and
ditches. It is a i'rct im}>eri:il city, and
thoti^-h the elector has a palace here, he
lias not the liberty oi ftaying in it for
many days together; ncr is he admitted to
•oinc at ^1 with a uumeroys attcnd«mcp.
COL
The inhabitants are rrencrally Roman
catholics, but there are ibine piotcftant*,
who are oblii^id to peiturni divine ii;r-
vice at Mulhcini, ti'.ree mi es from the
city. In the catiiedral are the golden
chauibtr or triMiUiy, the rithea ol which
aro iimnenle; ux\A the chapel ot the three
Niaj;i, in which tlicy protend to iliow the
bodies of the three M;jgi, called the
'J'hree Kings. Cologne was once one
of the il.inie Towns, celebrated for its
cununercc, which is now dwindled to the
manufuTure of a few riban'ts, (tockings,
lace, and Ibnie tobacco. To perieciitiun
it ov.cj this dv'cay; to the expulfiou of
tie Jews i'- j 185, and of the proteltants
in 161 8. Two thirds of this city ha\e
fince fallen into ruins, and (ircets and
Icjuares are converted into kitchergardens
and vineyard;. Cologne was taken by
the Frciicli in 1794. It is feated en (he
Rhine, 17 milts E of Juliers. Lon. 7
JO E, lat. 50 55 N.
CoLOMr.OTZ, a caftle of Turkey in
Europe, in Bulgaria, on a hill, under
which is the Itrong pals of Urania.
CoLOMin or CoLOMlA, a town of
Poland, in 1\ Ruflia, on the river Pruth»
4- miles se of Haiitz. Lou. 25 40 E,
lat, 48 41 N.
CoLONNA, a town of Italy, in Cam-
pagna di Koma, 18 miles e of Rome.
Lon. 12 56 E, lat. 41 55 N.
CoLONSA, a fertile little ifland, on the
w coaft of I'cotland, feven miles w of the
tht illand of Jura.
Colorado, a river of New Mexico,
which being joined by the river of the
Apoftles, enters the gulf of California,
hi lon, 1 01 o w, lat. 32 20 n.
Color.no, a town of Italy, in the
P:irmafan, near the Po, eight miles from
Parma. The duke of Parma has a plea-
fure-houfe here, one of the moft delight-
iid in Italy. Lou. 10 22 e, lat. 44.
54- N.
CoLOswAR, a town of Trapfylvania,
where the dates meet. It is feated on the
Samos, 37 miles NW of of Weiuemburg,
and 120 E by s of Vienn^i, Lon. 23 15
E, lat. 46 53 N.
CoLU.MB, St. a town in Cornwall,
with q market on ThurlUay, lea ted on a
hill, 10 mile$ w pf Bodmin. Lon. 4 5*
w, lat. 50 30 y.
CohVMBi,\, a city of S Carolina, on
the river Coiigaree, jqft below the influx
of the Saluda. .It is the feat; of the go-
vernment of S Carolina, and 100 miles
N\v of Ch^rlelton. Lon. 81 10 vv, lat.
33 58 N.
Columbia, a territory pi ^f Airu;-
jica, the
the Unit(
Col.U!
tl'.c illaiK
the Porti
were e; p
Tile niti
the wails
lalt are
VL-rnor's
L was
Tebruary
gombo.
COLU
wi'.h a 1
cironecu
lumpton
&nd is
cncc
COM
rica, the i'eat of tl.e intf-ndcd capital of
tl>c United Statcb. See Wacimno-'I ON.
(Jor.UMto, a town ou tiic w fule of
tl'.c inaml of Ctylon. It wa.> built by
tlu- PoiUimkie ia 1633, and in i^'S^' ^''^y
wore c: peiloil i>y the riatlvfs ui\d Duttli.
TiK- nitivfs livi: in the old u>'.vn, wi'liuut
the walls of tlie »ie\v. Ih.' Itrv.i:; ot tivis
lalt arc wide and i'jr.'.cii/Us., aii.l tiic 1,0-
vcinev's houi'c is a luuv.Uoirt Iti'viauii..
L was fuiiLUuciul to the K.'-rliDi in
Tcbiuaiy 1796. It ii> lU iraUs u ot Nc-
gombo. Lon. 80 7.5 K, lar. 7 10 N.
CoLUMBTON, a town in Devuuihlic,
with a market on Sauiiday, lL:r.eii;ae:>
cironccully written Collumjitoii ar.d OA-
lunipton. It has a wollcn inanufiilure,
and h f(.atcd on the riv(.k° CoUunb, iz.
miles NE of Exeter, and 164. w of Lon-
don. Lon. 3 33 W, lat. 50 53 N.
COLUMNA, a town of RutUa, In the
goveiimicnt of Moicow, with an arch-
bijhops ftCj 50 miles SK of Mofcow. Lou.
3!i 25 E, lat. 55 5N.
COLURi, an illand of Greece, fonntrly
called Salamis. The juincipiil town is of
the fame name, on the s fide, at the bot-
tom of tiis harbour, winch is one of the
iineft in the world. Thouj.'^ Ajax, wlio
makes fuch a fiyT.ire in Homer, was king
of this Idind, k is but a poor place. It
IS feven nules s of Athens. Lon. 24. 5
E, lat. jS o N.
Com, a populous town of Perfia, in
Irac Agemi, 10 miles N cf ilpahan.
Lon. 51 56 E, lat. 34. 5 N.
CoMACHio, an epiicopal to^mi of
Italy, in the Ferrarefe. 1 he ai.' is bad,
for which reafon it is inhabited by a few
filhcimen only. It is leated in a lake of
the lame name, 17 miles se of Ferrara.
Lon. 12 10 £, lat. 44-45 N.
CoMACHio, a lake of Italy, in the
Ferrarefe, between the two mQuths of the
liver Po. It is 10 miles in circumftr-'
cncc ; but dry in feveral places, and on
oiic part a town of the lunvi name i»
built.
CoMANA, or CUMANA, a feaport of
S America, capital of tlw province of
ConuuKi, in Terra Finna. It is detei\ded
by a ftrong caltle. Lon. 64 29 w, lat.
10 10 N.
CoMANAGOTTA, a town of S Ame.
rIca, in Terra Flrma, 10 miles w of Cu-
mana. Lon. 64 40 w, lat. 10 ion.
C0ME-AiJB£ V, a vlllau;e u\ Wai^vick-
/liirt, three miles from Coventry, once fa-
mous for a rich abbey. The church Is
demoliflied, but the abbey, modernized,
is the feat of lord Craven.
Comb-MartiN) u town in Devon-
C O M
flili e, with a market on Tucfday. ft is
ii aud on th • Brittol Channel, where Ii lui
an inlet which vuni throUijh the town. It
is five miles £ of IllVucomb, and 176 \v
by s ot London. Lou. 4 z w, lat. 51
M N.
Co.uNES, a town of Fiance, in the
depart\uei'.: of the North and late Frond*
riundeis, I'taled on the Lis, rive miles
sw of Meniii. Lon. 3 4 Ei lat. 50 45 n.
C*OMMi;ii;?v, a town of Frajjce, in
the department of .Mtult and late duchy
ot Bar, v/Ith a caftle, built by cardinsl
de Rct7. It is leat'd on tlie Mtu(e, i6o
miles £ of Paris. Lon. 5 44 K, lat. 48
40 N.
Co\70j a populous town of Italy, in
the Milaiiele, with a bilho|j''s fee; fituate
in a valley, incloled by tertlle hills, on
the s extremity of a lake of the lame
name. It is i'unoundedby a wall, guarded
by tower*, and backed by a conical emi«
Hence, on which are tl^c ruins of an an-
cienf cadlf. The houfes are neatly built
of Itone ; and the cathedral is a handfome
edifice of white marble, hewn from the
neighbourii^g quanies. On tlic outfide of
the church, is the ftatue of Pliny the
Younger, in a niche, with a Latin in-
fcription bearing the date of 1499. I'^i'^y
was born here j and, in his Letters,
iJK-aks with rapture of the delightful
htuation of the town, and the romantic
iceuery of its environs. The inhabitants
have ellabli/lied feveral manufaftures of
cotton and filk, and carry on fome trade
with the Grifons. Como is 80 miles NB
of Tvuin. Lon. 9 7 E, lat. 45 4.5 N.
Co MO, the largelt lake in Italy, in tijc
Milanefe. It is 88 miles in circumference,
but nut above fix miles over in any one
part.
Co MORA Islands, five Iflands in the
Indi;ui Ocean, between the coaft of Zan^
guebar and the N part of the ifland of
Madagalear. They are called Hiiuuaa
Mayotta, Mohilla, Axige/eia, and Co-
niora. See Hinzuan.
CoMORiN, C.\PE, the moft fonthem
point of the peniulula of Hindooltan.
Lon. 77 32 E, lat. 7 50 N.
CoMORRA, a town of Lower Hun-
g-ary, capital of a territory cf th"^- fame
name. It is fo well fortified, that the
'Lurks could never take it. The gix-atell
part of the inhabitants art of the Greek
relis^ion. It is feat^:d on the Danube^ in
the ^ifland of isibut, 70 miles s by e of
Vieiuia. Lon. tS 5 E, lat, 47 46 N.
CoMPiEGNE, a town of France, in
the department of Oli'e and late piuvii;te
of iht lih of Fruucc, Here is a palauc>
^4
y !
) ■
f
'I
ii
CON
In wtiich the kings of Fnince often re-
fided. Th(T Maid ot Orleans was taken
prifoner hue in 14.50. It h lirated
near an extei\!ive forcft, at tl\c confHitncc
of the Ailhe and 0\k, 45 miles ne of
Paris. I,on. 2 55 E> Ut.49 *5 ^•
Compostei-La, ;i celebnitfd town of
Spain, capital of Oalicil, with an arch-
bifhop's fee, and a univcrfity. The jnihlic
fqiiareb,ai!dthechurches,aremngnificcnt ;
3nd it hns a e^cat number of monallerics
for both fexes. It is pretended that the
hody of St. James was buried htiv, which
draws a great number of pilgrims : they
waJk in proceHion to the church, nnd
vifit his wooden image, which ftajiJs on
the great altar, and is illuminated by
many wax-camTles. The poor pilgrims
arc received into an hofpital, built for
that purpofe, which ftands nwr the church,
and round it are galleries of freefton'.-, fup-
ported by large pillars. The archbifliop
IS one of the richeft prelates in Spain,
having 70,000 crowns a year. From this
town the military order of St, Jago or St.
James, had its origin. It is featcd in a
))enlnrula, formed by the Tambra and
Ulla, 265 miles NW of Madrid. Lon. 8
J 7 w, lat. 4a 52 N,
CoMPosTELLA, New, a town of N
Aniierlca, in N?w Spain, near the S
Pacific Ocean, 400 miles NW of Mexico.
Lon. 109 42 w, lat. 21 20 N.
CoNCAN, a low traft of country, on
the w coaft of the Deccan of Hindooitan.
From this traft rifes abruptly that ftupen-
^U3 wall of mountains called the Gauts.
Jt is fubjeft to the Mahrattas, and lies be-
tween 1 5 and 20^ N lat.
CONCARNEAU, a feaport of France,
jn the department ot Finifterre and late
province of Brittany, with a caftle, 1 1
miles SE of Quimper. Lon. 4 2 E, lat.
47 4<5 N*.
Conception, a feaport of Chili, with
a bi/hop's fee. It has been often taken
and ravaged by the native Americans,
and is feated on the S Pacific Ocean, 230
miles NofBaldivia. Lon. 73 20 w, lat.
36 40 s.
CoNCliPTlON, a town of New Spain,
feated near the gulf of Mexico, 100
miles w of Porto-Bello. Lon. 81 45 w,
Jat. 10 ON.
Concordia, a to\vn of Italy, in the
duchy of Mirandola, on the river Sechia,
live miles w of Mirandola. Lon. 1 1 1 3
E, lat. 44 52 N.
Concordia, a town of Italy, in Ve-
netian Friuii, with a bifhop's fee, 28
Dalles ssw of Udina, It is now aiiuoil
CON
mined, and the bilhop refidcs at Porto
Cruaro.
CoN'DAViR, a foil in the pcninfula of
liindooftan, and the principal pott of
Ounloor, one of the five Circars. It 'ui
ftronglv fituatc on a mountain, 16 miles
>v of C/untoer.
CoNDE, a (trong town of France, in
the department of tlie North and French
part of Hainault. It has a caitle, and gav«
the title of prince to a branch of the late
royal family. It was taken by the allies,
July 10, 1793, but it was retaken by the
French Oe^. i, 1794, and ordered by the
convention to have its name changed to
that of Nord Libre. Condc is feated on
the Scheld, feven miles NE of Valenci-
ennes, and ti7 N by E of Paris. Lon.
3 39 E, lat. 50 27 N.
CoNDE, a town of France, in the
department of Calvados and late province
01 Normandy. It carries on a confider-
ablc trade, and is feated on the Nereau,
1 5 miles w of Paris. Lon. o 37 w, lat,
48 ^O N.
CoNDECEDO, a cape of N America,
in Yucatan, 100 miles w of Merida.
Lon. 91 27 w, lat. 20 50 N.
CoNDOMf a large town of France, in
the department of Gers and late province
of Gal'cony. As it has no trade, it is por,
and thinly peopled. It was lately an
epil'copal lee, and is feated on the Baife,
22 miles w of Auch. Lon. o 36 e, lat,
44 1 N.
CoNDORE, the capital of a number of
iflands, in the Indian Ocean. It produces
mangoes, which grow on trees, as large as
apple-trees : the fruit is of the fize of a
fmall peach, ami when ripe, has a plea-
lant fmell and talte. The inhabitants are
iinall in feature, well-lhaped, and of a
dark olive complexion ; their fuea are
long, with black Ihaight hair, Iinall
black ey'.s, high nolcs, thin lips, white
teeth, .(nd little mouths. They are very
poor, and their chief employment is get-
tu.g tar out of the trees. When any
ftiips arrive, they will bring their women
on board, and offer them to the fail'jrs.
They have a little idol temple, built of
wood, and thatched like their houfes,
which are very mean. The EngliHi E
India Company had a fettlement here in
1702; but the fadors falling out with
the natives, moft of them were murdered,
and the reft driven thence in 1705. Lon.
107 26 E, lat. 2 40 N.
CoNDRiEU, a town of France, in the
department of Rhone and Loire and late
province of LyonoiS| remarkable for its
CON
excellent wines. It is reatcil near tl»c
Rlione, 17 miles s of Lyons. Lon. 4.
5j c, lat. 4S 23 N.
Caneolens, a town of France, in the
tlepartinciit of Charentc and late j»rovincc
ot' Angoumois, on the river Vitnne, 30
miles NE of Angoulcfme. Lon. o 4.3 f,
lat. 48 55 N.
CoNGLETON,a town in Cliefhire, with
a market on Saturday. It is governed by
a mayor, and has two churches, but the
Eiincipal one is two miles diltnnt. It
as a manufafture of leather gloves ; and
a more confiderable one in filk, there !ie-
ing a large filk-niill, which employs 700
hands. It is featcd on the river IXme,
levcn miles s of Macclesfield, ;ind 164.
NW of London. Lon. 2 low, lat. 53 8 n.
Congo, a country of Africa, b-jtween
theequinoiSlial line and 18 degrees of s lat.
containing the kingdoms of Loango,
Congo, Angola, and Bengucla. It was
difcovered by the Portuguele in 148 1, ;;nd
is hounded on the N by Benin, by the in-
land part of Africa on the e, by Matamon
on the s, and by the Atlantic Ocean on
the w. It is fometimes called Lower
Guinea ; and the Portuguele have a great
many fettlements on the co.ilt, as wc!) as
in the inland countiy. Thty hnve many
dell-rt places within land, in which are
elephjnts, tigers, leopards, monkies, and
monftroas ferpentsj but near the coalt,
the foil is more fertile ; and there are
fruits of many kinds, befide palm-trees,
from which they get wine and cill. The
inhabitants are ikilful in weaving cotton
cloth; and they trade in ilaves, ivoiy,
cailia, and tamarinds : the greateft part
of them go almoft naked, worlhipping the
fun, moon, and ftars, befide animals of
different kinds j but the Portuguefe have
made many converts. Congo, properly
fo called, is only 1 50 miles broad along tlie
coalt, but is 372 inland. From March
to September is called the winter feal'on,
when it rains almoft every day ; and the
fummer is from Oifiober to March, when
the weather is very hot. The river Zaire
is full of crocodiles and . ver-horles.
The principal town is St. Salvador.
Con I, a town of Piedmont, capital of
a territory of that name, with a citadel.
It was taken by the French in April
1796. It is feated at the confluence of
the Greffe and Sture, 35 miles s of Turin.
Lon. 7 45 E, lat. 44 30 N.
CoNiNGSECK, a town of Suabia, ca-
pital of a county of the fame name, 20
miles N of Conuance. Lon. 9 20 £,
Jat. 47 50 N.
(CoNiN^^TON, a vilUge in HunUng-
CON
don'riirc, near Stilton. It hai the ruln«
ol a c title i and is feated at the head of
tlie river which forms Ug-merc, Brick-
nicrc, and VVhiltL-iea-mcre.
CoNtsroN-MERE, a lake in Lancs-
fliiiT?, which affords plenty of char. It
is five mile:> long, bi:< not above one
broad; and is five miles w of Winander-
mere.
CoNNAUOHT, a province of Ireland,
130 miles long, and 84 broad j bounded
on the E by Leiniter and Munlter, on the
s by the latter province, on the w and N
by the Atlantic, and on the nw by Ulfter.
It is fertile in many places, but is the
lealt cultivated of all the four provinces.
It contains one archb.fliopric, Hve billiop-
rics, llx counties, f'.ven market-towns,
lo boroughs, and 330 pariihes.
Connecticut, one of the Unitc4
States, in New England, 82 miles long
and 57 broad ; bounded on the N by Mal-
fachu'ets, on the u by Rhode Illand, on
the w by New York, and on the s by the
Sound, which divides it from Long Illand,
Though fubjed to the extremes of heat
and cold in their i'eafons, and to Irequent
ludden changsi, this country is very
healthful. It is the moft populous, in
proportion to its extent, of ;iny of tite
United States, and produces tl;ie neccf-
laries and conveniences of life in abun-
dance. Its principal rivers ai'e the Con-
necticut, Houfatonik, and Thames. It
contains the counties of Hartford, New-
haven, New London, Fairfield, Wind-
ham, Lichfield, Middlefex, and Tolland.
In 1782, the number of inhabitants was
*76>3y5' Hartford and Newhaven are
the capitals ; the general allbmbly being
annually holden at the former in May,
and at the latter in Ocl ober.
Connecticut, a river of New
England, which riles in a I'wamp in lon.
71 o w, and, taking a foutherly direc-
tion, falls irto the Sound, oppofite Long
Ifland. Between Walpole ana Wtltmin -
fter are the great faUs. The river, com^
rrtffed between two rocks, I'carcely 30
feet alunder, fUcjots with amazing rapi-
dity into a broad bafin below. Over
thefe falls, a bridge, 160 feet in length,
under which the higheft floods may pafs
without injury to it, was built in 1784;
the firft bridge ereftad over this noble
river. From its iource to its mouth it is
about 300 miles ; and on its banks are
many pleal'ant well-built towns.
Connor, a town of Ireland, in the
county of Antrim, with a biihop's fee,
fix miles N of A^trjuili ^on, 6 6 £)
lit. .H 59 N,
III
.11!;
' T
Wi i^)
V i
■
]
'••'"i,i^^r u ii'v^w^ i»«i •""■^^^•fli
CON
C O N
m'''
CoK(^UET> n rown of France, in the
iJ(partmcT\t of F:iiiifcn-s; and ble provinct:
«t Bret:;gne, with a good hnbciir and
rend. It ia 12 miles w ol' Iirt.il. Lou. 4
41 Wj l:.t. 4.8 Z3 N.
Co.vsT ANCE, a city uf Sualiin, with
3 bilhop'a ice 5 I'catcd on ih: Rhine, be-
tween the ii^ipjr un.i lower hkcs of
Cf nib nee. Oncf fn ilounil.'.rii: in ccm-
jwevce, r.uci tb cclobratfrt in hiltoty, g:al';»
row gruvvs in th^ privicijial fltects., aud
\t f'cnrccly coiitaiiii 30QO inhabllaius,
\t. was tbrmcvlv in alliaiicv with Zuiic
snti }l.Vd\, raicU by thvir ainstarict;, h;;<i
cy.p'.'}lt.i t)ic biflioji, and cnhnjted the
r.-form ■■tion. Ent tliL- piottil-'.nt car.tons
bein^
'ii-A
(Jyjiitancc was
1" 'SV,
obli;jcfl to li'bmit to the tmpcvor C.'hrul«.;i
Vj .-ind to aa-unit thi.- cathclii. rtlis;i:'U.
Jt tliUj loft its iuJv.'))tndciK-c, anrl lu ing
ruigkcltd by the bouiir ot" Auth-iai Jell by
*lci,ifes inio Its preiejit ftatf. in J'/Sj,
however, the einpjvor Jolt'|-\li n imlti-.l
Either the eiiiigranti from C-:nev.i, andv
in 17S7J 350 pcrlbni' (iircong whom wevc
54 watclimakcis) wvre fcttki hen.' •. tlic
«;ir.p;.vor grarirv.d ll:em the I'eciibrl^ci
cni>v'(.nt of the Dciiiinicans, for a viiain.-
iaCiurt (jf printed HiiL-nsi and the rcf.c-
tniy was made the ciiapel of tiic new
coK ny. Conttanco is fari.ior.s fcr a co^in-
trd, in 15 14, v/btch catii'td John Kvds and
Jeroi/ie of Pr:;gi!c to be burnt \ --ind liko-
wile cor.dcmni;d the doitrinc of Wick-
littc, and ordered his bones to be bunu'd
.|o years after lie was dca.i. The French
took polTeilion of thi^^ city i)i July jy-jCi.
It iii 35 milts N£ cf Zuric. Lon. y 10 E,
lit. 47 3S N.
CoNSTAXCE, Lakk OFj ouc of the
molt coiiriden'blc lakes of SwilVerland,
which it fcpavatts fro.-n Suabia, that p:ut
excepted, where the city of Conftance is
fcattd on its s ilde. It is divided into
three part-;. Tite upper ar'.d ta/geit part
is called Bodt n See j the middle part is
named BodmcrStej and the lower part
IJfKVr Sec-, Zeller See, cr the lake of
Ze'!. T'hc np'pr.r lake :•> 37 miles long,
snii 15 in iis gieate't brcadtii. Through
this lake the Rhine ticws, and then enters
the Zelier See, whiv',; is j6 miles long,
and )o in its greate(t breadth. Like all
the lakes •• Swifllrl.ind, this is deeper in
funimtr than in winter J wliicli is oviiig
to the firlt melting" of the Ihcw frora the
aiij.icenr niO(;r.ta.;,is.
CoNSTANj iNA, a town of Africa,
in the kingdom of Algiers, the largeft
and fti-ongeft in all the caftern parts, ami
feated n' the top cf a great rock. There
is HO 'v.^y to i; but by Kc*p^; cut cut of the
rocV ; and the ufua! way cf punUMnj
criminals here i* to throw thcn^ down the
clitf. Mere art manv Ronia\i antiqiiitiKi.,
piU'iiculu. ly a tvlvMiiphal aich. It is 75
mllt;i Irom die iea, and 210 E by $ of
Algiers. Lnn. 7 o t, list- 3C> 4. M.
CovcTASTiSAj a to '.'in ot Spain, vq
Andalirfia, with ataHle feated on a moun-
taui, 4.0 n)i!e.; uz of Seville. Lull, j
35 \v,, lat. 37 40 N.
CoNi-TAMriNOY'LE, the ancIent By-
zantium, one of the motl celci)rated cities
in Enrope, in Romanirt, and capital of
the Ott,-)'in:n cnip.ire. It is f'^at.d e'A ;j
neck of bind, which advances towaicl
N:;twrv.. , iVu'.u whicl\ it is fopavated by ;i
Ih'ait a r'li)', iri bveL'.dlu. The ffx oi
iMaaiiT, r.i w.dlicj it:; walls on the s, and a
g^iU' oi' the llvuit of ConitawtiTiople '.iocs
the Came on the N, It !■» delightfnlly
iitirate hetuicn the Bla*!-: Sea and th'^
Archijv.'iago. Ccr.ltantlnc the Great
rl-iol'c thif, pi-'ce f(.r hi ; abode, and ytbuilt
it alter the racdcl ot H.,u\e. Il wa* taken,
in 14.53, by the Turk;;, v.-ho have kept
pcflellion of It tver fiuce . The gn;mi
litiav'Gr's palace, c;died the Seragiio, is on
the fvaliiie, and is turvo.rndtd by walls
liankrd with tmveis, aud k>par;-'ed from
the city by cauaio. Tht; ivaiaher of
hcnl'es niii'd be pTcdigvous j, hut, it)
general, th«y arc inean, eipeci;dly on the
outlide, where vheve ire few oi" no win-
dows. ;,nd the Greets bchiginrrow, gives
them a melancholy lork. '!. hty reckon
t!r.u there are 3770 <heets and Lncs, hut
they are feldcm cv ever cleatu and 'die
people arc inielled with tlse plai,iie aliMOii
ove;y year. The inhabitants are half
Tciiks, two thirds of the other half
ChriUians, aind the reft Jews. Here arc
a guv't 'unnber of ancient momnnentb
ttlll nnu'.ir.ing, and particularly tlie fu-
rerb tempk of St. Sophia, which is con-
verted into a n'oique, asid fiiypah'es all
the reft. The bazars, or bezeiteios, r.re
the markets for nierihavidil'e: they aie
Ir.rge fquare baildlng'j, covered whh
denies, fnpported by arcades, and con-
tainiijg ail lorts of goods, which aa- there
expoied to iale. l here is u market for
(laves of both I'exes ; and the Jews are the
principnl merchants, who bring them here
to be lold. A great miinber of girls are
brr.-jght from Hnng.uy, Greece, Ctindia,
Clrcalha, Mingrelia, and Georgia, for the
lervlce of the Furks, wiio generally bny
them for ihur Icraglias. The great
fqnare, near the molqtie of fultan Baja/xt,
1^ the place for public diverfions. Thu
circnmteiar.ee of this city is laid to he
15 nuJi>', and i_j with the fuluihi Ltv-
eluded :
place whi
fide. TI
. trian ile ;
dually, 1 1
jf'rom
bagnios,
them nvij
of Adria
700 SS 0
J N.
vJoNS'
ciently
forming
name
CON
COP
ins
OS.,
75
oi
U1-
of
clw'led: the fuburb, called Pera, is the
place where the foreign ambaflador:i it-
Jl.ie. Tlit city is built in tlie form o/ a
.tiianrle ; and as tho giouiul riles gra-
tliuiily, there is a.vii-w of the wliole town
from li\e lira. Tiic palaces, inoj^ue:;,
bagnios, and caravaniiu^s, are many of
them migiiiiicent. It is 112 miles Ese
of Adrianoj)k, 24.0 E of Saloiiichi, 2nd
700 SE of Vieiuia. Lon. 2B 59 e, lat. 41
J N.
Constantinople, Strait of, an-
ciently the Thracinn Buiphonis, and
forming the communication between the
Euxine oi' Black Sea, and the Pi-opontis,
or Tea of Marmora. It is 20 miles long,
and a ndle and a quarter broad, where
fiarrovvert. The Turks have built two
taftlts, oppofite to each other, to defend
the pa/Tage. It forms the reparation here
between Euroj-e and Alia. On one fide
of it is lituate Ccnltantinopk, and on the
other, Scut;ni, where the grand lii^iiior
has his leraglio.
CoNSTANTiNOW, a town of Poland
in Volhinia, on the river Selucza, 62 miles
^E of Kaminicck. Lon. 27 20 E, lat. 49
58 N.
CoNTESSA, a feaport of Turkey in
Europe, on a gulf of the fame name, in
tlie Archipelago, 200 mil?s \v of Con-
iftantinople. Lon. 23 58 E, lat. 41 8 N.
CoNTi, a town of France, in tiie de-
partment of Somiiie and Ute province of
ricardy. It gave the title ot prince to
a branch of the late royal family of
France. It is (eated on the Seille, 14 miles
sw of Amiens, and 62 N of Paris.
Lon. 2 13 E, lat. 49 42 N.
CoN'VERSANO, a town of Naples, in
Tj;rr:i di Bari, with a bilhop's ice, 12
miles £E of Bri. Lon. 17 6 £, lat. 41
20 N.
Con WAV, a town in Carnarvonfliire,
>vith a market on Friday ; ii;ated at the
jtnowth of the Conway, and diltinguidied
by the maify remains of its caltle,
formerly one of the moft magnificent
ftructures of the itind in the kingdom. It
is 18 miles ene of Carnarvon, and 235
WNw pf Lpndon. Lon. 4 i \v, lat. 53
20 N.
Conway, a river of N Wales, which
flows through a feriiie vale of the lame
name, along the whole cattern border oi'
.Carnarvonlhirc, and enters the Iriih Sea,
at tlie town of Conway.
Conza, an ancient town of Naples, in
Principato Uheriv/ie, with an arclibiihop's
fte. It was lb grea.iy ruined iiy an earth-
quake in 1694, that the pl:;ce where tlie
cathedral itoyd is hwdly known. It is
52 miles E of Naples. Lon. 15 35 £,
lat. 40 50 N.
Cook's Kiver, a larg'^^ river of N
AuKiica, wliicli ilows into the N Paciiir
Ocean. Jt was diicovered, in 1778, h\'
captain Cook, who left a blan'c tor I.»
liame, which was filied up by the ea;l (-:
Sandwich. This rivcr waj iiaced as high
as ht. 61 30 N, vvhieh Is .-.bo-.v 7a
leagues from its mouth, in lon. 151 o w.
Cock's Strait, a Ibait di^dJiiig tlie
two idands of which New Ze.Ui'.iid ij
compoied : it h about four or hve league*
l)2oad.
Coo'^, an iHand in the 'Archipelago,
5fi miles KW of Khodes, fubjecc to the
'I'urks. Lon. 27 44 e, lat. 37 i \.
Co ? E N H age n , the ca|)iial of Denmark ,
vviti; •) univerfty. It is the bell built
city (;i Jie North; and owes its principal
beauty to a dreadful fire in 1728, that
deltroyed five churciiei and 67 Itrects,
wiiich have been rebuilt in the modern
Iryle. The new parts of the town, railed
by ]~icdi.ric V, conhits of an oilagun, con-
taining lour uniform and elegant i)uildiHgs
ot hewn ifone, anti of foiir broad ftreets,
leading to it in oppofite direitions ; in
tlie middle oi'tlie area is an eipieflrian Itatuc
of that king in bronze, wliich was call
at th' expt'nce of the E India Company,
and co.'t 8o,oool. Iterling. The greatcll
part of the buildings are of brick ; and
a few are of freeltone. The palaces of
the nubility are in general fplenilid, and
oriianiented in the Italian (tyle of arclii-
teilure. The royal palace, calkd Cliiii-
tianburg, built by Chriitian vi, ong of
the molt commodious, and moll lu'.npti:-
oufly furnifhed in Europe, was deltroyed
by fire, Feb. 26, 1794: and on June 6,
i7'j^, afire broke out in the dock-yard,
vvliich loon communicated acrofs ttic ca-
nal to the houles, and continued to rage
ior two days, by which one fourth of tl'.s
city was deltn-yed. The has'cn is always
crowded with ihips j and the Itreets aic
interlei'ted by canals, which brlnvj the
merchandise dole to the ware'.iouiL;. that
line the i.',uays. The citadel is ai regular
Ibrtifieation, with i'lvc baftions, a double
diicii full of water, and ieveral advanced
works. The city is live miles in cir-
cumference, and leated on the E ih.y.c vi
the die of Zealand, 300 miles sw of
Stcc!<.holm, and 500 NE of Londoji.
Lon. 11 40 E, lat. 55 41 N. See Amak.
CoriLOWAVS, a town of Turkey in
Europe, in Bulgaria. Lon. 36 35 e,
Lit. 46 40 N.
CoruRiA, a town of Inrrria, in titc
Kullian iTcveiumcnt of Peierlbm gh, at
I i
I -i
t
* V f r r ^M
-I f lii Jr>L iS
i : !i
i\ If.
1 ' I • " t
I: f ' ^'!
'■>\-
M^
COR
the mouth of a river of the iimc nanjc.
Lon. 2,9 'o E, lat. 59 34 N.
CoqiJr.T, :i river in Northum'jerland,
■which crolies the centre of tiiat county,
and enters tlie German Ocean, at Waik-
worth.
Coquet, an ifland on the coaft cl'
Norttunaberhni.1, oppofitf thu mouth of
thvj river Coqiiet.
Co(5xjiMBO, a feaport of Chili, on a
river of the lame name. It has been
often pillaged by the Enkjlirti. Lon. 71
31 w, lat. 29 54. s.
CoRAH, or CORAHJF.Hl-NAriAn, a city
of Hindocftan Proper, in Dooab, Aibjetlrt
to the nabob of Oude. It is 60 miles
ssw of Lucknow. Lon. 79 45 e, lat. 26
5 N.
CoRBACH, a town of Gennany, in
the principality of VValdeck, 10 miles
NW of Waldeck. The heieditary prince
of Brunfwick was det^ated here by the
French in 1760. Lon. 8 58 v., kit. 51
20 V.
CoRrECK.,a town of Auftrian Brabant,
three milts s of Louvain. Lon. 4. 49 e,
lat. 50 50 N.
CoRiEJL, a town of France, in the
department of Seine and Oiib and late
province of the Ifle of France, feated on
the Seine, 17 miles S ot Paris. Lon. z
26 E, iat. 48 33 N.
Corbie, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Somme and late province of
Picardy, with a late celebrated Benedic-
tine abbey, feated on the Somme, 10 miles
£ of Amiens. Lon. 2 38 e, lat. 49
54 ^'•
Corby, a town of Germany, on the
confines of Weltphalia, with a famous
abbey, whole abbot is a fovereign prince.
It is feated on the Wefer, 30 miles e by
N of Paderborn. Lon. 9 30 e, lat. 51
50 N.
Cordova, an cpifcopal town of Spstin,
in Aadalufia, remarkable for its anti-
quity, and for lutving preferved its fplen
dour and riches througli ib many ages, it
being well known to the Romans by the
name of Cordn'oa. It is feated on the
Giiadalquiver, over Vvfhich is a magnill-
cent Itoiie bridge. The circumference is
large, but it is not peopled in proportion
to its extent, for there are many orchards
and gardens within the wall:.. The pa-
laces, chinches, and religious heufes are
fuperb, particularly the cathedral, which
was a viiofmie, when the Moors pollVfled
the t(jwn J tor which rcafon it ftill retain;;
the name of Mezquita. The fquare,
called the Plaza Major, is furrounded by
fine houies, under which arc piazzas.
COR
Tlie trade confifts in wine, filk, and Cor-
dovan leather ; and in the neighbourhoofi
are a vail munber of orange and lemon
trees. The btll horfes in Spain come
hence, Cordoea is 75 miles ne of Se-
ville, and 137 s by v/ of NLadrid. Lon, 4
4 w, iat. 37 sz r.'.
Cordova, a town of S America, in
Tucuman, with a hi/hops fee, tSo niile^i
E by N of St. Jago. Lon. dz 5 w,
lat. 3z 10 s.
CoRDUAN, a famous lighthoufc of
France, at ihi" mfluth of the Girondc,
55 miles Nvv of Bourdeaux. Lon. 1 9 \v,
lat. 45 36 N.
CoREA, a pcninfulaof Afia, extending
between China and Japan. It is bounded
on the N by Chineie Tartary, on the k
by the fea and ifles of Japan, on the s by
the ocean, and on the w by the gulf and
province of Leao-tong. This kingdom
is commonly reckoned 200 leagues from
N to s, and loo from E to w. The
king has ablblute authority over his fub-
jeds, but is himfelf tributary 10 China,
It is divided into eight provinces, which
contain 33 cities of the Hrit rank, 58 of
the fecond, and 70 of the third. King-
kitao is the capital. The principal pro-
duiits of Corea are wheat, rice, ginfeng,
gold, filver, iron, foflil ialt, :artor and
fabL's flcins, a yellow varnifh, almoft
equal to gilding, and a peculiar kind of
paper made of cotton. Numbers of
whales are annually found on the coalt
toward the ne. The Coreans are well
made, ingenious, brave, and tradable.
They are fond of dancing and muiic, and
fliow great aptneis for acquiring the fci-
ences, which they apply to with ardour.
Men of learning are diftinguiflied from
other people by two plumes of feathers,
which they wear in their caps. They
have borrowed their writing, drefs, reli-
gious worflrip, ceremonies, belief of the
tranfmlgration of Ibuls, and the greater
part of their cultoms, from the Chineie.
Their women are lefs confined than thole
in China, and have the liberty of appear-
ing in company with the other fex. In
Ckina, parents often marry their chJldren
without their confent : in Corea, they
choole for themlelves : they neither re-
gard the incliHatioiis of their parents, nor
luftlr them to tiuow any obltades in the
way of their union. Fhey ntver bury
their dead till three years after their de-
ceafe, but keep them in coffms for tliat
time.
Corfe-Castle, a borough in Dor-
fetihire, with a market on Thurfday. It
is feated in a peninluia t^tUed tht Ifle oi
Tartei-ck, oa|
«n one of
inerly a \M
has a largel
jipculiar, niT
juriful^ion-
"a snayor, an^
«f bai'ons.
parliament, ■
and 110 vv|
4. w, lat. 5c
Corfu,
nean, near
tians, and t|
have in thelj
the gulf of
in\prcgnablJ
€j_uantity otl
vineyards,
pital is of
lomc metre
an the E <
40 N.
CORIA,
Leon, feat;
svv of Mad
CORJNl
Gerame,
vca, with
was one oi
Cireece, or
ifthmus in
top of an
harbours <
gia ; its ri
tors, and
ikilful in
the Venei
malters ol
decayed i
guous, t
gardens,
lage. F
«ver the
country
chiefly C
It is 40
3 E, bt
CORI
rea, a nt
to Livai
Lcpantc
part of
mount
celebrai
are ftill
of the
Pluto,
chus.
vain at
Uthniu
it, ca
COR
Piirlecck, on a rivo', between two hills,
•n one of which fi;u)ds the caitlc, (or-
mcrly a place of great importance. It
has a large churcli, which is a royal
]pipculiar, not liable to any tpilcopal
jurililif^ion. The town is governed by
a mayor, and its aldermen have the title
•f biu'ons. It lends two nien^bers to
parliament, and is 21 miUs v of Dorcliclter,
and 120 vv •>y s of London. Lon. 2
4. w, lat. 50 j6 N,
Corfu, an illand of the Mediterra-
nean, near Albania, fubje6t to the Vtne-
tians, and the moii important place tliey
have in thcl'e pares, becaul'e it commajids
the gulf of Venice. Ii is defended by an
impregnable caille. lle:e is made a great
i^uantity of fait j and it abounds with
vii^eyards, lcrr;ons, and oli\es. The ca-
pital is of the lame name, with a hund-
Jomc metropolitan church 0: the Greeks,
»a the E coait. Lon. 20 o K, lat. 39
40 N.
CoRiA, an epifcopal tov/n ov Spain, in
Leon, leated on the Alagon, rzo miles
svv of Madrid. Lon. 5 30 w, ht. 40 o N.
CORJNTH, now called Coraxtho, or
Gerame, a celebrated city, in the \Io-
vea, with » Greek archbiihop's ite. It
v¥as one of the molt Important places in
Greece, on account of its f:tuaiion on the
Kthmus into the Morea; its caitle on the
top of an ahnoll inaccellible rock, its
harbours on the guUs of Lepanto and En-
gia; its riches, and its architects, fcuip-
tors, and painters, who were tlu; nioit
ikilful in Cjreece. it once behxiged to
the Venetians, but the Turks became
malters of it in 1715. It i^ no<,v greatly
decayed } for the houfes are not conti-
guous, but interiuixed wjtli fields and
gardens, which make it look like a vil-
lage. From the eallle, is a fine profped
•ver the fca to the E and \v, and a fertile
country N and s. The inhabitants are
chiefly Chrittians, of the Greek church.
It is 40 miles Nw of Adwns. Lon. 13
3 E, bt. 38 14 N.
Corinth, Isthmus of, in the Mo.
rea, a neck of land which joins the Moiva
to Livadia, and readies Irom the gulf of
Lepanto to that of Ergia. The narrowcll
part of it is fix miles over; and on a
mount tharc, called Oneius, were formerly
celebrated the Ilthmian game;,. Thert
are Itill the ruins of a town upon it, and
of the teir.ples dedicated to the Sun,
Pluto, Diana, Neptune, Ceres, and Bac-
chus. Julius Cefar, Caligula, and Nero, In
vaiu attempted to cu , a channel through the
ythmus ; they therefore built a wall acJofs
it, called Hgx;^nuium; btc^ulc it w»s
COR
*
fix miles in length. This was JemoKi'h'.'Jr
by Amurath n, rebuilt by the Venetians,
and levelled a ftcond time by Mahomet 11.
CORiTA, a town of Spain, in Leon,
^3 miles E of Salamanca. Lon. 5 49 w,
lat. 41 5 N.
Cork, a county of Ireland, in the
province of Munlter, 80 miles in length,
and 50 in breadth ; bovmded on the \v by
Kerry nn.l the Atlantic, on tlie N by Li-
merick, on the E by Watcrfonl, aiul on
the s and se by St. George s Channel,
it cont.ains cs^s parilhes, and It-nds zG
members to parliament. It is fertile and
populous, and has two remarkable rivers,
the Blackwater and Lee.
Cork, the capital of the county of
Cork, with a bilhop's It'e. It is a neat,
rich, and populous place, on the river
Lee, where it has a commodious harbour.
It furpalitii all the towns in Ireland f<jr
trade, except DubUn. It was taken by
the e;ul of Marlborough in 1690. It is
14 miles from St. George's Channel, and
1 24 s vv of Dublin. Lcn .8 r. 3 w, lat. 5 j.
54 N-
CoRLiN, atownof PruHlanPomeraniri,
feated on theriverj*eriant, eight miles SE
oi Colbcrg. Lon. 15 47 e, lat. 54 16 s.
CORMENTIN, a fortrefs on "the Gold
Coaft of Guinea, belonging to the Dutclj,
Near it is tlie town, which is large and
populous. Lon. 015 w, lat. 5 30 N .
Cormesy, a town of France, in the
depaitm'jnt of Indrc and Loire and late
province of Tcuraine. It had recently
a rich Ber/tdiftine abbcy^ and is feated on
the Indve, eight miles from Tours.
Lo'A. Q 2b i-, lat. 47 30 M.
Cornet, a cattle on the ifland of
Ciicrnlly. Lon. % 40 w, lat, 49 30 N,
Cor.NETOj a town of Italy, in the
patrimony of St. Peter, with a billiop's
U:e, Itated on r^e Marta, three mih:s 5
*f tlie lea, and 37 nw of Rome. Lon. i x
53 e, lat. 42 15 K.
Cornwall, a county which fomu
the s\v extremity of i;,ngland j bouoiUvi
on the K by DevonAiire, on the & t>y tlia
Fngliih Chanvi!;!., aad on the Mvv by Sr.,
Creerge's Channel. It.s If.ngth from e t»
vv is 80 miles j its breadth next to I)e-
von/hire is 48, but it loon contrai.^:;, and
at FslHicuth does not exceed 14; it thea
fpreads a little to the s and s\v, and tt.r-
minatcs in two point-;, uv~ of which is
calkd ihi? Lizard, -and tlu- other the Lands
End. It lies in the dioc.;llC' of Exeter ^
contains nine hundreds, 27 market townd,
.aid r6i pariihes, avui luuls 44 ineiAbvrs
to parliameijt. The air is iharp and.
hcilihiui, but the vicyuty of th« il;a ex-
1 rS'jiw.itt
m r
L'l p .1 \ J}V
■^'Vr
Ja
■ V* -
if-
■•««wniji''»r«»«wi,«»iMMm»w«,,M,,ii^„..,K,i«i,,,,4,j,i,^„^..^,
'"*■"*"••""«»<«•«»»,»»
«!M«Ma«w>«im»«»v
-"■^■M
*>*%vni«m'mnf<mMt1t
COR
COR
IS*
en'p<'3 St from hard frofts, and fnow never
lico long on the gromid. 'The I'oil, as it
is ll.nUavv, is not very t'ruittu], eiptcially
in (he centre on the iiiily puits; ihe vai-
Ite;, ykld ].knty of g-afsj and the Jrinds
r.t;ai' ike lea, by being luaiuucd with ka-
wtcd produce corn, it has plenty oi lea-
ht-rbs, and icnie o^thei* plan's jntiiiiar to
ifs in:v:ixr lituation. 1 he prinripril rivers
r.rc the Tamar, Camel, an;l FaKr. It de-
rives its chief-" i)7ij^oit:u!ce iVoni its minc-
iuU, The minc6 of tin are nimu-rous,
;)ijd are, in genond, wry rich in ore:
vhe.e have rendered ihis coxiDty famous in
:,il ages. There has be^n tomctinies
tovnd a linall quancii-yof g-old atui lUvtr,
but not wcrthy of notice. \\'ith the
inct;dl;ne otea are intersnixtd large quan-
vitit.s of m'.uidic and arifuic. Many
lorts of Rones are aifo I'oiind here, pr-
ticuiarly mccrftonc, which is u!eri both
in Iniildings and tor miil/tones: when po-
ti<hed, it appears more beautiful than .•ii;y
of the rn:>] bk kind, and makes the riclielt
i'nrniture, as tablci, chimnej'pieces, 6cc.
but being exceedingly liard, ihe poUiliir.g
iis expeniive. 1 he copper mines nre alio
aiujicrousj and rich in ore. In m;iny
cavernous parts of the rocks are found
iraniparent cryftals, crdled CoiniJh dia-
monds, they being very Lrijiiant v/hen
we'd polilhed. Tliiti country w?.;, (.rn;
•i ;he pLices to which liu ancient .Eriton;
revicate<i.> whole, language was ret-;ined
evi'-i tjo tliis century, but it is now (juite
v.vtinft. The king's ekielt (on is hern
duke of Cf'rnwal!, and (derives a revrraio;,
j;ot only from lands appei'taining to the
C\ichy, but from the nines cf tin and
eopjitr : he has ^nu'cr bin) :n\ ciHter,
cr.iied lord warden of the Stannary
Ccurt,>^, vvliof'; juriidiftion e:;tends ever
the rwint'S and ini5ier,> cf CfiiTAv::t! and
Devonlhirej rmd he appcinis. in his privy-
council, the /heritf ot the tonner c;.unty.
Launcctton is the cipital.
CoRO. See Vknek'jev.a.
COROVJANHLL, CoAST OF, the eafhru
road of the penii;!'ula of Ilindool'tin,
extending between lo and i •V'' N lat.
I'here is not a port for large fliips en
the whole cnalf-, which is an even, low,
i\\v,dy country. Madras is the principal
town.
Co RON, a fcaportof the Morca, fented
on a bay, 15 miles se of Modo\j. Lou.
21 50 1', lat. 36 50 N.
CoK(iNAriON, Cape, a cape of the
iih.md of New Caledonia, in the S Faciric
tn.-can. J. on. 16-; 8 f, lat. 2?. 5 s.
C ORRi';r;io, a t(Avn cf Itnlv: capital
iii a ttjritory of the iuiiK; naiix', in ti;s
Modenefe, vi-ith a caftle, nine miles
NE of Reggie. Lon. it 12 e, lat. 44
46 N.
CoRi?.E7P, .1 department of France,
containing the late province of Limofm.
It lakes its name irom a river, which
falls into the Ve.':ere, after having watered
".ruhcs and Brivei. TulK-s is the ca-
pital.
(Jo R SHAM, a town in Wilts, where
the Saxon king Ethelred had a. palace.
Here are fome confidcrable cKjthJtrs. It
is hnir miles svv of Chippenham.
Corsica, anifl.-nd in the Mediterra-
nean, her.\veen 8 and 10"^' k lon. and 41 and
.|:;° N lat. On the 9 it is feparated from
.Savclinia, by the ftrait of Bonifacio j to
the; E it h'ls tb.e Tul'can Sea; to the n
the gulf of Genoa J and to the w it h
cqc)j)ofjte the coafts of France and Spain.
It is 150 miks from N to s, and from
40 to 50 in breadth. It was known to
the ancient Greeks by the names of Cal-
lilhi and Cyrnus, and to the Romans by
its prt.'ent appeUation. On the coatt are
many exctlh-nt harbours. It is nioun-
taiiious, but fruitful vall'es are intcv-
fperiijd j and it has fome fine lakes and
rivcis. With relpccl to products, Cor-
frca has nothing peculi'sr to itfelf; but
in the earliell; tim-.:.-, it has been famous
i'or its i'warms of bees, and produces Vvdl
cjuaiitities of- honey, which, however, is
reckoned bitter, (,n account of the box:
rtnd yew with which the country abcmnds.
Atttr m:my revoluriona-, this illand was,
tcr ibme centurie:;, r.nder the dominion
of the Gencel'e, whole tyranny wds liich,
thr't the Corficans were almoil in a per-
P'.t\!ai itate of irifurredion. In 17 5*5,
a G'^nnan adventurer, Theodore baron
Newhoff, brought feme aniit-.ince to
them, -and, on his afWu-.uu-es oF r/jore
powerful aid, they elected hin-i king;
but, as he could not lhb'l:antiate his pro-
mii'cs, he was obliged to leave the iilaud.
He c:'mc to England, was thrown into
the Fket prit'on, re ha fed by nn aft of
infoivency (after having j-egiilei'ed his
kiugdoni of Corfica for ihe benefit of
his credittii's) and i'-dfered to die in ex-
treme indigiiicc. The (Tcnoefe, tired of
the conteft, ibid the ibvereig:ity to Fiance
in 1767; and the celebrated Paoli, who-
!iad been ele(;:>ed to the cliief comman,!,
i" '755> ^'^'■'^ obliged to abandon the
iilaud in i7';^y. .After the French revo-
lution in 1789, Corfica was admitted as
an eighty-third department of France,
at tiie particular rec;\'elt of a deputation,
of which PaoH was at rhc head. In
conlccjucnce, howcvei-, of fome event*
5S '■
COK.
fica,
juevjt
the V
■ agreeal
which
COR
ViliKh foiloweti the rt-voluti-jn of 1791,
V.iolx revolted ; the Frer.th, by tiic afTilt-
ajKc of" the Eu^fUfh, wcix txptlkd fruni
fiu". iilan.l i tir.d Corfica, on flu- lyih oK
June J 794, W.U ikxlaic-d annexed t*> t'lie
tiovvii (»f Gn;at Britain, accoxiing to a
lu-sv conilir.uttoTi, -which hjji heni jnc-
viouiiy I'oiJTied. l^/a{ii:i is the Jargtll
town J but Cortc, ia the cenire ol' the
ill'Uid, is i'ickoned the tapital.
COKSOI'R., a town of Denmark, on
the vv iide of th'.^ iik of Zealand, on a
pt.ni;i'''ul:jj ia the Grtat In'h. It h:n :i
;;;ood hirboui- for liglit vciiels, and is de-
iauhdhy a citadel. Lon. ir la i-, Lit.
5 5 J- '"'•
CoKTz, the preft-nt cai/jtil of Cor-
ftca, as Ba'tiu was under the govern -
nu-vjt of the Cienoci'f. It i.s ihe feat of
the viceroy nnd pailiamen; of Coiilci,
•Agn-eahly to the couftinnica of i;(;4, hy
wliich. that kiugilom was ann£:.ed to (he
crovv^n of Great Erltahi. It is featetl
jvardy on the toot, and partly on the de-
clivity <;f u n.ck, at tiie c.'rJiuence of
the ''r:ivif;r.aiir) and Reftcnica. On the
poivit of 3. rock, rifing- above t}\e reft, at
the b.'.ck of the town, is the callle,
v/hich has only one wiuding paffage to
climb Tip, In wliich only two pcrfon.i can
go a!vj-caii. It is r.; niileii sw of Duiiia.
Lon. 9 26 £, k'.i". 42 6 \.
CoRrjs, a town oi' Gamnny, in the
biAioprIc of Lie<xe, jo rnilci NE of Ra-
niiliies. Lon. .j. 59 e, lai. 50 46 N.
CoRTONA, a tAvn of Tufcany, with
a biihop's fee, vnd a fimcus academy,
3.'. jniies E of Sienna. Lou. u 52 w,
iat. 43 7,0 K.
Couum.':a, a feapor: of Spain, in
Gaiicia, a' the mouth of the Groyne.
It is th.' ilati(,n of the Spani/li packet-
boats, %vhieh have (ai'eJ licncc to Fal-
aiooth, and back a^ahi, ever fuice the
cqmrnencemiat of the prcieut war. I,ou.
8 19 w, !at. .^-^ jS N.
Crr.vo, t!u; fifiailtlJ iflaiid of the
Azc.".;, fo c.dLd fron; tlu; ;d);i,ic'.t(ice of
crows found upoij it. It has Ai'Ait Coo
inhabitanfj, wlio culdvate wlirat and
fet 1 liOgs. Lo,i. 31 5 v/, \:it. Ill ,y;, n,
C^orvvrkkan, a dan^njoiK wliid-
pool on tlie w coad of Scotland, I/etween
the ifle of Sc'jrba and tlic- r; poinr of that
of jura. It is fo n:ii|U'd iynm a youn,>y
J>inilh prince, who puKhcd in this piace;
itj dreadi'u) vorfcx csttiii's above a iiuK-"
ia circuit, ^fany (mnilor ■.vliirlpoo! , and
rapid cvna^nfj ;iri' ((/iiiid in this ndyh-
bourhood ; dangerou,; to thofe who are
ltiano;crs to thii coaft.
L'0R2CLA, Rn iflrrJ ki &x gulf of Vc-
COT
r.icc, on the coall of Dahnatla. Lea, tf
o E, Iat. 43 16 N.
CosKNZA, 3 city of Naples, capital
of Calabria Citeriorc, svith .in aj-ch-
bi/]iOj> "s fee, and a caUle. It is ieatcH
on the river Crate, i r miles from the
tea, and 105 SE of Naples. Lon. li
20 E, Iat. 59 20 N.
CosLiN, a town of Prufhan Pomcra-
nia, 10 miles E of Colberg.
Ci>;>N£, a town oi' France, in the de-
partment of Nievie and late province of
Nivernois. Auchovs for /liips arc forged
here; and its cutlery and gloves are much
eltof^im d. It is fcatcd at the contlucncc
of the Loire and Noain, SS miles s oi"
Paris. Lon. 3 6 E, Iat. 47 2t^ n.
CosSACS, a people inhabiting the
confaies of Polan.l, Kulfia, Tartary, and
Tuikey. They are divided into tiie
Kolakk.i-fa-Parovi, the Kofakki-Doniki,
and theUrnlian CofTacs. Theli; people
are la;^rc and v/tU-made, have blue eyes,,
brown hair, a^ul aquelinr noils; the
wojiien art: handibuie, sveli fii.iped, and
con.plaifanc to li:rarR.',ers. The Uialian
Colhics dwell in villages, rdcne?' the
banks of the Ural, and their cSiitt towti
is U'ralik. The country which the
Kol'vk.ki-fa-Paicvi inhabit, is called tlu-
Ukrair.ej and their towns are biillt of
wood, alter the nianner of the Ruliians.
The Kclakki Doniki dwell on botji fides
of the Don; ai'e under the protc«^tion of
Kuflia, and profcfs the lame religion.
See Ukraink and Uralian CossaCs.
Cob-siMBAZAR, a city of Hindooltnn
Proj)tr, in Bengal. It has beeli at all
times the n fidence of the diffeient Eu-
ropean laiTlors J this being the centre of
their trade. It is ieated on an Ulaud,
in ilooirly Rlv'cr, no miles N of Calcutta.
Lon. ^5 .',2 E, ht. 23 40 N.
CosTACNAZZAR, tSic ."-.iglKil moun-
tain of Turkey in Europe, in Komahla,
anciently called Hasmus.
CocTA Rica, n province of N Ame-
rica, in Nev/ Spain, bounded on the nk
by the <rulf ..f Xlexico, .a tli< bW by tj,e
Pacific Ocean, on the Nvv by Nitar igua,
and on the at. oy Veingui, Nf/'Cai-
th.'':';e is the taidtal.
C'urf(i;s, a town of Lov/cr Lufatla,
fu'.ject to the ki'i^ of prnliia. ilae
are a great nuinb:r of Fremh piotci-
tanfs, who }iave introduced their nj'.r»;i-
faftures; and it is noted for excel. viit
hiwv, ])\tc\i, end the CMitlvaticn of t;.i\.
It is lented on the river opixe, do iidlf*
S l,y r. of Berlin. Lon. 14 i a E, 'at. ji
36 N.
CoTL D'OR, a depaitmcnt of ?rance»
iiil :
K ■ !^'
I I!
n,
; .m
<
llf
c o u
containing part of the late province of
Burgundy. Dijcn is the capital.
Cotes nu Nord, a depnitwent of
France, lb named from its northerly ma-
ritime pofiticn. It contains part of the
late provuice of Bretagne. St. Brieux is
the capital.
CoTiGNiAC, a town of France, In tlic
department of Var and late province of
Provence, on the river Aigens. It ib la-
mous for I'ueetmeats.
COTESWOLD, or COTSWOLD MlLLR,
a long tract of high ground in the li part
©f Gloucefterfhire. It affords in many
places a fine fhort grafs for the feed of
Iheep, and others are devoted to the
growth of corn. The fidii. of this long
range aro beautiful as they fmk into the
vale, from the hills of Stinchcomb and
Nibley in the s, to that of Bredon in the
K, which has been celebrated in ancient
rhyme.
CoucY, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Aifne, nine miles N of Soif-
Ibns. Lon. 3 13 E, lat. 49 31 N.
CdVENTRA , a city in VVarwickfhire,
•which, with Lichlield, is a bifhop's fee.
Its market is on Friday. It is a county
of itfelf, govenied by a mayor, and lends
two members to parliament. It has three
parilh- churches, two frcefchools, and
leverai hoipitals. The houles being moftly
old, and built of wood and plalter, with
Itories pirjc6f ing over each other, make
a mean appearance. It had very early
11 great tratle in vuiious articles of ma-
nufacture, as cloths, ftuffs., thread, &c.
At prelent. lis principal bianch Is that of
lilk ribands : fi)me t'/au/es, camblcts, and
laiUngs are aifo m:;de here. It has a
communicavion with the Staffordfhire
Grand lYunk, by a canal to Fradley ;
and by antther canal, which joins the
Oxford canal at Braunlton, it has a
conununicatlon with the Thames. Co-
ventry is 91 miles N\v of London. Lon.
I a» w, lat. 52 28 N.
CovoERDr.N, a town of the United
Provinces, in OveryiTel, with a fortrefs in
the marfliL's, Itrong both by nature and
an. It it> 35 miles ne of Dtventcr.
Lon. (1 35 E, hit. 52 46 N.
CouRLANH, a duchy of Europe,
boiinded on the N by thv- Baltic, on the
E by Livonia, and iin the s and w l>y
Pivlaikl. It is divided into Ccurland
I'rupvl and Scmigallia, and is 250 miles
loOje, i'*'*^i 40 broad. The country Iwells
into gcnik- hills, and Is fertile in coin,
hemp, and Max. It is moltly openj biit
in if.jne pajts there are foiefts of pine
and lir, and proves oi" tiak, it is nunai-
C R A
nally a feudatory provlnre of Poland,
bxit, in reality, depend on RulRa.
Mittau is the capital.
CouRTKAY, a town of the Auftrian
Netherlands, on the river Lis, 12 miles
E of Ypres. It has been often taken and
retaken ; the laft time by the French in
April 171)4. Lon. 3 6 E, lat. 50 50 n.
CousERANS,alate province of France,
lying aloiig the river Satat, and forming,
with Foix, the department of Arrkgc,
CouTANCES, a feaport of France, in
the department of the Channel and late
province of Normandy, with a billiop's
fee, and a fine cathedral. It is 22 miles
N of Avranches. Lon. 1 23 e, lat. 49
3 N.
CoUTRAS, a town of France, in the
department of Dordogne and late pro-
vince of Perigord, feated on the Dordogne,
20 miles NE of Bourdeaux. Lon. o 3 w,
lat. 40 4 N.
CowBRiDCE, a corporate town in
Glamorgan/hire, with a market on Tuef-
day. It is called, by the Welfh, Pont-
Van, from the (lone bridge over the river,
which foon after falls into the Briftol
Channel. The ftreets are broad and
paved ; and here the aflizes for the count/
are held. It is 12 miles w of Cardiff
and 176 of London. Lon. 3 33 w, lat.
51 28 N.
CowES, a feaport, on the ne fide of
the ifle of Wight, eight miles sw of
Portfmouth. Lon. 1 15 w, lat. 50 46 n.
Coylan. See Quilon.
CozuMEL, an ifland of N America, on
the E coaft of Yucatan, where Cortez
landed, and refrelhed his troops, before he
attempted the conqueft of Mexico. It
abounds v/ith fruits, pulfe, cattle, antl
fowls. The original natives poffefs this
illand, but are fubje£l to Spain.
Crab Island. SeeBoRiCiUEN,
Cracatoa, the Ibiithernmolt of a
duller of ifland s in the entrance of the
ftraits of Sunda. It confifts of elevated
land, gradually rifing on all fides from the
lea, and is covered with trees, except a
few fpots, which have been cleared by the
natives for the purpcfe of forming rice-
fields. The population is confiderable,
and its coral reefs afford finall tm'tles in
abundance. Lon. 105 56 e, lat. 8 6 s.
Cracow, a city, formerly the capita)
of Poland, where the kings were elefted
and crov/ned. It was once almoft the
centre of the Polifh dominions, but, fince
the partitK;n of Poland In 1774, it is be-
con;e a frontier town. It has a miiver-
fity, founded by Cafimer the Great, and
gucc calUd ^iw Mother of Poliih Literu
ture ; bu
moval ot
On a rod
royal pal
and old t
citadel,
within tl
molt ot
t erred.
Dccupv
icarcely I
great fq>
ani man
hindibm
bears the
devaltati
170.'., wl
It has e>
iMMf^ the
hwing
Ruir.:.ns
C R A
C R E
and,
n'aix
nik-s
and
h in
N.
nee.
f\ire ; but its luftre declined after tbe re-
moval of the royal relidcncc to Warl'aw.
On a rock near the Viliula, u the ancient
royal palace, liirroundeci by brick walls
and olil towei's, wiuLh form a kind of
ciradtl. Adjuiniiitr, is the catlicdial,
within thewalis of tbe citpdel, In which
molt of tlie fovLiiMgiiS oi' Poland arc in-
ferred. 'l"hou<^!i the city and I'ubiubs
occupy a valt traft of sn-ound, t!n.y
Icarcely contain iS/joo in!iabit;i!;t;;. The
great fqiiare is l'p:Kious and wc!l-bbilt,
aiil many of the Itrt cts aie broad auj
hindfoniej but ahiiolt cvciy br.ildiug
bears the mark of rv.iiicJ gi-indeur. This
devaltation was bep;un by th.- Swedes in
1707,, when it was takiMi by Charles xii.
It has experienced greater cabin. ities du-
rinj^ the comiT.oticnu o(tiie (jrelcnt reign ;
havin<x been taken and retaken by the
Rullians and tlie cnfederates. When
the g;en.T,il iniurreilicn broke cut, in
179.)., agairjt the Prullian and RulH:;!!
ulin[H'rs uf the PolKh terrircry, Koi-
ciufco, the chief or the patriotic Infur-
gent^ expelled the i-lulRan garriicn rrcm
this city, on the 24th of iViirch, 1704;
but having maiched, in the lequel, to
the protection of ^var;aw, Cracow fur-
rendered to the Pruthdns, on the 15th of
June, it is feated on the Viltula, 130
miles ssw of ^V'arfaw. Lon. 19 50 E,
lar. 50 10 N.
Craigmillar, a rnlnous caftle, two
• miles SK of Kdinburgh, in which Mary
queen of beots ref)ded, alter her nturn
from Paris, in 1562. Her French retinue
were lod^Tcd in an adjacent village, thence
called Little France.
Crail, a borough in Fifcfliire, at the
mouth of the frith of Forh, fevtn miles
SE of St. Andrew's. Lon. 2 36 w, lat.
56 T5 N.
CRAiNnuRo, a town of Germany, in
Carniola, on the river Save, ao miles Kw
of Laubach. Lon. 14. 5 p., lat..46 36 N.
Cramn'.ond Watlr, a river inEdin-
burgfhfliire, called aiib the Almond. For
feveral miles it divides this county from
Linlithgow/lilre, and falls into the frith
of Forth, at the fmall village ot Cram-
niond, a place reniarkai)le tor the traces
of a great Roman Itation.
Cr AN BOURN, a town in Dorfetniire,
with a market on Wednelday. It is well
watered with (treans, and has a fine
chafe, which extends almoft to Salilbury.
It is 38 miles ne of Dorchefter, and 94.
w of London. Lon. i 51 w, lat. 50
54 N.
Cranbrook, a town in Kent, with
a market on Saturday, t% mlles^S Qt'
Maidlionc, and 52 SE of J jndon. Lon,
o 39 t, lat. 51 4 N.
Cra'Jganorh, a rown and fort on
the coaft of Malaliar, lately lubje6f to
the Du'ch, by whom it was taken from
the Poituguek- in i6')2. In 1789, the
Tutcli Iblu tills place to the rajah of Tra-
vancore. But 'Fippoo Sultan, regent of
Mylore, difputing thiir right to fell it,
a war in 'bed between that prince and the
rajah, who being lupjiorted by die Fng-
liih, and their ajiits, t!ie nizam of tlie
Deccan and the Malirattas, the war was
terminated in 1791} Tippoo conlijnting
to pay three crorcs of rupees, toward the
expcnccs of the war, and to cede one half
of his dominions to the three conledcrau;
po\^•e^s. Crnnganore h icated at the
mouth of a river, 24 miles N by w of
Cochin. Lon. 76 30 e, J. it. 10 23 n.
CratO, a town of Portugal, in Alen-
tcjc, fcven rnih.-s E of Po]tale.';ra. It has
■^<j pari.liei under its jurildiilion, befide
the capital pricry belonging to the ord-T
of Ma.ta. Lon. 7 20 w, lat. 39 6 n'.
CRECY,orCRESSV,avillageofFrance,
in the department of the Strains of Calais
and late province of Picardy, lemarkable
tor the viv'^ory over the French, gaiiitd
by Edward in, in 1346. It is 32 miles S
by E of Calais.
Crediton, a town in. Devonfliire,
with a market on Saturday. The church
is a handlbme ftruiiflure, built in the form
of a cathedral, to which belongs a frce-
fchool. The town was alm.cit all de-
Ihoyed by lire in 1743. It has a ce.n.'i-
derahlj iriat/uta^ure of lerges, and is
leated between two hills, 12 miles Nvv
of Exeter, and iSi w by N of London.
Lon. 3 45 w, lat. 50 4.9 N.
CRi;Eic or MiTsicoGEK Indians, the
moft numerous tribe ot Indians of any
within the limits of the United States.
They inhabit the middle parts of Georgia.
Their whole number is 17,280, of which
5,860 are warriors. Their principal
towns lie in lon. So 28 w, lat. 32 o N.
The country abour.ding with creeks and
rivulet.s. tliey thence derive their name.
Cre£TO\vn'. a fmall port of Scotland,
on the E fide of Wigton Bay, in Kirk-
cudhrightihire. Here feveral Hoops are
conltantly employed in carrying leafhells
coaltwile, or impcrting coal and lime from
Cumberland. 'I'he ftiells ai'e dug from
banks wivhout the leamark, and are
elteemcd a valuable m:mure.
Creiff, a town in Perthlhlre, with an
anr.uul ^air for cattle, one of the greatell
in Scotland. It is ieated on th? tarc; to
miles W uf Pcich.
iiP^
;i|ii'
■f
ii 1^ I
i'PI
I
C R E
C R I
Creij., ;) town of France, in the dc-
fartment of Oile and latt province of the
fle of France, fcattd on the Oift, five
miles E of Scnlis. Lon. z 43 E, lut.49
13 N.
Crema, a town of Italy, capital of
Creinalco, with a birtiop's Ice. It is
ieattd on the Sciio, zo niilus N of iMa-
ctntia. Lon. 9 50 e, lat. 45 25 N.
Cremiu, a town of Friincc, in the
department of Ifciv ;iik1 late province* of
Dauphiny. It is luatcd ..t tlw fwot of a
mountain, near tlic Kliont, 7.'j mik's ne
of Vicnne. Lon. 5 ao E,.lat. 45 44 N.
Cremnit'/. the prlncij)al niinc-town
of Upper Huuj^ary, 70 inilti Nt cf riel-
hurg. Lon. 19 6 E, lat. 48 32 n.
Cremona, an ancient town of It;ily,
capital of the Cjeinoncle, witii a c:iltle,
a bi/hop's fee, ami a iiniverfity. The
ftrects are broad and ftraight, the houles
well-built, the churclies handlbnie, and
the fquares large. In 1702, prince Eu-
gene introduced a body of troops by a
lubterranean pafiage, linpriltd and took
prifoner marflial Viileroy, and, but for
an accideni, would have taken the town.
It has been feveral times taken and re-
taken ; and it linvendcred to the French
in May 1796. It is It^atcd en the Po,
30 miles NW of Panna. Lon. 9 58 e,
lat. 45 8 N.
Cremoni?e, a territory of Italy, in
the duchy of Milan, bounded on the E by
Mantua, on the N by Brekiano, on the
w by Crcmalco, an-l on the s by Parma.
It is fertile in wine and fruits, ;uid be-
longs to the houfe cf Auftria. Ci eniona
is the capit;d.
C'REMPtN, a tPAvn of Germany, In tlie
duchy of Holftein, five miles from Ham-
burgh.
Crescentino, a twu of Piedmont,
«n the river Po. It -./as takca by the
French in 1704, -.md by tlie allies in 1706.
Ft is 20 miles ne of J'urin. Lon. 8 o e,
lat. 45 20 N.
Crejpy, a town cf France, in the dc-
far tment of OiiL- ,;nd late province of the
fie of France, 17 miles s of Compie?;nc.
Lon. -z 55 E, lat. 49 ro N.
Cressy. tiee Crecy.
Cre£T, a town of France, In the >
partment ot' Drome and late province (
D.auphiny, featedon the Drume, 15 miles
SE of Valvn(je. Lon. j; 26 e, lat. 44
40 N.
Crevecoeur, a town of France, in
the department of the North and late pro-
vince cf Ciunbrcfis, feined on the Sclield,
/^ve miles £ oi C;iiHbr<iy, LoB. 3 so. £,
lit, 596 N,
CkivECOEUE^ a town and fort of
Dutch Brabant, at the confluence of the
Dommel with the Made, foui' miles nw
of Bois-le-Duc. It was taken by the
French in 1794.
CREUbu, a department of France, fo
named fro)n a river that falls into tht;
Vienne. It contains the late province of
Marche. Gueret i?; the capital.
Creut/nach, a town of Gci-many, in
the circle of the Lower Rhine, with a
caftle, on an eminence. On Dec. 1, 1 795,
it was tal;ui by tiic French, retaken by
the Aultrians, and again taken by the
ioriiitr. It is ilated on the Nahe, ever
V liich is a Ibnie bridge, 20 miles sw of
Mtutz. Lon. 7 55 E, lat. 49 44 N.
CREWKERNi;,atown In Somerfetfliire,
^vith a market on Satuiday. It is feated
near a branch of the Parret, 25 miles s of
Wells, and 132 u sw of London. Lon.
3 o w, lat. 50 50 K.
Crickhowel, a town in Brecknock-
(liive, with a market on Thurfday. It
Is ftattdon the river L^lk, lo miles SE of
Brecknock, aiid 149 w by N of LondcMi.
Lon. 3 7 w, lat. 51 49 N.
CRicKLAnE,a horough in Wilts, v.ith
a Tuarket on Satuiday. It is almoit lur-
rounded by the Thames; and is 25 miles
w by S of Oxford, and 83 w by N of
London. Lon. 1 50 w, lat. 51 38 N.
CatMEA, or Crim Tartary, the
ancient: Taurica Ch; rlonefus, a peninfula
in Afia, bounded on t!ie s :.nd w by tlic
Black Sea; on th^- N by the province of
Catharinenllaf, with which it communi-
cates by the ilthmur, of Perekop; and 011
tilt s by the lea of Afoph aiid the ftrait
of Catfa. Toward the end of the 1 ith
century, the Genoe.'e fettled in this coun-
try; but they were expelled by the Tar-
tars in 1474. SeeCAFKA. Thelc: Tartars
had been fettled in the Crimea above two
centuries before the expxdfion of the Ge-
ncefe. They were fubjefts of Batu Khan,^
grandibn of Zingis; and their conqueft
was annexed to the kingdom of Kal'an,
till the death of Tamerlane in 1400, when
Ftlegni Khan, an officer of that prince,
took poITclfion oi it, and was fucceeded
by Deulct Ghera^, in whofe family the
Ibverelgnty corttinued till theprefent cen-
'\uy. I'he khans, however, were vaflals,
01 tributarj' to the Turks, till the year
1774, when their independency was flipu*
lated in the treaty of Cuinargi. In 1783,-
the RuiTians took pollenion of the country
with an army ; the following year, it wa»
ceded to them by the Turks; and the
peaceable pofieflion of the whole was fe-*^
cm»d' 10 Uiem m l7Ji> by the c«fliiMi ot'
8
the fortr
fecms to
for lupe
Ptlerlbii
Crimea
mount ai
diviliou
only,
alti-uiih
extreme
thole vl
fioii \-^
lower
E extrei
pally ul
tellent
and Jen
harboui
baltapo
world,
the twf
Catiiar
rida :
rica.
in 178
Cro
bounde
E by
the g\
Carnio
to the
capital
Crc
bifliop'
Vetiice
C R O
C R O
: of
the
NW
the
fo
the
e of
ill
h a
95.
h
tlic
Vcr
the fortrcfs of Oczakwv. This pofTeflion
feems to have decided for ever the conteft
for hiperioiity bctwctn the rival courts of
Ptterlbiirgh ami Conftantinople. The
Crimea is divided into two parts, by
mountains which run t and w. The N
diviiion is t'iit, poor, and fit for pafturage
only. Jn the s p:irts, the vallies are
alti,niihiiij;ly prudiiclive, and the climate
extrciiielv nild, from the exclulion of
tliolL- vicjkiil wiu'U by which tiie N divl-
fiou is fici/jiieiuly inconunoded. The
lower liills, exteiKlin? from Calfa to the
!•: exneniity of the country, are princi-
pally u/ed 111 giudening, and produce ex-
cellent fruit. Eclide the ports of Keith
and Jenikale, the road of CalFa, and the
harbour of Baluchiva, there is, mar Se-
badapol, one of tlie finelt harbours in the
world. The Crimea now forms one of
the two provinces of the government of
Catharinenfhif, under the name of Tau-
rida : in fome late maps it in called Tau-
rica. Achmetfchet was made the capital
in 1785.
Croatia, a province of Hungary,
bounded on the N by Sclavonia, on the
E by Bofnia, on the s by Dalmatia and
the gulf of Venice, and on the w by
Carniola. The greatcft part of it belongs
to the houfe of Auitria. Carldadt is the
capital.
Croia, a town of Albania, with a
blrtiop's fee, feated near the gulf of
Venice, 11 miles ne of Durazzo. Lon.
19 17 E, lilt. 41 6 N.
Croisic, or Croisil, a town of
France, in the department of Lower Loire
and late province of Bretagne. It is
Jeated on the buy of Bifcay, between the
mouths of the Loire and Vilaine, 35 miles
w of Nantes. Lcn. 2 31 w, lat. 47 17 N.
Croix, St. a river of N America,
which forms the ne -boundary of the
United States, and falls into the bay of
Fundy.
Cromack-water, a lake of Cum-
berland, between Buttermere-water and
Lowes-water, with each of which it is
oonncfted by the river Cocker. It is four
miles long, and near half a rnile overj
l)eautificd with tlirce Ihiall illes, one of
tliem a rock. At the NE corner, is a
liandComclfjne bridge of four arx:hes over
Its outlet, the Cocker. It abounds with
very line char and red trout.
Cromarty, a county of Scotland,
which comprehends part or a peivnliilaon
^he s fide of the frith to which it gives
name. On the s and w it is bounded by
Rofslhire. It i»^i2 miles from £ to W,
and three is its grecvteft breadth. It i«
fertile and well-cultivated ; and fends on*
member to parliament, alternately with
Nairue.
Cromarty, the capital of the (hire
of Cromarty, at the mouth of the frith
of the fame name. This borough ha»
a manufa6lure of cosrfe cloth, and a con-
fiderable coaffing trade in corn, thread,
yarn, filh, and Ikins of vaiiou* forts.
It is 16 miles N of lavernefs. Lon. 3 5 J
vv, lat. 57 44 N.
Cromer, a town in Norfolk, with
a market on Satrriay. It is leated near
the German Ocean, and formerly had
two churches, one oi' which, with feveral
houfes, was i'wallowed up by the Tea.
The inhabitants are now chiefly fifliermen |
and the beft lobfters, on this part of t)\e
coaft, are taken here. It is 22 miles M
of Norwich, and 127 NE of London.
Lcn. 1 15 w, lat. 53 o N.
Cromford, a village in Dtrbyfhire,
on the river Derwent, two miles N of
Wirkfworth. Here Mr. (afterward fir
Richard) Arkwright erefted fome of the
new cotton-mills, a capital improvement
of mechanifm due to him ; by means of
which the various branches of the cotton
rnanufa6lure have wonderfully Ipread in
this and the adjacent counties. Here alfo
he built a noble feat, and a church.
Cronach, a town of Germany, in the
bifliopric of Bamberg, with a citadel, 25
miles NE of Bamberg. Lon. 11 35 Ey
lat. 50 27 N.
Cronborg, a fortrefs of Denmark,
on the ifle of Zealand, near Elfmore, which
guards the paflage of the Sound. In this
fortrefs is a palace, in which the unfor-
tunate queen Matilda was imprifoned til!
fhe was permitted to retire to Zell. Not
far from this, is Hamlet's Garden, fald
to be the fpot where the murder of his
father was perpetrated. Lon. 12 54- e,
kt. 56 o N.
Cronenburg, a town of Germany*
in the landgravate of Hefle Caflcl, with z
caftle. It is feated at the foot of a moun-
tai: , 10 miles N of Francfort on the
Maine. Lon. 8 40 E, lat. 49 55 N.
Cronstadt, a town and fortrefs of
Ruifu, on the ifland of Retufari, in th«
gulf of Finland. It has a good harbour,
which is the ftation of the RwfTian fleet,
and great magazines of nival ftores, at
well as docks and yards for buiklinjf
fhips^ It is 12 miles w of Peterfburg.
Lon. ig:$9%, lat. 59 56 N.
CROSSt A9T, a tovirnof Tranfylvania.
See Brassai^.
C8.os$sv^<c-a town of Silefia, capi^ai
of a ^^if^miff 9i the fame n|pe> su the
! II
', !'ll
■m
■4yiii.": *
i
t
^^%i'
l!li:,j;,
CUB
confluence of the Boba, and Oder, In a
cuuntiy abounding with wine and fruit.
The bridge over the Oder ib ioitiiicd;
and it is 35 miles NW of Glojjaw. Lou.
IS 49 E. lat. 5J s N.
C'ROTONA, a town of Naples, in Ca-
labria Citeriore, on the gulf ot r;ii.»nt<!,
with a bifliop's fee, and a citudil, it;
nijies St of St. Scvtiina. Lcn: 17 17 e,
lat. 39 9 N.
Cxovcii, a river in Eii^x, which
rifts near Iloviidon, and falb into thv*
German Ocean, between Buniham and
FouIacCs Ifland, The- W.drieet .uid
Biirnhain oyiUrs are the- jnoduti of its
crcelcs and pits.
Crowland, a town in Lincolnfliire,
with a market on Saturday. It is feated
in the fens, and h;>d foimeily aiiablieyof
great note. There is no coining ut it Init
hh' narrow caufewius, svliich will not ad-
trnt a cart. It has three llreets,lt.p;>rated
from each other by wafercoiiri'es, whok;
banks arc iupp -r?ed l;y piles, an J let with
willow-trees. The chief traJt is in fiih
and wild fowl, whicli :ire ple:;,.lf'al in the
ailjacfnt pools and marilies. It is u
iriies N of Petei borough, and 9^ N by w
of I.wndon. Lon. o 10 \v, lat. 52 41 n,
Croydon, a town in Surry, with a
market on Saturday. It is feated near
(he iinirce of the Wandlo, and has an
hofpifal and freefchool, founded by arch-
bifliop Whitgift. In the church are
many fine monuments of the archbdhops
r! Canterbury, who had here an ancient
palace, which \va.s alienated from the fee,
by virtue of an a6l of })arliainent, in
tySo: tl;ie building, and adjoining pre-
rnlfcj, arc now occupied by fome mami-
•a.clurcs. Croydon is nine miles s of
'I.on,ion. Lon. o 1 \v, lat. 51 20 N.
Cruxhavkn', a fmali feaport of Ger-
• lany, in the N part of the duchy of
Pn-men, icated at the mouth of the Elbe,
70 miles NW of Hambvug.
Cuba, an illai\d of the V/ Indies, at
the entrance of the gulf of Mexico, 700
miles in Itngth, and 87 in breadth. It
*i.*as difcovered by Columbus, in 1491.
The Spaniards are entirely niafiers of it,
having extirpated the uatives. The foil
h not entremely fertile j but there are
paftures fufiicient to feed a great number
hf fliecp and hogs, which weic originally
brought hither. There are feveral forrs
* ©ffinines inthc-mountains, and forells iuU
of game. The produce is fugar-canes,
ginger, cai^a, v/ild cinnamon, and very
^ood tobacco, called by the Spaniards Ci-
gavros The hills run through the mid-
5le of the illand fiom E to w, butn\;av
C U L
the coaft the land is generally level } and
many rivulet; How iVoni the hills to tlir
N and s. 'i his iiland was taken by the
Englirti in 1761, i)Ut reltored by the p«ace
of 176}. It is 75 iiiiies N of janiiicu,
and Havannah is iIk, capital.
C'uiJA, or ALCt I' , a town of Portu-
gal, in Alentejo, 36 i;-.;.ej ; by E of
Lvora. Lon. 7 10 w, lit. 38 o N.
CuiiAruA, a barreji ili,r..i ot b Ame-
rica, between that of fs^.rgarefa and
Terra Firma. Here tlie Spaniards, in
1509, eltaldiilied a iKhcry of j>ear:s, in
diving for which ihey empJi'Vod th; In-
dians ; a dangerous and uniiealtny lervice,
which, in audiliou to tl-.>.'ir other calami-
ties, con*-ributed not a little to liic ex-
tintri..,n of that unhappy race. Lon. .h
30 w, lat. ro 15 N.
Clkan, a large river, formed by the
junolion of many lireams that rile in the
countries between the Black Sea and the
Cal'pian. It divides the Abklus imtl
Cireatiians from part of Taulica, and
falls into tlie Black Sea.
CuB/iN or Cuban TARTARY,a coun-
try of Afia, in the Ruihan province of
Taurica} bounded on tlie \v by tlie lea of
Afoph J on tlic N by the river Don, which
feparates it from Europe ; on the e by
the deli;rt of Aftracan ; snd on the s by
the river Cuban, which divides it from
Circaflia and the country of the Abkhas.
CucKFiELD, a town in SulTex, with
a market on Friday, 13 miles nw of
Lewes, and 40 s by w of London. Lon.
o 12 w, lat. 51 4"n.
CunuAi-ORE, a town on the coaft of
Coromandel, belonging to the Eng.'idi,
very near the place where Fort St. David
once ftood. It was taken by the French
in 1781 ; and, in 1783, it itood a fevere
fiege againft the Euglilh, which was ended
by the intelligence received of the peace.
It is 80 miles s of Madras. Lou. 79 45
E, lat. II 41 N,
CuDDAHA, a town of the penlnfula of
Hindooltan, ceded by Tippoo Sultan to
the nizi»)|j of the Deccan. It Is Icated on
the i'ennar, 95 miles w by N of its en-
trance, arOangapatnam, into the bay ot"
Bengal, and 140 NW of Madras. Lon.
78 47 E, lat. 14 3 N.
CuENZA, a town of Spain, in New
Caitile, with a bifliop's fee, on the river
Xucar, 74 miles E by s of Madrid. Lon.
1 55 w, lat. 40 7 N.
CuLEMBACH, a towtt of Franconia,
capital of a margravate of the fame namp,
with a citadel. It is feated on the Maine,
25 miles NE of Bamberg. Lon. xi 33
E, lat. 50 n N,
CUM
CUR
lie
I he
•CO
■ca,
tu-
Ol'
iC-
in
in
\n-
■c,
in<
k--
.5+
(-ULF.MBURG, a town of Dutch Oiiel-
derland, on the river Ltck, ii miles sic
cf Uiii'tht. It vvau taken, in 167?., bv
the Trtnch, who ^ilmantlrtl it two years
itter. Lon. 5 12 u, lat. qi 58 N.
CuLlAt AN, ;i t )W)i of N America, in
Mexico, capital oi" a ^n'ovince of flu- I'aine
name. It is o[>ji)lite .'.le s enii cf Cali-
fornia. Lon. 108 s ^^■» lit. 24 o N.
(^ULM.N, a royal boront^h on the rnaft
of Banftshjrc, 40 miles nw of Abeuk\n.
Near il are ffcn three lofty fpirin.; rocks,
tornie i of flin-y nialfes, luUciI the I'hree
K.ii;p;s of CciUeu. Lon. z 4.0 vv, lat. 57
40 N.
CuLLiTON, a town in Devcnlhirc,
'vi'h ii market on rhurfduy, leatL-t on
the Cully, 17 rnilts E of Exeter, and 1 ^4
w by s of London. Lon. 3 6 w, lat.
50 46 N.
CiM.LODEN MuiR, a wide heath. In
.Sc(ni::nd, t'.irce n;;les 1; of Inveincfs, on
which the duke of Cirnberland gaineil a
deciii' "^ •'-.'•cory over tjie rebels, in 1746.
Cli . < AlPTON. See COLUMBTON.
CuL. ', a lown of Welte\ n Pruiha, with
a bilhop's iee, feated ne;'.r the Viltula, 60
miles s of Dantzic. Lon. 18 30 e, lat.
55 24 N. •
CuLMORE, a town of Ireland, in the
county of Londondeny, I'eated en the coalt
of Loughfoyle, five miles N of London-
derry. Lon. 7 3 \v, lat. 55 8 n.
CuLROSS, a borough on the frith of
Forth, in a traft cf country between
Clackmannanfliire tnd Kinrors/irue,which
IS reckoned an appeivlage of the county
of Peith. It is remarkable for an an-
cient palace or abbey, laid to have been
built by Malcolm Canmorn. Lon. 3 34
W, lat. 56 4 N.
CUM.'\N.\. See COMANA.
Cumberland, a comity of England,
Iwunded on the N by Scotland } on tlie E
by N^athuniberland, Durham, and Welt-
niorland ; on the s by Lancafhire ; and
on the w by the Irifh Sea and Solway
Frith. It is 70 miles Irom s\v to ne,
and 50 from e to w where it i^roadeit.
It lies in the diocefes of Cheftrt* and Car-
lisle; contains vn,- ci'^y, 14 market-towns,
and 90 pariflits; and fends fix members
to parliamt;nt. Tl e air is cold and
piercing, yet k:\, i.huii might be expected
Jrom its being fituatt. To far north. The
mountains feed large flocks of (heep,
whofc fiejh is particularly fweet and good,
and the vallies produce corn, Sec. 'I'here
are mines of coal, lead, copper, lapis
calaminaris, and black lead; the latter
of which is alraoft peculiar tc this county,
v^lt;iicl).«ontaUi$ more than is iu^.cieat t:o
fiij^ply all Europe. The Skiddaw Is thff
prlnciprd mountain; and the chief riveri'
arc the Eiien and Dcrwent. Thiii coxmty
and the ailjoining one of Wcftmorland,
are rekbiatcd for their lakes, whiri h-\ve
bee.i npeat'-dly dei'crihed oy the p n and
pencil. The lakes in Cumbcrl.indnret}ie
DerwtiU-w'.tcr.HairenthYvaite water, Put-
teimvTe-waier, Cromack-watcr, Lowes-
'.v.iter, UU water, \Ve(t-water, Enner-
dalc-w;uer. Elder- wat^r, Broad-water,
Sec. Ctrlitle is ttie capit^.
Cum Hi;i« LAND, a county of Pcnnfyl-
v.uiia, 37 n'.iles lon^, and 18 broad. In
179.), it couraineJ 18,243 ijihabitauts.
Cariide ii the capital.
CuMRRAY, (;'rfat and Little, two
i "aiids in 'he frith of Clyde, to the e of
ilie i(!e t f iJTite. The former is ren)ark«
able for its*cxfellent freeitone quarries,
and the ruins of an ancient cathedral de-
dicated to Sr. Columba. Upon the htter
i» a lighilioul'e.
CuN.viNfjHAM, th«* moft northerly di-'
vlfion of Ayrfhire. The NW angle of
this diltricl, though mountainous, alfords
rich palturage.
Cupar, a royal borough In Fifefhire,
and the county-town. It is feafed in a
rich valley ca'the N fide of the Eden,'
eight miles vvsw of St. Andrew's. Lon.
a 55 vv, lat. 56 15 N.
Curacao, an ifland of S America, to
the N of Terra Firma, fubjeft to the
Dutch. It is 25 miles in length, and la
in breadth, and Its trade coniilts in fugar
and fkins. The principal town is br'.
Peter, at the NE extremity of the illand.
Lon. 69 15 w, lat. 11 21 N.
CuRDisTAN, a country of Afia, feated
between the Turklfh empire and Perfiai'
lying along the ealtem coalt of the river
'Figris, and comprehending great part
of ancient AfTyria. Some of the inha-
bitants live in towns and Villagts, and
otht-rs rove from place to place, having
tents like the wild Arabs, and being rob-
bers like them. Their religion Is partly
Chriitianlty and partly Mahomctanifni.
Curia-Maria, an Kland on the coaft
of Arabia Felix, oppofite the mouth of
the river Prim. Lon. 55 25 e, lat. 17
o N.
CuRSOi.iERS, a fmall ifland of Liva-
dla, in the gulf of Patras, formerly called
Echanades.
CUR7.0LA, an ifland in the gulf of
Venice, on the coaft of Dalmatia, aboat
20 miles long. It belongs to the Vene-
tians, and has a town of the fame name,
with a bilhop's fee. Lon. 17 15 t, Ut.'
3 6 N.
L 3
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I
CusHAi, a river of N Cantlint, which
empties itfclf into Albemarle SoniuU
CussETi a town of France, in the de-
partment of Allier and late province of
£ourbonnois, 17 miles N of Koanne.
Lon. 4 5 E, lat. 46 17 N.
CusTRiN, the capital of the new
marche of Brandenburg, with a caftle,
feated at the confluence of the Oder and
Warta. In 1760, it vva;> bombai'ded and
reduced to aihes by the Ruifiaiis. Cuftrin
is 46 miles e by N of Berlin. Lon. 14
40 E, lat. 5% 40 N.
CuTAis, the capital of Imeritia, and
the refidence of its fovereign. The re-
mains of its cathe Iral feem to prove that
it was once a confiderabl<; place, but it
BOW /"carcely dtferves the name of a vil-
Ir^e- Lon. 43 o e, lat. 43 35 N.
Cu(TCH, a territory la Hindooftan
Proper, governed by a r.ijah, and fituatc
on tne SS of Sindy; the e branch of the
Indus /eparating the two countries. It
extends along the N coait of the gulf of
Cutch, and is feparated from Guzerat by
the river Puddar. It abounds with hills,
Woods, and Tandy wilds. Its capital is
Boodge-boodge.
Cuzco, a town of Peru, formerly
the refidence of Che incas. It is feated
at the foot of a mountain, and is built in
a fquare form, in the middle of which is
the beii market 'u ^11 America: fbur
large ftreets terminate in the fqxtare, which
are all as (fraight as a line. It contains
eight large pariihes,.aAd five religious
houles, and the number of the inhabitants
Is about 50,000, of whidi three-fourths
are the original Americans. Streams of
water run through the town, which are a
great convenience in [0 hot a country,
where it feldom rains. It is 3.20 miles s
of Linia. Lon. 73 47 w, lat. iz o s.
Cyprus, an ifland in the Mediterra-
nean, near the coaft of Syria. It was
taken by the Turks from the Venetians
3n 1570. The foil is an excellent fertile
clay i and, if the natives were induftrioiM,
they might make it a paradife. There is
one arcnbilhop and three bifliops. The
Jtrielts are extremely ignorant, and they
iibmit to the molt fervile emplovment to
get jnoney. The exports of the ifland
are fllk, wool, and wme. Nicoiia is the
capital.
Cyr, St. a village of France, two
miles from Verfailleii, lately celebrated
for a nunnery founded 'by Lewis xi v,
tinde" the patronage of madame de Main-
tenon, who was herlidf the abbefs till her
^cath in 1719.
CzACKTHURKy a ftrop^ ^lace of Auf-
tria, between the rivers Drave anil Mu.-
hir, ICO miles s of Vienna. Lon. 17
10 E, lat. 46 44 N.
CzASLAU, a town of Bohemia, capital
of a circle of the fame name. Here is
the higheit tower in Bohemia, ami ntar
this place the king of PruJfia gained a
viftory over the Auftrians in I74i« , It
is feated on the river Ci-udenka, 40 miles
SB of Prague. Lon. 15 33 E, lat. 49
CzENSTOKOW, a town of Poland, in
Cracovia, with a fort, in which is kept
a rich treafure, called the Trealure of the
Virgin Mary. The pilgrims flock hither,
for the fake of a convent nenr it, called
the Loretto of Poland. The king of
Pruliia added this place to his dominions
in 179?; by a fecond partition of Poland.
It is leattd on the river Watte, 50 miles
N by w of Cracow. Lon. 19 1 5 E, lat. 59
48 N.
CzERCASsi, a tovyrt of Ruflla, in the
Ukraine, with a cattle, feated near the
Dnieper, 85 miles SE of Kiow. Lon. 3a
5 E, lat. 49 o N.
CzERNic, a town of Camiola, re-
markable for its lake, which is 1 5 miles in
length, and five in breadth, and produces
fi/h and com eveiry year j for, when the
water; fall from the moimtains, it be-
comes full, and abounds with fiftt ; and,
after fome time, it fmks into the eaith>
and then it is cultivated, and produces
grafs and corn. It is probable that there
IS fome gulf to which the fifh retire with
the waters. Lon. 1 5 o B, lat. 46 6 n.
CzERNiKov, a town of Ruflia, capital
of a duchy of the fame name, with a
caftle. It is feated on the Dezna, 70 mile?
N by £ of Kiow. Lon. 31 53 E, lat. 5!
19 N.
CzERsico, a town of Pola^id, on the
Viltula, ao miles N w of Warfaw. Lon, 2 \
31 E, lat. 5% ^6 N.
CzoNGRODT, a town of Hungary,
capital of a territory of the fame name
at tlie confluence of the Teifl*? and Keres,
1 3 miles N of Sagediu. Lon, ao j^ Ea
lat. 46 3(J N. " •■■"; • '•- ■ ' ■ ■ '
D.
.J
DABUL, a town of the Deccan of
Hindooftan, on the coa^ of Con-
can, 7 5 miles s by w of Bombay. L^, 72
50 E, lat. 18 o N.
Dacca, a city of Hindooftaii Proper,
in the b quarter of Bengal, and on a
branch of the Ganges, which commvni-
catci ^ith kU the 9t)ur vnktd DaYig*"
rope I
frovj
irt
durel
milel
lat.
D A H
D A M
|>n. 17
[apital
[irc is
U iJiar
Ineil a
If
miles
it. 49
|i(I, in
kept
►f the
lither,
Jcallaj
hg of
|inionti
>Iand.
miles
at. 59
tlons. It is the provrticial cnpltal of
•his quarter. Indetd, within the ^rcfcht
centiirv) it hns been the capital of all
BL-ngnli and it is the third city of that
country in point of extent and popiilatio|i.
It has a va(t trade in mullins^ and manu-
fadtures the n>oft delicate ones amoag
thoie which aii: molt fought after in Eu-
rope: the cotton is produced within the
ftrovince. The country round Dacca
ies low, and is always covered with ver-
dure diu'ing the dry months. It is 160
miles N£ of Calcutta. Lon. 90 25 e,
lat. ij 55 N.
Dachaw, a town of Bavaria, where
the ele£lor has a palace, with fine gardens.
It is feated on a mountain, near the river
Amber, 10 miles NwofMimich. Lon. 11
30 E, lat. 48 20 N.
Dachstein, a town of France, in the
department of Lower Rhine and late pro-
vince of Alface, with a palace that be-
longed to the fee of Straiburg. Lon. 7
45 E, lat. 4S 35 N.
DafaR, or DOFAR, a town of Arabia
Felix, feated on a bay of the fame name,
on the S£ coaft. Lon. 53 25 e, lat. 16
30 N.
Pagcnham, a village in Eflex, nine
miles E by N of London. A great breach
was made here by the Thames in 1703;
which was repaired, in 171 6, by captain
Perry, who had \ xn employed on ferae
Kuman canals by Pet°r the Great.
Daghestan, a proviince of Afia,
bounded on the E by the Cafpian Sea, on
the w by the mountains of Caucafus, or
the N by Circaflla.^and on the s by Schir-
van. It is inhabited by Tartars, and is
fubje6l to Kuflia.
Dag NO, a town of Albania, capital
of the diftri6t of Ducagni, with a bilhop's
fee J feated near the confluence of the
Drino and Nero» 13 miles se of Scutaii.
Lon. 19 39 E, lat. 42 30 N.
Dago, or Dagao, an illand ia the
Baltic, on the coaft of Livonia, between
the gulfs of Finland and Riga. It is 20
miles in circumference, and has two caf-
tlcs, called Dagerwort and Paden. Lon.
22 56 E, lat. 58 44 N.
Dahl, the fineft river of Sweden,
which flews through Dalecarlia and Gei-
tricia, and falls into the gulf of Bot^hnia,
'to the E of Gefl«.. Near Efcaileby, it
forms a celebrated catarafl, fcarce in-
ferior to the fall of the Rhine at Lauifcn.
Dahomay, a kingdom of Africa, on
the coaft of Guinea, to the n of Whi-
dah. The king of this country conquered
Whidah, and very much dttturbed the
(lave trade of the £urop«ani.
Dalaca^ an ifland of the Rid Sea»
oppofite the coaft of Abex, 72 miles in
length, and 15 in breadth. It is fertile*
populous* and remarkable for a pearl
Hfhery. The inhabitants are Ncgroei,
and great enemies to the Mahometans.
DALBBUao* a town of Sweden, capi-
tal of Dalia, on Lake Wenner, 50 miles
N or Gottenburg. Lon. 11 59 E, lat. $%
32 N.
Dalecarlia, a province of SVredcn,
near Norway, 175 miles in length, and
100 in breadth. It is full of moufitunst
abounding in mines of copper and iron,
fome of which are of a prodigious depth.
The towns are fmall; and the inhabitants
are rough, rob\<ft, and warlike. Mott of
the great revolutions in Sweden had their
rife in this province.
Dalia, a province of Sweden, bounded
on the N by Dalecarlia, 00 the B by
Wermcland and Lake Wenner, on the s
by Gothland, and on the N by Norway
and the fea.
Dalkeith, a town in Edinhurg^irCf
with a ereat weeklv market for com and
oatmeal. The palace of Dalkeith is a
magnificent ftruAure, the leat of the
duke of Buccleugh. It Is fix miles se of
Edinburgh. Lon. 3 12 w, lat. 55 54 N.
Dalmatia, a countnr of Europey
formerly a kined-un. It is bounded on
the N by Bofnia, on the s by the gulf of
Venice, on the e by Servia, and on the w
by Croatia. It is divided into Venetian,
Turkifh, Ragufan, and Hungarian Dal-
matia. Spalatro is the capital of Vens-
Itian, and Herzegovina of Turkifh £^-
matia : Ragufa is capital of the republic
ofRagufen: the Hungarian pai*t contairts
five diftrifits, and Segsa is the capital.
See MoRLACHiA.
Dalton, a town in Lancafhire, with
a market on Saturday. It is feated in a
. chamnaign country, not far from the fea i
^nd tne ancient caftle is made ufe of to
keep the records and prifoners for debt
in the liberty of Funefs. It is 16 miles
NW of Lancafter, and 273 nnw of Lon-
don. Lon. 3 18 w, lat. 54 14 N.
Dam, a town of the United Provinces,
in Groningen, feated on the Damfler,
three miles from the fea, and 15 sw of
Embden. Lon. 6 48 E, lat. 53 22 N.
Dam, a town of Pruffian Pomerania,
feated on the Oder, 10 miles se of Stctin.
Lon. 14 50 e, lat. 53 31 N.
Damar, a famous town of Arabia
Felix. Lon. 49 25 E, lat. 16 o N.
Damascus, now called Sham, an
ancient city of Syria, the form of which
it an exa£t fqiiare, each fide being a mile
L 4.
'
DAN
DAN
ill'
and 4 iialf long. It h^ thr^ walls, now
almoft entirely ruined j ard of the ftveial
' fuburbs which it formerly had, theie re-
main* only' one, which extends three
Oiilcs in length. The extraordinary beauty
tY this place is owln^ to Icveral (treams
which run aciol's the Isrtile plain of Da-
mafcus, and water all the gardens, liip-
rly the public fountains, and run into
ev>;ry houfe. The hdufes are built of
wood, with their fronts backward, ami
'. within is a court : in the Itrects there is
nothing to be Tfcn but walli without win-
■ <lov\'S, and vet the infidcs are richly
'adorned. The nioft remarkable thing;;
• are the caravaniarits, which cm.^ilt ov'
loi)g galleries, lupported by marble pil-
lars, ar.d furr-undirg a brge iquaie
court. The caftle is like a little town,
.having its own llreets and houics, ami
'the famous Damascus rtfej was kept hire
'in a magazine. The n^ofqucs arc the
handfomcit buildin;;s, of which there iiic
about 200, the mc)t Itatdy cf whicih was
a Chriltian church. Here is a Ihiet
whicli runs aciofs the city smd liibi.ibs
• in a direft line, on each fide.pf which : re
Aiop6, where ail forts of rich merchandife
are fold ; and they have leveraj manufac-
tures, among which that of fabres and
knives has been rtioft famous. It is an
archl-Mhop's fee, and contains great
numbers of Chriftrans and jews. It
ftands on the river Barida, na miles s
■of Antioch, and iiz ne of Jerufakm.
Lon. 37 o E, lat. 35 4S N.
Damaun, a leapoit of the Deccan of
Himlooftan, at the entrance of the gulf
cf Cambay. It is fiibjeJt to the Poitu-
fuele, and is 50 miles s of Surat.
,on. 72 25 E, lat. zo to N.
Damgartin, a town of Swedifli Po-
inerania, with a caltle, feated on the
' Rccknils, 1 8 miles w of Straltund. Lon.
32 57 E, lat. 54. 16 K.
Damietta, an ancient and rich town
of Egypt, feated at one of the eaftem
mouths of the Nile, with a good harbour,
and a Greek archbjlhop's ffe. It is 100
miles N of Cairo.
Damiano, St. a town of Italy, in
Montlerrat, j8 miles w by N of Vercelli.
Lon. 8 o E, lat. 45 33 N.
Damme, a ftrong town of Flanders,
feated on the canal between Sluys and
Bruges. It was taken by the duke of
Marlborough in 1706, and ceded to the
Du'ch at the peace of Utrecht.
Danbury, a village in Eflex, fituate
on a hill, five miles e of Chelmsford,
and 16 w of the fea. The fpirc of
the church was burnt by lightning la
1750, but was foon after rebuilt, and
forms a fearaark.
Datncala. See Donoala.
Dakcer, Isles of, thue iflands in
the S Pacific Ocean, feen by commodore
Biion in 1765, but were (o furrounded
by rocks and breakers, that it was uniafe
to attempt to land. The commodcre
fuppoied them to be the i(l.mds fctn by
Quiros, in tl^e beginning of the 17th
centvry. and named Solomon's Iflands.
Lon. 169 28 w, lat. 10 15 s.
DANNEBiiiRc., a town of Germany, in
the circle of Lower Faxony, capital of a
diltritl of the^iamc name. It belongs to
t''!e eleiFtor of iJnnover, and is feated on
tl'e Tetze, near the Elbf, 40 miies se of
Luntnhurg. Lon. 11 29 e, lat. 53 4N.
DaNTZIC, one of the ricbeft cities of
Exirope, capital of Wclkrn Prulfia ; with
a /;imnu3 harbour, a biflioji's lt;e, and a
uiiiverfny. It is encompiiifed by a wall,
and fortifications of grtat extent ; and is
reckoneii to contain 200,000 inhabitants.
Tlie hcu'es are well built of ftcne or
bi ick, fix or fevcn (tories high j and the
eranarics are ftill higher, to which the
flups lie ck fe, and take in their lading.
I'he arlenal is well llored, the exchange
is a handlome ftrutF^ure, and the college
' is provided with very learned profeflbrs.
It carries on a great trade, particularly
in corn, timber, and naval ftores. The
ellablifced religion is the Lutheran ; but
papiits, Calvinitts, and anabaptilts, are
tolerated. ' In 1790, upward of 30,000
perlbhs died of the plague. Thejurif-
di^Hicn of this town ex ends about 50
miles roiind} and it maint.ilns a garrilbn
at its own expencc. It was lately a free
hanit-anc town, under the prctcftion of
Pchnd} but, 1:1.1793, it lubmitted to
the king of Prulfia, who forcibly ul'urped
the fovcreignty, in a fecond partition ot the
Polifh dominions. It is feated on the Vif-
ftula, near the gulf of Angil, in the Bajtic,
30 miles se of Maiienburg, and 160 Nw
of Wariaw. Lon. 18 38 E, lat. 54 22 n.
Danube, the lar^ft uiver in Europe,
called the Ifter by the ancients. It riles
at Donelchingen, in Suabia, and flows
ne by ULn } then E through Bavaria
and Auftria, by Rari(bon, Paflau, Ens,
and Vienna : it then enters Hungary, and
runs se by Prclburg, Buda, and Bel-
gride* after which it divides Bulgaiia
from Moi lachia and Moldavia, diicharg,
ing it.eif by lijveral channels into the
Black Sea. It begins to be navigable
for boats at Ulm, and is fo deep between
Bud^ and Belgrade, that the Turks and
Geimaiu have had men of wai* upon it j
yet It
on acfl
it> and
nds in
modorc
ounded
iininfe
modcre
fetn by
17 th
Hands.
U
D A R
yet it is not navigable to the Black Sea,
on account of the catarafls. See Do-
NESCHINCEN.
Darda, a town and fort of Lower
Hungaiy, built by the Turks in 16S6, and
taken by the Aullrians the next year. It
is featcd on the Drave, at the end oF the
bridge of Eflcck, eight miles s of Baran-
whar, and io NW of Belgrade, Lon. 19
56 E, lat. 45 45 K.
Dardanelles, two caftles of Tur-
key ; the one, called Settos, leatcJ in
Romania; the other, called Abydcs, in
Nutolia. They command the sw entrance
of the ftrait of Gallipoli, the ancltnt
Hcllefpont. At the kttcr, the cargoes of
ail flups falling from Conliantinople are
fearchcd. Lon. 26 30 E, lat. 46 o N.
Darel-Hamara, a town of the king-
dom of FcT, built by the Romiuis. Its
trade conlllts in oil and corn.; and it
is i'catcd on a mountain. Lon. 6 35 w,
lat. 34 10 N. ' '
DARtEN, or Terra Firma Proper,
a province of Terra Firma, in S America.
It lies along the coaft of the Atlantic ;'nd
Pacific Oceans, and is particularly dif-
tinguiftied by the name of the Kthmus
of Dai'ien, and, by fome v/riters, the
Ifthmus of Panama. It extends, in the
form of a.crefcent, round the bay of Pa-
nama ; being bounded on the N by the
gulf )f Mexico, on. the e by the river
and gulf of I^-ien, on the S by Popayan
and the Pacific Ocean* and on the \v by
the fame oceart and Veragua. It is not
abo/e 60 miles broad ; but this iithmus,
which binds together, the continents of
N and S America, is ftrengthened by, a
chin of lofty mountains, Itretchiag
through its whole extent, which render it
a baiTier of folidity JiiHicient to refift the
impulfe of two oppollte oceans, rhc
mountains are covered with forefts almott
inaccelfiblc. The vallies in this moift
climate, where it rains during two-thirds
of the year, are marfhy, and fo often
overflowed, that the inhabitants, in many
places, build their houfes upon trees, to
DC elevated from the damp Ibil, and the
odious reptiles engendered in the putrid
waters. The natives go naked ; and the
men have a filver plate faftened 10 their
not'e, which hangs over their mouths, in
the (hape of a half-moon ; the women
have a ring hanging down in tlie fame
maimer ; and tliey have alfo feveral chains
of teeth, (hells, beads, and the like, hang>-
ing down from the neck to the pit of the
ftomach. Their houfes aix' moftly thin
gnd fcattercd, and always by a river fide,
with plantations lying about them. The
D A R
men clear the plantations, and the women
cultivate them. The girls are employed
in picking and fpinning cotton, which
the women weave, and the cloths arc
cliiefiy ufed for hammocks. It is the
bufmefs of the men to make baflcets,
which they do very neatly with canes,
reeds, or palmeto ieovea. ilied of feveral
colours. Each man has leveral wives,
wlio live together in great harmony.
Tiicy ;;re for.d of dancing to the lound
of a pipe and drum, and play a great
many antic tricks. When they go out
to hunt, the women carry in their oaikets
plantains, bananas, yams, potatoes, and
ctitTava-roots ready roafted. They have
no diltinccion of days or weeks, but
reckon their time by the cour.e of the
moon. 'I he animals are the fame as in
other countries of the fame climate.
The principal towns ai'e Panama and
Porto Bello.
DaRien, a river and gulf of S Ame>
rica,° in Terra Firma, which divide the
provinces of Darien and Carthagena. In
1695, the Sco'.ch obtained a charter from
king William, empowering them to form
a fcttlement on the N w point of this gulf,
where the country had never been occu*
pied by the Spaniaids, but continued to
be polfefTed by the native Indians. Thi«
fettiemenr excited luch an alarm among
the maritime powers of Europe, and par-
ticularly the jealouiy of the Spaniih court
and of the Englilh E India Company,
that, in the fequel, the adventurers, meet-
ing with every obftruftion from the very
adminiltration that had granted theia
their cluirter, were obliged to abandon
the fettlement.
Darking, or Dorking, a town in
Surry, with a market on Thursday, noted
for corn and poultry. It is ieated on the
river Mole, 13 miles sw of London.
Lex. o 14 w, lat. 51 17 N.
Darlaston, a village near Stone, in
Staffordihire, where are the remains of a
caltlc, on a hill. ^
Darlington, a town in the coimty
of Durham, with a market on Monday,
feated in a flat, in the river Skeme, which
falls into the Tees. It has a Ipacicu^
market pi: -e, and a long (tone bridge
over the river. It has a manufacture of
huckabacks and camlets ; ibme fmall
wares ot the Manchelter kind are alf«
made here ; and there is a conHderable
trade in ilreifing leather. A curious
water machine for grinding optical glafles,
and fpinning linen yarn, has been ere£led
here, the invention of a native of the
towBi. Darlington is 19 miles s of Dur*
PT
v,i.
I'l
:.\^'
'j^ iL
.1
j!
MaaMHMMKauwqPI
D A V
t) A U
IiajTi, an<^ 159 N by w of London. Lon.
1 25 w, lat. 54 3a N.
b.vRi'ia taDt, the capital of the !and-
gravateof HelFe DaLrmftadt, vfith a caftle,
'•here its own prince generally refides.
It has handlomc liiburbs and a good coi-
kge. It is feated on a river of th>. fame
name, 30 miles NW of Heidelberg. Lon.
S 4.0 E, lat. 49 43 N.
Dart, a river in Devonfliirc, which
fifes at tiw foot of Dartmoor Hills, crriVcs
Dartmoor to Afhburton, and after paflinj;
Totnefs, where it is navic^ablc for fmall
veflfels, is jointd b' the Harcborn, and
falls into the £ngUlii Clunncl, at Dart*
mouth.
DARxroRn, a town in Kent, with a
market en Satui-day, feated on tlie Da-
jpcnt, not far from its influx into the
ThanKs. Here ?te the ivmains of a fine
nunnery, fotindea by Edward lii. At
the diflbliition it was converted into a
royal palace ; but it was alienated by
James i. The rebellion of Wat Tyler,
in the reign of Richard 11, began in thiii
town, which is 16 miles E by s of Lon-
don. Lon. o 16 £, lat. 51 25 N.
Dartmoor, an extenfive mooriHi
trtSkf in Devonfliirc, bmmdcd on the N
by bleak hills, and extending ib\rthwai'd
r'ee through the centre of the county to
fea. It is watered by the river Dart.
Many flieep are bred here, but of a fmall
kiftd, and fiibjcft to the rot. The chief
riches of the inhabitants are their biack-
cattie, which thrive well on the coarfe
four herbage.
Dartmouth, a borough of Devon-
ftire, wldi a market on Friday. It is
leated on the declivity of a hill, ';y the
fiver Dait, near its fall into the fea, and
has s fpacious haven, defended by a fort.
It has a confiderable trade to the s of
E^rrope and to Newfoundlandj as well as
a Ihaie in the coaittng traffic. It is go-
verned by a mayor, and fends two mem-
bers to parliament. It contains three
churches, and is 30 miles ssw of Exeter,
and 204 w by s of London ^ Lon. 3
45 w, lat. 50 a* N.
Dassen-Eylamo, or Ifle of Deer, one
of the three fmall iAands to the N of
the Cape of Good Hope j fo called on
account of the great number of deer
v^ich were firft carried thither in i6ot.
Here are alfo fceep, whrle tails weigh
f9 pounds. Lon. 18 7 e, lat. 33
»5 s\
Davintry, a corporate town in
Northamptonflitre, with a market on
Wednefday. It is governed by a ma^,
and feated on the fide of a hill> 10 m^es
W of Northampton, and 72 NW of Lon-
don. Lon. I 10 w, lat. 51 15 n.
David's, St. a city in Pcmbroke-
iMre, with a market on Wednelday i
feated in a barren foil, on the river lien.
It was or cc a confiderable place, ami
had walls, which are now demoliflied.
The cathedral is faid to have the higheft
roof of any in Engl-ind. From the cape,
near this place, is a view into Ireland.
It is 24 mtle:> NW of Pembroke, and 255
w by N of London. Lon* 5 15 w,
lat. 51 56 N.
David, Fort St. an Englifh fort, on
the coaft of Coromandel, which was taken
and deftroyed by the French in 1758, and
has not yet been rebuilt. It is 80 miles
s of Fort St. George. Lou. 79 45 E,
lat. IT 30 N.
Davi8' Straits, an arm of the fea
between Greenland and N America, dis-
covered by captain Davis, ip 1585, when
he attempted to find a NW paffage.
Dai7N, a town of Germany, in the
elet^orate of Treves, feated on the Le/er,
at the foot of a mountain, on which
is a caftle. It is 12 miles N of Mont
Royal.
DAUPHfN, a county of Perni^hrania,
45 miles loi\g, and 25 broad. In 1790,
it contained 18,177 inhabitants. Harr
rifburg is the capital.
Dauphin, Fort, a fort built by tlw
Fiwich on thf. E coaft of Madagafcar,
Lon. 45 10 e, ]at. 14 55 s.
Dauphiny, a late province of France,
extending 40 le- gues from N to s, and 36
frcm E to w ; bounded on the w by the
Rhone, on the N by the Rhope and Savoy,
on the i by Provence, and on the e by
the Alps. Hence the heir-apparent of
the late crown of France was called tlie
Dauphin ; a title which he derived from
the following circumftance. In 1349,
Hubert 11, count of Dauphiny, being in-
confolable for the lofs of his only fon,
whom he had let fall from a window of
his palace at Grenoble into the Here, en-
tered into a convent of Jacobins, and
ceded Dauphiny to Philip, a younger
fon of Philip of Valois, for 1x0,000
florins of gold (each of the value of lad",
Eugiiilh^ on condition, that the eldeft foi>
of the king of France Hiould be ftyled
the Dauphin. Charles v, erandfon of
Philip ot Valois, firft bore this title in
T530. Two thirds of Dauphiny are in-
terfered by mountains, which afford
good paftura^; plenty of timber, fir-
trees, in particular, for the buildine af
/hips; and very fcarce fimples. In tnefe
mountains^ which are brtpches of the
Alp«»
ra}j;lf8,
N»hcat,
the Rh
fdk.
have b
>f Lon.
I.
hrokc-
•elday j
r lien.
-> ami
liflied.
higheft
cape,
reland.
nd 255
If w,
brt, OR
taken
;8* and
miles
45 K,
Jvania,
1790,
Harr
D E A
AIp<> are bears, chamois> marmots,
«a{rlrs, hawk*, f<c. The vallies aHbrd
•wrhtrat, and the hills, in the ' i'.inity of
the Rhone, excellent wines, olivet, and
filk. Mines of iron, copper, and lead,
have been worked here to great advan-
taffe. Thr principal rivers are the
Rhoii£» Durance, Ifere, and Drome. It
now forms the departments of Drome,
Here, and Upper Alps.
Dax, or Ac<y, an ancient town of
France, in the department of Landes and
late province of Gafcooy, with a bifhop's
fee, and Tome famous not baths. It is
feated on the A lour* »f miles N£ of
Bayonne. Lon. i o w, lat. 43 41 n.
Deadman's-head, a cape, in Corn-
wall, between St. Maw's and Fowey.
Dead Sea, a lake of Palestine, into
which the river Jordan runs. It is 70
miles Ion?, and 20 broad, inclofed on
the E and w by high mountains. It
abounds in bitumen.
Deal, a feaport in Kent, with a
market on Thurfday. It is leated on
the ftrait of Dover, and is a member of
the cinque port of Sandwich, governed
by a mayor. JThe inhabitants amount
to 4500, and, as no manufaAure is
carried on here, they chiefly depend dn
the feafaring men who refort hither. The
port is defended by two caftles } Deal or
Waimer Caftle to the s, and Sandown
Caftlc to the N. Between this place and
the Godwin Sands are the Downs, where
the fl)ip« uiually ride at their leaviiw or
coming into tne river Thames. It is
feven miles s by E of Sandwich, and 72
E by s of London. Lon. i 29 E, lat. 51
13 N.
Dean, a town in Gloucefter(hire,witli
a market on Monday. It had its name
fi-om the foreft c^f Dean, ^in which^lt is
icated, 1 1 miles w of Gloucefter, and 1 11
wswof London. Lon. % 31 w, lat. 51 50 N.
Dean, a foreft in Gloucefterfliire, in-
cluding tliat part of the county which lies
between the Severn and the (hires ef Mon-
mouth and Hereford. It contains four
inarket-towns and 23 pariflies. It is fer-
tile in pafture and tillage, bears very fine
oaks, and has :ich mines of iron and coal.
It was once reckoned the chief fupport of
the EngliAi navy; and the SpaniAi ar-
mada. It is faid, was exprefsly commif-
lioned to deltroy it. It is now thinned
by freqvwncy of^ felling, and narrowed by
increafe of cultivation, though a few deer
^ill continue to mnwild in its recefles.
The forelt of Dean, and the vale of the
fame name, abound in orchards, which
produce great plenty of cxcf Ueqt cider.
DEC
Deben, a river in Suffolk, which rifps
near Di-benham, and flows to Wood<
bi'iclgc, where it expands into a inng n:tr-
row arm of the German Ocean, a little to
the N of Harwich.
Debenham, a town in Suffolk, with
a market on Friday, feated near the head
oi'the Dshvn, on the fide of a hill, 24 miles
£ of Bury St. Edmund's, and 84 NEof
London. Lon. i 17 e, lat. 52 a« M.
Debrecen, a town of ^'pper Htm-
gary, capital of a diltrifl ot the fame
name. It was taken by the Turks in
1684, and the Auftrians retook it tlie
lame year. It is 1 07 miles E of Buda.
Lon. 22 HE, lat. 47 32 N>
Deccan, an ex.teniive tra6t of country
in Afia, which, according to the fignifi-
cation of its name, the South, has been
fuppofed to include the whole region s of
Hinduoftan Proper. But, in its more ac-
cuiate fenfe, it contains only the coun-
tries fituate between Hindoonan Proper,
theCamatic, the Weltem Sea, and Orma;
namely, the provinces of Candeifh, Dow-
latabad, Vifiapour, Golconda, and the W
part of Berar. It is boundeil on the II
by the river Nerbudda, by Bengal, and
by Bahar ; and the river Kiftna forms its
feparation on the s, from the peninfula of
Huidooftan. All this vaft country was
once a province of the Mogul empire.
Candeifh, Vifiapour, and a part of Dow-
latabad, are lubje6l to the Mahrattas;
the remainder, to the nizam of the Deccan.
Deccan, the dominions of the nizam
of the Deccan, comprifing Golconda, the
principal part of Dcwlatabad, and the
weftem part of Berar; the latter fubjeft
to a tribute o( a fourth part of its net
revenue to the Berar Mahrattas. His ter-
ritories are bounded on the NW by the
Poonah Mahrattas, on the N by the Berar
Mahrattas, on the e by the Northern Cir-
cars, and on the s by the Camatic and
Myfore. By family fuccedion, in 1 780,
the nizam became poitefled of the diftrifts
of Adoni and Tachore, and of the Gun-
toor Circar } and by the peace of 1792 he
had a fhare of the country ceffions made
by Tippoo Sultan, including Kopaul,
Cuddfina, and GAnsecolla. His domt>
nions (without including the ceffions) are
i'ui;poled to be 4')o miles from NW to SE,
by 300 wide. His capital is Hydrabad.
Decise, an ancient town of France, in
the department of Nievre and late pro-
vince of Nivemois, leated in an iffand
formed by the Loire, 16 miles se of
Nevers. Lon. 4 31 e, lat. 46 50 N.
Deckbndorf, a town of Lower Ba-
raria, feated near the Danube^ 37 miles
► )
I H.
1. n
.a I
DEE
DEL
»E of Ratifb-jn. It was taken by the
Swciics in 1641. Lou. 12 55 u, Ut. 48
4> N.
DftDoiNGTON, a town in Oxfordfliire,
W'ith a maikct on riicfday. It wa* an-
ciently a corporation, anri lent ineniberu
to parliament in tlie reikn v->f Edward m.
It u 16 miles N ot Oxlord, and 70 wNW
of London. Lon. i ii w, lot. s~ z n.
DldhaMi a village in Kii'ex, noted
for an uncient large church, which his a
fine Gothic lleeple. it is fix miles N of
ColchcUer.
Dee, a river of N Wales', held in great
veneration by our Hritiih ancellors, and
the theme of many a potrt fmce. Some
trace its head to the foot of the loity
mountain Anm, in the Nw angle of Me-
rionethihire } but otiiers trace it no further
than to the lake of Bala, whence it (lows
through a iine vale in a NE dire^Hon to
DenbiglUhire, vifita the w border of
CheHiire, then croifing over to Chefter, it
flovirs thence to the Irifh S<a, making a
broad eftuary, whieU feparjite* Cheshire
iroin Flintfliiie. By embankments made
berey much hnd has been gained from tiie
tide ; and a narrow, but deeper, channel,
fitter' for navigation, has been formed
from Chefter hallway to the fea. The
Bee is navigable from near EUefmere, in
Shropihire, to Chefter ; but, at this city,
the continuity of the navigation is broken
by a ledge of rocks, running^acrofs the
bed oi the river, and caufmg a fort of
calirade.
Dee, a river of Scotland, whirh rlfej
in Aberdeen/hire, amid the mountains of
Mar Foreft, and flows through a wild
country till it reaches the. fertile vale of
Brae-mar, whence it proceeds in an ealterly
direction to Aberdeen, below which it
falls into the Brkilh Ocean.
Dee, a river of Scotland, which rifes
in the nw part of Kirkcudbrightlhire,
and joining the Ken, below New Gal,
loway, falls into the Irifli Sea, at Kirk-
cudbright.
Deeping, a town In Lincoln(hlre, with
a market on Thurfdiiy. It is lea'^ed on
the Welknd,.in a lenny country, fix miles
£ of Stamford, and 90 N of London.
Lon. o 21 w, lat. 51 42 n.
Deerhurst, a village, three miles s
of Tewkefbury, in Gloucefterfliire, fub-
JC(51, bji- its low fituation, to frequent in-
undations from the Severn. Here was a
palace built, and afterward converted to
a monaftcry in 715, which the Danes de-
ftroyed ; but it was rebuilt and made an
alien priory, under the patronage of the
abbot of rcwkefl>ury. Its being rebuilt
In the r.."i";n«f Fdward the ConfefTor, and
its conlicration by the then bilhop if
Worcelter, it denoted by a Latin inkiip-
tion on a Ifone, \vhich, in 1675, was dug
up in an orchard.
Dei'.se, or Pfynsr, a to\vn of AttI-
tri-Tn rinnders. Ic.itrd on the Lis, cij:ht
mll..'s sw of Ghent. Lon. 3 39 s, lat.
50 59 N.
Di LAWARR, one of the tJnIted Statcj
of Americs, bounded on the N by Penn-
fylvania, on the e by Delaware river and
bay, and on the s and w by Maryland.
It is 90 niiU'S long and 16 bj-oad ; and in
ninny parts is unhealthy, being iitated in
a iicninftili, where the land u gcu«rally
low, which occafions the ^vater8 to Mag-
nate. It is divided into thrte counties,
Newcaftle, Kent, and SulTcx ; ar.d iu
1787, the inhabitants were computed at
37,000.
Delaware, a county "f Pcnnfyl-
vania, ao miles long, and 11 broad. In
1790, it contained 9,4.>J3 inhabitants.
Chefter is the cai'ital.
Delaware, a river of N Americi,
wliich rHing in the ftatc of New Yrrk, in
Lake Ultayantho, divides New Yoik Ironi
Pennfylvania, and paflcs thiough Dela-
ware Bay to the Atlantic, having Nevr
Jerfey on'the e fide, and Pennfylvania and
the ft ate of Delaware on the w. From
the mcuth of this bay, at Cape Henlopen,
to Philadelphia, it is 1 18 miles, wi.h a
fvfficient depth of water for a 74. gxm
(hip J above Plubdelphia, U is navigable
for floops up to the great falls at 1 ren-
ton ; and, tor boats that carry eight or
10 tons, 4.0 miles higher.
Delaware Bay, a bay of N Ame-
rica, which is 60 miles long, from Cape
Henlopen to the entrance of the river
Delaware at Bombay-hook. It is fo
wide, in fome parts, that a ihip, in the
middle of it, cannot be feen from the Lind.
It opens into the Atlantic, between Cape
Henlopen on the s. and Cape May on
the N. Thefe capes are 18 miles apart.
Delft, a city of the United Pro^
vinces, in HoUurid. It is clean and welU
built, with canals in the ttreets, planted
on eich fide with trees. Here are two
churches, in one of which is the tomb of
William i, prince of Orange, who wa«
alfaftinated. It is about two miles in
circumference; has a fine arfenal, and a
confiderable manufaflure of earthen ware,
known by the name of Delft ware. It is
feated on the Schie, eight miles NW of
Rotterdam, and 30 sw of Amllerdaro.
Lon. 4 14 g, lat. 52 4- N.
D£LFTSHAV£N, a furtificd town flf
inkiip.
va« «.lug
of Arrl,
i, iar.
St.itcj
^^ Pem;.
er and
and ill
a fed in
uvrally
unties,
:d iu
ted at
DEL
Holland, on the N fide of the Macfe, v/ith
a Canal to IVUt, &c. It it betv/een
Rotterdam and ScliicdHtn, not three nulcs
from each.
Delfzy, a fortrefs of the United
Provinces, in Groningcn. It was taken
'hy the i>|Kvniar«i.i in 1581, and retaken
by the J>H'cii in 1590. ft ii ftatcfi on
»i\e river Damili-r, 13 miles nk ot Gro-
ninyen.
Delhi, s province ot" Mindooftan Pro-
per, hounded on the NW by Lahore, on
ihe NF. by Serin igiir, on the E by the Ko-
liiila tountr)", on tlie s by Agiu^ and on
the w by Mo\dt:in. Havinj^ b;.'en the
)e:it of continunl wars for above 50 years,
ir is almolt dcpopulitcd; and a trait of
country that polll'lfes eveiy advantage
that can be deiivk.d from nature, coiuains
tile nu)',l mifcrable of iuli;ibitrints. It is
now all tlv.it remains to the Great Mogul
of his once extcnlive empire.
Del ill, the capital o»' a province of
th'i fame nnme, in Hlndooltan Proper,
feated on ths river J;nntra. It in t!ie no-
minal capital of all llinaoolian, and was
the a£lual capital during the gicateit part
of the time fnicc the Mahometan conqiuft.
In 1738, when Nadir Shall invac'td Hin-
dooitan, he entered Delhi, and dreadful
were the maflacres and famine ttiat foU
lowed : 100,000 cf the in!\a'>itnnts pe-
rilled by the fword ; and pl'indtr, to the
amount of 6», 000, cool, iteiling, was faid
to be collected. The lan.e Cijl.unitles
»)iey enduied on the i'ubfeauent invalions
of 'AbduUa, king of Candah-ir. Delhi is
8X0 miles NiNE of Bombay. Lon. 77
40 E, itt. 2? 37 N.
Dei^ichi, a nver of Albania, the
Acheron of the ancient poets, who feigned
it to be in hell.
Delmrnhorst, a town of Weft-
uhalia, in the county of Delmenhcrlt, be-
loitging to Denmark. It 'u feated en. the
Delm, near (he Wel'er, eight niiics &\v of
Bremen.
Decos, an ifland of the Archipelago,
now called Dili. There are abundance
oi' ftne ruins, l\ippofed to be of the tem-
ples of Diana and Apollo, whgfe birth-
place it is faid lo be. It is fix miles in
circumference, but now delticute of in-
habitants. Lon. 15 59 E, lat. 37 30 N.
Delphi, or Delpuos, a town of Li-
vadia i^tei in ti valley, near mount Par-
nalfus. It was famous for the oi-adc of
Apollo, which people came from ftU parts
to coniult.
DbLsPERO, a town of Swlflerland, in
t)ie bii^opiic of BaAe, lo miles Nw of
Sbleurc. l^, 7 aj 1} lat. 4.7 17 n.
DEN'
Delta, a part of Lower Egypt, be-
tween the branches of the Nile nn<\ tha
Mediterranean. The ancients cUled it ' ,
the iile of Delta, becauli: it is in tlie fhape
of a triangle, like tlie Grtek letter of that
name. It is 130 miles along the oatl
ii'oin D.uniettn to Alexandria, and 70 iia
the fides, from the place where the Nile
begins to divide itlelf. It is the molt
plentiful country of all Egypt, and it
nil', 'jiore lure than in other partus but
its fertility is cliieHy owing tu the imui-
dations of the Nile.
Dkmkr, a river which rifei in the
Inliiopric of Liege, waters Hafli'lt, Didi,
Sichcm, iirfchot, and .Mechlin, below
which it joins the Sev.ne, and Likes the
najr.c of Kupel.
Deiiiekary, a Dutch fettlement in
Guiana, on a river of the fame name,
three K;\guc8 w ot Paramaribo. It was
taken by the Kngtilli in 1781; but the
Frtncli d'.'.poffelfcil tiiem of it foon after,
and by tlie treaty of peace in 1783, it
was reltdied to the Dutch. It was again
taken by the Engliih in April 1796.
Demmin, an ancient town of SwoJtfli
Pomtrania, in the duchy of Stetin, leated
on the river Peen. Lon. 13 »i E, lat. 55
52 N.
i)EMONA, a fort of Piedmont, on the
rlvii Sturc, 1 o miles sw of Coni. Lou. 7
28 E, lat. 4.4. 18 N.
D1.NAIN, a village of France, in the
department of the North and late province
ot Hainavih, rcnuirkable i'vs a vi^foiy
gained over pri:ice Eugene, by niar/lial
Vilhus, ill 1 71 2. It is feated on the
Srheld, eight miles w of Vakncieunes.
Di'Nraon, tlie county-town of Den-
bighlhire, tiiuate on a rocky dcclivi^
above the vule of Clwyd, on a branch of
the river cf that name. Its ruined caftle,
with its valt incloiiire crowning the top
of the hill, terms a liiiking object. Den-
bigh has a coiifidtr.iblc nunufatture- of
gloves and fhoes, whicii are fent to Lon-
don lor exporntion. It has a market on
VVt.Jneiday, lends one member to parlia-
ment, and is 27 miles w of Chclter, and
208 WW of London. Lon. 3 35 w,
lat. 53 11 N.
Denbighshire, acountyof N Walesi,
bounded on the N by th« Irifti Sea, on
the NE by Flintlhire, on the s-iiy Sfcaop-
ihire, on the s by Mcrionethlhire and
Montgomery (hire, and on the w by Car-
Darvonfliire. It is 48 miles long, and
20 in its broadett part, but in general it
is much It.H. It lies in the diocefts of
St. Alaph and Bangor; contains 12 hun-
4rc<i<» four au^Ket-tcMvu^; uud 57 ^^a-
Ii
I -11
DEN
D E R
hAks) and fcndt two membert to pir<
liament. The air is healthy* particu-
hrly in the vale of Clwyd. The prin-
cipal rivers are the Clwyd, Elwy, Dee,
and Conway. The Ibil is various; the
vale of Clwyd being extremely fertile,
which is not the cafe with the E part of
the county { and the w is, in a manner,
barren. The produAs are chiefly com,
chccic, cattle, lead, and coal. Sec
Clwyd.
Dender, a river of Aufirian Hainault,
which waterii Leuzc, Ath, Leliines, Gram-
mont, Ninove, and Aloft, and joins the
Scheld at Dendermenvle.
Dendermonde, a city of Auftrian
Flanders, with a likrong citadel. It was
taken by the allies in 1706, and the
Dutch put a garrilbn into it as one of the
barrier-towns. The French took it in
1 745, and again in 1 794.. It is iiiiTounded
by inarlhes and Ane meadowii, which can
be covered with water, and is featcd at
the confluence of the Dender and Scheld,
x6 miies w of Mechlin. Lon. 4. 10 e,
lat. 51 3 N.
Dbnia, an ancient feaport of Spain, in
Valencia, on the Mediterranean Sea, and
at the foot of a mountain, 52 miles £ of
Alica'^t. Lon. o 36 n, l^t. 38 44 N.
Di'NMARK, a )ra of Europe,
bounded on the E Baltic Sea, on
the w and N by tiie jcean, and on the
s by Germany. The country is gene-
rally flat, and the foil fandy. The air
is rendered foggy by the neighbourhood
of the feas and lakes, of which it is full,
but it has no coniiderable river. Den-
Biark, properly Co called, confiits of Ji:fc-
land and the iflands of Zealand and Fundi,
with the little ifles about them ; but the
king of Denmark's dominions contain
ahb Norway, and the duchies of Holftein,
Oldenburg, and Delmenhorft. Denmark
was once a limited and elective monarchy ;
but, in 1660, it was -made ablolute and
hereditary, by a revolution almoft un-
paralleled in hiftory ; a tre& people volun-
tarily reiigning their liberties into the
hands of their loyereign. The inhabitants
aie prpteltants iince the year 1522, when
they embraced the conielHon. of Augf-
burg. The forces which the king of
Denmark has ufually on foot are near
40,000. The i-evenues aie computed at
5od,oool. a year, which arife irom the
crown lands and duties. The produce of
Denmark confifts in pitch, tar, fiih, oil,
and deals. Copenhagen is the capital.
Denys, St. a iamous towfa of Franccr
in the department of Paris. Here is an
ancient aiiul magnificeiik chiirchi ia which
wert the tombs of many of the French
king! i and in the trealury, among other
cunofities, the (words of St. Lewis and
the Maid of Orleans, and the iceptre
of Charlemagne. The ahbeyof the late
BenediAines, a magnificent piece ot mo-
dern archite£kure, has more the apjxrar-
ance of a palace than a convent. In
1793* after the abolition of royalty, the
royal tombs in the church were all de-
ftroyed ; and the name of the town was
changed to that of Franciade. It is
(isatedon the river Crould, near the Seine,
five miles N of Paris. Lon. a a6 e, lat.
48 56 N.
Deptford, a town of Kent, confider-
able for its fine docks, and for the king's^
yard and Itorehoules. It was anciently
called Weft Greenwich. It is divided
into Upper and Lower Deptford, and has
two parifh churches. Here is an hoi'pital,
incorporated by Henry viii, called Tri-
nity Hoult: of Deptford Stiond. The
brethren of the Trinity Houl'e hold their
corporation by this nofpital, and are
obliged, at certain times, to meet here
for bufinefs. It contains ai houfes: a
more modern ftru6lure, and a finer one,
called Trinity Hofpital, contains 38.
Both thefe are for decayed pilots, of
mafters of fhips, or their widows, who have
a handfome monthly allowance. Deptford
's four miles e of London. Lon. o 4 e,
lat. 51 30 N.
Derbent, a feaport and fortrefs of
Perfia, in the province of Schirvan, on the
w coaft of the Cafpian Sea. It is faid to
have been built by Alexander the Great,
and is funounded by high brick walls.
The inhabitants are chiefly Pcrfians,
Tartars, and a few Armenians. The
fortrefs was taken by the Ruffians, in
May 1796, after a bombardment of ten
days. It is feated at the foot of Mount
Caucafus. Lon. 50 o e, lat. 41 8 n.
Derby, the county-town o( Derby-
fhire, with a market on Friday. It is
feated on the Deiwent, over which is a
handfome ftone bridge ; and a brook runs
through the town, under feveral ftone
bridges. It has five churches, of which
ill Saints is the chief, noted for its
beautiful tower. In 1734, a machine
was erefled here by fu' Thomas Lombe,
for the manufa^luririf.^ of fdk, -the model
of which was brougiit fVom Italy. It
was the firft of its kind ereded in Eng-
land; and its operations are to wind,
double, and twift the filk, fo as to render
it fit for weaving. Derby pofTefles alfo a
coniiderable mamifa£lure or filk, cotton,
and fine worfted (lockings ; and hai a
D E R
D E V
¥■
French
^g other
na and
'ccptr«
|the latv
Ot IlK).
lapiHrar-
f>t. In
My, the
1 ail de-
m was
It is
Seine,
E> iat.
nfider-
ing's,
cieutly
'ivided
nd ba«
fpital,
dTri-
The
d their
jd are
here
ifeii: a
er one,
38.
fabric of porcffUint equali if not fup«-
rior in quality, to any in the kingdom.
Several hand* are employed in the lapi<
dary and jewellery tvanchev ; and Derby-
fliire marbles, Ipars, and cryftais, ai-e
wrought into a variety of ornamental
aiticleii. Tlie malting trade is likewik
carried 00 irt this town, from which the
Derwent is navigable to the Trent . Derby
fends .two members to parliament, and is
governed by a mayor. The rebelti came
as far as this town in 1745, and then re-
turned to Scotland. It is 36 miles n of
Coventry, and ii6 NNw of London.
Lon. I x5 w, Iat. 51 58 n.
Derdyshikb, an EngUHi county,
bounded on the N by Yorkshire, on the
E by Nottinghamfliire, on the s by Lei-
ceib:r(hire and Warwickshire, on the
w by Stafllbrdlliire, and on the N\v by
Chefliire. It extends 59 miles from N to
s, and 34- from E to \v where bruadeft,
bnt in the s part it is not above fix. It
lies in tJie diocele of Lichfield and Co-
ventry, lends four members to parliament,
and contains fix hundreds, 11 market-
towns, and 106 parifbes. Tlie air, efpe-
cially pn the 9 fide, is wholeibroe and
agreeable; but in the Peak, toward the
K, it is fliarp and cold. The hills in the
northern part, by attra^tin^; the paiiing
clouds, cayfe the rain to delcend there in
gieater abundance than on the circumja-
cent counties. The s and b parts are
pleafant and fertile, producing moft kinds
of grain, particularly barley. Even the
NW pait, .called the Peak, is abundantly
rich i £or tlie bleak mountains abound in
the beft lead, with marble, alabafter,
millftones, iron, coal, and a coarfe fort
of ciyftal i and the intermediate vallies
are iruitful in grafs. The barytes, gr
ponderous earth, which leems to be the
medium fubltance between earth and ores,
is here found in great quantities. The
principal rivers arc the Derwtnt, Dove,
^rwam, and Treat.
Dereham, r, town in Norfolk, with %
market on Friday, noted for wool and
yarn. It is 14 miles w of Norwich, and
and I op NN£ of London. Lon* i oe,
|at. 5» 4z N.
Dereqte, or Deirovti, atovraof
Egypt, 1% the ifle fanned by the canal
from Cairo to Rofetta. Here is a magnifi-
cent temple. Lcm. 31 45 E, Iat. 30 40 n.
Dbrp» a town of Ruflit, in the go-
vernment of Riga, with ft biihop's lice,
and a ui^iverfity. It lies near the^river
Ambec, 50 miles nw of Pikof. Lon.
z6 15 E( Iat. 58 30 N.
which rifei in the high Peak, flows t
through the middle of the county, and,
paiiing Derby, empties itfelf into the
Trent, on the borders of Leicelteriliire.
Derwent, a river of Yorkihire,
which rifes in tlie N riding, and running
s falls into the Oule, below York.
Derwent, a river of Durham, which
forms, for fome i'pace, the boundary be-
tween that county and Northumberland,
and fails into the Tyne, above Ncwcaille.
Derwent, a river bf Cumberland,
which flowing through tiie lakes of Der-
went-water and Balienthwaite-water, to
Cuckermouth, enters the Iriih Sea, near
Workington.
DuR WE NT-WATER, a lake of Cum-
beiland, in the vale of Kefwick. It is
tluree miles in length, and a mile and a
half wide. Five iflands rife out of thi*
lake, which add greatly to the beauty of
the appearance. On one of them is an
elegant modem-built houfe.
Dbseada, one of the French Ca-
ribbe lilands, in the W Indies. It is 10
miles long, and five broad, and is gene-
rally the firft land tliat is made in fiuling
to the W Indies. Loa. 61 ao w, Iat. 16
40 N.
Deseada, or Cafe Desixe, the
fouthem point of the ftraits of Magellan,
in S America, at the entrance of the
S Sea. Lon. 74 ig w, Iat. 53 4 s.
Dessaw, aftrongtown of Germany ,
in the circle of Upper Saxony, and pro-
vince of Hanhalt. It belongs to its owa
prince, and is lirated i. : the l^be, 37 milea
N -of Leipfick. Lon. la as £, iat. 51
53 N.
Dethmold, a town of Weftphalia,
on the river Wehera, 1 5 miles N of Pa-
derbom. Lon. 8 55 s, Iat. 52 on.
Detroit, a town of N America, on
the w fide of the ftrait, or river, that
forms the communication betweea the
lakes St. Clair and Erie. Lon. 83 a w.
Lit. 4a 22 N.
Dsttingen, a village of Germany, in
the territory of Uanau. Here George 11
gained a victory over the French in 1743.
It is between Hanau and Aichaffed>ui^
four miles from each.
Deva, a feaport of Spain, 00 the tey
of Bifcay, in the province of Guipnfcoa,
15 miles SB of Bilboa. Lon. a 40 w,
Iat. 43 24 N.
Devemto, a town of Bulgaria, with
a Greek arohbifhop*s fee, ftated on the
Paniza, 65 miles MB of Adrianople.
Lon, 37 33 B, Iat. 42 33 K.
Deventer, a city of the United Pro-
viacesf tb« capital of Onrythlf with a
t'
..•I
i
i
D E V
D I E
univerfify. It is furrounded by ftrong
walls, and fcatid on the river YlFcl, 50
miles B of Aiiifterdain. Lon. 5 56 e,
lat. 5z 18 N.
DEVizbs, a borough in Wilts, with
a inaikcton 1 hurld ly, ami ainanuiaiture
of fcrges ami othtT wooikn llufr's. It
fends two members to pailiamt:'. , and is
feuted on an cinincoce, 24 r !• v\v of
Salilbury, and 89 w of Loi jh. Lon.
a 2 \v, iut. 51 zo N.
Drvon, h river of Perthftiiiv, over
which, in tht l)cautiiul v.Ue ui ('Itiide-
von, is a great curioiity, called tlie Rumb-
ling Bridjjc. It is fimilar to tint over
tlic Braan, and conlilts of one urch,
thrown over a horrible chalni, v-iAn by
thi" river, about So tect dccj), ami \ny
narrow. In other plates, the river h:»s
forced its way, in a furprlling rmnntr,
tlirough tlic rocks. At tia- Caldinn-lin,
It has worn away the fotter parts of the
ftone, and formed immenl'e pits, into
which th« water tails with a tremcn(lo\is
nolle. JJtlow this, the whole river is
precipitated in one flieet, from a ht'ght of
40 feet.
Devonshire, anLnglifh county, 69
miles long, and 64. broad ; bounded on
the N and NW by the Briitol Channel, on
the E by Somerletfliire and Dorletfliire,
on the s and se by the Kngiilh Channel,
and on the w by Cornwrtil. It lies in
the diocele of Exeter; contains 33 hun-
tlreds, one city, 37 market-towns, and
394 parilhes ; and femU i6 members to
parliament. I'he air is healthtul in the
vallies, and fo mild that the myrtle
grows unilieltered j but it is cold ar.d
bleak on the mountain!). 'Ihe ibil is
various, for the lower grounds are natu-
rally fruitful, and the hills aie vtiy bar-
ren. In the eaftern parts there is plenty
not only of good corn, but ot fine pif-
turage for Iheep, where the grounds arc
.dry and chalky.. The fcuthern part of
the county is remarkably fertile, and is
as juftly called The Garden of Devon-
fliire, as Italy is The Garden of tkc
World. Fruit-trees are plentiful, ei'pe-
cially apples, with which a great quantity
of cider is made. On the coait is found
plenty of a peculiar rich land, of lingular
Icrvice to huibandmen ; andthoie who live
at adiftance from the' lea purchalie it to im-
prove their poor lands. The weftcrn parts
abound with game, elpecially hares, phca-
iants, and woodcocks, which are in fuch
.l^undance, as to render then\ very cheap ;
and here is a bird lb veiy fmall, that it
.is reputed a hununiag-bird, and, like
fl^t, fi^oftni^ it« iieft 04 the cxtr(;me
branches of trees. In the sw parts arc
great qtiantities of marble, and m many
1>laces marble rocks nre found to be the
talis of the high road. The princi])at
rivers are the I'amar, Ex, Teigne, and
Dart. Exeter is the capital.
Di'.ux Fonts, a town of Germany,
in the p:i'atinate of the Rhine, cipital of
.'' duchy of the faino name, lieated on the
river Eibatir, 4.9 miles N by w of Stral-
burjr, unA 50 sw of Mentz. Lon. 7 26
t., Int. 49 10 N.
DliYNSii. See DkiNSE. - " •' '
DlARLlCK, or DlARDEKARi a pro-
vince ui Turkey in Afia, between the
'i igris and Euplirates; bounded on the
N l)y Tmxomnnia, on the E by Perlia, on
tlie s by hac-Arabia, and on the v/ by
Syria. It was the ancient Melbpotamia.
Di vRBEKAK, an ancient town of I'L-.r-
key in Ana, capital of the provin.e of
iJiarbeck, liated on the river 'J igris.
'J'he Turks are more alfahle here than in
other places, with regard to the Chrilti-
ans, who aie above zo,ooo in number.
It has a great trade in red Turkey leather,
and cotton cloth of the fame colour, and is
150 miles NW ot' Aleppo. Lon. 39 40
E, l;:t. 37 18 N.
Die, a town of France, in the depart-
laent of Drome and late province of
Dauphiny. It was lately an epifcopal
lee, and is feated on the Drone, 24 miles
SE of Valence. Lou. 5 13 e, lat. 44
4z N.
DiEPHOLT, a town of Wettphalia,
capital of a county of the fame name,
fubjeft to the elci5lor of Hanover. It is
feated on the Dummer Lake, 30 miles
NW of Minden. Lon. 8 45 E, lat. 51
36 N.
Dieppe, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Lower Seine and late pro-
vince of Normandy, with a good harbour,
formed by the mouth of the river Ar-
ques, an old caille, and two piers. Ps-.-ket-
boats pals between this port and ISright-
helmlton, in the time of peace. The
principal trade confifts in herrings, whit-
mgs, mackerel, ivory toys, and laces.
It was bombarded by the Englilh in
1694, and is not now fo confiderable as
formerly. It is 30 miUs N of Rouen,
and 13a NW of Paris. Lon. i 9 £, lat.
49 5S.N.
Diessenmoffen, a confiderable town
of Swiilerland, in Thurgaus, i'eated on
the Rhine, five miles s of Schatfhaufen.
Lon. 8 4i e, lat. 47 35 N.
. DiE&T, a town of Auitrian Brabant,
on the river Demer, 15 miles ne of
^ouvai{u Lon. 5 ^ £, lat, .50 59 n.
/ 4«',
D I M
D I S
irtt trr
many
be the
rmany,
pitai of
on flif
Stral-
. 7 *6
pro.
f'l the
oi\ the
ia, on
w l)y
iimia.
Ivy.
.e ot'
DiiTZi a town of WeteravUi capital
of a county of ihc fsutie name, \*liii a
ftjTong caftlc. It u i'ubjeA to the prince
of Naiiau-Dillcmbuig, and \$ feated on
the Lohn, i6 miln E of Coblentz. Lon.
7 35 £, lat. 50 It N.
DiEUZE, a tomi of France, in the de-
partment of Meurtlic and late province
of Lorrain, leiiiarkablc fur wells of I'ult
water, which produce much lalt. It is
feated on the Scille, %i miles NE of
Nancl. Lon. 6 45 e, lat. 48 53 N.
DiEZ, St- a town of France, in the
department of the Voiges and late pro-
vince of Lorrain. It ti.id lately a cele-
brated chapter, whole canons were obliged
to produce proofs of nobility. It is
leited on the Meurthe, 30 miles SE oT
Lxmeville. Lon. 7 4. E, lat. 48 a o N.
DiGNAN, a town of Venetian I(trla»
three miles from the gulf of Venice. Lon.
13 5 E, lat. 45 10 N.
DiGNE, a town of France, in the de-
partment of the Lower Alps and late
province of Provence, with a bilhop's
lee. It is famous . for its hot batns,
and is feated on the Bleone, 30 miles s
by w of Embiuii. Lon. 6 iz Hj lat. 44
10 N.
Dijon, an ancient city of France, in
the department of Cote d'Or and late
province of Burgundy. It was lately an
archbilhopric, but is now the epil'copal
town of the department, and contains
20,000 inhabitants. It has an academy
of fciences and belles-lettres. The public
ftmilures, and particulaily the churches,
are very fine. In front of the Palace
Royale, is the ancient palace of the
dukes of Burgundy ; and at the p;ates of
Dijon is a late chartreule, in which ibme
of thofe princes are inteired. Dijon is
feated in a pleafant plaid, which pro-
duces excellent wine, between two fmall
rivers, 48 miles NE of Autun. Lon. 5
7 E, lat. 47 19 N.
Dili. See Delos.
•DiLLA, Mount, a remarkable pro-
montory of the coaft of Malabar, ao
miles N by w of Teilicheily. Lon. '75
% Ej lat.' IX I N.
DiLLENBURO, a towH of Wcteravia,
capital of a county of the (ame name,
fubjt^ to the prince of Naflau Dillcnburg.
It is 2z miles Nw of Marpui'g.' Lon. S
27 E, lat. 50 48 ii.
Dii,LSMGBN, a, town of Suabia, with
jx univeiiity. Here the bilhop of Augf-
burg refitjes. It h'f^ttd near the Danube,
1 7 miles.Nfi of ^ugfturg. Lpn. zo ao
• E, lat." 4.5 30 K.
DiMQTV^ a toWn of Komiuua^ Ktith
a Greek archbifhop's fee. It is feated
on a mountain, lunoimdcd by.bc M«jiza»
12 miles sw ot Adrianopk. Lon. 1$
15 £, lat. 41 35 N.
Din A NT, a town of France, in the
department of the North Coaft and latv
province of Bretagne. It is feated on A
.aggy mountain, at the foot ot which
IS the river Kance, zo miles • of St.
Malo. Lun. i 58 w, lat. 48 20 n.
Din A NT, a town of Wettphaiia, la '
the bi/hopric of Liege, with a caftle*
feated near the Meulie, 11 miles 8 ot'
Namur. Lon. 4 51 e, lat. 50 17 n.
DiNASMONDY, a town in Merioneth-
Hilre, with a market on Friday, 18 miles
s of Bala, and 196 nw of London^
Lon. 3 40 w, lat. 52 37 N.
DiNCHURCH, a village in Kent, iii
Romney Marfh. Here are kept the re-
cords of the Marfli j and a court is held
by the lords of th«r Marfti and the mem-
bers of the corporaiio )- who are appointed
bv ftatute, 33 Edwaid iii, to regulate
all affairs concert. I ng the Marfh. It i»
three miles ne of Roinney.
DiNCKELSPiL, a free imperial town
of Suabia, ieated on the river Wemiti.
It has a great and a little council > ti)e '
former is a mlxtu'-e of papiftt and Lu-
therans ; but t'..e little one are all papifts'.
It carries jn a trade In cloth and i-eaping-r
hooks, iUid is 37 miles 8W of NuTMnbui^t
Lon. 10 zo E, lat. 49 o N.
DiNCELFiNG, a town of Germany, ia '
Lower Bavaria, ieated on the Ifer, ao
mill's NE of Landichut. Lon. za 36 £»
lat. 48 40 N.
Dingle, a feaport of Ireland, int^
county of Derry, feated on Dingle Bkfp
four miles w of Limerick. Lon. 8 40
w, lat. 52 42 N.
Dingwall, a royal boroUgh in Roft*
fhire, feated at the head of the frith of CiQ*
maity, x8 miles wof the town of Cro*
marty. Some linen yam is manufaAtir^
' here, and there is a Imt-mill in the neiglU
bourhood. Lon. 4 23 w, lat. 57 45 if.
DiSAPPOJNTMuiT, Caps, a capeff
the ifland of ^ufiern Geoigiay in tlja
S Pacific OceannrLon. 36 15 w, lat. j^i
58 s.
Dismal Swamp, a marihy tttft, ga
the coaft of N Carolina, 50 nulesloac
and 30 broad. It occupies the wbojt
country between Albemarle Sound ai)4
Pamlico Sound.
Diss, a town in Norfolk, tvidi a ifos*
k^t on Frida:y. It is feated ofi the rivet
Waveney, on the fide of a hill ; and U
the w end of the town is a large mxiddy
lake, abounding with eeU. Here ue
M
»iJU
D N I
D O L
majiufaAurts of failcloth, linen tloth*
noJt, and ftays. It it 19 miles s of
Norwich, and 91 nne of JLondon. Lon.
1 9 E, lat. 51 25 N.
DiVi Bn ifland at the entrance of the
Sulf of Cambay, in the Deccan of Hin-
sbftan, three miks long and one broad.
On it is a large fortified town i)' the fame
name, bnilt ot freeftone and marble ; and
it contains fome fine churches, ere6^cd by
the Pbrtuguele, about the time they took
poiTeiTion of the ifland in 1515. The
trade of the town, one: fo important, is
almoft entirely removed to Surat. It is
j8o 'miles w by s of Surat, and ioo NW
of Bombay. Lon. 69 52 e, lat. 20 43 n.
DiXAN, the firft town in Abyllania,
on the fide of Taranta. It is built on the
top of a conical hill } a deep valley fur-
founds it like a Mench, and the road winds
fpirally up the hill till it ends among the
houfes. The inhabitants confift of Moors
and Chriftians, whofe only trade is the
felling of children. The CI '•iftians bring
fuch as they have ftolen in Abyflinia to
Dixan, where the Moors receive them,
and carry them to a market at Mafuah,
whence they are fent to Arabia or India.
The priefts of the province of Tigre are
openly concerned in this infamous traffic.
Lon. 40 7 E, lat. 14 57 N.
■ DixMUDE, atown or Auftrian Flanders,
which has been often taken, the laft time
by the French in 1794. It is celebrated
for its excellent butter ; and is leated on
the river Yperlee, 10 miles rAv of
Ypres. Lon. 2 57 e, lat. '51 a N.
DiziER, St. a confidcrable town of
France, in the department of Upper
Marne and late province of Champagne,
feated on the Marne, where it begins to be
lUvigable for boats, 15 miles se of Vi-
tri-ie-Fran9ois. Lon. 4 54 E, lat. 4S 35 n.
*' Dnieper, anciently the Borilthenes,
tl large river of Riillia, which riles in the
government oi' Smolenfko, and flowing in
»' foutherly direftion, enters the Black
Sea, between Cherfon and Oczakow.
J'rom its fource to its mouth, it now
Hows entirely through the Ruifian i»omi-
"ihions; and throu'rh this whole cour&,
tjf above 800 mile^ Its navigation is
only once interrxipted by a feries of cai-
tarafls, which" begin beliow the mouth of
'the Samara, and continue for abov« 40
iniles ; but thefe may be pafl'e'd in fpring,
Svithout much hazard, even by loaded
barks. In other feafons of the year, the
^^oods are landed at Kemenflc, oppofite the
mouth of the Samara, and tranfported 40
iniles by land to Kitd-kafe, fix miles from
\he fortrefs of Aiex;lndrow(k} where they
are again embarked, and defcend the
ftream to Cherfon.
Dniester, a fine river, which rifes
in Galicia, in Auftrian Poland, and vifits
Choczim, dividing Podolia from Mol-
davia ; it then I'eparates Beflfarabia from
the Ru/fian government of Catharinenflaf,
and having watered Bender, falls into the
Black Sea, between the niouth» of the
Dnieper and the Danube.
Do be LIN, a town of Courland, 20
miles s\v of Mittau. Lon. 23 35 E,
lat. 56 18 N.
DOBRZIN, a town of Poland, in Ma-
fovia, capital of a territory of the fame
name, feated on a rock, near the Viftula,
14 miles NW of Plockflto. Lou, 19 5 E,
lat. 52 54 N.
DocKUM, a town of the United Pro-
vinces, in W Friefland, at themouth of the
rivev Ee, 10 miles ne of Lewarden.
Lon. 5 41 E, lat. 53 18 N.
DoEL, a town of Dutch Flanders, on
the river SchcJd, oppofite Lillo, nine
miles NW of Antweip. Lon. 415 £,
tat. 51 17 N.
Doesburg* a town of the United
Provinces, in Zutphen. It has been
often taken and retaken j and the reduc-
tion of it, in 1586, was the firft exploit
of the Englifh forces fcnt by queen
Elifabeth to the alfiltance of the Dutch.
It is feated on the Iffel, 10 miles s of
Zutphen. Lon. 5 36 e, lat. 42 2 N.
DoGADO, a province of Italy, in the
teiritory of Venice, bounded on the e by
the gulf of Venice, on the s by Polefino,
on the w by Padiiano, and on the N by
Trevifano. It comprehends many fmaU,
iflamls near it, calleid the Lagunes of
Venice.
DoL, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Ille and Vilaine and late pro-
vince of Bretagne. It was lately an
tpifcopal fee, and is fituate in a morafs,
five miles from the lea, and 21 se of
St. Malo. Lon. i 41 w, lat. 48 33 N.
Do;.CE-A<^A, a town of Piedmont,
capital of a marquifate of the fame name,
with a caftle. It is feated on the Nervia,
five miles N of Vintimiglia. Lon. 7 42
h,r lat. 43 58 -f.
DoLCiGNO, a ftrong town of Albania,
with a bifhop^s fee, a good harbour* and
a citadel. It is feated on the Drino, 10
miles SE of Antivari. Lon. 19 20 e,
lat. 42 12 N. 1
Dole, a town of France, in the'dc-
partment of Jura and late province of
Tranche Comte, feated on the river
Doubs, 2j miles s\V of Befan^ojx. Loii.
DOM
DoLEGELLY, a town in Mertoneth-
ftTire, with a market on Tuefday. It is
feated on the river Avon> in a vale lb
called, and at the foot of the great rock
Cader-Idris, which is extremely high. It
has a good manufacture of Welfli cotton,
and is 31 miles NW of Montgomery and
205 of London. Lon. 9 4.S w, lat. 52
4.2 N.
DoLLART Bay, a large gulf, feparat-
ing E Frieflsuid, in Germany, trom Gro-
ningen, one of the United Provinces.
DOMAZLIZE, a town of Bohemia,
in the circle of Pilfen, remarkable for a
battle fought hetwetn the crufaders
and the Hulfites in 1466, to the great
difadvantage of the former. It was
taken by the Swedes in 154.1. It is
feated on the rivulet Cadbuzz, 17 miles
s of PiUen.
DoMFRONT, a town of France, in the
department of Orne and late province of
Normandy, feated on a craegy rock,
which has a large cleft from the Aimmit
to the bafe, through which flows the little
river Varenne. It is 35 miles NW of
Alen9on. Lon. o 43 w, lat. 48 38 N.
Domingo, St. one of the richeft
iflands in the W Indies, 400 miles in
length, and 75 in breadth. It was dif*
covered by Columbus, in 1492, and is
furrounded by craggy rocks and danger-
ous (hoals. The heat to the N and SE
would be iniupportablc for fix months
of the year, it not qualified by the
eafterly winds, and frequent rains; but
the latter (bon fpoil the flefh, bread, and
fruits. It has a great many rivers, and
mines of gold, talc, and cryftal. The
Spanifti name of it, originally given by
Columbus, is Hifpaniola. The w part
of it belongs to the French ; the e to the
Spaniards. Since the revolution in France,
the French part of this idnnd has been
fubjeA to the molt dreadful calamities ;
not only from an inllirreftion of the
negroes, but from a civil war between
the patriots and the royalifts. The latter
called in the £nglifh, who landed, in
September 179;;, and proviflonally took
J>oflelfion of Jereniie and Mote St. Nicho-
as. Sev:eral othe^places fubmitted foon
after { but fomc or them were retaken by
tht republicans in 1 794. This ifland lies
between Jamaica to the w, and Porto
Rieo to'tfae B.
Domingo, St.. the capital of the
Spanifh part of the iflind of St. Do.
mingo, with 'an archbilhop'i fee» whofe
Cathedral is a fuperb ftruClure. It is
^ ftseed on a large navigable rivert dif-
DON
ficult of accefs, and has an excellent har-
bour. Lon. 70 10 w, lat. li xb N.
Dominica, one of the Windward Ca- ,
ribbee Illands, in the W Indies. It lies
about half-way between Guadaloupe and
Maitinico, and is near x8 miles in lengthy
and 13 in-breadth. It was taken by die
Engliih in 1761, and confirmed to them
by the peace of 1 7 6 3 . The French took
it in 1778, but reftored it in 1783; and
in 1795 thev made an unfuccefsful at-
tempt, for all the Frenchmen that landed
were either killed or taken prifoners.
The foil is thin, and better adapted to
the rearing of coffee than fugar i but the
fides of the hills bear the finett trees in
the W InJies>. and the ifland is well lup-
plied with rivulets. The capital is Char>
lotte Town, formerly Rofeau.
Dominica, one of the iflands of the
S Pacific Ocean, called the Mar^ucfas.
Lon. 139 2 w, lat. 9 41 s.
Domino, St. one of the Tremiti
Iflands, in the s^ulf of Venice, 15 fnilea
from the co»ft of Naples.
Do MIT z; a town of Mecklenburg
Schwerin, with a fort, feated at the con-
fluence of the Elbe and Elve, 25 miles
s of Schwerin. Lon. 11 41 e, lat. 53 15 N.
Dommel, a river of Brabant, which,
receives the Aa below Bois-le-Duc, and
then falls into the Meiife.
Domo-o'Ossola, a town of Italy,
in the duchy of Milan, with a caflle, leated
on the Tola, at the foot of the Alps, 16
miles N of Varallo.
DoMREMY-LA-PucEL^t, a village •£
France, in the department of Meufc and
late province of Barrois, remarkable fw
the birth of Joan of Arc, the Maid of
Orleans. It is feated on the Meufe, five
miles from Neufchateau.
Don, a large river that feparates Eu-
rope from Afia. It iffues from lake St*
Jc^n,in the government of Morcow,and di-
vides, near Tclierkaile, into three ftreams,
which fall into the fea of Aibph. 1 his
river has fo many windings, is fo fhallovr
in many parts, and has fuch numerous
flioals, as to be fcarcely navigable, except
in the fpring, on the melting of the fnows ;
and its mouths ahb are fo choked up with
fand, that flat-bottom boats only, except
in the fame feafon, can pafs into the fea of
Afoph.
Don, a riverof Scotland, which rifes in
Aberdeenfhire, joins the Urie Water at In-
verary, and paffing by Kintore, falls into
the Britifh Ocean at Aoerdeen, within two
miles of the mouth of the Dee. ' Both thelia
rivgrs are noted for the falmon fifberr,
M X
It!!
I
I'
1
D O O
b 0 'k
' 1)0tf, a river in YoAfhire, -^luch
craters Sheffield, Rotherham, ami Don-
cafter, and joins the Aire, near its tei mi-
nation with the Ouie.
DoNAWERT, a flrong town of Ger-
tnany, on the frortitrs of Suabia, iul>-
jeft to the duke of Bavaria. It is fta(»:d
'<(n the N ftde of the Danube, 25 miles n
of Au^urg. Lon. II 5 E, lat. 48 52 u.
pONCASTER, a corporate town in the
W riding of Yovkfhirc, with a market
Ion Saturday. It is fcated on the river
l^on, and had a calile, now in ruins. It
!s large and well-built, governed by a
mayor, and has manufactures of ftockingj,
Itnit waiftcoats, and gloves. It is 37
miles s of York, and 160 n by w of
Xondon. Lon. i ii "', lat. si 33 N.
DoNCHERRY, a town of France, in
the department of Ardennes and late
jkfdvince of Champagne, feated on the
Meufet three miles from Sedan. Lon. 5
2 £y lat. 49 4.2 N.
Donegal, a county of Ireland, in
the province of Ulfter, 68 mJcs in length,
■and 44 in breadth ; bounded on the e by
Xondoriderry and Tyrone, on the w and
V by the ocean, and on the s by Fer-
managh and the bay of Donegal. It
^contains 40 pariflies, and fends 12 mem-
'bers to parKamtint. It is, in general, a
champaign country, and abounds v/ith
'harbours.
Donegal, a town of Ireland, capital
ftf a couniy of the fame name, feated on
the bay of Donegal, 10 miles N of Bally-
'Jl^annon. L<st\, 7 47 w, lat. 54 42 n.
DONESCHINGEN, a town of Suabia,
in the principality of Furftenburgh. It
is the chief refidence of the prince ; in
the court-yard of whole palace are fome
ijprings, collected in a relcrvoir about 30
ieet fquare, from which iffues a little
"brook; and thoAigh the rivulets Bribach
arid Brege, uniting bel«w t^ town, arc
'far more confiderable than this ftream,
"which flows into them foorf after their
junction, yet has this alone the honour of
'being called the head of the Danube.
Dongala, or DaNcala, a town of
*l*Iubra, tvith a caftie, feated on the
'Nile, kmong mountains, 1 50 miles n of
'Sennar. Lon. 30 35 e, lat. 21 o n.
DoN^Y, a' town of France, in the de-
partment of l^Iievre and late territOi-y of
'wvenwis, 42 miles n of i<Ievers. Lon. 3
14 E, itit. 47 22 N.
D6o'AB,"or Doabah, a fertilfe traft
"of land la Hiridboftan Proper, between
4hc Ginses and jMrtiiia, ana formed by
the coimndfice' of thofe rivers. It is fo
named by way of eminence j th« word
Unifying a traft of land formed by the
approximation of two rivers. The prin-
cipal part of it is fubje^ to the nabob of
Oude.
DooN, Loch, a lake of Ayrfiiire, in
the diitriA of Kyle, fix miles in length,
and of confiderable breadth. On zn
ifland in this lake ftands Balloch Caflle.
DooN, a Dver of Scotland, which
ifTues from Loch Doon, and taking a
Nw direflion, divides the diftri£t of Kyle
from Carrick, the fbuthern divlfion of
Ayrfliire, and falls into the frith of
Clyde.
DokAT, a towm of France, in the de-
partment of Upper Vienne and late ter-
ritoiy of Limofin, feated on the Abran,
near its junflion with the Sevre, 25 miles
N of Limoges. Lon. i 24 E, lat. 46
12 N.
Dorchester, the county town of
Dorfetfhire, with a mai'ket on Wednef-
day a^d Saturday. It is a town of great
antiquity, was formerly a city, and much
larger, the ruins of tne walls being fUU
to be fcen in fome places. It has three
churches, fends two members to parlia-
ment, and is governed by a mayor. A
Hne terrace-walk, planted with trees, al-
fnoft furrounds the town, which has no
maQufa6lures, but is famous for excellent
ale. At a mile's diftance ftands Maiden
Caflle, with intrenchments thrown up in
the time of the Romans. It gives the
title of earl to the family of Darner,
and is feated on the river Froine, on a
Roman road, eight miles N of Wey-
mouth, and 120 w by s of London.
Lon. £ 45 w, lat. 50 42 N.
Dorchester, a town in Oxfordfhire,
which was a ftation of the Romans, and
ruined in the wars with the Danes. It
was a bifhop's fee, till 1086, when Wil-
liam the Conqveror tranflated it to Lin-
coln; and it had five ftately churches,
though now but one. It gives the title
of baron to the family of Carleton, and
is feated on the Tame, 10 miles sb of
Oxford, and 49 wNWof London. Lon.
low, lat. 51 39 N.
Dordogne, a department of France,
which includes the late province of Peri-
gord. It receives its name fram a river,
which rifes in the mbuntaiasof Au-
vergnc, and falls into the GaiWuc, noar
Bourdeaux. ^
DORN, a vills^ in a detached em •£
Worcefteilhire, t&ee miles u of Canip-
den in Cloucefterfhire. [ The Roman
fofTway runs through it. There areplaia
tokens of its antiquity, -and of its having
be^ a Ronuukcolonyi abuaduxe of coiai*
Ihire, in
length,
On zn
CaftJe.
which
»ng a
fKyle
Hon of
rith of
il;
P O R
both Roman and Britiih, having been
found here.
DoR.NOCH> the county-town of Suther.
landfhire, at the entrance of a Aith of
the fame namej over which It ha3 a fen-y
to Tain. It i« a fmall place, and half
in ruins, but was the refidence of the
bifhops of Caithnefs. Par of the cathe-
dral fervcs for the paiifli ''u.chj tlie
other part is in ruins. It 40 miles
NE of Invemeicfi Lon. 3 48 w, lat. 57
5* N.
DoRPT, or DoRPAT, a town of Li-
vonia, on the Ember, between the lakes
Wofero and Pepa.s, 60 miles s of Narva.
Lon. 27 ft £, lat. 58 18 N.
Dorsetshire, a county of England,
extending 50 miles in length, and 38
Where broadeft j bounded on the N by
Somei-fetfhire and Wiltlhire, on the B by
Hampfliire, on the s by the English Chan-
nel, and on the w by Devorifliire and So-
tnerletftiire. It lies in the diocefe of Brif-
tol, fends ao members to parliament, and
Contains, 34 hundreds, 22 market-towns,
and 248 pai'iOies. Tt^e air on the hills
is fotnewhat bleak and A)arp, but very
mild and plealant near 'the coaft. The
foil is generally rich and fertile, though
in fome paits very fandy : the northern
I)art, which is divided by a range of chalk
lills from the fouthern, affords good paf-
ture for cattle ; while the fouthern part
chiefly confifts of fine downs, and feeds
incredible nun^bers of iheep. The chalk
hills, which run tlu'ough every county
from t)ie (e part of the kmgdom thus far,
terminate at the further extremity of this j
but on the coaft, chalk cliffs extend be-
yond it into Dtvonfhire, 10 miles w of
Lyme. From the Hampfliire border to
the neighbourhood of Blandford, a heathy
common extends, which caufes an ex-
ception to the general character of fer-
tility which this county merits ; but the
rich vales to the sw make ample amends.
The principal rivers arc the Stour and
Fronie. Here is plenty of poultry of all
forts, fwans, wooitcocks, pheafants, par-
tridges, fwldi^ares, &e. The produ6ls a^e
cqrn, yrooL Ivippi fine ftone, .and fome
marble. This county is diftin^uifhed
for its woollen ro^nufaaures, and its fine
ale and beer. Dorchefter is the capital.
See Portland an4 Purbegk.
DoRT, 01; DoRpR^cHT, a city in
HoUand, iimQU> for a prot^ftaiit lynod
held in s6i 9, which condemned toe tejufts
of ^mii^ius.' tt is feated on an ifland
of the Kleufe, oppofite that of Yifel-
mvfit {rooa.wf *\i it was torn, in 142 1,
by a di^adiul urniptioii of the riverij
P O V
which broke down the dikejS, and d«»
ftroyed 71 villages, and }po,ooo perlbnSt
In I4S7, this city waj almoft entirely
deflroyed by fire. It fufrendered to the
French in January 1795^ It is 10 mile*
se of Rotterdam. Lon. 4 48 E, lat. 51
50 N.
Dortmund, a ftrong imperial towa
of Weftphalia, in the county of Manck,
feated on the Emlter, 35 miles NS «f
Cologne. Lon.. 7 35 E, lat. 51 26 M.
DouAY, a city of France, in the de*
pnrtment of the Noith and late Frenck
Flanders. It has a fine arlenal, a foua»
dry for cannon, a military fchool, a citaf
del, and tliree famous colleges. Tin
great f quare in the centre of iw city, and
the principal church, are worthy qfnoticr^
It was taken by the Frexkh in 171^, after
the fufpcnfion of arms between GxUf
Britain and France. It is feated on di^
river Scarpe, whence there is a canal tp
the Deule, 15 miles HW of Cambray.
Lon. 3 10 £, lat. 50 22 N*.
Do UBS, a department of France, in»
eluding part of the late province of Franchc
Comte. It is To nained fjwrn a river whic^
falls into the Rhone.
DotTE, a fmall towa.of France, in tl)^
department of Maine and Loire and la^
province of Anjou. It has one of ih«
fineft fountains in France } and near it k
a vaft Roman amphitheatre, cut o\it of tl^
(olid rock. It is nine milei s,w cf
Saumur.
Dove, a river in Derbyfhire, which
rifes in the Peak, parts the county frojQ
StafFordfhire, and falls into th^ Tren^
four miles N of Burton.
Do V ED ALE, one of the moft romantic
fpots in Derbyfhire, in the neighbour-
hood of Afhborn. Here the river Dc'..«
runs in a chafm between precipitous
rocks.
Dover, a feaport in Kent, whh a
market on Wednefday and Saturday.
It is fliuate between two high cliffs, on
one of which is an ancient cs3Ue, S irom
the town. It was repaired in 1756, and
there are barracks in it for 3000 men.
The town was once walled round, aiul
had ten gates, hut there nojnr remain only
three, aiul thole much out of repair j auo
feven churches, which 9/x no^« reduced
to two in the town and one in the caftlc ;
and it v/r: formerly deemed the key ot
the ifland. It is one of the cinque portSt
governed by a OMybs, and iend» two
meinbera tp parliament. I^ is the %tton
of the packet-boats that, intune of peace*
pafs betyveen Dover and £aJais> frofii
which ft IS diftant only' at miW.
M I
4|
\^
J^
D O U
D R ii.
The harbour is made by a gap in the
cliffs, which are of a fublime height,
though certainly exaggerated in Shak-
fpeare'is celebrated dclcription. Hence,
in fine weather, is a prolpeft of the c'oaft
of France. Dover is' 15 miles se of
Canterbury and 72 of London. Lon. i
X3 E, lat. 51 8 N.
Dover, a town of the county of
Kent, and itate of Delawaie, in N Ame-
rica. It is the, feat of the government,
and ftands on Jones' Creek, a fevv miles
from Delaware Bay. Four Itreets inter-
feft each other at right angles,' in the
centre' of the town, whofe incid^nries
form a fpacious parade, on the E fidv of
which is an elegant ftatehioufe of brick.
The town has a confiderable trade with
Pbrladelphia ; ahd wheat is the principal
article of export.' It is a6 miles s by w
of Philadelphia. Lon. 75 30 w, lat. 39
DoTTERO, or DouRo, a river of Spain,
which rifes in Old Caftile, in the niouri-
tains of Urbion, runs w by feveral towns,
and croffing Portugal, falls into the At-
lantic Ocean, near Oporto.
Douglas, a town in Lanerkfhire, on
a river of the fame name that falls into
the Clyde, above Lanerk. Here is Doug-
lafs Caftle, for ages the refidence of the
fecond family in Scotland. A modern
building has bctn erefted on the fame
^ite, in imitation of the ancient caflle. It
js 37 miles sw of Edinburgh.
Douglas, a feaport ot 'the Ille of
Man, nearly at the fame diftanee from the
£ngU(h-, Scotch, and Irifh fhores, and
the beft harbour in the ifland. Lon. 4
«o w, lat. 54 12 N.
Douglas, Cape, a lofty promon-
tory on the w coaft of America, w^ithm
the entrance of Cook's River. Its fiim'-
mit appears above the clouds, forming
two very high mountains. Lon. 1*13
30 vv, lat. 58 56 N.
• DouRAK, a town of Perfia, near the
confluence of the Euphrates and Tigris,
remarkable- for th* reed of which they
make pens. Lob. 56 57 e, lat. 32 15 n.
DouRDAN, a town of France, in the
dcjiarttneiJt of Seine and Oife and late
province of the Ifle df France, with a
manufa^ure of filk and worfted ftock-
ings. It is feated on tlie Orge, 25 miles
SW of Paris'. ' Lon. 2 lO £, lat. 48
35 N. ^
"■ , DouRLACH, a town of Suabia, capital
of Baden Dourlach." It was buriit by
the French in 1689. The inhabitants
are |)roeeiifi4}trt It is fcated qn the Gi-
effen, it miles s of Philipfburg. Lon. 9
28 E, lat. 49 2 N.
DouLCNS, or D0URI.ENS, a town of
France, in tljie department of Somme'ahd
late province of ricardy, wi^h tvfo cita-
dels. It is feated on th^ Autie, 15
miles N of Amiens. Lon. 2 23 e, lat. 50
JON.'
Do WL ATAB A. , formerly called Amed-
nagur, a proyince of the i5ec<;an of Hin-
dooftan. It is bounded on ihe N by
Candeilh and Malway, on the w .by the
Gauti, on the s by VifiApour and Gol.
conda, and on the e by Berar. Aurun-
jgabad is the capital.
. DowLATABAD, a fortrefs in the Dec-
can of Hindooftan, 15 miles Nw of Au-
rungabad. In the ijeighbourhood ary
the pagpdas of Elora, moft of which arc
cut out of the natural rock. Lon. 76 o E«
lat. r9 55 N. • ' •
Down, a coupty of Irela^id, in the
province of Ulfler, 42 mile^ in length, ana
?4. in breadth ; bounded on the e b^ th^
rifli Sea, on the w by Armagh, on the
N w by Antrim, arid on the s by Carling-
ford Bay and the o'ceaii. It contains
'72 parifhes, and fends 14. members to
parliament. It is a fertile country,
though in fome places incumbered with
bogs.
Down, the capital df the county of
Down, in Irelaiid. It is a borough and
market-town, feated on the river Newry,
feven miles w of Strangford Bay. Lori. 5
42 w, lat. 54 29 N.
■ Do WN s, a road on the e coaft of Kent,
between "the N and' S Foreland. It is a
famous rendezvous for fhipping. Sep
Godwin Sands.
DowNtON, a borough in Wilts, with
a market oh Friday.' It is governed by
a mayor, fends' two members t.6 parlia-
ment, and is feated' on the Avon, fix
miles SE of Salifbufy, and' 84 wsw of
London. Lon. i 36 w. lat. 51 onI
DoWNHAM, a town in Norfblk, with
a market on Saturday. It is feated oft
rhe Ouft, and noted for the prodigious
quantity of butter that is brbught hither,
and fent up the Oufe to Cambridge,
whence it is conveyed in waggons to
Londbn, and known there by the name
of Cambridge butter', it is 35 miles ne
of Cambridge, and 88 N by E of London.
Lon. o 20 E, lat. 52 40 n.'
Draguicnan, a town of France, in
the department of Var ahd late province
of Provence, 10 miles NW of Frejus.
Lon. 6 35 E, lat. 43 31 N.
Drav£, a coniidcrabb river of Oer>
D R O
15 RU
Lou. 9
|town pf
le'ahd
vo cita^i
lat. 50
lAmed-
IpfHin-
N by
by the
Id Gol;
lAunin-
e Dec-
of Au<
od arj^
ich are
.76 OE,
in the
_,th, and
Jby th^
on the
rtJany, which rifes in the Tirol, runs
acrofs Carinthia, and entering Stiria, con-
tinues its courfe to Marpurg ; then it
runs along the confines of Sclavonia and
Lower Hungary, pading; by Efleck, and
a little after falls into the Danube.
Drayton, a town in Shrop/hlre, with
a market on Wednefday, feated on the
river Torn, which feparates this county
from Staffordfhire. It is 17 miles ne
of Shrewftjury, and 154. NW of London.
Lon. X Z2 w, lat. 52 54. N.
Dresden, a city of Germany, capital
of Saxony. It is divided by the Elbe
into the Old and New Town, which are
nnited by a bridge 685 paces long, and
furrounded by ftror» fortifications. It
has a cattle, a univeriity, and a ma? <ifi-
cent church for the Roman cathc Ics j
and the principal church for the protef-
tants, that of the Holy Crol's, is alfo a
nohle ftrufture. All the houfes are built
of freeltone, and are alvnoft all of the
fame height ; and there are fo many pa-
laces, that it is one of the handfemeft
cities in Germany. The palaces of Hol-
land and Japan are full of curiofities
from that country and China, with a
great variety of Drefden porcelain. This
city was taken by the king of Pnillla in
1 745, but was foon reftored ; and again
taken by him in 1756, but retaken in
1759. ^* *^ 75 "*il«s NW of Prague.
Lon. 13 50 E, lat. 51 o N.
Dreux, an ancient town of France,
in the department of Eure and Loire and
late province of Beauce. It has a con-
fiderable marufaAure in cloth for the
•army, and is feated on the river Blaife,
at the foot of a mountain, 48 miles w of
Paris. Lon. i 26 e, lat. 48 44 N.
Dries sen, a town of Germany, in
the new marche of Brandenburg, with
a fl J fort, on the river Warta, ao
miles e of Landfperg. Lon. 15 43 E,
lat. 52 53 N.
Drinaward, a town of Turkey in
Europe, in Servia. It ftands on a fmall
iflancl formed by the Drino, on the con-
fines of Bofnia.
Drino, a river of Turkey in Eu-
rope, which has its fource on the fron-
tiers of Albania, and falls into k bay of
the fame name, in the gulf of Venice.
Drino» a feaport of Turkey in Eu-
rope* on a bay of the fame name, in the
fiilf of Venice, 50 miles SE of Ragufa.
on. 10 19S, lat. 41 48 N.
'Drogheda, a feaport and borough of
Ireland, in the county of Louth. It is
a flrong place, and well inhabited, having
• M excellent harbour. It is feated on the
Boyne, five miks w of the Irifh Sea, imd
23 N of Dublin. Loa. $ i Wt lat. ^r
53 M-
Droitwich., a borough in Worcef-
terlhire, with a market on Friday. K
fends two members to parliament, and is
cf great note for its falt-pits, from which,
they make fine /hite fait. It U foated
on the Salwarp, fix miles £NE of Wor-
cefler, and ii8 WNW of London. Lon. x
48 w, lat. 52 15 N.
Drome, a department of France, in-
cluding part of the late province of Pan-
phiny. It is fo called from a river of tfa^
fame name. ^
Dronero, a town of Piedmont, feated
at the foot of the Alps, on the river Ma-
cra, over which is a bridge of prodigious
height.
Dronfield, a towir in Derbyfhire,
with a market on Thurfiiay, and a free-
fchool. It is fituate at the edge of t^$
Peak, in fo wholefome an air, that the
inhabitants commonly live to a great agc|
and it Is therefore io retorted to, that- it
abounds with gentiy and fine buildings!
It is a8 miles N of Derby, and 155
NNWof London. Lon. i S5 w, lat. si
18 N.
Drontheim, a province of Norway;
bounded on the w by the ocean, on the N
by the government of Wardhuysf on the
S by that of Bergen, and on the £ by
Sweden, from which it is feparated by
high mountains. It is but thin of
people.
Drontheim, a city of Norway, capE.
tal of a government of the fame name,
with an archbilhop's fee, and a good har^
hour. It carries on a great trade ; is alw
moft furrounded by the fea and the river
Piddet} and is 270 miles NW of Stock-
holm. Lon. II 9 E, lat. 63 i6 N. ' '
Drowned Lands, a valuable traft
of about 50,000 acres, in the ftate df
New York, on the n fide of the mouH-
tains, in Orange County. The waters,
which defcend frorp the furrounding hills,
being flowly diicharged by the river
Wallkill, cover thefe vaft meadows every
winter, and render them' extremely fer-
tile } but they expofe the inhabitants ih
the vicinity to intermittens. The riv«r
Wallkill, which pafles through this ex-
tenfive trafl, and falls into Hudfon's River,
is, in the fprihg, very plentifully (tored
with large eels.
Drumbote, a town of Ireland, in
the county of Monaghan, eight miks
w of Dundalk. Lon. 6:31 w, lat. 511.
10 N.
OxVMLANiuo> a town in JDrumfirici-
M +
il'l!
DUB
DUX
(hlxf, in the diftria of NithTdalc} rcw
iiptrluble ^r a wood^ of. oak fix miles in
len^ :K. Here is a noble leat of the duke
<r( Qj<Een(bH:ry, ikrecned by woody hills,
and aaorned with beautiful sardens. ln>
one of the parks here, Mr. Gilpin faw a-
few of the wild cattle which anciently in-
^abiiled the woods of Scotland. 1 beie
VniiTials, he fays, are milk-white, except
^eir nofes, earsj.and the orbits of their
eyes, which are black : they rtfemble the
common cow in many rci'pCiSls^ but their
form, is more elegant, with a fpiriteo wild-
st^ in their looks, and they bound like
deer. Drumlam'ig is feated on the river
|f ith, 1 3 miles N of Dumfries. Lon. 3
31 w, lat. 55 25 N.
Pkusknueim, f fortified ; town of
Alface, oh the river Moteri near the
^hine, five nule^ sb of Haguenau.
Drusjss, a people of Syria, on the
inountains Libuius and Antilibanus.
^key pretend to be defcended from the
jPfeAch that wen( to conquer Jerufalem ;
fflud call themlielves ChiiftianS: hovtreyer,
ijiey are warlike, inured to labour, aje
gt^t enemies of the Turks, and have
eijr particular princes, called Emirs. ^
Dublin, a county of Ireland, in the*
l^rovince of Loinfter, *7 miles in length,
fiAd 1 7 in breadth ; bounded on the e by
the Jrii^ ik^, on the N by £»A Meath and
^ Iri^l Sea, on the w by f:aft Meath and
Kildare, and op the S by Wicklow. It
liontaii^s 87 pariih^s^ four market-towns,
and one city, and lends 10 members to
l^arliameac.
, pvif.iVi tht saplta) of Ireland, in a
0piH)ty pf the fame name, with a biihop's
Jpe i leated on the Liffey, in view of the
ijfifh St» on the e. Its form is that of a
^uare, two miles and a half in extent on
f ach ifde> and it contains about 22,000
liovl'es, whofe inhabitants are eftimated
'j%t 1 56,000. With rel'pe6l to its ftreets,
JChfbJin has a near refea.blance to Lon-
don j great improvements having been
JJlttly made in regard both to conve-
nience and embeUiAunent i and there
9re ievera) raagnificenf ffjnares, fome of
nvllieh are newly built. It has two ca-
lliedrals, j 8 parifti cimrches, t\to chapels
«f eafe, 1 5 Koman catholic chapels, 1 3
jneeting-houfes tor difl'enters of various
(icnominations, three foreign chwches,
and a fynaeogUe. Among the principal
Siiblie buildings ^re the Caflle (the reii-
eace of tb« Ticeroy) the Parliament
3Ioiife» Trinity Caiitgt, the Royal Ex-
change, Ike Cuftomhiufe, the Royal Hof-
pital oi Kilmainham for invalid s» and
Wx hnf^t OBK of the fivi bridges over
the LiflW. The Houfe of Commons wu
dc^h'oyed by fire in 1 792, but is now re-
built. The harbour is choked up by
two banks of fand, which prevent veflels
of large burden from going over the bar ;
a deleft which will be remedied, no
dpubti by fome fine projeftwi improve-
ments. A canal has been made from the
Liifey, which communicates with the
Shannon near Clonfert. Dublin is 60
miles w of Holyhead, in Wales, and 330
Nw of London. Lon. 6 6 \v, lat. 53
2IN.
Duck Creek, a town of K America,
in the ftate of Delaware. It carries on a
confiderable trade with Philadelpbia } and
i« 12 miles NW of Dover.
Dudley, a town in Worcefterfliire,
with a market on Saturday, and a ^reat
manufai^uie of nails and other iron>
war-^s. There is a church at each end
of the longeft ftrcet. It is 10 miles NW
of Birmingham and 120 ot London.
Lon> low, lat. 52 33 N.
DUERSTADE. See WlCK-DE-DUER-
STADE.
DuiSB.URC, a town of Weftphalia, iti
the duchy of Cleves, with .- univerfityj
feated on the Rocr, near the Rhine, 1 2
miles N of Dufleldorf. Lon. 6 50 £, lat.
51 22 N.
DuKE OF York's Island, an iiland
in the S Pacific Ocean, difcovered by
commodore Byron in 1765, lying n of
the Friendly Iflands. Great numbers of
feafowl were feen fitting on their nefts,
and fo devoid of fear, that they did not
attempt to move at the approach of the
feamen, but fuffered themfelves to be
knocked down; a fign, that no human
being had ever before been there. The
ground was covered by land-crabs, but
no other animal was ft en. Lon. 17a
30 w, lat. 809.
DvKB OF York's Islant>, an ifland
in the S Pacific Ocean, about 10 miles
long, lying between Lord Howe's Group
and the se point of New Ireland. The
natives go entirely naked ; are ttout, well
made, and of a light copper coldur: their
hair is woolly, but they drefs it with
greafe and pevdef, and make it hang Uke
casdlewicks. The powder is a lime
made from fliells or cored : they generally
cb.ry itabo'it thena in a gourd i and, when
they are hoftilelydirporea,take a<)tiantity
of it in their hiand« from which, with a
ftrong blaft of the mouth, they blow it
before thail : at a iivall diiiance, it has
the appearance of firing gunpowder, aod>
no dotibt, it meant as a token of defiance.
Xhtit wcaipoiis ttre kiKCs ftbflVt i» ft$i
Ms w&t
how re-
lup bv
rfliire,
^reat
iron-
h end
c« NW
andon.
D U M
Wng, eitlier made of a hard wood, like
ebony, or bamboo pointed with hard
woout they have alio Hings, front which
they caft a round pebble with great force
and exa6lneft } and a loi^ unlundy kind
of club. Moft of them chew the bctle,
and ufe with it the chenan and a leaf, as
praAifed in the E Indies ; by which their
mouths appear red, and their teeth, in
time, become black. The only mufical
inltrument among them is compofed of
feveral hollow reeds, of different lengths,
fattened together. Their huts are Imall,
and neatly made, chiefly of bamboo, and
placed under the fhade of a grove of
cocoa-nut trees, with a fence before them,
within which the plantain, banana, yam,
lugar-cane, &c. are cultivated with ibme
pams. In fliort, the illand is a perfefl
garden, and produces, befide the plants
above-mentioned, betle-nuc, mangoes,
bread-fruit, and guavas. Here are alib
dogs, hogs, poultry, and fome ipices.
The nutmeg was feen by captain Himter,
who anchored in Port Hunter Bay, in this
iiland, in May 1791. Lon. 152 4.x e,
lat.4.7S.
DuLAS, a village on the ne fide of
the ille of Angleley, much frequented on
account of the corn and butter trade ; and
for iiem-aihes. N«iar it is a red ochrey
earth, fit for paintingi snd veins of lead
ere.
DuLDSRSTADT, a town of Germany,
In the duchy of Bruniwick, fubjefl to the
cleAor of Mentz, feated on the rivei-
Whipper, 15 miles e of Gottingen, and
130 NB of Mentz. Lon. 10 14. e, lat.
51 ^i N.
DuLMEN, a town of Weftphalia, in
the bifhopric of Mynfter, iS miles sw of
Muniter. {.<»• 7 4 Wj lat. 51 47 N«
DuLVERTON,atown in Somerletlhire,
with a market on Saturday, feated on a
branch of the Ex, 24 miles e of Bam-
ftaple, and 164 nv by s of London. Lon.
3 30 w, lat. 5« 3 N.
DuLAViCH, a village in Surry, famous
for its college, founded by Edomd Al-
leyn, a principal perfopncr qf Shak-
^are's plays, in the reign of Elliabeth.
Be called it. The College qf God^s
Gift, and endowed it for a maftqr, war-
den, and four fellows; three of whom
were to be dii^s, and the foiuth an
orgamft ) for fix poof men and fyi poor
women, and for 12 poor boysj tip be edu-
cated by two of the fellows. The mafter
and warden are always to be of the name
of Allejia or Allen, and to be fingle men.
Itis five miles s oi Lcmdon.
D U M
of Dumbuton(hire» fcatr'l at the donAu.^
ence of the Leven and Clyde, with a ftono
bridge over the former. Its principal
manufafhire is glafs; but many of the
young women are employed in the print-
fields on the banks of the Leven. Dum-
barton Caftle, in which a sarrifon is ftill
kept, is a place of Tome ftrenffth j and,
in ancient times, was deemed impreg-
nable : its fituation is very pi6lurefque«
being on a \ aft rock, with two tops of
unequal height, fteep on every fide, and
rifing to the height of 500 feet, amid a
plain, unconnected with any high groxind
for the fpace of a mile. Dumbarton is
15 miles wNw of Glafgow. Lon. 4 30
w, lat. 56 o N.
DuMBARTONsiriRE, anciently called
Lennox, a county of Scotland, bounded
on the N by Perthshire, on the £ by Stir-
lingfhire, on the s by the counties of
Lanerk and Renfrew, and on the w by
Loch Loung, which divides it from Ar-
^ylefhire. Its greateli length is 50 miles ;
Its bivadth nut above 12. The w part
of this county abounds with great mo-
rafTes ; but near the rivers it is fertile in
corn. See Lomond, Loch.
DuMBLANE, a village in Perthfhix«»
remeikabie for a battle, called the battle
of Sheriff-muir, between the duke of
Argyle and the rebel earl of Mar, ia
1 7 1 5 . At the upper end of the village is
a ruinous cathedral. It is 30 miles NW
of Edinburgh.
DuMF£RMLiNB,aboroughinFifefhirey
which is a confiderable manufacturing
town, and has a good trade in linen goods,
particularly diapers. Here ts a royal
palace, the birthplace of Charlea i and
of the princefs Elifabeth, mother of the
princeis Sophia, wife to George i. Ad-
joining to tnis was a magnificent abbey,
part of thf rcntains of wluch now ferve
for a church. In this place were buried
Malcolm and his queen, and feveial kings
of Scotland. It is 1 5 miles N w of J^iitk'
burgh. Lon. 3 27^, lat. 56 5 n.
Dumfries, a town of Virginia, on
the river Potomac.
DuMPRips, a royal borough of Scot-
land, capital of DumfrieOiire, feated be*
tween two hills, on the river Nith. It it
a regular wcll-huilt town, eight miles H
of Solway Frith, and 30 wnw of Car-
Mc Lon, 3 29 w, lat. 55 i^ n.
Dumfriesshire, a county of Scot-
land, bounded on the N bv the fhires of
Lanerk and Peebles, on the b by thofe
of Selkirk and Roxburgh, on the s by
Solway Frith, and on the w by the
c9mRti«l 9^ Kirkcudbright and Ayr. It
!' ,"
i! '■
1
I
A
I
: j
r f I
HW""^" inm";wm
DUN
D UN'
H 50 milrs long, and its greitcft brf adth
is JO. See Annandale and Nnns-
DAI.E.
DoNHAR, aroyal horough in Hadding-
tonfliiic, feared near the German Ocean.
It has a good harbour, which was tor-
mcrlydcfendM by a caftlc, built on a rock,
but IS now ill ruins. Under the rock,
on which the caftle ftands, are two natu-
ral itrches, tiirough which the tide flows j
and between the harbour and the caftlc,
is a ftratum ot* vaft bafahic columns.
Dimbar is remarkable for the defeat of
Jolm Bajiol's armv.by carl Warrenne, in
1296, a id for a viftory gained by Crom-
well over the Scots, in 1650. It is 15
inilcs E of Edinburgh. Lon. 2 34 w,
lat. 56 ON.
DuNCANNON, a fortrefs, and town of
Ireland, in the county of Wexford, fcated
on the river Rots, i\x miles B of Water-
ford. Lon. 6 46 w, lat. 52 16 n.
DuNDALK, a feaport of Ireland, in the
county of Louth, on a bay of the fame
name, 20 miks nnw of Droglieda, Lon.
6 17 w, lat. 54 12 N.
DvtiDEU, a royal borough in Anguf-
fliire, with an excellent harbour. The
new church and the town-houfe are ele-
rant Jtruftures. The loft) Gothic'tower,
»n the middle of the town, is part of a
*«agnificcnt confeci-ated edifice, Wiilt in
the 1 2th centur}-. 'Here artr mamifa6lurei
of glafs, coarfe linen, lailcloth, cordage,
thread, buckram, tanned leather, Ihoes,
and hats j arid alfo a fugar-houle. Th.
iiihabitants are computed at i6jOoo. It
is fcated on the N fide of the frith of
Tay, 14. miles NW of St. Andrew's.
Lon." 2 55 wj lat. 56 30 n.
T!)tJMEBUicc, a town of Livonia, on
the Dwina, 90 miles SE of Riga. Lon.
47 oE, lat. 56 S N.
DiJNGANNON, a tX)Wi of Ireland, in
the county of Tyrone, 11 miles nnw of
Armagh. L6n. 6 39 w, lat. 54. 38 n. -
DviTgarvON, a feaport of Ireland, in
the county of Waterford, featedon Dun-
garvon Bay, 22 miles sw of Waterford.
ion. 7 *9 w, lat. 52 6 N.
DuNGENESS, a cape, on the coaft pf
Kent, eight miles s by w of Romney.
Lon. o 59 E, lat. 50 52 n<
DuNKELD, a town in PertWhire, fitu-
ate amid vaft rocks, partly naked, and
partly wooded, under which the • Tay
rolls its majeftic ftream. Its romantic
fituation, and the benefit of drinking
goats whey, render this place the refort
of much genteel company in fummer. It
is the market-town of the Highlands on
that fide, and carries on a mamifa^ure of
linen. The duke of Athnl has a fine
feat here, fkrecncd by the Grampian
mountains ; and near it ai-c the ruins of
a cathedral, part of which ancient ftruc-
ture is now the parifli church. Dunkeld
i« 12 miles N of Perth. Lon. 3 36 w,
lat. 56 35 N.
Dunkirk, a confiderable feaport of
France, in the department of the North
and late French Flanders. It was taken
fi'om the Sj)aniards by the Englifh and
French in 1658, and nut into the hands of
the Englifli, but fold to the French by
C^harlcs 11, in 1662. Lewis xiv made
it one of the bcft foi tified ports in the
kinrrdomi but all the valt and expenfive
works were dcmolifhed, and the bafms
filled up, in ccnlequtnce of the treaty of
Utrecht, in' 171 3. Tlw French ntter-
ward refunied the works j bnt they were
ordered to be demoliihed by the peace of
^763, wlten- it was ftipulated that an
En!?;lifli commifiary (hould relide at Dun-
Hrk, in order to lee that the terms of the
treaty were ftriilly adhered to. By the
peace of 1783, the commid'ary was
withdrawn, ajid tlie French were left to
refume the works. The Englifli attempted
to lay fiege to this place, in 1793, but
y/vcrc obliged,' by a reperior army, -to re-
tire. It IS 22.miles»W'of Oftend. -Lon^
2 28 E, lat. 51 2 Ni •■'••': ' ' ' ' c- »
DuN-LE-ROi, a town of France, irt
the department of Cher and late province
of Berr>', 20 miles s of Bourges. LoA.
2 29 e; lat. 4.6 45 N. •
DuNLOP, fometimes pronounced De-
tAPj -a village in Ayrlhire, ih the dil^
trift of Cunningham, celebrated for rich
and delicate cheefe.
- DuNMOw, Great, a town of Eflex,
with a market- on Saturday, and a nianu-
fa6>ure of bays. It is 13 miles s of
Chelmsford, and 40 ne of London. Lon.
o 24 E, lat, 51 54 N.
DuNMOW, Little, a village in Ef-
fex, adjoining to Great Dunmow. It
'had once ipncTry j and is ftill famous for
the cuftom initituted in the reign of
Henry III, by Robert de Fitzwalter, and
now the tenuiii of the manor; namely,
that whatever married couple will go to
the priory, and fwear, kneeling upon two
pointed ftones, that thev have not Quar-
relled, nor repented 01 their marriage,
within a year and a day after it took
place, fhali receive a flitch of bacon.
Some old records mention feveral that
have claimed and received it. It has
■been afhially received fo lately as fince
the year 1750, by a weaver and his wife,
of Coggdhal* in EiTex. It hat been tk-
fine
Ipian
}»of
Jruc-
fkeld
w,
of
lorth
iken
|anri
Is of
by
Jade
the
^five
of
Iter-
D U R
■manJid more recently ftill ; but the cere-
mony being attended with a great expence
to the Ijrd of the maniir, the demand ia
now evaded.
DuNNiNGTON,a town in Ltncolnihi^e,
with a market on Saturday > ^^ miles su
of Lincoln, and i x i N of London. Lon.
© 7 w, lat. 51 55 N.
DuNNOSE, a cape, oathe s fide of the
Ifle of Wight, Lon. x 16 w, lat. 50
33 N-
DuNSE, atownin Berwickfhire, (ituare
between ihc forks of the rivei s Black-
adder and Whittadder, in a rich and fer-
tile country, ii miles w of Berwick upon
Tweed. Lon. z 5 \v, lat. 55 46 n.
DumsTablk, a town in Bedford/hire,
with a market on Wednefday. It is
feated on a dry chalky hill, and has four
ftreets, which regard the four cardinal
points. The church is the remainder of
a prtoty, and oppofite to it if a farm-
houfe, once a royal palace. Dunftabie is
famous for elegant baflcets, Sec. made of
ftraw, which are even an :vrcicle of ex-
portation. It is 17 miles S of Bedford,
and 34. NW of London. Lon. o 29 w,
lat. 51 59 N.
DuNSTAFPNAGE. a Venerable caftle,
near Loch Etive, In Argylefhire, for-
merly a royal palace, dnd aftex^vard the
feat of the lord of the ifles. '
DuNSTER, a ruinous caftle on a high
rock, on the coa(t of Kincardinelhire, iz
miles 8 of Aberdeen. It belonged to the
family of Keith, earls marihal of Scot-
, land.
DuNSTERy a town in Sometretnure,
with a market on Friday, and a harbour
on the Briftol Channel. It is 10 miles
Kw of Taunton, and 158 w of London.
Lon. 3 41 w> Ikt. 51 13 N.
Dun wiCH, a borough in Suffolk, with
a market on Saturday. It is leated at the
top of a loofe cliff, and was formerly a
bifhop's fet, but it is now only the re-
mains of a town, all but two pariflies be-
ing fwallowed up by the fea. It fends
two members to parliament, and is 24
miles s of Yarmouth, and 99 N of Lon-
don. Lon. I S5E) lat. 5% zi N.
Durance, a river of France, which
is formed near Brian^on, of the rivulets
Dure and Ance, and watering Embrun,
Tallard, Sifterbn, Monofque, and Cava-
illon, falls into the Rhone, below .Avig-
non.
DuRANGO, a populous town of Spain,
in BiCcay, 14 miles SE of Bilboa. Lon.
% 56 w, lat. 43 iS N.
DuRANGO, a town of New Spain, in
New Biftay, with a biihop's fee, and good
D U R
• • • ^
falt-workt, in a fertile country. Loa.
X05 o w, lat. 24 50 N.
DuRAZZO, a village of Albania, with
a Greek archbifhop's fee. It has a ruined
fortrefs, and a g^d harbour on the gulf
of Venice, 50 miles n of Valona. Lon*
19 19 E, lat. 41 54 N.
DuRBY, a town of French Luxem-
burg, capital of a county of the fame
name, leated on the Outre, 20 miles s. of
l^iege. Lon. 5 28 e, lat. 58 18 N.
DuRCKEiM, a town of Germany, in
the palatinate of th» Rhine, la miles nb
of Keuftadt. Lon. 8 zj £, lat. 49 zi N.
DuREN, a town of Germany, in the
duchy, of Jullers, on the river Koer,' li
miles ' s ^ of Juilicrs. Lon. 6 40 e, lat.
50 44-,,N^ , ,< ^ 1,'
DURHAM) a coimty of England, cal*
led the bi/hopric of Durham, bounded on
the N by Northumberland, on the E by
the German Ocean, on the s and sw bjr
Yorkihire, and on the w by Wefhnor*
land and Cumberland. It extends 37
miles from N to s, and 47. from i to |v ;
con^tains one city, feven market- towiu«
and 113 pai'ifhes , and fends four memhjsrs
to parliament. , The air is wbolefpn^^
and though very (harp in the weltero pa^,
is milder toward the lea, whofe wa^m
vapours mitigate the feverity of the winter
fealbns. The foil Is very various \ the
w fide being mountainous and bairen.
while the E and s confift of beautiful
meadows, woods, and corn-fields. Im-«
menl'e quantities of co^l, le^d, and iron»
are found in the bowels of the earth.
The principal rivers are the Wear, Tees,
Tyne,.'and Drrwent.
Durham, the capitalof the county iolF
Durham, with a mailcet oh iSaturday,
and a blfhop's lee. It is compaftly bui^
on a hill, on a beautiful windin? of thp
Wear, over which are two itone bridge^.
Its cathedral Is a large and magnificent
edifice. It is furroundcd by a v^i, and
has a caftle, now the bifhop's palace*
feated on the higheft put ot the hill. It
contains fix pariih churches, befide the
cathedral, and is well inhabited. Dur«
ham has a manufacture of fhalloont,
tammies, and calamancoes; and around
it are grown large quantities of the beft
muftard. Nevirs Crofs, near this city,
was ere£led rn memory of the vi£lory oo-
tained by queen Philippa, in 1 346, over
David Bruce, king of Scotland, who waa
taken prifoner in this battle. Durham
fends two members to parliament ; ia 14.
miles s of Newcaftle, and 257 n by w of
London. Lon. i 27 w, lat. 54 50 n.
DuRSLEY, a tovm in GioucQAcrihire»
•r
I
m
Mi~'
EAR
E Blir
WttKa market on Thurfdayt ami a caftle,
llowin ruins. It is inhabitcHhy clothiefs,
and ieated near thi Severn, i \ miles sw
of Gloucrfter, and 107 w of London,
Lon. » a3 w, lat. 51 40 n.
Dusky Bay, a ba) of the ifland of
Ne^ ZeL'land, in the S Pacific Ocean.
Lon. 16'; iX E, lat. 45 47 s.
DvssELOORF, a Itrong citj^, capital
of the duchy of Berg. It contains about
X 8,000 inhabitants, including tiie garri-
fan. It was formerly the refidence of the
elector palatine, contiguous to whole
palace is'a celebrated gallery of paintings.
A new town, called Carlfladt, is neaily
completed. It is divided into fix regular
Jiiiarters that open into ah ex^nfiv^
quare ; and, f^om the unlfori'nlty, of the
luiildinga (exclufive of the pevv palace;
m4 academy of p^intingY forms a bei^UT
tifiil addition to tne old city. DuflTeldorf
was taken by the French in I7ii5; 'it is
ieated on the ri;vi;r iDufTel, near tnb Rhine*
its miles Nw of Cologne., Lon, l5 5a e,
lat. 51 laN. ~
DutiiijcEtJ, at(Jwn6f ^uabia, with
a bridgeover the Danubfe, and a fca!ftle,
feitted on a mctuhtain . It belongs fo the
dtflk* of Wirtemburg, and is ^j 'mites
N^y' of Conftanee. Lon. 9 z e, lat. 48
JON. . '■ ; '■'; '
JbuYVELAND, one of •■he IflSnds Of
Zk^land, in the Uhitfed ' Provinces, E of
Schowen, fronji which it is feparated by a
narrow channel. ■" '
' 'DwiNA, a river of Ruflla, which runs
from s to N and fa)U into tht Ayhite
Sea, at Archangel. ' .! .' ,j
' I>WiNA, a nver of LUhuaiih', which
divides Livonia froni Courland, and falls
into th£ Baltic^ belc^v Riga.
'' DysAkT, a borough in FIfeflure,
ftated on the frith of Forth, 1 1 miles N
Edinburgh. It has a confiderable trade
^ coal. Lon. 3 6 w, lat. 56 9 n.
3]. .ad '•.!
E.
I ^iK :>
• > -A-
£APOWE, one of the Fftendly li-
landsi, in the S Pacific Ocean* d.if-
cover^'by Tafman,in 1643, j^nd bynim
pamed Middlebuig. The land gently
'rifes ta a copiiderabie height, preien^flg
a beautifurprofpeft of extenCve iveftdow?,
adb^'hjed yv'ixk tufts of trees, aiid inter-
^mixed with plantatjoqij. ^,9^^^ 1^54 3^0
IV, lat. 3,1 24 ^. 'r,^"/ ■ ,5 ■ .\...
Eahlston, or F/ARSiV+^N," a town
Sn Bei-Nyickihire, feated 01^ the river
Leader, 35 miles sg of EdinbuJCgA* It is
the birthplaoe of tho celebrated Thoman
the ithyiticr, Whoui' ria\ name waa
Thomas Lermont : thfe nilns Of the Htt|e
towet he poffeflcd, ftlll remain at the w
end of the town. ,A little .below Earlf-
ton, on a rocky bank overlooking the
Leader, ftands Cowdenknows, an old
building, now fomewhat modernized ^
and, on the adjacent knolls, may \)e feen
the remains of it's broom, fo renowned in
Seotfifh ditty. '
Earn, a river, wliich iflues from a
lake of the fam^ name, in Perthfliirei
meanders for above 2,0 miles, through the
valley of Strathearn, and joins the Tay|
below Perth. "
Earne, a fak^ of Irel'^nd, in th'«
county of Fermanagh, 30 niiles in length.
It is narrow in the middle; apd in thia
8 art is an ifland on which Aands.Inniv
:iltlng. I . .
EASTBpvRii, a town m SulTex, noted
for plenty o^' the biirds called wfaeatears^
and as a place of re/ort for bathing. Jtt
is feated near the Englllh Channel, 15
miles ESE of Lewes, ^nd 6$ SSE of
London. , .
Easter Isl Atio, an Ifland in the S Pa-r
cific Ocean, ix leagues in circuit. It has
a hilly and ftony l]i|'face, .an iron-bound
fhOre, and aiiords neitheV lafe anch(»'age^
fre/h'water, hqr wosd foriixel. It is the
fame tljat was fecn by Davis in i686{ it
'was next'vifited by Roggewein m 17**^
and again by captain Cook in 1774. The
country Is naturally ban;'tn } j-ats are the
only quadrupeds, and there are but few
birds. The t;ars^of the people are long^
beyo;nd pr9|>prtion>- an^ tl^ir .bodies
fcarcely any thing oF the human figure.
Lon. 109 46 w« i^t. 27 5^8*
East Looj?'.'' Sec Lode, East, aivl
fo with other word^ th^tj hav^ tljje ftme
name of poiittqri. 'I ,. „ ,^1,', ,
Easton, the capital of the county of
Northampton, in r^^|ylvania>, a;t thp
confluence of ihe Leigh and I/elawar^.
Lon. 7517 w, lat. 40 aj n.
Eastonness, the raofl: eafterly cape
on the coaft of ^uflfolk* and the n point
or Southwold !^ay.
^AttSE* an ancient town of Frai^ce, in
the department Qf\Qer» fmd Ute juovince
q£ Armagnac, 17 ^ik^ sw of Condonp.
Lon. o 10 E, Is^f^/t^jTs^i N.
EpeRBACH,,^ tPv?Jvof Germany, in
the palatinate of the Rhine, remarkable for
itSL wine. It i«. jilted on the Neckar,
10 mile;s NB of Heidelberg. Lpn. 8 $6
E, lat. 49 '26 N.
Eberberg, a caftle of Gennany) in
the palatinate qi t^ Rhine, featfid at the
col
7
3
|honia«
was
little
Sarir.
|g the
In old
Jized i
|e fecn
M i^
}in a
fdiirei
ththe
tha
gth,
this
confluence of thc'Nabc ifind Alfen» eight
Kilcs «w oK Creutanach. Ion. 7 51 k»
t.*49 j8 N.
.EB£I.st£|N» a diftrift and caftle of
8u&bia» fubjefl to the margrave of Baden.
The. caftle is the chief place, fix ntiles ȣ
df Baden. Lon. 8 %o B, lat. 48 46 n.
Ebbrstein, a town of France, in
Alface, eight miks sw of Strafbuig. Lon.
7 46 jr, lat. 48 Z9 N.
Eberville, a town of France, in the
department of Puy-de-Dome and late
province of Auvergnc, with a late rich
Benedifline abbev. It li feated on the
Scioule, eight miles NE of Rium. Lon.
3 IS £, lat. 45 59 N.
Ebko, a river of Spain, which rifes
in Che mountains of Samillane, in Old
Caftile« and watering SaragolTa and Tor-
toila, falls into the Mediterranean.
ECATERRINENSLAF. See CaTHA-
RINENSLAF.
E c c L E p E c H A N , a village in Dumfrief-
fliire, noted for its great monthly market
for cattle. It is 10 miles SE of Dum-
fries.
EccLESHAL, a town in Stafford/hire,
with a market on Friday. It is feated on
a branch of the river Sow, and the bifliop
of Lichfield and Coventry has a cattle
here. It is fix miles Nw of Stafford and
X43 of London. Lon. 2 9 w, lat. 53
a N.
EcHTERNACH, a town of Auftrian
Luxemburg, on the river Sout, in a valley
lurrounded by mountains, 18 miles ne
of Luxemburg. Lon. 6 33 E, lat. 49
.50 N.
EcYA, or EzijA, an epifcopal town
of Spain, in Andalufia, leatcd on the
Zeml, 28 miles sw of Cordova. Lon.
4- »7 w, lat. 37 39N.
Edam, a town of N Holland, famous
for 'ts red rind cheefes, and feated on the
Zuider-Zee, 20 miles N by b of Amfter-
dam. Lon. 4 58 £, lat. 52 32 n.
EoDYSTONE, the name of fome rocks
in the Englifh Channel, which caufe va-
riety of contrary fets of the tide or cur-
rent in their vicinity. They arc fituate
ssw from the middle of Plymouth Sound,
at the'diftance of 14 miles. They are
alraofl in the lii^e which joins the Start
saH the Lizard Points, and their iituation
with regard to the Atlantic is fych, that
. ^1 the heavy feas from the &w cqme un-
<|oi^^o]led upon the Eddyftone rocks, and
.'break thereon vtidi the utmoft fuiy. On
the principal rock (for the reft are under
. water) Mr,. Winftndey-x i^ ^696, under-
stock to build a lighthp^ie; and he com-
pleted it id i'709< This ingenious 'toe*
• .: • .■ ! ■
cKaolc'was fo certain of the ftabilitj p{
this'ftruflure, that he declared it was k^
wifh to be in it during the molt tremcad-
ous ttofm. Uufortunnteiy, he had kit
wiih: it WM (joftcoyed in the dreadful
ftorm^Novcpiber S7, 1703, when he pe.
rifhed in it. In 1709, another built of
wood, but on a different conftruflion, was
ere^led by Mr. Rudyard, which was coo.
fumed by fire in 1 7 5 5 . Another, of ftoo*,
was begun by the celebrated Mr. Smeaton,
on April a, 1757, and finiflied Auguft
24j 1759* The rock, which Hopes to-
ward the sw, i« cut into horizontal fteps,
into which are dovetailed, and united W
a ftrongcement, Portland ftone, and gra-
nite. The whole, to the height ok 35
feet from the foundation, is a iblv' of
ftones, engrafted into each other, aad
imtted by eveiy means of additional
ftrength. The building has four rooms*
one over the other, and at the top a gal-
lery and lantern. The ftone floors ai^
fiat above, but concave beneath, and are
kept froin prefling againft the fidies of th«
budding by a chain let into the walls. It
is nearly 80 fe^t high, and fmce its con*
pletiou has been ailaulted by the fury of
the elements, without fufferin^ the fouuleft
injury ; and, in all probability, nethiag
but an earthquake can deftroy it. Its
diftance from the Ram Head, the neareft
point of land, is 12 miles. Lifn.4.1^
w, lat. 50 8 N.
Eden, a river which rifes in Weft*
morland, on the confines of Yorkfhires
and running N by Appleby and Carliflc*
falls into Solway Frith.
Edenton, a town of N CaroUna» on
the N fide of Albemarle Sound, with an
epifcopal church. Its fttuation is advan-
tageous for trade, but not for health. It
is the capital of Chowan County, and
78 miles s by w of WiUiamftiuigh.
Lon. 76 40 w, lat. 35 58 n.
Ed G HILL, a village in Warwickfluret
where the fir ft battle was fought between
Charles i and the parliament, in 164a.
It is 14 miles s of Waiwick.
Edgware, a town in Middlefex, with
a market on Thurfday, eight mites NW
of London. Lon. o 14 W, Tat. 51 37 N.
Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland*
in a county of the fame name, feated on
three hills, or ridges, which run from
e to w, in a dire£bion almoft pandle|.
On the middle ridge, which is narrow
and fteep, ftands the Old Town: tfao
Nor.th Town is feated onanelevatedpUuff
gently floping on every iide } and tj^
South Town itands alfo on a (un^ fl9l-
iag eminence* The form of the Old
6
■ I
A
inm
«*■
ii
EDI '
Town re(cmb!c« that of a turtle | tic cifll*
being the head { the High Street} the ridge
•f the back } the narrow lanes (which are
called cbltk) the fliclving fidet i and
Holyrood Houi'e, the tail. On each fide
of this hill wai once a lake. The 8 valieyy
drained of its waters, i> occupied by Cow-
gate Street. The n valley ik alio drained ;
out a dilhgreeable nioralt renmii^e, which
ii ftili called the N Loch. The ancient
caftle ie i'eated on a high, crany, and
precipitous rock, with a drawbridge on
the only fide that is acceflible ■ here is
fliown the apartment in which was born
James vi of Scotland, afterward James i
of England. In the High Street is the
ancient church of St. Giles, a fine Gothic
ftru^lure, which has tour churches under
-its ruof. Near this is the building in
which the Scotch parliament were uliially
convened : it is now occupied hy the
<-ourts of Juftice ; and has a magnificent
lofty hall. The pnlace of Holyro<xl Houle
ibrms a grand quadrangle, with a court
in the centre furrounded by piazzas : the
K w towers were built by James v, and the
whole was completed in the reign nf
Charles ii. A Ipaqious galleiy here is
hung with the piaures of in monarchs,
from Fergus r, to James vi, the grcatelt
part of them imaginaiy. In the NW
tower is fhown the chamber where queen
Mary fat at fupper, when Rizzio was
di'agged from her fide and murdered, and
the private ftaircaie by which Ruthven
Tntered with the afTaflins, to perpetrate
the nrthlefs deed. Adjoining, are the
magnificent ruins of an abbey, founded
by David I, in 1118, and converted by
Charles 11 into a royal chapel. The
-communication between the N and s parts
of Edinburgh is by two noble bridges ;
the N one built in 1763, and the s in
1785. The N Town has many new
Squares and ftreets, adorned with imiform
and elegant houl'es. The buildini;s of
the S Town are likcwife elegant and ex-
tenfive ; and the New College, begim in
1789, forms a very ftriking obje^V. The
univerfity of Edinburgh is celebrated
in all quarters of the world ; and its me-
dical fchool, in particular, is entitled to
the firft rank. Of the other buildings in
Edinburgh, a few only can be noticed.:
the Royal Exchange, built in 1753; ^^
Regifter OfKce ; the PhyficiaiTs Hall ;
Heriotls Hofpital, a Gothic ftru6lure,
founded in i6z8, for the education of
140 poor boys J Watfon's Hofpital, for
the fupport of the fons of decayed mer-
chants } a Royal Infirmary, incorporated
by charter in j 7 36 j the Publk Bifpen-
£ G R
farjTi *n4 fomc other public charities «
The churches, both BrelSyterian and cpif-
eopal, and other places of worfliip, of
various denominations, are numciouA^
The public places of amulcmcnt arc, the
AiTcmbly Rooms, the Concert Hall, the
Hall for the Royal Archers, the I'heatre
Royal, and the Equeftrian Circus. Ediii.
burgh, with its dependencies, is fuppofed
to contain 100,000 inhabitants. It is
fupplied with water, conveyed in iron
pipes, from Comifton, four miles to the
w. It is governed by a lord provoft,
four bailiJTs, and a common council, and
fends one member to parliament. It is
two milei s of Leith, 5+ wnw of Ber-
wick upon Tweed, and 389 n by w of
London. Lon. 3 7 w, lat. 55 58 n.
See Leith.
Edinburghshire, a county of Scot-
land, called alfo Mid Lothian} hounded
on the N b^ '^'ifelhire, from which it is
divided by tt *^rith of Forth } on the B
by the (hires < ..addington and Berwick i
on the s by tnat of Peebles j and on the
N and NW by thofe of Lanerk and Linlith-
gow. Its length, between the extreme
points, is 35 miles ; itvgreateft breadth 16.
Ednam, a village near Kelfo, in Rox-
burgftiire, feated on the Tweed. It ia
the birthplace of the poet Thomfon.
Efferdinc, a town of Upper Auflria,
defended by two caftles, eight miles w of
Lintz. Lon. 13 52 £, lat. 48 18 N.
Effingham, a village in Surry, once,
according to tradition, a populous towni
containing j6 churches. Fhcre are, cer-
tainly, proofs of its having been a much
larger place j for wells, and cavities like
cellars, have been frequently found in the
neiglibouring fields and woods ; aiid, in
the church, are iome ancient flails and
monuments. It is 12 miles ne of Guild-
foixi, and 17 sw of London.
Egg, a fertile little ifland, one of the
Hebrides of Scotland, to the 5 o^ Skye.
Egham, a village in Surry, which
has a neat almfhoufe for fix men and fix
women, with a fchool for the education of
20 boys, founded by Mr. Hcni-y Strode,
in 1 706 i ai.i another almfhoufe, for fix
men and fix women, founded by judge
Denharo, father of the poet of that name.
Near this place is the celebrated Runny-
mead. Egham is feated near the
Thames, 1 8 miles w by s of London.
EGLiSAU,'an ancient town of SwifTer*
land, in the canton of Zuric, feated on the
Rhine, 13 miles n of Zuric. Lon. 8 '3,0
E, lat. 47 33 N.
EcRA, a town of Bohemia, formerly
imperial. It was taken by the frcnch in
174'
it til
fam
miU
'>
wit
nea
ovc
uea
ber
wai
roo
35
E G Y
E G Y
itiei.
Icpjf.
of
ptth^
the
eatre
liii.
ifcd
rt j»
(iron
the
and
i$
»er-
of
N.
1742, but they were forced to evacuate
it thr next year. Iti mineral waters b.«
famoui. It it featcd on the £ger, 90
miles w of Prague. Lon. :i 40 E, lat.
50 9 N.
EoREMONT, a town in Cumberland,
with a market on Saturday. It is I'eated
near the IriHi Sea, on the river £ben,
over which are two bridges ; and on the
Eeak of a hill is a calUe. It lent mem-
ers to parliament in the reign of Ed-
ward I, and is 14 miles S«v of Cocker-
mouth, and 299 NW of Loncun. Lon. 3
35 w, lat. 54 3» N.
Egypt, a country of Africa, 600 miles
!n leneth, and 250 where broadeft ;
bounded on the N by the Mediterranean,
on the s by Nubia, on the e by the Ked
Sea and the ilthnius of Suez, and on the
w by the deferts to the E of Fezzan. The
broadeft part is from Alexandria to Da-
roietta, and thence it gradually grows
narrower, till it approacheti Nubia. This
country, fo famous in hiftory, hus not an
extent proportionable to the defcriptlon
the ancients have given of it} but when
we confider the fertility of the country,
that not a foot of ground remained un-
cultivated, and that there was a great
number of canals, which are now ^lled
up, their accounts do not ieem improbable.
Egypt is divided into the Upper, Middle,
and Lower ; \vhich hfl comprehends the
Delta; and though the air is naturally
hot, and not very wholefome, it enjcys ib
many other advantages, that it has been
always extremely populous. The ancient
kings governed Egypt, till Canibyies be-
came mafter of it, 525 years B.C. and in
their time all thole wonderful ftruAures
wereraifcdi which we cannot behold with-
out aftonifliment. Thele are tlie pyramids,
the labyrinth, the immenfe grottos of the
Thebais J the obelifks, temples, .md pom-
pous palaces; the lake Mteris, and the
vaft canals, which fervcd both for trade,
and tc render the land fruitful. After
this conqueft, Cambyfes demoliHied the
temples, and perl'ecuted the priefts. This
country continued under the Perfian yoke
till the time of Alexander the Great, who,
having conquered Pcrlla, built the city of
Alexandria. He was fucceeded by Pto-
lemy, the ion of Lagos, 324 years B. C.
Ten kings of that name fucceeded each
other, till Cleopatra, the filter of the laft
Ptolemy, afcended the throne ; when
ISgypt became a Roman province, and
contmued fo till the reijgn of Ottiar, the
fecond calif of the il\icceilors of Mahomet,
who drove away the Rqmatas, after it had
Wen in their hands 700 years.- When
the power of the califs declined, Saladinc
I'ct up the empire of the Mamlouks, which
became Iq powerful in time, that they ex-
tended their dominions over a great part
of Africa, Syria, and Arabia. Lalt of
all, Selim, a Turkilh emperor, conquered
Egypt. The prefent population of Egypt
is computed at 2,300,000. The in-
habitants are compofed of four different
races of people ; the Turks, who pretend
to be mailers of the country ; the Arabs,
who were conquered by the Turks j the
Cophts, who are defcended i'loix the iirit
Egyptians that became Chriltians ; and
the Mamlouks, who were originally Cir-
caflian or Mingrelian Haves, and being the
only military Ibrce, are the real maltcrs
of the country. Egypt has been, (ov
many years, diltrafled by the civil wars
between the ditferent contending beys, by
which ics 24 provinces were governed.
The famous Haflan Ali, the Turkilh
admiral, gained feveral victories over them
in 1786; but though he reprefled, he
could not totally I'ubdue them ; and the
Ottoman power in this country is now
luppoled to be extremely precarious.
Egypt can'Ied on a confulerable trade in
£ India commodities, till the Portuguele
found the way round the Cape of Good
Hope. However the merchants of Eu-
rope vifit the harbours in the Mediterra-
nean, and import and export feveral Ibrtt
of merchandtle ; and from other parts the
natives get elephants teeth, ebony, gold
dult, mulk, civet, ambergris, and coffee.
The gold dull is brought from Negroland
to Fez and Morocco, and thence to Cairo,
over immenfe deferts. The principal
commodities which the merchants pur-
chafe, are coffee, fenna, caflia, rhubarb,
fal ammoniac, myrrh, faffron, faltpetre,
aloes, opium, indigo, fugar, fandal wood,
dates, cotton cloth. Sec. The complexion
of the Egyptians is tawny, and the lurther
s the darker, fo that thole near Nubia
are almolt black. They are generally
indolent and cowardly,: the rlciier lort
do nothing all day but drink colfee, finoke
tobacco, and fleep; and they are igno-
rant, proud, haughty, and ridiculouHy
vain. From March to November, the
heat, to an European, is almolt infup-
portable ; but the other months are more
temperate. The s winds are by the na-
tives called poifonous winds, or the hot
winds of the deferts : thev aire of fuch ex-
treme heat and aridity, tnat ho animated
body expofed to it cian withffand its fatal
influence. During the three days ttxt
tt generally lafts, the ftreets are defertei;
aud-vroe to the oraveller whom this wlad
> '!
E HI
E L B
lurpi'ifei remote from flielter. It raiqs
yery feldom in Egypt } but ihzt want is
fully fupplied bv the annual inundation
of tne Nile. When the waters retire, all
the ground is covered with mud ; then
they only harrow their corn into it, and,
in the following March, they have ufually
a plentiful harveft: their rice fields are
fupplied with water from canals and re-
fervoirs. There ii no place in the world
better fumifi:^^ with corn, flefli, fifli,
fugar, fruits, and all forts of garden-ftuff j
and in Lower Egypt are oranges, lemons,
figs, dates, almonds, caiTia, and plantains,
in great plenty. The fands are fo fubtile
that they penetrate into the elofets, chefts,
and cabinets, which, with the hot winds,
are probably the caufe of fore eyes being
fo very common here. The animals of
Egypt are tigers, hyenas, antelopes, apes,
buck-cattle, fine horfes, large aifes, cro<
codiles, the hippopotamus, the camelion,
and a kind of rat called ichneumon ; of-
triches, eagles, hawks, pelicans, water-
fowls of all kinds, and the ibis, which
refembles a duck, and was deified by the
ancient Egyptians, on account of its de-
firoying ferpents and noxious infefls.
Here is a ferpent called ihe cerafies, or
homed viper, whofe bite is fatal to tliofe
who have not the fecret of guarding
againft it : for fome of the natives can
play with the ceraftes, and it will not at-
tempt to bite them } but when applied
to a hen, or any other animal, it has in-
fiantly bit and killed them. Late au-
thors have expatiated on the curious fub-
jeft of the incantaticm of ferpents, and
have no doubt of its reality : it is certainly
alluded to in holy writ. ' (See Pfal. ^viii.
4,5. Ecclef. X. II. and Jerem. viii. 17.)
i'he pyramids of Egypt are noticed by
all travellers ; the largeft takes up ten
acres of ground, and is, as well as the
reft, built upon a rock. Here aie alfo
caverns, out of which they get the mum-
mies, or embalmed dead bodies, which
are found in coffins fet upright in niches
of the walls, and have continued there at
leaft 4000 years : many of ihel'e have
been brought to Englarul, and were for-
merly deemed of great uiie in medicine.
The principal city is Cairo. See Pyra-
mids, Nile, and Cairo.
Egypten, a town of the duchy «f
Conrland, 100 miles £b of Mittau. Lon.
a6 4.0 E, lat. 56 a tr.
Ehigen, the name of two fmall towns
of Suabia, |he one near the Danube, and
tbft other on the Neckar. They belong
to the houle of Auibria* the former in
in lon. 9 4.5 E, lat. 4.8 18 n, and the
latter in lon. 8 45 e, lat. 48 %$ N.
Ehrenbreitstein, a very ancient
caftle, in the electorate of Treves, on the
E bank of the Rhine, oppofite Coblentz.
It ftands on the funimit of a ftupendous
rock, not lefs than 800 feet above the
level of the river, and is thought, when
fupported by a competent ganiibn, to be
impregnable. It. has a communication
with Coblentz, byfubierraneous pafTages,
cut out of the Jblid rock ; and is plen-
tifully fupplied with water, from a well
z8o feet deep. In the centre of a large
fquare in this fortrefs, is placed a cannon*
fuppofed to be the largell in Europe ; it
was call in 1528, weighs 300 qumtals,
and proje^s a ball of iso pounds,
upward of ii miles. The prolpetl from
tnis cadle is majeftic, extenfive, and va>
negated; and the iheam at its foot, is
decorated with two I'mall iHands, on each
of which is a r mvent. In the vale of
Ehrenbreitftein, is the old palace of the
ele£lor. This fortrefs was befieged by
the French, in 1796, above three months j
but on the 17th of September the Auf-
trians compelled them to retreat.
EiMEO, one of the Society Ifles, in
the S Pacific Ocean, lying near Ota-
heite, and vifited by captain Cook in
his laft voyage. The produ£ls of the
two iflands, and the lAnai^iers of the
people, are much the famt. Eimeo has
Iteep rugged hills, ruiming in different
directions, leaving large vallies, and
gently rifing ground about their fides.
The hills, though rocky, are generally
covered with trees almoft to the tops.
EiMBECK, a town of Germany, in
the territory of Grubenhagen, 25 miles
S of Hilde/heim. Lon. 10 o e, lat. 51 46 n.
EisLEBEN, a town of Germany, in
the county of Mansfeld, famous as the
birthplace of Luther. It is five miles E of
Mansfeld. Lon. 12 16 E, lat. 51 42 n.
Eisnach, a town of Thuringia, ca-
pital of a diftriCl of the fame name, with
a celebrated college, 36 miles w o^f
Erfurt. Lon. 10 25 E, lat. 50 59 N.
EiTHAN, or Ythan, a river in Aber-
deenfhJre, which crolfes that county in
a SE direction, and falls into the Britifh
Ocean, at Newburgh.
Ekf.rhford, a town of Denmark, in
the duchy of Slefwick, feated on the Bal-
tic,'la miles SE of Slefwick. Lon. 10
30 £, lat. 54 56 N.
Elba, an ifland on the ,cicyaft of Tuf-
cany, remarkable for mines o^ iron anjt
lonmouSf and (quarries of macblc. It k
mill
4»
1 the
cienf
n the
lemz.
iddus
e t])e
when
to be
ation
ages,
pien-
well
arge
uion,
i it
tals,
lids,
"rora
va-
E L E
fubjeft to the prince of PiomLino, under
the proteftion of the king of Naples,
Vfho is in poff-rflion of Porto-Longone ;
and the grand duJte of T' Tcuuy has
Porio-Feriajo.
Elbassano, a town of Albania, 45
miles SE of Duiazzo. Lun. 20 5 j;, lat.
41 34 N.
Elbe, a large river of Germany, which
rifes in the Mountain of the Giants, on
the confines of Bohemia and Silefiaj
flows to Koningfgratz, Leutzmeritz,
DieCden, Deflaw, Meiflln, Wittembcrg,
Magdebcrg, Hamburg, and Gluckftadt,
and enters the German Ocean, at Crux-
haven. It is navigable for huiv fhips
to Hamburg, which is 70 aiiles irom the
ica j a courle of navigation longer than
that of any other river in Europe.
Elbeui", a town of France, in the
department of Lower Seine and late
province of Normandy. It has a nianu-
raclure of cloth, and is feated on the
Seine, lo miles s of Rouen, and 65
NW of Paris. Lon. i 8 e, lat. 49 19 N.
Elbing, a ftrong town of Weft, n
Pi-iTia, in the palatinate of Marlenburg.
It carries on a confiderable trade, and is
feated near the Baltic Sea, 30 miles se
of Dantzic, and 100 N by w of Warliiw.
Lon. 19 35 E, lat. 54 9 N.
Elbogen, a townoi" Dohemia, capital
of a circle of the fame name, with a ci-
tadel, on the river Eger, 16 miles NE of
Egra. Lon. 13 o E, lat. 50 16 n,
Elburg, a town of the United Provin-
ces, in Guelderland, on the E coaft ot tiie
Zuider-Zee, ten miles NE of Hardcrwick.
Lon. 5 50 E, lat. 52 30 N.
Elcatif, a feaport of Arabia Felix,
on the w coalt of the gulf of Perfia, 300
miles s of Buflluah. Lon. 53 5 E, lat.
26 o N.
Elche, a town of Spain, in Valencia,
io miles sw of Alicanr.. Lon. 025 w,
lat. 38 7 N.
Elephanta, an ifland on the w
coaft of the Dtccan of Hindooftan, five
miles from Bombay. It contains one of
the moft inexplicable antiijujtiei in the
world. The rigure of- an ek^ihant, of
the natural fize, cut coarlely in none, ap-
pears on the landing-place, near the fwot
of a mountain. An eafy ll )e tht'n leads
to a ftupeiidous fubtcrraneaii temple,
hewn out of the folid rock, 80 feet long,
and 4c broad. The roof, which is cut
flat, is fupported by regular rows of
pillars, ten feet high, with capitals
relembling round culhions, as if prefled
by the incumbent mountain. At the
furtlier end are three gigantic figuresf
ELM
which were mutilated by the abfnrd zetl
of the Poi tuguefe, when this ifland was
in their poflelfion. . Elephanta was ced«i
to the Er.gii/h by thcMalu-attas.
Eleuthes, a kingdom of Tartary,
lying to tlie Nvv of Chinefe Tartary. Ic
was conquered, in 1759, by the emperor
of China, See Kalmucks.
Elgin, the county-town of Murmy-
ftiire. Here aie many large old buildings
ereclcd over piazzas. Its cathedral^
founded in 1224, was one of the mo(^
magnificent Gothic ftniilhues in Scot-
land ; of which its ruins are a fufHcient
proof. It is ieattd on the Lolfie, five
miles s of Murray Frith, and 37 e of
Invtrnels. Lon. 3 15 w, lat. 57 37 n. ,
1:^LGINSHIRK. Sec MURRAYSHIRK.
Elisabeth's Island, an ifland on
the coaft of Maflachufet's Bay, having
Cape Cod to the N, and the ifland of
Nantucket to the E. The natives ar«
chiefly employed in the fifheries. Lon.
69 3 w, lat. 42 o N.
Elisabeth Tow. , one of the oldeft.
towiis of the ftate of New Jcrfey, in N
America, It was purchaled of the Indians
in 1664, and fettled foon after. It has a
handfome preftjyterian church, an epifco-
pal church, and an academy. It is 15
mile» ow of New-York.
Elkholm, a feapoi't of Sweden, in
Blekiiigen, feated on the Baltic, 24 mile*
W of Carler-iOon. Lon. 14 50 e, lat.
56 20 N.
Ellerena, an epifcopal town of
Spain> in Eftramadura, 54 miles N of
Seville. Lon. 5 20 w, lat. 38 26 N.
Ellesmere, a town in Sluopflilre,
with a market on Tuelday. It is feated on
a large mere, in a fmall but fertile dif-
triiil of the fame name, 16 miles nnw
of Shrewflsury, and 176 NW of" London.
Lon. 2 52 vv, lat. 52 53 s.
Ellkhpour, the capital of the
w part of Berai', in tlie Deccan of Hin-
dooftan. It is a fine cltV) fubjefl to the
ni/am of the Deccan j and is 395 miles
NE of Bombay. Lon. 77 46 E, lat. zi
12 N.
El.madja, or MAH.iiDiA, a town of
the kingdom of Tunis, feated on the
gulf of Capei. It is lurrounded by the
jea, is well fortified, and has a good
harbour. It was taken by the emper^i
Charlei v, but retaken foon after. Lon.
8 47 w, lat. 35 4 N.
EL.VIE, St. a caftle of the ifle of
Malta, leatcd on a rock near the city of
V'aletta, at the mouth of a very fine
harbour.
El.mo, Fort, St. a fortrefs of France,
N
•■ (i
£ L T
E M B
tA thi department of the Eaftem Pyren-
jiees, {«ated on the river Tet, five miles
N of CoHoure. It wa» tsken by tlie
Spaniardti in 1793* but retakeh the next
J^ar.
Elora. See Dowlatabad.
ElsimburG) a feaport of Sweden,
In the province of Gothland, feven miles
t of Eliinore. Lon. 13 20 s, lat. 56 o n.
Elsinore, a feaport of Denmark,
felted on the Sound, in the iile of Zealand .
It is the moft commercial place in Dtn-
mark, next to Copenhagen ; and contains
5000 inhabitants, among whom are a
confiderable number of fon ign mercliants,
and the coniuls of the principal nations
trading to the Baltic. The paflage of
the Soimd is guarded by the tortrcls of
Gronborg, fituatc on the edge of a pe-
ninfular promontory, the nearefl. point of
land from the oppofite coaft of Sweden.
Every vcfiel, as it pafles, lowers her
top-lails, and pays a toll at Elfinore.
It is ailerted, that this fortrefs guards
the Sound ; and that all fhips muft, on
account of the flioal waters and currents,
fteer Co near the batteries as to be expofed
to their fire in cafe of refufal ; but this is a
miftaken notion ; for though the fafeft paf-
fage lies near the fonrefs, yet the water in
any part is of fufficient depth for vcffels
to keep at a diftance from the batteries,
and the largeft fliips can even fail clofe
to tlie coan of Sweden. The conltant
difcharge of the toll, is therefore not fo
much owing to the ftrength of tiie fortrt Is
as to couipliiince with the public law of
Europe. Ail vcflels, bellde a i'mall duty,
are rated at i{ per cent, of their cargoes,
except the Englifii, French, Dutch, and
Swedifti, which pay only one per cent.
and, in return, the crown takes the charge
of conftrudling lighthoules, and crefting
fignals to mark the fhoals and rocks,
from the Categate to the entrance into
the Baltic. The tolls of the Sound, and
of the two Belts, produce an annual re-
venue of above ioo,oooI. Lon. 13 ij
F, lat. 56 o N. .See Cronborg.
Elteman, 3 town of Franconia, in
the bifliopric of Wurtzburg, on t^e river
^'laine. Lon. 10 52 E, lat. 50 8 N.
Eltenbfrg, a lofty and extcntive
mountain in the duchy of Cleves. It is
crowned by an ancient fortrels ; ftands
at the extreme point of a promontory,
fix miles e of Cleves ; and is the termi-
nation of a large chain of hills that runs
parallel to the E fliore of the Rhine, at
the diltanre of 10 mites from its bordiMS.
Fltham, a town in Kent, with a
Tftaikct on Mciiulay, eijrht miles s «f
London. Here arc the remaifts of »
palace, in which Edward 11 often re-
fided, and his fon, John of Eltham, was
born. Its (lately hall, ftill entire, is
converted into a barn.
Eltor. See Tor.
Eltz, a town of Germany, in the
bifliopric of Hildcftiiem, feaicd on the
Leina, 10 miles swof Hildcfliiem. Lon.
10 5 E, lat. 52 5 N.
Ely AS, a ftrong frontier town of Por-
tugal, in Alentejo, with a caftle and
bimop's fee. The ftrcets are handibme, and
the houfes well-built. Here is a ciftern fo
large, that it will hold water enough for the
town ftjr fix months. It is brought by
a magnificent aquedtift, three jniles in
length, which, in fome places, is fupported
by four or five arches, one upon another.
On the fide of it is a foreft ot ciive-trecs,
three miles in length, among which are
walks and fine fountains. Elvas was
bombarded by the French in 1706, to n«f
purpofe, A royal academy, for young
fentlemen, was founded here in 1735.
t is leated on a mountain, near the
Guadiana, 50 hiilcs ne of Evora, an4
100 E of Lifbon. Lon. 7 3 W, lat. 38
43 ^^ :' '"
Elwantjen, a town of Suabia, with
a chapter, whofe provofl is a prince of
the empire, and lord of the town. It
is feated ori the Jaxt, 17 miles se of
Halle, and 25 sw of Anfpach. Lon. 10
18 E, lat. 4.9 2 N.
Ely, a city in Cambridgefhire, with
a bifhop'3 fee, and a market on Saturday,
It is feated on the Oufe (which is nivi-
gable hence to Lynn) in the fenny traft",
called the I^ of Ely. The affizes are
held here once a year only. It is a county
of itfelf, including the territory around
it, and has a diltin6l civil and criminal
jurifdi^ion, of which the bifliop is the-
head, in the fame manner as the bifhop
of Durham is of that county. It has
a fine cathedral, but is otber^viie ' nean
place. It is 17 miles N of Camu.idge,
and 68 N by E of London. ]Lon. 0 9 E,
lat. 52 24. N.
Ely, Isle of. See Cambridge-
shire.
Embden, 1 (troiig town of Weftphalia,
capital, of E. Fricfland, with a good har-
bour. It is divided into three parts, the
Old Town, the Faldren, and the two
fuburbs. The townhoufe, libraiy, and
cathedral, arc worthy of attention. The
grcateft part of the inhal^itants arc Cal-
vinifts, and there are fome Lutherans,
papifh, and Jews. It was formerly
'under th& proteilion of :H» United Pro-
I
E N C
vlnces, but in 1744. thfy fold their right "
to the king of PrulTia, to whom it is
now lubje^. It is feated at the mouth
of the £mbs, oppufite DoUart Bay, 23
miles NE of Grsningen. Lon. 7 5 £»
la:. 53 26 N.
£mbo, a village near Brora, on the s
coaft of <Sutherlandfhire. Here a perlbn
was burnt, in 1727, for the imaginaiy
crime of witchcraft ; the laft inftance of
tbcle fanatic executions in Scotland.
Emboly, a town of Macedonia, with
a Greek archbifhojp's fee, feated on the
Stromcna, 40 miles ne of Salonichi.
Lon. 23 55 E, lat. 40 59 N.
Embrun, an ancient and ftrong city
of France, in the department of the
Upper Alps and late province of Dau-
phiny. Before the revolution, it was aij
archbifhop^s fee, but is now only a
bifhopric. The cathedral, and thp epif-
copal palace, are worthy of notice. It
furjendered by capitulation to the duke of
Savoy, in 1693 i but he was compelled to
evacuate it three weeks after. It is feated
on a craggy rock, near the river Durance,
17 miles £ of Gap. Lon. 6 ^4 e, lat.
44 34 N.
Embs, a river of Weftphalla, which
rifes in the county of Lippe, and falls,
at Embden, into the Doliart, a bay of
♦he German Ocean.
Emessa, a town of Syria, in the
government of Damafcus. There are
itill noble ruins, that Hiow it was an-
cienfly a magnificent city.
Emmerick, a large city of Germany,
in the duchy of Cleves. It carries on a
cuniiderable trade with Holland, and is
feated ni^ar the Rhine, eight miles E of
Cleves, Lon. 6 4 E, lat. 51 45 N.
Emouy, or Miamen, an ifland of
China, lying off the cuaft of the pro-
vince of Fokien. It has a celebrated
port, inclofed, on one fide, by the
i/land, and on the other by the main-
land: it is fo extenfive, that it can con-
tain many thoufands of vefllls ; and fo
deep, that the largeft (hips may lie clofe
to the (hore without danger. In the be-
ginning of this century, it was much
trequeuted by European vefllls ; but now
all the trade is carried on at Canton.
Til is illand is particularly cekbrated on
account of the magnificence of its prin-
cipal pagod, dedicated to their god Fo.
Lon. 116 27 E, lat. 14 3 N.
Empoli, a town of Tufcany, with
a bilhop's fee, feated on the Arno, 17
mik$ sw of Florence, l^on. 11 6 £,
lat. 43 41 N.
Enckhuysbn, a fcaport of N H9I-
B N G
land, on the Zuider-Zec. It was once
a Hourifhing place ; but its harbour being
now obitru^ed by land, it has loft Its
former confequence. It is i$ miles Ng
of Amfterdam. Lon. 5 4 E» lut. 52 45 N.
Endeavour Strait, lies in the S
Pacific Ocean, and fepaiates New Guinea
from New Holland. It received its name
from captain Coek, who explored it in
1770. Its length is to leagues, and
i.s breadth about five, except at the us
entrance, where it is eonlraikd to lei»
than two miles, by the idauds called
Prince of Wales' Iflands.
Ending, a town of Suabia, in Auftrian
BrK^aw, formerly free and imperial. It
is feated neai* the Rliine, 10 miles below
Br^ich.
Endkioping, a town of Sweden, it?
Upland, fituate on a river, dole to an
inlet of Lake Maeler, and confiftiug
chitfly of wooden hoult^s, painted for th?
mofl part red. It is 40 miles w of
Stockholm. Lon. 16 59 E, lat. 52 45 N.
Enfield, a town in Middleiex, with a
market on Saturday. It was once famous
for an extenfive royal chafe, distorclted
in 1 779- Here was a royal palace, whence
Edward vi went In procelfion to the
Tower, on his accelilon to the throne. Af-
ter the death of queen Elifabeth it was
alienated froin the crown; and only a
fmall part of it is left ftanding, the whole
of the front having been taken down, ia
1792, and its fite occupied by ibme houles.
It is 10 miles N of London. Lon. o %
£, lat. 51 41 N.
Engadina, a country of the Griions,
in the mountains of the Alps. It is di-
vided into Uppe.- and Lower, extending
along the banks of the river Inn, from
its Ibi'.rce to the Tiroleie. Upper Ln-
gadina is a beautiful valley j yet, en ac-
count of its elevation, pi\;duces nothinsj
but rye and barley. The wintt-r lets in
eaily, and ends late here, during which
time fledges are the common vehicles.
Even in fummer, the air is cold and
piercing, and the corn occafionally mucli
damaged by the hoar-froft.
Engers, a town of Germany, in the
eledorate ot Treves, capital of a county
of the lifime name. It is leated on the
Rhine, 1 1 miles N of Cpblei^tz. Lon,
7 32 e, lat. 50 35 N,
Enghien, a town of Auftrjan Hai-
nault, neai- which was fought the famous
battle of Steenkirk. It is 15 miles svf
of Eruffcls. Lon. 4 5 E, lat. 50 42 N.
Engia, or Encina, an iflaivd of Tur-
key in Eiuope, in a gulf of tlu.* fame n^mp,
bciNN-een Livadia and the Mcrca, Thei?
N %
i\
,
E N G
E N G
ia a town upon it of the fame name, 22
miles s of Athens. Lon. 23 59 E, lat.
S7 4-5 N.
England, the fcnithern part of the
ifland anil kingdoni of Great Britain,
bounded on the n by Scotlar^d, on the NE
and E by the German Ocean, on the s by
the Englifli Channel, and on the \v by
St. George's Channel, the principality of
Wales, and the Irifli Sea. It is of a
triangular form: and from the S Fore-
land in Kent, which may be termed the
■E point of the triangle, to Berwick upon
Tweed, which is the N, its length is
3+5 miles } fi om that point to the Land's
End, in Cornwall, which is the W, it is
425} and the breadth thence to the S
Foreland is 340. The face of ihc couiitry
affords all that beautiful variety w'.ch
can be found in the mofl cxtenfivc tra6ta
of the globe; not, however, without ro-
mantic, and even dreary fccnes, lofty
mountains, crciggy rocks, black bnrieu
moors, and widv^ uncultivated heaths;
a'nd yet, tew countries have a linaller
proportion of land abfokitely Ibnil and
incipable of culture. The richeft parts
are, in eyeneral, the midland anctfouthern.
Toward the N it pnitakts of the barren-
ncfs of the neighbouring Scotland. The
■£ coaft is, in many parts, lundy and
mar/hy. A range of rude and elevated
land, fometimcs rifing into lofty moun-
tains, extends frcm the borders of Scot-
land to the very hear: oi' England, rua-
nint^ from N to ?, and forming a natural
divifion between the e and w fides of
the kingdom. Cornwall is alio a ro'jgh
hilly trail; and a fimilar character pre-
vails in part of the adjacent co'ijities,
Thefe mountainous trails abound with
various mineral treaf'urcs. The riveis are
numerous; and the mofl confiderable of
them are the Thames, Seve:n, Humber,
Medway, Trent, Oufe, Ty^e, Teei:,
TAtn, Avon, Dcrwent, D'.t, and Mef-
fey. The lakes arc neither murten.us
nor extenfive, and are chiefly in the N\v
counties : thofc of VVeltmorland and
Cumberland, in particular, exhibit liich
.varieties of beautiful fceuerv, as to have
become for fomo year^ paft, tlic fafhioii-
able objecl of iiuumer excurfipns from
every pait cf the country. With rcfpeft
fo climate, England is fituate in the N
part cf the tempcr^itc zone, lb that, it en-
joys bxit a fcr.nty fhare of the genial in-
fluence of the fun. Its atmofphere is in-
clined ■> chihiCf's and inoifhire, fubjecl to
fif qiient and iudden changes ; and is more
favorable to the growth, than to the ri-
fjtnin^; ?f the produi^8 oi' the earth.
No country is clothed with fo beautiful
and lafting a verdure ; but the harv<fts,
efpecially in the northern parts, frcqueiitly
I'uffer from unfeaibnable rains. The
rigours of winter, however, and the heats
of lummer, are felt here in a much lels
degree than in parallel climates on the
continent ; a circumftance common to ail
iflands. While the feaports of Holland
and Germ* ny are, every winter, locked
lip with ice, thofe of England, and even
of Scotland, ai'c never known to fufFer this
inconvenience. The whole country, Ibme
particular fpots excepted, is iufliciently
healthy; and the natural longevity of its
inhabitants is equal to that of almoft any
region. All its moll valuable proiluc-
tions, both apimal and vegetable, have
been imported from foreign countries,
and have been kept up and improved by
conllant attention. Originally, this great
illaiui feems to have been almoft entirely
overrun with wood, and peopled only by
the inhabitants of the forefl. Here for-
merly roamed the bear, the wolf, and th«;
wild boar, now totally extirpated : large
herds of flags ranged through the woods,
roebucks bounded over the hills, and wild
bulls grazed in the marfhy pafturej. By
degrees, the woods were deftroyed, in or^
dtv to make way for cultivation; the
mar/hes were drained ; and the wild ani*
nxals, invaded in their retreats, gradually
difapptarcd, and their places were, fup-
plied by the domeftic kinds. England
has now no lother wild quadrupeds than
Icine of the fmaller kinds j as the fox,
wild cat, badger, marten, and others of
the wealel kind; the otter, hedgehog,
hare, rabbit, fquii'rel, dormoufe, mole,
and I'cveral fpecies of the rat and moufe.
On the other hand, every kind of domeflic
animal, imported from abroad, has been
reareil to the greateft degree of perfeilion.
The horle has been trained up for all the
various purpofes of ilrength and fwift-
nefs, i'o as to excel in thole qualities the
lame animal in every other coimtry. The
horned cattle have been brought to the
largeft fize and gieatell juftnefs of fhape.
The diflerent races of (heep, in England,
are varioufly dillinguifhcd, either for un-
common fize, goodnefs of flcfli, and plenty
or finencfs ot wool. The deer of its
parks, which are originally a foreign
breed, are fuperior in beauty of fkin, and
delicacy of flefh, to tholi; of moil countries .
Even the feverai kinds of dogs have been
trained to degrees of courage, Ilrength,
ajjd fagacity, rarely to be met with clfe-
wherc. The improvement in the vege-
table produils of this iHand is not leiii
E N G
ENS
ftiiklngthan in the animal. Nuts, acbmSf
crabs, and a few wild berries, were nlmoft:
all the variety of vegetable food which
its woods coiild boalt. To other coun-
tries, and to the efforts of culture, it is
indebted for corn, elculent roots and
plants, and all its garden fruits. The
rivers and feas of England are locked
with a great variety of fi(h, which yield
a plentltul article of provifion to all ranlcs
of people. The manufa£lures and com-
merce of this country are vaft, extenfive,
and various : in the woollen, cotton, and
hardware manufaftures, in partirular, it
has long maintained a pre-eminence j and,
though nature has denied it the rich
fruits of other countries, yet the manu-
facture, if it may be lb called, of home-
made wines, in imitation of all the va-
rieties of the foreign, has been brought
to an uncommon degree of perfertion.
The government of England is a limited
monarchy; the legillative power refiding
in the king, lords, and commons ; and
the executive in the king, the great officers
of ftate, the judges, and all the inferior
gradations of maglftracy. The civil
iiviiion of the country is into circuits,
and ihires, or counties : thefe laft are
liibdivided into wapentakes, or hundreds,
and parifhes. The circuits are fix in
number, and in each of them, for the
moft part, two of the judges adminiftcr
julUce twice a year. They are, i. The
Home Circuit, which contaiiis the coun-
ties of Kent, Surry, and Svfffex. 2. The
Norfolk Circuit, containing the counties
of Bucks, Bedford, Huntingdon, Cam-
bri«!ge, Suffolk,' and Norfolk. 3. The
Oxford Circuit, containing the counties
of Oxford, Berks, Gloucelter, Worccfter,
Monmouth, Hereford, Salop, and Staf-
ford. 4. The Midland Circuit, contain-
ing the fhires of Warwick, Leicefter,
Derby, Nottingham, Lincoln, Rutland,
and Northampton. 5. The Northern
Circuit, containing the counties of York,
Durham, Northumberland, Lancalter,
Weltmorhnd, and Cumberland. 6. The
Wcfliern Circuit, containing Hants, Wilts,
Dorfet, Somerfet, Devon, and Cornwall.
Two other counties, Middlefex and
Clie/hire, are not included in any circuit.
The eftablifhed religion, as contained in
the 39 articles of the Church of England,
is Calvinifm; but thefe articles are in-
terpreted, by the clergy in general, ac-
cording to the more liberal principles of
Arminius; and all other religions are
toleratcj. The ecclefiaftical divifion of
England is into two archbifhoprics, called
the provinces of Cantwbury an4 York,
That of Canterbury contains the dioceftf
of London, Winchefter, Bath and WcU$,
Biillol, Chichelter, Ely, Exeter, Glou-
celter, Hereford, Lichfield and Coventry,
Lincoln, Norwich, Oxford, Peterboiough,
Koclidtcr,, Salilbury, and Worcclter,
befide the four Welfh biihoprics of St.
Davi;i, Bangor, Landaff, and St. Afanh,
Thj province of York contains the
diocel'es of Durham, Cliefter, and Carlifle,
and that of Sodor and Man. Every
prelate of the lees enumerated, that of
Sodor and Man excepted, has a feat 19
the houfc of lords. London is the capi-
tal, and the metropolis alio of the whole
BritiJh empire.
England, New, a country of N
America, bounded on the n by Canada,
on the E by New Brunfwick and the
Atlantic, on the s by that ocean and
Long Illand Sound, and on the w by
New York. It contains the ftares di
New Hampfhire, Mafluchulet, Rhode
Ifland, Connecticut, and Vermont } whicU
fee.
Engelberg, a valley of Swin'erland,
10 miles long, entirely furrounded by
very lofty and barren mountains, and
bounded by the cantons of Bern, Uri,
and Undei^alden. It is lubjeft to the
abbot of a BenedLfline monaltery of the
fame name, who is under the prote6lion
of the cantons of Lucern, Uri, Schweitz,
and Underwalden ; but in fpiritual con-
cerns he fubmits to the jurifiiiftion of the
bifhop of Coilrtance. His revenues are very
confiderable, and rife principally from his
commerce in cheefes. The naturalift
will find this a very interefting country.
Glaciers, of a very great extent and ex-
tremely diverfifitd, are found on" the fide
of very fertile mountains, and exhibit
lingular points of view. Ther'; is abun-
dance of line black marble, wMte veined j
a vitriolic earth. Hate impregnated with
vitriol J Irnall cryltals, called Swils dia-
monds ; fdver, and vitriol. The abbey
is u miles ^w of Altdorf. See TiT-
LISBERG.
Eno, or Enos, a town of Romania,
near the gulf of Eno, with a Greek
archbifliop's fee, 125 miles W of Con-
llantinople. Lon. 26 15 E, lat. 40 46 N.
Ens, a town c\ Upper Auftria, on a
river of the fame name, 12 miles SE of
Lint7, and 90 w of Vienna, Lon. 14,
a» E, lat. 48 13 N.
Ensisheim, a town of France, in the
department of the Upper Rhine and iatt
province of Alface, feated on the III, to
miles sw of Brifach. Lon. 7 30 e> h\,
47 i» N.
•E P I
£ R I
Ekskiuken, a towAof Germany, in
the duchy of Juliers, 15 miles 8W of
Cologne. Lon. 6 29 e, lat. 51 o N.
Entre-Douero-e-Minho, apro-
Vince of Portugal, 4.5 miles in length
knd bf'eadth. Sraga is the capital.
Eperies, a town of Upper Hungary,
capital of the county of Saros, remarkable
for its mines of lalt. It is feated on the
Tatza, ao miles N of Caflbvia, Lon.
Zi 13 E, lat, 4.9 8 N.
Epernay, an ancient town of France,
in the department of Marne and late
province of Champagne. It was taken
by Henry iv in 1 592, when maiflial dc
Biron was killed, while that monarch
had his hand on his fhoulder. The
wines produced in its neighbourhood, are
'very exquifite. It is 17 miles NW of
Chalons. Lon. 4 o e, lat. 49 5 n.
E PH E su s, an ancient and celebrated city
of Natolia, in that part anciently called
Ionia. It is now called Ajai'alouc, hy the
Turks ; but of its former Iplendour there is
nothing to be leen but heaps of marble,
overturrred walls, columns, capitals, and
pieces of ftatues. The fortrcfs, which is
upon an eminence, feems to be the work of
the Grtek emperors. Theeaftern gate has
three baflb- relievos, taken from fome
ancient monvunents : that in the middle
was conftrufled by the Romans. The
molt remarkable ftrufture of all, was the
Temple of Diana, deemed one of the
feven wonders of the world, and which
the primitive Chriltians had converted
into a church ; but it is now fo entirely
ruined, that it is no eaiy matter to find
the groundplot : however, there are fome
ruins of the walls, and of five or fix
marble cplumns, all of a piece, 40 feet
in length, and I'even in diameter. Ephefus
is feated near a gul : of the fame name,
and has ftill a good harbour, 40 miles s
of Smyrna. Lon. 2; 33 e, lat. 37 48 N.
Ephrata, or Tunkerstown, a
town of Fenhfylvania, in the county of
Lancaftcr. It is the principal fettlement
of a fe61, called Tun'tfrs (that is,
Dippers) who are profelfionally baptirts,
of German extraftion, and firft appeared
in America '■- '719. It Js 60 miles w
of Philrdelp.aa.
Epinal, a town of France, in the
department of the Vofges and late province
of Lorrain. It is feated on the Mofelle,
pear the mountains of tht Vofges, and
is famous for its paper mills. It was
taken by mar/hal Crequi, in 1670, when
|ts fortifications were difmantled. It is
35 i^iles $£ of Nanci. Lqa. $ ojtf lat,
4? 9 -Ni
Epmhc, a town in EiTex, with a
market on Friday. The butter made in
this neighbourhood, and called Epping
butter, is highly efteemed in London.
Epping isTeated at the N end of a foreft
of the fame name, 17 miles nne of
London. Lon. 091, lat. .51 46 n.
Eppintc; Forest, a fine forelt in the
6W of Eflex, formerly a much more
cxtcnfive diftri6l, that contained a great
part of the county. It then went by the
name of the Forelt of EfTex ; and after-
ward, when its boimdaries had been con-
fiderably contrafled, it had the name of
Waltham Fprelt, from its vicinity to
Waltham Abbey. On this forelt a ftag
is annually tlurned out on Eaftcr Monday,
for the amufement of the London fportf-
men.
Eppingen, a town of Germany, In
the palatinate of the Rhine, with a caille,
feated on the Elfats, 20 miles ne of
Philipiburg. Lon. 9 o E, lat. 49 24 N.
Epsom, a town in Surry, that has,
from the number of opulent people re-
fiding in and near it, a daily market.
It is celebrated for its mineral waters
and falts ; and on its neighbouring downs
are annual horferaces. It is 15 miles
3SW of London. Lon. o 15 w, lat. 51
Z5 N.
Epworth, a village of the ifle of Ax-
holm, in Lincolnlhiie, nine miles N of
Gainfborough. It is the birthplace of
John Wefley, one of the founders of the
left of the methodifts.
Erfurt, a town of Germany, capital
of Upper Thuringia, with a univerfity.
It was formerly imperial, but is now fub-
jeft to the eleftor of Mentz, and is de-
fended by two Itrong forts. -The prin-
cipal magiftrate is fometimes a proteftant
and fometimes a papift ; but the greateft
part of the burghers are proteftants. It
nas three fine libraries, one of which
belongs to the papifts, another to the
unlverfity, and a third to the proteftant
minifters. A fire happened here in 1736,
which burnt down 180 houfes, and
feveral churches. It is feated on the river
Gere, 30 miles ese of Mulhaufen. Lon.
II 23 e, |at. 51 o N.
Eribol, Loch, an arm of the fea, on
the N coaft of Sutherlandihire, capable of
affording a fafe retreat to the largeft vef-
fels. It receives feveral ftreams ; parti.,
cularly that which flows from a lake
called Loch Hope.
Ericht, Loch, a lake in the diftri^
of Athol, Perthshire. It extends feveral
miles Into Invernefslhire. Near this place
W««4ei'«d th.fi fugitive pretcnderj U\ i7^$|
in the
n more
E R L
lurking in caves, and among rocktf. The
waters of this lake defcend into another,
called Loch Rannoch.
Erie, Lake, in N America, lies be-
tween 4.1 and 43^ N lat. and 79 and 84°
w Ion. It is 290 miles long, and 40 in
its broadelt part. The iAands and banks
toward its w end are fo infefttd with
rattlcihakes, as to render it dangerous to
land on them. The lake is covered near
the banks of the illands, with a iai-ge
pond lily j thrteaves of which are thickly
ij)read on the furface of the water, to aii
extent of many acres : on thefe, in the
fummer, lie myriads of waterihakes balk-
ing in the fun. It is alfo intelted by the
hilling-fnake, which is 18 inches long,
fmall, and lpecklt.d: when approached,
' it flattens itfelf in a moment, and its
fpots, which are of various colours, be-
come vifibly brighter through rage; at
tiie fame time, it blows from its mouth,
with great force, a fubtile wmd, faid to
be of a Hauleous irnell ; and, if inhaled
by the unwary traveller, it will inevitably
bring on a decline, that, in a few months,
will prove mortal. This lake, at its N£
end, communicates with Lake Ontario by
by the river Niagara.
Rrisso, a town of Macedonia, with
a bi (hop's fee, at the bottom of the gulf
of Monte San^o.
Erith, a village in Huntingdonfliirc,
on the Oufe, five miles ene of St. Ives.
Near this place is a piece of antiquity cal-
led .Belfar's Hill, an artificial mount,
generally fuppofed to be the place where
tlie people took up arms againil William
the Norman, in 1066, after he had de-
feated Harold at the battle of Haflings.
Erivan, a city of Afia, In a province
of the fame name, and capital of Perfian
Armenia, with an Armenian patriarch.
It is defended by a fortrefs, in which is
the governor's palace, and by a caffle, on
tlie river Zuengui, near a lake of its Qwn
name, which is very deep, and 60 miks
in circumference. The Meidan is an open
fquai'e^ 400 paces ever, wherein are very
fine trees. The baths and caravanfaries
have likewlfe their beauties, but the
churches of the Chriltians are froall, and
half underground. It is 105 miles NW
of Aftrabad. Lon. 44 10 E, iat. 40
«o N.
Erkelens, a town of Weftphaiia, in
the duchy of Juliers, with a caftle, feated
on the Koer, 10 miles NW of juliers.
Lon. 6 35 E, lat. 51 4 N.
Erlanc, a towaof Germany, in the
circle of Franconia and marquifate of
Cuienbach, iitatedoa the Aegniiz, 1 «« niUt
ESC
Kw of Nuremburg. Lon. 1x52, lat.
49 35 N-
Erpach, a town of Germany, in the
circle of Franconia, 30 miles se of
Francfort. Lon. 9 10 E, lat. 40 31 u.
Erpach, a town of Suabia, capital
of a county o£ the fame name, with %'
ca/tle, eight miles se of Ulm.. Lon. xo
19 £, lat. 4X 30 N.
£r(^iko, a feaport of the Red Sea,
on the coalt of Abex, fubjeft to Tiirkey.
It is 320 miles sw of Mecca. Lon. 3^
5 E, lat. 17 30 N.
Erzerum, a city of Turkifti Attn*,
nia, with Armenian rnd Greek epiCcopife
fees. It is fituate between the two iburcn
of the Euphrates, in a beautiful plain, at
the foot of a chain of mountains, fruitful
in all forts of corn. Wood is very fcarce^
for which reafon their fuel is only cow
dung. It is fuiTounded by double walls,
defended by fquare towers. The Turks,
who are all janifaries, are about it,oo9
in number ; but molt of them are tradtff.
men, and receive no pay. The Arme-
nians have two churches, the Greeks but
one: the latter are moftly brafiers, and
live in the fuburbs. They drive a great
trade here in furs, Perfian filks, cottons,
callicoes, and di\igs. This town is ss
thoroughfare, and a refting place, for the
caravans to the £ Indies. It is 104 mile«
s by E of Trebifond. Lon. 40 35 £, lat.
39 56 N.
EscHELLES, atovm of Savoy, on the
frontiers of Dauphiny, 10 miles sw of
Chamberry.' Lon. 5 45 E, lat. 45 30 N.
EscHWEGEN, a town of Germany, in
the landgravate of Heffe-Caffel, feated on
the Werra, 22 miles se of Hefl'e-Cafiel.
Lon. 10 6 E, lat. 51 9 N.
Escurial, a village of Spain, in New
Caliile, ieated on the Guadara, i 5 miles
NW of Madrid. Here Philip 11 built a
famous ffru^lmre, in 1563, in memory of
the viftory gained over the French iu;ar
St. Quentin. It is called by the Spaniaids
the eighth wonder of the world. It con-
filts of a royal palace, a church, a mo.
naftry, a college, a library, (hops of dif-
ferent artilts, apartments for a great
number of people, beautiful walks, large
alleys, an extenfive patk, and fine gar-
dens. It Itands in a dry barren country,
furrounded by rugged mountains j and
is built of gray hones, found in the
neighbourhood, which was the principal
jrea&)n of ilbs being ere^ed on fuch a dif-
agreeable fpot. They worked at this
ftru^ure 22 years, and it colt 6,000,000
of crowns. It is a lon^ fquare of 280
ieet, and f«ur ftories high': they retfkca
N 4.
ESN
Soo pillars, ti,ooo fquare windows, and
14,000 doors. The molt remarkable
part is the arched chapel 5 in which is a
magnifictnt lepulchre, called the Pan-
theon, being built in imitation of that
church at Rome : it is the burying-
place of the kings and queens of Spain j
and is thought by Ibme to be the moft
curious niece of architefcuri; in the world.
The fathers, belcinging to the nionaltery,
are aoo in number, and have an income
/of 40,000 ducats a year. The church is
built after the model of St. Peter's at
Rome.
$ EsENs, a town of E Friefland, on the
German Ocean, 20 miles N of Embdeh.
Xon. 7 14 E, lat. S3 47 N.
EsFARAiN, a town of Perfia, in the
province of Korafan, famous tor the
great number of writers it has produced.
It is 90 miles E of Altrabad. Lon. 41
43 E, lat. 36 48 N.
EsHER, a village in Surry, on the river
Mole, five miles s\v of Kinu;lton. It is
dillinguifhcd by a noble Gothic maniion,
the two towers of which are as they were
originally built by cardinal Wolley.
Esit, a river in Dumfriesfliire, which
forms part of the boundary between En-
gland and Scotland, and falls into Sol way
Frith.
EsK, a river in Edinburgfhire, fonned
by the junftion of two ftreanis called N
and S Eik. They feem to encircle the
town of Dalkeith, palfing on each fide of
the eminence on which it Itandsj and
uniting a little below the town, this river
enters the frith of Forth, at Muflelburgh.
EsK, North and South, two rivers
in Anguslhire, which defcend from the
hills called the Braes of Angus. The
former divides the coxmty from Kincar-
dinelhire for I'everal miles, and reaches the »
Jiritiili Oce:m, a little to the N of Mont-
role. The latter, after traverfmg the
whole breadth of the county, falls into the
bay on the w of the fame town.
•EsKDALE, the moft ealterly divifion of
Dumfriesfliite, fo named from the river
Elk, which flows through it, in a .courfis
of 20 miles, to the town of Langhohn.
EsLiNGEN, a large imperial city of
Suabia, in th? duphy of Wirtemburg.
Here aie feveral convents, but the inha-
bitants aje chiefly proteftants. It is
fcated on the Neckar, eight miles se vf
Stutgard. Lpn. 9 20 E, lat. 48 4.7 N.
EsNE, AsNE, or EssENAY, a large
town of Etfypt, on vlie Nile, fuppofcd to
be the ancient Syena, bitt Norden thinks
it was Latopolis. In the csntre of the
town k an ancient temple, with walls on
F ^ CL
three Ades, and in the front 14 columns,
well prefervcd : within it are three Itorie»
of hieroglypliics, of men about three feet
high } and' the ceiling is adorned with all
Ibrts of animals, painted in beautiful co-
lours. On tl\c N fide of the town, is
another temple, with pillars f»mewhat of
the Corinthian order: the whole building
is richly carved with hieroglyphics, par-
ticularly with crocodiles heads, and whole
crocodiles, that probably this animal was
worshipped here. A mile to the s is the
monaftery of St. Helen, by whom fome
lay it was founded s it now appears to
have been a large burying-ground, and
there are many magnificent tombs in it.
Elhe lies near the grand catara£l, Lon.
31 40 E, lat. 24 46 N. '
EsPERiE, a town of Hungary, near
which ai'e fome famous i'alt mines. It is
22 miles N of Cafchaw. Lon. 21 38 E,
lat. 49 5 N.
EsPERWON, a town of France, in the
department of Eure and Loire and late
province of Beauce, feated on the Guefle,
12 miles NE of Chartres. Lon. 1 44 e,
lat. 48 36 N.
EspiERS, a town of Auftrian Flanders,
where a river of the fame name falls into
the Scheld, eight miles N of Tournay.
Lon. 3 25 E, lat. 50 53 N.
Esquu:AUx, a people of N America^
chiefly inhabiting Labrador. They have no
fixed abode, but rove from place to place,
and- fometimes come as far s as New-
foundland. They are of a different race
from the other native Americans ; for, as
they have no beards, thel'e have them i'o
thick and large, that it is difficult to dil-
cover any feature of their faces. They
have fmall eyes, large dirty teeth, and
black rugged hair. They are akvajs
well clothed, for there is nothing to be
ften but part of their faces and their
hands. Ihcy have a fort of fliirt, made
of the guts of filh, with a coat of bear
or bird ikins, and a cap on their head.
They have likewife breeches, made of
Ik ins, with the hair within, and covered
with furs without. They have alfo two
pair of boots, one over another, of the
lame Ibrt of Ikins. In fummer, they
have nothing to cover them in the night j
and in winter, they lodge together pro-
mifcuoufly in caves. The drefs of the
women is nearly the fame as that of the
men. They are very fuperltitious, and
have fome Ibrt of facrifices. Their chief
employment is hunting and fifhing. They
are very covetous ; and pay fo little re-
gard to private property, as to take eveiy
advantage of bodily ftiength to tgh tlnif
'J
\\l
(imns,
stories
;e feet
thai]
CO-
vx\, is
hat of
Idiiig
par-
whole
1 was
8 the
foine
irs to
and
in it.
Lon.
near
It is
38 E,
mod laborious
tents, carry or
mend clothes,
ESS ^
neleihbours, not only of their goodi htit
then* wives. In other reip-.-iU they are
the mildctt tribe, or nation, that is to be
found on the borders ot Hudfon's Bay j
for let their aftVonts or loHes be ever I'o
great, they never leek any other revenge
than that of wreltlinrr, which confiiU in
hauling each other about by the hair of
the head j they are fcldom known cither
to ftrike or kick each orhec. As for
murder, which is fo common among all
the tribes of louthern Indians, it is iel-
doni heard of among them. A murderer
is fhunneil and detelted by all the tribe,
and is forl'aken even by his relations :md
formei" friends. The women perform the
offices ; they pitch the
haul burdens, make or
and cook the viftuals.
When any thing is prepared for eating,
tlie wives and daughters of the greatelt
captain in the country are never I'erved,
till all the males, even thofe in the capa-
city of lei-vants, have eaten what they
think proper.
EssECK, a trading town of Sclavonia,
with a ftrong caftle. It has a bridge over
the mai'lhes, 8865 geometrical paces in
length and 1 5 in breadth, with towers at
a quarter of a" mile diltant from each
other, and handfomcly railed on each lide.
It is a difficult pafs, and there have been
levcral battles fought here between the
Turks and Germans. There are trees in
all the ftreets of the town, which was
taken from the Turks in 1687, fnice
which time it has continued in the hands
of the houfe of Aulbia. It is feated on
the river Drave, 80 miles w by N of Bel-
grade, and 175 s by E of Vienna. Lon.
19 58 E, lat. 45 4.0 N.
lissEN, a town of Weftphalia, formerly
imperial, but now liibjeft to the abbel's of
Ellen. It is eight miles E of Duifburg.
Lon. 7 4E, lat. 51 a* N,
EssEquEBO. See IssEqyiBO.
Essex, a county of England, 54. miles
long and 48 broad j bounded on the N by
Cambridgelhire and Suffolk, on the E by
the German Ocean, wi the s by Kent,
and on the w by Herts and Middle lex.
It lies in the diocefecT London; contains
18 hundreds, 24 market-towns, and 415
fiarilhes ; and fends eight members to par-
iament.' It poflefles a variety of foil and
face of couniiy. Its s\v part is occupied
principally by the two forefts of Epping
and Hainault ; and is noted for its butter,
vrhich is Ibid at a high price in London,
under the name of Epping-butter. The
Kw part, from Saffron- Walden to Cam-
fejdge, |« |^^<*H!^ ^'^^ ^"^ growth of ia|>
EST
fron, which is almoft peculiar to thit
diltri(^t. Tl\e middle part is a fine cora
country, varied with gcn'le incqu;ilitie»
of furtace, and fprinkled with woods.
The part bordering; on the 'I'hames :umI
the lea, conliiU chiefly of marfhy groimds,
which afford excellent pafturage, }x-t are
deemed unvvhololbme and aguifh. Tha
principal rivers are the Tham^js, Black-
water, Cola, Chelmer, Stour, Crouch*
and Koding. Betide vail (|uantities of
corn of all kinds, abundance of calves
are lent to the London market ; alio wild
fowls, and oylters. The chief niauu-
failme is bays, but that is not lb fiourilh-
ing as formerly. Chelmsford is the
county-town.
Ei TAPLES, a town of France, in the
department of the Straits of Calais and
late province of Boulonnois, feated at the
mouth of the Candies, la miles s of
Boulogne. Lon. 1 56 e, lat. 50 46 n.
EsTAPO, a Itrong town of New Spaioy
feated at the riioitth of the river Tlaluc.
Lon. 103 5 \v, lat. 17 30 n.
EsTE, a town of Italy, in the Padunn,
15 miles £\v of Padua. Lon. xi 44 Ey
lat. 45 55 N.
EsTELLA, an epifcopal town of Snain,
in Navarre, capital of a territory of the
fame name. It is feated on the Ega, 1 5
miles w of Pampeluna. Lon. x o Wt
lat. 42 40 N.
EsTtPA, a town of Spain, in Anda-
lufia, with an ancient caltle, on a moun-
tain, 62 miles N by \v of Malaga. Lon.
4 19 w, lat. 37 16 N.
EsTHONiA, or Revel, a government
of the Ruffian empire, 1 unded on the
w by the Baltic, on the N by the giUf of
Finland, on the e by Ingria, and on the
s by Livonia, After having been long
an object of bloody contention between
the Ruilians,, Poles, and Swedes, it wag
confirmed to the latter by the peace of
Oliva in 1660; but it was liibdued by
Peter the Great, in 17J0, and finally
ceded to Rufila in 1721.
Esthwaite Water, ti lake in Lan-
cafhire, between Hawkflicnd and Winder-
mere Water. It is two miles and a half
in length, ami half a mile broad, inter-
fefled by a peninlwla from each fide, jut-
ting far into the lake. On the banks are
villages and fcattered houfes, fweetly fitu-
ate under woods, and hanging groimds*
clothed with delightful verdure ; all
heightened by the deep Ihade of the
woods, and the Itrong background of
rocky mountains. At the head of a gen-
tle flope, a handlbme modern houle, called
fielmoac> cpnunai^s a delightful view of
-ii.
11
fi
ETA
the lake and its cnviions. The fifh tre
ptkc, perch, eel, and trout } but no char
l» fotui'l in tkU hkc) though it is COA'
ne£leii with Windermere Water.
KiTRAMADUKA, a province of Spain,
175 miles in length, and too in breadth ;
iHHjndcd on the N by Leon and Old Caf-
tilc, on the E by New C'aftile, on the s
by AnHalufia, and on the w by Portugal.
It abounds with corn, wine, and Iruits j
but the air is bad for foreigners, on ac-
count of the excclfive heat. It now
»mkes a part of New Caftile.
tsTRAMADURA, a province of Por-
tugal, lying about the mouth of the Tajo 5
bruiidt-i on the N by Beira, on the E and
» hy /Vjentcio, and on the w by the At-
Jantic Ocean. It abounds with wine,
excellent oil, honey, and oranges. Here
the oranges were firft planted that were
brought from China, and which are known
by the name of China oranges. Lifbon ii>
the ca;)ital.
EsTRAVAYER, a town of Swifierland,
in the canton of Friburg, with a fine
calile, feated on the lake uf Neuchatel.
Loa. 6 56 E, lat. 46 55 N.
EsTREMOs, a town of Portugal, in
Alentejo, divided Into the upper town ami
the lower. The upper is commanded by
a citadel, on the top of a hill, ftrongly
fortiiitd,and furrounded by a large ditch.
The houlVs are white, and the principal
are adorned with fine marble pillars:
there is alio a tower of marble, finely
polifhed. The lower town is the neweft,
and has a large fquare, in the middle of
which is a bafin. An earthen ware is
made here, greatly efteemed for its beauty
and fine Imell. The Portuguele gained
a complete vlclory ovtr don John of
Auftria near tliis place, in 1663. It Is
ieated on the river Terra, which falls
into the Tajo, 1 1; miles w of Badajoz,
and 75 E of Lilbon. Lon. 7 16 w, lat.
3^ 44 N-
EswKCEN, a town of Germany, In the
landgravatc of Hefle-Calicl, 15 miles s£
of CaiFcI. Lon. 10 9 e, lat. 51 11 N.
Eta IN, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Meule and late duchy of Bar,
J 5 miles NE of Verdun. Lon. 5 35 £,
jut. 49 15 N.
- Eta M PES, a town of France, in the
department of Seine and Oife and late
province of the Ifle of France, feated on
the rivvT Loet or Etampes, which abounds
with cravvfilh. It is 15 miles E of Char-
jtres. Lon. 2 io.e, lat. 48 30 N.
Etaya, a town of Hindooftan Proper,
in the province of Agra, fituate on a high
bank ox the Jmiina. Many parts of toe
E T N
bank are 60 feet high, tltc fide* of uhich
confift of whnt in India is called concha,
which is originally fandj hut the con(tant
aliion of the iun, in the dry fealon, forms
it almoft into a vitrification. On the top,
near the river, are the remains of a fort.
The town is large but very wretched,
having but two tolerable houfes. It it
61 miles sc of Agra. Lon. 79 15 E,
lat. 16 43 N.
Ethiopia, a name by which a vaft
region of Afiica has been diftinguiHied
by fome geographers, who have divided
it into Upper and Lower Ethiopia. The
firlt includes the centrical part of Africa*
under the equtnoitial line. The fecond
contains what is now called Nigritia or
Ncgroland. The inland parts of both of
them are very little known to the Eu-
ropeans.
Etilnne, St. a city of FranCe, in
the department of Rhone and Loire and
late province of Forez', remarkable for its
manufadures in iron and (leel, for the
tempering of which lac water of the
brook Eurens, on which it is feated, is
extremely good, fiefide tne manufail:ure
of arms, hardware, and cutlei'y (the molt
confiderable in France) the weaving of
riliands forms a confiderable article of its
commerce. Coal is found in its neigh-
bourhood, and alfo a foft {tone fit for
grindilones. Its mercnandife is conveyed
to Paris, Nantes, and Dunkirk, by the
Loire, which begins to be navigable for
fmall barges at St. Lambero. St. Eti-
enne is 22 miles SE of Fuers, and 260 s
by E of Paris. Lon. 4 30 E, lat» 45
22 N.
Etlingen, an ancient town of Sua-
bia, in the margravate of Baden-Dour-
lach, feated at the confluence of the Wi-
rim and Entz, three miles s of Dourlach.
Lon. 9 30 E, lat. 48 59 N.
Etna, Mount, a volcano of Sicily,
now -called Gibel by the inhabitants. It
is the molt celebrated mountain in Eu-
rope ; 63 miles in circumference at the bafc,
and 10,954 fe^t in height. It is culti-
vated ail round the foot, and covered with
vines on the s fide ; but on the N there
are only large forelts. The top is always
covered with Ihow, though it never ceales
to fmoke, and often fends forth flames.
The cinders, which are thrown out in
fmall quantities, ferve for'manure to the
adjacent lands, but a large torrent does a
great deal of miichief. The firft .rtiption
of Etna, on record, is that mentioned by
Diodorus Siculus, without fixing the pe-
riod when it happened i but the fecond,
recofdfid by TUucyUii^e8> was in tb$ year
EVE
E U P
734 B. C. From this period to the year
1447, there were i8 more eruptions.
After this it ceafed to emit fire near 90
}'f ars. The next w.is in 1536$ others fol-
owed in 1537, 1567, 1603 (wlilch con-
tinued till 1636), 1664 (which continued
14 yeai's) i68i, 16S6, 1693, 1755, »763,
1764, 1766, 1780, and 1787. Of all its
eruptions, that of 1693 was the mod ter-
rible : it was attended with an earth-
quake that overturned the town of Ca-
tania, and buriea 18,000 perfons in its
ruins. It is 10 miles w ot (^atania.
Eton, a town of Bucks, feated on the
Thames, over which is abridgctoWind-
for. It is famous for a fchool and college,
founded by Henry vi j and King'* Col-
lege in Cambridge admits no other ftu-
dcnts for fellows but what have been
brought up here. It is 20 miles w of
London. Lon. o 36 w, lat. 50 30 N.
Etruria, a village in Staffordfliire,
near Newcallle. It is the principal feat
of the potteries in this county, and here
the molt elegant vafes of every ufe and
form are made. Jofiah Wedgewood,
ei'q. was the founder, who died here in
i7ys-
Ettrick, a river in Selkirkfliire,
which rifes from the mountainous region
in the s\v, and having formed a junftion
with the Yarrow, their \mited streams
meet the Tweed, where that river enters
Roxburghfliire. From the woods, for-
merly on tlie banks of this river, the
county obtained the name of Ettrick
Foreft. Ettrick Banks are the fubjeft of
a paltoral Scotch ditty.
Eu, a fcaport of France, in the de-
partment of Lower Seine and late pro-
vioce of Normandy, with a ftrong caitle,
and a handfome fquai-e. The principal
trade is in ferges and lace. It is featrd
in a valley, on the river Brele, 1 5 miles
KE of Dieppe. Lun. i 30 e, lat. 50
3 N.
EvAUX, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Creufc and late province df
Mai'che, 20 miles from Mont La^on.
^on. 2 35 E, lat. 46 13 N.
EvERDjNG, a town of Gentiany, in
the circle of Auiiria, feated on the Da-
i.\ihe, 12 miles w of Lintz. Lon. 13
46 £, lat. 48 19 N.
Ever SHOT, a town in Dorfetfhire,
with a market on Friday, 12 miles NW
pf Dorchefter, and 129 w by sof Loixioh.
LoQ. 2 55 w, lat. 50 52 N.
EvgsHAM, Vale of, a tra^ on tile
banks of the Avon, in the SE part of
Worcefter/hire, celebrated for its fertility
iM¥l beauty. B«il<}«> tiu; uiual object of
agriculture, great quantities of garden-
ftuHf are here grown, and lent to the towns
around to a confiderablc ditiance. In
this vale, Simon de Montfort, earl of
Leiccfter, was defeated and flain, in 1 26 5,
the very year in which, by virtue of his
uliirped authority, that part of the i^ritilh
conltiiution, the houfe of comn-.ons, is
faid to have fuft received its existence.
I'his vale, communicating with the more
extenlive one that borders both lidcs of
the Severn, givva to that, tor no alligu-
aV)le reafon, the lame general name ot the
Vale of Evclham. See Severn, Val«
or.
Evesham, a borough in Worc«<1er.
/hire, with a mailcet on Monday. It has
a manufufrure of itockingi, is govenied
by a mayor, and lends two members to
parliament. It is feated on a gradual al".
cent from the Avon, over which is a Itone
bridge, was formerly noted for its atibcy,
and com '.ins three churches. It is 14
miles SE of VVorcelter, and 95 N\v of
London. Lon. i 45 w, lat. 52 4 n.
EuGUBio, an cpifcopal town of Italy,
in the duchy of Urbino, 35 miles s of
Urbino, and 87 N of Konie. Lon. ij
37 E, lat. 43 18 N.
EviAN, a town of Savoy, in Chablais,
on the s fide of the lake of Geneva, 22
miles Nfi of Geneva. Lon. 6 50 e, lat.
46 21 N.
Evon, an ancient town of Naples,
in Principato Citeriore, 12 miles e of
Salerno. Lon. 15 i6 E, lat. 40 46 n.
. EvoRA, a fortified town of 'ortugal,
capital of Aientejo, with an archlMlliop's
fee, and a univeifity. It is feated in a
country, which, though a little unequal,
is very plcaiant, furrounded on all fides
by mountains, and planted with large
trees of divers forts. It is. 65 miles e
by s of Li(bon. Lon. 7 30 w, lat. 38
28 N.
EuPHEMiA, a feaport of Naples, in
Calabria Ulteriore, feated on a bay, 5^
miles NE of Reggio. Lon. 16 32 e,
lat. 38 44 N.
Euphrates, one of the moft cele-
brated rivers in the world, and the prin-
cipal of Turkey in Afii. It has its rife
near Erzerum, in Armenia, from f.wa
fources that lie to the eaftward, on high
mountains covered with fnow almoft the
year- round. The plain of Erzerum is in-
dofed between thefe two fine ftrearas,
which, when united, are called the Eu-
phrates, or the Frat. After this junc-
tion, it begins to be navigable for boats ;
but the channel is i6 rucicy, that the navi-
gation is nut i\ii%» It firil divides Ar<
il
^1
%
EUR
EXE
m«n'u from NatotIa« then Syria from Dt-
aibcik } after which it runs through Irac-
Arahin, and receive* the Tigris on the
conliius of the Fcrfran province of Ku-
Mm: it then waters BuHurah, and 40
miles SE of it enters the gulf of Pcifia.
It is alio the NT boundaiy of the great
dcfert of Arabia.
EuRF) a department of France, which
includes part ot the late proviincc of Nor-
mandy. It is fo named from a river
which riffs in Pcrchc, in the forclV of
Logny, and fall» into the Seine, above
Pont-d'Arche. Evrcux is the capital.
EuRE and Loire, a department of
France, fo called from the rivers of that
name. It contains the late province of
JBeauce, and its capital is Chartres.
EvREUx, an ancient town of France,
in the department of Eure and late pro-
vince of Normandy, with a bifliop's fee.
It is the capital of the department, and
its cathedral is a handfome ftru^hue.
The trade confilts in com, linen, and
woollen cloth ; and it has a manufa^ure
of cotton velvets, and another of tick.
It is fcated or the river Iton, 25 miles s
of Rouen, and 55 NW of Paris. Lon. i
14. E, lat. 49 I N.
Europe, one of the four general parts
of the world, bounded on the N by the
Frozen Ocean, on the s by the Mcditer-
i-anean, on the w by the Atlantic and
Northern Ocean, and on the e by Afia.
From Cape St. Vincent to the mouth of
the Oby, it is near 3,600 miles in length j
and from Cape Matapan in the Morea,
to the North Cape in Lapland, about
2,200 in breadth. It is much lefs than
either Afia or Africa, but furpaffes them
in many particulars . It is entirely within
the temperate zone, except a fmall part
of Norway and Ruflia j io that there is
neither the exceflive heat, nor the infup-
portable cold, of the other parts of the
continent. It is much more populous,
and better cultivated, than either Afia or
Africa ; is fuller of villages, towns, and
cities, and the buildings are ftronger,
more elegant and commodious. The in-
habitants are all whites, and, for the
molt part, much better made than the
Africans, or even the Afiatics. With re-
gard to arts and firiences, there is no
manner of comparifon j nor yet in trade,
tiavigation, and war. Europe contains
Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Great Bri-
tain, Ireland, France, Germany, Pruffia,
Poland, Spain, Italy, Portugal, Hungary,
Swilfeiland, and part of Ruifia and Tur-
key, befide feveral {(lands in the Medi-
tcxrancan, and dl'ewkere. The languages
are the Italian, French, Spanlfh, and Por-
tuguefc, wliich arc dialects of the Latin j
the German, Flcmilh, Dutch, SwcdUh,
Danifh, and Engiifh, which procev.'d Irom
the Teutonic j the Sclavonian, which
reigns (though in difguifi) in Poland,
Ruifia, Bohemia, and a great part of Tur-
key in Europe } the Celtic, of which
there arc diaUi^s in Wales, the Highlands
of Scotland, Ireland, Bretagne in France,
and Lapland ; the mejirn Greek, and
feveral others. The principal rivers arc,
the Danube, Dnitllcr, Dnjcptr, VKtula,
Volga, Dwina, Bog, Oby, Don, Sclield,
Rhine, Rhone, Seme, Loire, Garonne,
Groyne, Tajo, Thames, and Severn. The
principal lakes are thofc of Ccnftance,
Geneva, Laufanne, Wcnner, Ladoga, and
Onega. The chief mountains are the
Alps, Appennines, and Pyrenees. The
prevailing religion is the Chriltian, di-
vided into the Greek, Koinifh, and pro-
teftant churches. There are alio Jews
in every country, and Mahometanifm is
the eltabliftied religion of the Turks.
EuSTATiA, St. one of the Icaftof the
Lteward Illands in the W Indies. It Is
a mountain in the form of a fugar-loaf,
whofe ton is hollow, and lies to the Nw
of St. Chriltopher. It has a good fort,
and belongs to the Dutch, from whom it
was taken by the Engiifh, in 1781 ; but
was foon after taken by the French, and
reltored to the Dutch in 1783. Lon. 63
10 w, lat. 17 29 N.
EuTiM, a town of HoKlein, with a
caftle, where the bilhop of Lubec refides.
It is feven miles from Lubec.
EwEL, a town in Surry, with a mar-
ket on Thurfilay, feated on a rivulet which
empties itfelf into the Thames, at King-
fton. It Is 10 miles nne of Darking, and
13 ssE of London. Loa. o 15 w, lat,
51 2i N.
Ex, ;> river, which rlfes in the foreft of
Exmoor, in Somcrfetfhire, and leaving
that county, below Dulverton, runs to
Tiverton, Exeter, and Toplham, from
whence it forms an eftuary, which ter-
minates in the Englilh Channel, at £x-
mouth.
Exeter, a city of Devonlhire, with a
market on Wednefday and Friday, feated
on the Ex, over which is a handfome
ftone bridge. It was formerly the feat
of the W Saxon kings, who refided in the
caftle, and is encompalTed with a wall, in
which are fix gates, in good repair. With
its fuburbs, it contains 15 churches, an4
four chapels of eafe, befide the cathedral^
which is a magnificent fabric. Ships of
burdqi formerly cjMuo up to this city y
lony.ljVfeft i >
/
\>
mm
l. . i ■ -tT.
mStm
A ^P«Kfi»i w4*-»
t
I
E Y S
F A L
))}.it the navigation was almoft deftroyed
by Henry Courtney, carl of Devon, and,
though repaired, could not be reltored to
its tormer ftatc. Its port, therefore, is
at Topfliam, five miles below. It has
13 companies of" tradelhr n, a manufac-
ture of I'ergcs and other woollen goods,
an extenfive foreign and domeftic com-
merce, and a fhare in the fiftieries of New-
foundland and Greenland. It is governed
by a mayor> fends two members to par-
liament, and is 68 miles sw of Briftol, and
173 w by s of London. Lon. 3 33 w^
<at. 50 44. N.
Exeter, a town of N Carolina, on
the NE branch of Cape Fear River, 30
miles N of Wilmington.
Exeter, a town of New Hampfliire,
on Exeter River, with a good harbour,
15 miles sw of Portfinouth.
ExiLLES, a ftrong fort of France, In
ihe department of the Upper Alps and
»ate province of Dauphiny . It was taken
l>y the duke of Savoy in 1708, but re-
Itored by the treaty of Utrecht. It is an
important paflTage, fix miles w of Suza,
iuid 40 NE of Embriin.
ExMOOR, a fbrelt in Somcrfelfliire, in
the Nw corner of that county, extending
thence into Devonftiire.
ExMOUTH, a village in Devonfhire,
on the E fide of the bay which fonns the
mouth of the river Ex, 10 miles s by e
of Exeter. It is much frequented for
the benefit of fea-bathing.
Eye, a borough in Suffolk, with a
market on Saturday. It fends two mem-
bers to parliament, and has the ruins of a
(caJlle and a Benediiline abbty. The
woaicn are employed in making bone-
hxe It is 20 miles N of Ipfwich, and
;t ?.'}:. of London. Lon. i 10 E, lat. 52
I. ^" , a river, \vliicli riies In the Nvv of
Bu- ckihire, and falls into the Britllh
Ocean, iis: Eyeinouth,
Eyemouth, a feaport in Berwlck-
fliire, at the mouth of the Eye, nine miles
N by w of .' I wick. Lon. 1 50 w, lat.
55 51 N.
Eyesdale, a fmall ifland on the coaft
of Argylelhire, to the SE of Mull. It is
noted tor its Hate quarries.
Eyndhove'n, a tov.n of Dutch Bra-
bant, in the diftriiJl of Bais-le-Duc, at the
c( .ifl'i.ence of the Eynds and Dommel, 13
miles SE of Bois-le-Duc. Lon. 5 26 e,
lat. 51 31 N.
Eysoch, a river of the blflioprlc of
Bri\cn, which waters the town of tiiat
name, and fiills intg the Adige bvl»w
Mciun.
F.
FABRIANO, a town of Italy, In the
marquifate of Ancona, famous for itd
f;ood paper. It is 25 miles ne of Fo>-
igni. Lon. 12 32 E, lat. 43 10 n.
Faenza, an ancient town of Italy, in
Romagna, with a bifhop's fee. It is
famous for fine earthen ware, invented
here ; and is feated on the river Aniona, 1 2.
miles sw of Ravenna.
Fahlun, a town of Sweden, capital
of Dalecarlia, fituate in the midft of rocks
and hills, between the lakes of Run and
Warpen. Il contains two churthes, and
(including the miners) 7000 inhabitants,
whofe houfes are generally of wood, two
ftories high. The copper mine, which
gives exifttnce and celebrity to the town,
IS on its e fide. It is 30 miles NW of
Hedemora. Lon. 16 4,2 e, lat. 60 34 N.
Fairfield, a town of Conn-;«Sicut,
feated near the fea, 100 miles sw of Boi-
ton. Lon. 73 30 w, lat. 41 li N.
Fairford, a town in Gioucelterlhire,
with a market on Thuriday. The church
was built, in the time of Heniy vii, by-
John Fenn, a merchant of London, for
the fake of the glafs, taken in a lliip go-
ing to Rome. It has 28 large windows,
curioufly painted with fcripture hiftories,
in beautiful colours, and defigned by luc
famous Albert Durer. It is feated on
the Cohi, 25 miles se of Glo\icelter, and
80 w by N of London. Lon, i 44 w,
lat. 51 40 N.
Fair Islc, an iiland of the Northern
Ocean, between Shetland and Orkney,
from both whicli its high towering rocks
are vifible. On t!ie e Tide, the duke of
Medina SiJouia, admiral of the Spanifli
armada, was wivcked in 158S.
Faisans, an iihind in tlic river Bi-
daifoa, which i'eparates FruK'-e from Spain.
It is alio called flie Ille of Uonfcronce,
btcaule Lewis XIV and Philip IV here
fwore to obli:i-ve the peace lA the Py-
renees, in 1660, after 24 coii.ftier.ces be-
tween ihtir minifttrs. Hew. alio the hof-
tagcs of France and bpain are received and
delivered, it being confidered aj a ntuuiil
place. It is fituate between Andaye
and Fftutarabia. Lon. 1 46 w, lat. 43
20 N.
Fakenham, a town in Norfolk, with
a market en Thuriday, fituate on a hill,
20 miles NW of Norwich, and 110 N;>*K
of London. Lon. o 58 E, lat. 52 53 .n.
Falaise, a town of France, iu the
d«partm;nt oi:'C»lv»dos fZ'^i late pro vir/.e
I'll
•: I
li'
MMMfei
^^ -
'(f ■<
F A L
FAR
of Norman(1y, with a caflle, and one of
the finclt towers in Friinre. It is re-
11.21 k;ibic to\ being the hii tiiplace of Wil-
liam tlie Conqutror. It liaa a good trade
in Ihgts, linen, and lacej and its fair,
whicli begins on Augiift i6, is the molt
famous in France, next to that of Btau-
caire. It is leattd on the river Ante,
4o miles se of Caen, and 115 w of
Paris. Lon. o z w, lat.4.f< 53 N.
FALKtNBf.f^, a leaport ot Sweden, on
the Baltic, 17 miles NW of Helmfiadt.
Lon. 12 50 E, lat. 56 51 N.
FALKENBURf:, a (h'ong tovrn of Ger-
many, in the new mruche of Brandtn-
biirg, leated on the river Trajc, 60
miies E of Stetin. Lon. 15 58 u, lat.
S3 35 N-
FALKiNGif^M, afown in Linrobifhire,
with a market on Thurlday, i3 miles w
by s of Bolton, and 10.^ N of London.
Lon. o 20 w, lat. 5Z 4.8 n.
Falkirk, a town m Stirlinn^are,
chiefly lupported by the great mavif" >
for Highland cattle, c;il!ed Try Its, wl:
are held in its ncighhoufhood thrice u
year: 15,000 head of cattle are fomc-
times fold at one tryft : thcfc, for the
moft part, are lent to England, and fat-
tened for the butcher. Here, in 1746,
the rebels defeated the king's forces. It
is nine miles s of Stirling. Lon. 4. 5S w,
lat. 55 57 N.
FalklawO, a borough in Fifefhire,
at the foot of one of the beaiuiful green
hills called the Lomonds. Here are the
magnificent ruins of a royal palace, lb me
apartmonts of which are Itill inhabited.
Falkland has lonie linen manufacture, but
its inhabitants are chieHy employed in
agriculture. It is 20 miles N of Edin-
burgh. Lon. 3 7 w, lat. 56 18 N.
Falkland Islands, near the ftralts
of Magellan, in S America, dil'covertd
by fir Richard Hawkins, in 1594. In
1764, conimcxlore Byron was Tent to take
poffeflTion of them, and he made a fetrle-
mtnt on a part whicn he called Port Eg •
raont. In 1770, the Spaniards forcluTy
dirpolTefled the Englirti, which produced
an armament on the part of the Britilh
court i but the affair was fettled by a
convention, and the Englilh regained
poflellion : however, in 1774, it was
abandoned. Lon. 60° w, lat. 52° s.
Falmouth, a corporate town and
feaport in Cornwall,' vith a market on
ThuriUay. It has 21 very noble and ex-
tenfivc harbour, communicnting with a
rumber of navigable creeks ; and its en-
trance is defejid^'d by the tattles of St.
Nlawe9 and Pcndennis. It is governed
by a mayor ; and is a town of great
traffic, much improved by its being the
Ifaticn of the packets to Spain, Portugal,
and America. It is 10 miles s of Tfuro,
and 268 wsw of London. Lon. 5 2 w,
lat. 50 8 N.
Falmouth, a town of Virginia, on
the river Rappahannoc.
False Bay, a bay E of the Cape of
Good Hope, freij lented during the pre-
valence of the NW winds hi May. Lon.
18 3:5 E, lat. 34 10 s.
False, Cape, e of the Cape of Good
Hope. Lon. 18 44 E, lat. 34 16 s.
Falster, a little illand of Denmark,
near the entrance of the Baltic, between
the! iilands of Zealand, Laland, and Mona.
Nikoping is the capital. ^
Fa M act; ST A, a town in the iflind of
Cypi us, with a Greek bifhop's fee, and a
harboxir, defended by two forts. It was
taken by the Tiuks, in 1570, after a
liege of fix months, when they flayed the
Venetian govemor alive, and murdered
'le inhabitants, though they furrendered
m honorable terms. It is 61 miles Nfi
of Nicoiia. Lon. 35 55 E, lat. 35 ion.
Famine, Port, a fortrefr-, on the
NE coaft of the ttraitsof Magellan. Here
a Spanllh garrifon perifhed for want j
fince which it has been neglefted. Lon.
70 20 w, lat. 55 44 s.
Fanano, a town of Italy, in the Mo-
denefe, 25 miles s of Modena. Lon. 11
iS E, lat. 44 10 N.
Fa NO, a town of Italy, in the duchy
of Urbino, with a bifliop's fee. Here
are an ancient tr.ump^hal arch, handfome
churches, and fine palaces. It is Ifeated
on the gulf of Venice, eight miles SE of
Pefaro. Lon. 13 5 E, lat. 43 46 N.
Fa NT IN, a fmall but populous king-
dom of Airica, on the Gold Coalt of Gui-
nea, where the Englifli and Dutch have
forts. Its palm -wine is much better and
Itrynger than that in other parts of the
coait. 'I'he principal village has the
fanie name.
Far EH AM, a town in Hamplhire, with
a market on WednelUay, 12 miles E of
Southampton, and 74 w by s of London,
Lon. I 6 \v, lit. 50 53 N.
Farewell, Cape, the moft foutherly
promontory of Greenland, at the entrance
of Davis' Straitj Lon. 42 42 w, lat. 59
38 N.
Farewell, Cape, a promontory of
the illand of New Zealand. Lon, 171^
41 e, lat. 40 37 s.
Faroe AU, Sr, an ancient town of
France, in the department of Yonne and
late province of Burgundy, with a caltle,
FAR
F E L
10 miles sE cf Briare, and Bi s of Paris.
I.on. 3 S K, lat. 47 40 N.
Farnham, a town in Surrj', with a
njaiktt on Thurlilay. It h:is a caltle,
fituBtc ou ;m eminence, vvlifie the bifhop
of Winchelhtr ufually refuks. It is one
of the greateft wheat markets in Eng-
land, and the fine hops, grown in plan-
tations round it, bear a nmch grf ater price
than thofe of Kent. It is ftrited on the
Wye, II miles \v of Guildford, and 39
wswofi idon. Lou. o 46 \v, lat. 51
16 N.
Faro, a feapovt of Portugal, in Al-
farva, on the gulf of Cadiz, with a
i (hop's fee, ao milws sw of Tavira.
Lon. 7 48 w, lat. 36 54 N.
Faro, Farro, or Feroe Islan&s,
a clufter of fmall illands in the Northern
Ocean, between 5 and 8° w Ion. and 61
tnd 63° N lat. They are fubjeft to Den-
mark . Seventeen are habitable, each of
which is a lofty mountain, divided from
the others by deep and lapid currents.
Some of them are deeply indented with
fecure harbours, all of them fteep, and
molt of them faced with tremendous pre-
cipices. The furface confifts of a Ihallow
foil of remarkable fertility ; producing
plenty of barley, and fine grafs for /beep.
No trees above the fize ot a juniper, or
ftunfed willow, will grow herej nor are
any quadrupeds to be leeii except the rtieep,
and rats and mice, originally el'caped
from (hips. Vait quantities of feafowls
frequent the rocks, and tke taking of
them furnifiies a perilous employment for
the Lithabitants. The exports are iahvd
mutton, tallow, goofe-quills, feathers,
eider-down, knit woollen waiitcoatSij caps,
and Ibckings. To the s of thefe iilaiids
is a confiderable whirlpool.
Faro of Messina, the ftralt between
Italy and Siciiy, remarkable for having
the tide ebb and flow every fix hours, with
great rapidity, though it is but leven
miles over. It is ib named, from the
faro, or lighthoufe, on Cape Faro, and its
vicinity to Meflina.
Farringdon, a town in Berks, with
a market on Tuefday, feated on an emi-
nence, near the Thames, 18 miles w of
Oxford, and 50 w by N of London. Lon.
I 27 w, lat. 51 44 N.
Farsistan, a province of Perfia,
bounded on the e by Kerman, on the N
by Irac-Agemi, on the w by Kufiftan,
and on the s by the gulf of Perha. It is
vei-y fertile, and famous for its ey.celLnt
wintS, called the Wines of Schiras, the
capital of thi$ province. Hvre Aie the
nuns of Perfcpolis, perhaps the luoft mag-
nificent in the world.
Farlacic, a towji of Arabia Fdlx, at
the fcot of a cape of t^ ■ fame iiiune. Lon.
51 25 E, lat. 15 55 •
FattipouR, a to.'. 11 o( Hindocftm
Proper, in the province of Agra, wjiej*
the emperors of Ilindooltaii, wheii in the
zenith of their power, had a palace. It
is 25 miles \v of Agra. Lon. 77 43 E,
lat. 27 22 N.>
Favagnana, a fmall ifian-J, 15 miles
in compafs, on tlie w fide of Sicily,
with a fort. Lon. is 25 e, lat. 38
i6 N.
FAuquEMONT, or Valkenburg, s
to- /n of Dutch Limbtu-g, on th^- river
Geule, fcven miles e of Maeftricht. Lon.
5 50 E, lat. 50 52 N.
Fayal, one of the Azores, or Weibrn
Ifiands, which fuffered greatly by an
earthquake, in 1764. Its capital is Villa
do Horta.
Fayence, a town of France, it» the
depaitment of Var and late province of
Provence, near the river Biafon, 10 miles
WofGraffe. Lon. 6 44. E, lat. 43 38 N.
Fayette, a county of Kentucky,
bounded on the N by the Ohio, on the
E by Bourbon county, and en the sw by
the river Kentucky. Lexington is the
capital.
Fayette, a county of Pennfylvania,
37 miles long and 33 broad. In 1790,
it contained 13,325 inhabitants. Union
is the capital.
Fayetteville, a town of N Caro-
lina, on the Nw bnmch of Cape Fear
River, 90 miles nw of Wilmington,
to wiiich that river is navigable for
boats.
P'ear, Cape, a cape of N Carolina,
remarkable for a dangerous fhoal, calle*!,
from its fonn, the Frying Pan. This
fiioal lies at the entrance of Cape Fear
River, which is forme<i by two branches,
called the nw and ne branches. Theie
unite above Wihnington, and fall into the
Atlantic, below Bruniwick. Lon. 77
35 w, lat. 33 40 N.
Fecamp, an ancient feaport of France,
in the department of Lower Seine and
late province of Normandy. It had lately
a Benedictine abbe}', remarkable for its
opulence and great privileges. The
church is one of the largeft ii France.
Fecamp is 24 miles ne of Havre-de-,
Grace. Lon. o 23 i:, lat. 49 37 N.
*• FELDiliRCllF, a trading to svn of Ger-
many, capital of a county of the fanu:
lyimc, in l^yi. It is isated oa the rivifi*
'I m
if
immtm
F E R
F E R
R I
U !
V I
y i
IHi near its entrance into the Rhine, 1 5
xdiles E of Appinzcl. Lon. ;. 49 £. h*.
47 10 N.
Felletin, a town of Fiance, in the
department of Creufe and late province
of Marcc, noted fur its manutaLi6\ure of
tapeftry.
Fellen, a town in the Ruflian go-
vernment of Riga, feated on a river of
the lianie name, 6z miles se of Kevd.
Lon. 24 5 E, bt. 58 22 N.
Feltri, an epilcopal town of Italy,
in the Trevifano, capital of a diltii(!:t of
the lame name. It is leateJ on tlic Afo-
lia, 40 miles N of Fudua. Lon. 11 55 E,
lat. 46 3 N.
Femeren, a fertile ifland of Denmark,
in the Baltic, three miles from the coalt
of Holftein.
Fenestrelle, a town and fort of
Piedmont, in the valley of the Vaudois.
It was taken by the duke of Savoy, from
tlie French, in 1708, and ceded to him by
the treaty of Utrecht. It is 18 miles w
of Tmin. Lon 7 ai e, lat. 45 ion.
Feu A DAD, a town of Pcriia, in the
province of MazanJeran, feated among
the mountains which bound the Calpian
Sea to the s, and 12 miles from it.
Shah- Abbas otten fpent his winters here.
It is 130 miles w of Altrabad. Lon. 53
SI E, lat. 37 14 N.
Ferabad, a town of Perfia, two miles
from lipahan, and extending aimoft three
miles along the banks of the Zendcroad.
It wus built by Siiah-Abbas, who brought
the Armenians here from the preceding
town, after they had revolted from the
Turks.
Fere, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Aifne and late province of
Picardy, famous for its powder-mill, and
Jfchool of artillery. Near tliis town is the
*.altle of St. Gobin, famous for its n^anu-
fa6ture of fine plnte-glafs. Fere is ieated
at the coiitiuence of the Serre and Oife,
ao iniL-s N of Soiilbns, and 75 ne. of Pa-
ris. Lon. 3 25 f, bt. 49 29 N.
Ferbntino, or Fiorento, an epif-
copai town of Italy, in Campagnadi i<u-
ma, leattd on a mountain, 44 miles se
of Rome. Lon. 13 27 e, lat. 41 46 N.
Fermanagh, a county of Ireland, in
the provincL'of Ulfter, 38 miles in kngth,
and 23 in breadth} bounded on the N by
Donegal antl Tyrone, on the E by Ty-
rone and Monaghan, on the s by Cavan
and, I.eilrim, and on the w by Leitrini.
It contains 19 pariihes, and lt:nds four
nirnibtts to parliament. Inniikilling'is
;he capital/
FfiRMO, an ai\cient to.vn of Italy, in
the marqnifate of Ancona, with an arct»-
bilhop's lee. It is Itjated near the gulf
of Venice, 17 miles se of Macerata.
Lon. 13 50 E, lat. 43 7 N.
Fernando Noronha, an idand near
the coalt of Brafil, fubje^H to the Portu-
guefe. Lon. 32 33 w, lat. 3 56 s.
Fernando Po, an ifland of Africa,
25 miles w of the coalt of Benin. It is
30 miles long, and 20 broad. Lon. 3
3 E, lat. 3 6 N.
Feroe Islands. See Faro.
Ferrara, a city of Italy, capital of
a duchy of the lame name, with a bilhop's
fee. Its magnificent Itreets, and number
of fine buildings, eyince that it was for-
merly a flourilhing place, but the pre-
fent inhabitants are tew in proportion tu
its extent, and bear every mark of po-
^ crty. They I'etain an old privilege of
wearing fwords by their fide, which ex-
tends to the lowelt mechanics, who ftnit
about vvith great dignity. Fencing is the
only icience in a flourilhing condition in
this town, which furniihes all Italy with
fkilful fencing-mafters. It was famous
formerly for a manufafture of Iword-
blades. In the Benediftine church, Ari-
olto the poet is interred. Ferrara was
taken by the French in July 1796. It i*
feated on the Po, 25 miles ne of Bologna.
Lon. II 41 E, lat. 44 54 N.
Ferrara, or the FERRARESE,aducViy
of Italy, in the territory of the Church,
bounded on the N by the Polefino di Ro-
vigno, on the w by the Mantuan, on the
s by the Bolognefe and Romagna, and
on the E by the gulf of Venice. It had
its own dukes till 1597, when pope Cle-
ment viii united it to the apoftolic cham-
ber. Since that time it has been aimoft
all uncultivated, though it was one of the
fineft countries in Italy. The air is un-
wholeibme, on account of the marflies,
and the inhabitants are too few to drain
them. Ferrara is the capital.
Ferrendjna, a town of Naples, in
Bafdicata, near the rivei' Bafiant©, 25
miles s\v of Matera. Lon. 16 34 E,
lat. 40 40 n.
Ferro, or HiERO, one of the Canary
Iflands, from the w extremity of which
ieveral geographers have reckoned their
fir(t meridian. It is a dry and barren
Ipot, artbrdlniy no water except what is
I'upplled by ttie fomitain-tree, which dif-
tiis water trom its leaves, in fuch plenty,
as ,to anlwer all the purpofes of the in-
habUants. Lon. 17 46 vv, lat. 47 47 N.
f^EHROL, a feaport of Spain, in Ga-
licia, on a bay of the Atlanti<;. Its har-
boiur is one ot the belt in Europe, for th«
FEZ
FEZ
PO'.
in
as
4 E.
▼efleU lie Me from all winds; and here
the Spanifli fquadrons frequently rcpdva-
vous in time of wai-. It is 20 mile* NE
of Corunna, and 65 w of Kivade*. Lon.
8 4 w, lat. 43 30 N.
erte-Alais, a town of France, in
tiles, and tbe wcod-'vork and c.illnf^
are carved, painted, and gilt. The
roof's are flat, and they ilcep thereon in
the iiiinmer. There is a court to every
houle, in which are fquare- in:u ble bafins.
Here ar;; two colleges for Itudenta, finely
t) e department of Seine and Oilie and built of iv.arble ai)d adorned with paint-
late province of the Ilk of France, 1^ ingu : one of thefc hais 100 rooms, and
miles s of Paris. Lon. i iT.F-jlat.^S 30 W- tl<e JkIcs ait adorned vvith marble pillars
F£Rte-B;:rnard, a town of France, of varioufj cvlours, whofe capitals are
in the depaitment of Sarte and Lite prq- gilt, and the roof glitters with gold,
vince of Ntaine, feated on the Huifne, ao .i/uru, anl purpJe. ,: Here arc many hof-
miles NEofMans. Lon. o 39E,lat. 488N. pitals, and above 100 public baths>
Feversham, a feaport in Kent, on a many of which are (lately itruflures.
creek of the Med way, much frequented Ali the nades live' in a f«parate part of
by iliuiU veflels. It , is a jneml>er of the the city.}, and the exchange, full of all
.port of Dover, and governed by a. mayor, forts ot rich merchaiKlile, is as large as a
It has a market on Wednefday and Sa- imull town. The gardens are beautiful,
turday j is famous for the belt oylters and full of all kind* of fragrant flowers
for laying in flews } and has feveral gun- and ihrubs, fo that the city, in general,
powder'nuils in it:> neighbourhood. Here is a Ibrt of terrefirial paradife. The
are the remains of a Iwtely abbey, built inhabitants! are clothed like the Turks t
by king Stephen, who was interred in it, the ladies drei's is very expenfive in th«
vrith his Queen and fon ; and here James ii winter; but in, the fummer, they wear
attempted to embark, after the fuccefs of nothing but a fhift. Fez is the centre of
the prince of Orange, but was flopped by the tfade of this empire; and hence' cara-
the populace, and conveyed back to Lon- vans go to Mecca, carrying ready-mad*
don. Feverfhan)is nine miles vv cf Can- garments. Cordovan leathei*, indigo, oik-
terbury, and 48 £ by s of London. Lon. chineal, ^nd oibich feathers, for wkich
o 55 £, lat. 51 22 N. ' they bring in return iilks, muilios, and
Feurs, an ancient town of France, drugs. Other caravans go to Tombu^too*
in thedepartinentof Rhone and Loire and and the river Niger; one of which coa-
late province of Forez, feated on the Loire, fifts of 20,000 men. They travel over
23 miles sw of Lyons. f'uch dry barren deferts, that every other
Fez, a ki?;gdom of Barbary, 125 milps camel carried water. Their conunoditici
in length and breadth; bounded on the ai'e faltj-c^wifies, wrought filk, Britiih
w by the Atlantic Ocean, on the n by cloth, and the woollen manufactures of
the Mediterranean Sea, on the E by Al- Barbary. Here aic a great number of
giers, and on the s by Morocco and Ta- Jews, who have handfome fyhagogues j
nlet. The air is temperate and whole- but the bulk of the inhabitants are MpoilK,
foine, and the country full of mountains, of a tawny complexion. Fez is 160 miles
particularly to the w and s, where s of Gibraltar, and 250 NE of Morocco*
Mount Atlas lies; but it is populous and Lon. 5 5 w, lat. 33 40 N.
fertile, producing^itrons, lemons, oranges, Fezzan, a kingdom of Africa, bound-
dates, almonds, olives, figs, raifmS, lugar, ed on the N by Tripoli, on the t by de-
heney, flax, cotton, pi^ch, and corn in I'erts that divide it Irgm Egypt, on the 3
abundance. The inlnbitants breed ca- i>y Bornou, and on the w by the defents
mels, beeves, fljeep, and the fineft horfes of Zahara, lying between 25 and 3o9.k
in Barbary. lat. It is ao extenfive plain, encompalTed
Fez, the capital of the kingdom of by mountains, except to the w; and to
Fez, and one of the largeft cities in Af- the influence of thefe heights it may be
rica. It is conipofed of three towns, owing, that here, as well as ia Uppec
called Beleyde, Old Fez, and New Fez. ^ "''" ' ' ^. .
Old Fez is the molt confiderabk, and
contains about 80,000 inhabitants. The
palaces are magnificent, and there are -700
mofques, 50 of which arc very conllder-
able, adorned with marble pillars, and
other ornaments. The houies are built
of brick or Itone, and adorned with mo-
laic work : thofe of brick are ornamented
with glazing and (olouit, ivk« Putch
Egypt, no rain Is ever known. Though
the charafter of the I'urface (which, ia
general, is a light fand) and the want of
rain, may feem to announce fterility, yet
the fprings are lb abundant, tjhat few of
the regions in the N of Afrlc^ exhibit a
richer vegetation. From wells of .eight
or 10 feet deep, with feveral of which
every garden ana '^eld is fumifhed, the
Jiw&aBdiBan wat«s the natural or artifi*
I
m
I
'i (f
I
FEZ
F I F
cul produflions of his land; among
which are the date tree, the olive, lime,
apricot, pomegranate, fig, Indian com
and barley, wheat, pompions or calabafh,
carrots, cucumbers, onions, and garlic.
Among the tame animaU are the iheep,
cow,, goat, camel, and a fpecies of the do-
'meftic fow! of Europe. The wild ani-
mals . are the oitrich, and antelopes of
various kinds ; one of which it> called the
huaddee, and is celebrated for the fingu-
lar addrefs with which, when chafed by
the hunters, amid its craggy heights, it
plunges from the precipice, and lighting
on its hams, without danger of purfuit,
continues till evening in the vale below.
The heat of the climate from April to
.November, is fo intente, that from nine
'in the morning to fnnlet, the ftreets arr
frequented by the labouring people only j
^and, even in the honles, reipiration would
^bediflicult, but for the expedient of wei-
.ting the rooms i from May to the end of
Anguil, when the wind is ufually from
the SE to the sw, the heat is often fuch
-as to threaten initant fuHbcation} but if
titchansreto the w or Nw, a reviving
iireflmefs immediately fucceeds. But na-
rture and cuitom have formed their confti-
. tution to fuch high degrees of heat, that
. any approach to the common temparament
of £urupe entirely dettroys their comfdrt.
A multitude ot noxious animals infeft
the country: adders, fna ices, fcorpions,
rand toads, are the conftant inhabitants of
the fields, gardens, and hoafes; the air
■is crowded with molqiiitos ; and perfbns
©f every rank are overrun with the dif-
- ferent kinds of vermin that attack the
beggars of Europe, The towns are
i chiefly inhabited' by hulbandmen and
ihepherdsj for, though they alfo contain
the merchants, artificers, minifters of re-
-liglon, and officers of government, yet
-agriculture and pafturage are the principal
'Occupations. The houll-s are ouilt of
. JClay, with a flat rOof compofed of boughs
: of tries, on which a-quantity of earth is
laid. The natives are of a deep fwarthy
complexion; their hair a fliort curly black,
their lips thick, their nofes flat and broad,
and their fliin emitting a veiy fetid ef-
fluvia: they are tall, and well-lhapedj
but weakly, indolent, and inaftive. Their
drefs is fimilar to that of the Moors of
Barbary. In their common intercourfe,
all diftinftions ol rank feem forgotten :
the ftie. it (or governor) and the loweft
pie '-w, the rich and the poor, the matter
una- cht lervant, <onverfe familiarly, and
eat and drink together. Generous and
hofpiiable, let his fare b« fcaaty or abun-
dant, the Fezzanner is deiirous that otheri
fhould partake ot it; and if lo perfons
were unexpectedly to vifit his dwelling,
they mull aU participate as far as it will
go. When they fettle their money tranf-
a6lions, they fquat upon the ground, and
having levelled a fpot with their hands,
make dots as they reckon : if they are
wrong, they fmooth the fpot again, and
repeat the calculation. Even the byftand-
ers are »s eager to correft miftakes as if
the affair were their own. Gold duft
conititutes the chief medium of payment ;
and value, in that medium, is always ex-
pi-efled by weight. In religion, they arc
rigid, but not intolerant Mahometans.
Tile government is monarchical; but its
powers are adminiftered with fuch regard
to the happinefs of the people, the rights
of property arc fo revered, the taxes fo
moderate, and juftice is direfled by fuch
a firm, yet temperate hand, that the
people are ardently attached to their fove-
reign. Mourzook is the capital.
FiANO, a town of Italy, in the patri-
mony of St. Peter, feated on the Tiber,
1 5 miles n of Rome.
FiANONA, a town of Venetian Iftria,
feated on the gulf of Caniero, 17 niiles N
of Pola.
FiAscONE, anepifcopal town of Italy,
in the territory of the church, noted tor
fine mufcadine wine. It is feated on a
mountain near Lake Boliena, la miles
Nw of Viterbo. Lon. la 13 e, lat. 4a
34 N.
FiCHCRVLOLO, a fortified town of
Italy, in the Ferrarefe, feated on the Po»
I a miles w of Ferraia. Lon. ix 31 E,
lat. 45 6 N.
FiERANZUOLO, a town of Italy, in
the Parmefan, 10 miles S£ of Placentia.
Lon. 9 44 E, lat. 44 59 N.
FiBZOLi, an ancient town of Italy, In
the Florentine, with a bifliop's fee, five
miles NE of Florence. Lon. 11 11 £,
lat. 43 49 N.
FiFESHiRE, a county of Scotland, 50
miles long, and 1 6 In its greateft breadtli ;
bounded on the N by the frith of Tay, on
the E by the Britlfh Ocean, on the s by
the frith of Forth, and on the w by the
cc^unties of Kinrofs, Perth, and Clack-
mannan. It is fo populous, that except-
ing the environs of London, fcarce one
in S Britain can vie with it ; fertile in
foil ; abundant in cattle ; happy in col-
lieries, in iron, in lime, and freeftone ;
blelTed in manufactures ; the property
remarkably well-divided ; none ini'ult-
ingly powerful to diftrefs, and often de-
populate a country} nutSt of the i'oitunc(
^-■^i
F IN
F I U
>wn of
the Po,
31 E,
:aly, in
:e, five
II Kf
i
•f a uffful mediocrity. The number of
towns is almoft unparnlleled in an equal
trait of coaft j for the whole (hore, from
C'luil to Culrofs, about 40 miles, is one
continued chain of towns and villages.
Cupar is the county-town.
FiGARi, a feaport of Corfica, at the
mouth of a river of the fame name, ax
miles WNW of Bonifacio.
FiCEAC, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Lot and lute piovince of
Querci. It had recently a rich Benedic-
tine abbey, founded in 755, and Itcula-
rized in 1556. It is feated on the Selle,
^^ miles E of Cahors, and 270 s of Pai'is.
Lon. I 58 E, lat. 44 32 N.
FicuEiRO-DOs-ViNHOS, a town of
Portugal, in Eitramadura, feated among
mountains, near the river Zizere, and re-
markable for excellent wine. It is 22
miles N of Tomar. Lon. 7 45 w, lat.
39 49 N.
FiGUERASjor St. Fernando-de-Fi-
CUERAS, a (trong and important fortrefs
of Spain, in Catalonia, 10 miles nw of
Rofes. It fuirendcred to the French in
1794, without firing a ftiot. Lor. 2 46
£, lat. 42 18 N.
FiLLECK, a town of Hungary, in the
county of Novigrad, feated on the Ipol,
io miles from Agria. Lon. 19 8 E, lat.
48 24 N.
Final, a town of Italy, on the coa<l
of Genoa, with a ftrr .g citadel, two f«rts,
and a caftle. It was fold to the Genoefe,
by the emperor Charles vi, in 171 3 j and
is 30 miles sw of Genoa. Lon. 8 0 E,
lat. 44 14 N.
Finale, a town of Italy, in the Mo-
denefe. It has been often taken and re-
taken; the lait time by the French in
Nov. 1795. It is feated on an ifiand
formed by the river Panaro, 22 miles
HE of Modena. Lon. 11 25 E, lat. 44
46 N.
FiNDHORN, a filhing town in Murray-
fliire, at the mouth of a bay of the fame
name, with a tolerable harbour. It is
17 miles w by N of Elgin. Lon. 3 40
W, lat. 57 45 N.
FiNDMORN,a river of Scotland, which
rifes in Invemeisfliire, and croifing Nairne-
fliire and the Nv/ corner of Murray-
ihire, forms a bay, to which it gives
name, and which opens into the frith of
Murray, at the town of Findhom,
F1NI6TERRE, Cape, the nioft weftem
cape, not only of Spain, but of Europe.
It was thought, by the ancients, to have
no country beyond it, and therefore they
gave it a name which fignifies the Land's
lad. Lon. 9 17 W; .Ut< 4^ ji K*
F1NI8TERRI, a department of France^
whicn includes part of the late- province
of Bretagne. Its name fignifies ■ the
Land's End, it being the rooft wefterly
part of France. Quimper is the capital;
Finland, one of the five general di^
vifions oi' Sweden, bounded on the N by
Bothnia and Lapland, on the E by Wt>
burgh, on the s by the gulf of Finland,
an i on the w by that of Bothnia. It
contains the provinces of Finland Properj
the Ifle of CEland, Oftrobothnia, Ta-
vaiieland, Nyland, Savolax, and that
part of the fiefs of Kymene and Carelia*
which Sweden has prelei-ved. Abo ii the
capital.
Finland, Russian. SeeWiBUROff.
FiNMARK, a part of Danifii Lapland,
in the government of Wardhuys.
FioNDA, an ancient town of Natolia,
on the gulf of Satalia, with a biihop'A
fee, 25 miles sw of Satalia. Lon. 3)
57 E, lat. 36 45 N.
FiORENTO. See Ferentino. *:
FioRENzo, St. a feaport of Corfica,
on a gulf of the fame name, feven miles
w of Baftia. It was taken by the Eng>
lifii and Corficans, from the French, in
1794. Lon. 9 2o e, lat. 42 35 n.
FiSHER-ROW,a town near Edinburgh,
on the w fide of the mouth of the Tiver
Efk, which contains many handlbme
houfes, and has fome elegant villas in its
vicinity.
FiSKARD, a corporate towm in Pem-
brokeftiire^witha market on Friday. It
is governed by a mayor, and carries on a
good trade in herrings. It is fituate oa
a fteep cliff, on a bay of St. George's
Channel, 16 miles ne of St. David's, and
24Z w by N of London. Lon. 4 52 w,
lat. 52 4 N.
Fish River, Great, a confiderable
river of Africa, which rifes in the un-
known interior regions, divides Cafifraria
from the countiy of the Hottentots, and
falls into the Indian Ocean, in lat. 30
30 s. The deepeft parts of this river
are inhabited by the hippopotamus, and
the adjacent woods by elephants, rhino-
cerofes, and buffaloes.
Fistella, a fortified town of Mo-
rocco. The inhabitants carry on a great
trade in fine garments. It is 125 miles itB
of Morocco. Lon. 5 55 w, lat. 31 47 fC.
Five Churches, an epifcopal town
of Hungaiy, 85 miles s of Buda. Lon.
18 13 e, lat. 46 5 N.
Fivm, the capital of a province of the
fame name in Egypt. It is very popu-
bus, and the Cophts have a bifliop's fee.
Here are many ruins of magnificcnc an.
O a
i
4
g
^m
in
u
FLE
F LI
f lent ftru^lures { ami it has a confiderable
trade in flax» linen matt, raifins, and
£gi. The province contains a great
number of canals and bridges built by
the ancient Egyptians. The town is
fcated on a canal, that comniunicaus with
the Nile, 70 miles sw ol" Cairo. Lou.
30 49 E, lat. 29 2 N.
Fli/MEi or St. VtiT, a feaport of
Auflrian Iftria, with a r.M\W. It is vtry
populous; noted tor wi'ie, }',ood fijJs,anU
other fruits; and the cathc>lr.»l is worth
obfcvvation. The hnrhour i;i liuiiied by
the river Finmava, which enters tlic bay
cf Carnero, in the gulf ol Vmii-c. It
is 37 miles E of C'apod'IUria. Lcn. ij.
46 E, lat. 4; 40 N.
Flambop.ough Heap, n lofty pro-
montory in Ycrklhire, whou- mow-whiic
cliff's are ieen iar out at lea, anti lerve for
ildire£lton to (liips. Its rocks arc occu-
pied by innumerable multitudts of I'ca-
towls, which fill the air and ocean all
around. It is hve miles e of Burlington.
Lon. o 4 E, lat. 54 9 n.
Flanders, a country of the Nether-
lands, divided into Dutch, Auftrian, and
French Flanders; the laft now included
in the department of the North. It is
60 miles in length, and 50 in breadth ;
bo.nBded on the N by the German Ocean
and the United Provinces, on the E by
Brabant, on the s by Ha^nault and Ar-
tois, and on the w by Artois and the
German Ocear, . It is a level country,
fertile in grai.- and paftures, and the air
is good. The manutaftures are fine linen,
lace, and tapeftry.
Flattery, Cape, on the w coaft of
N America, difcovered by captain. Cook
in 177S; and fo named, becaufe be was
difappointed at not finding a harbour.
Lon. 124 57 w, lat. 48 .3 N.
Flavigni, a town of France, in the
department of Coted'Or and late province
of fiargundy, with a late celebrated Be-
nediftine abbey. It is feated on a moun-
tain, jz miles E of Semur, and 140 £ of
Paris. Lon.4 37 E, lat. 47 »6 n.
Fleche, a town of France, in the
department of Sarte and lute province of
Jk^aine. Here is a college built in 1603,
by Henry iv, which is the nob left in
France; and in the chapel arc depofited
his heart and th;-.t of his queen Mary of
Medlcis, in gold boxes. It is I'eated on
the river Loir, ^z miles N of Angvrs.
Lon. o 3 w, lat. 47 39 N.
Fleht, a river in Kirkcudbrightfhire,
which winds through a beautifuF valley,
*nd enters Wicton Bay, at Gatehoufe.
Cit tbe w fid« «S thtt nv«r »r« the v«fti|^
of a camp, a druidical circle, and a \U
trificd fort.
FlendsbuRC, a town of DeMinark.,
c3j>ital of Slefwick, with a ftrong titadtl.
li has a harbour in the Baltic Sea, and i»
a pltice of confulerublc commerce, 15
Miilc* Nw c;t SWl'wick. Lon. 9 47 t, lat.
54 so N.
FiKL'Rtrs, a village of the Auftrian.
Ntthcrluuli, in the province «>l Namur,
remarkable for a viftory gained l)y the
Fundi, over the allies, in 1690; and
heie, in June 1794, the Auftrians were
defeated in a general attack of the trench
pofts. It is iix miles NE of Charleroy.
Fleurv, a town of Fiance, in the lie-
pui tintnt oi Saone and Loire and late
province of Burgundy, 30 niiics N of
Ciialons. Lon. 4 50 e, lut.47 13 N.
Flie, orVi.iELAND, an illand on th«
coait of Holland, at the miiidle of the
entrance of the Zuider-Zec.
Flint, a town in Flintfliire, which
gives n:imc to the county, and lends one
member to p.irliament; hut it is a fmall
nlace, without trade, and the aftlzes are
held at Mold. Here are the remains of
a caftle, in which Richard II was delivered
into the hands of his rival, afterward
Henry iv. It is feated on the river Dee^
t% miles w by N of Chefter, and 193
NW of London. Lon. 3 2 w, lat. 5^
16 N.
Flintshire, a county of N Wales,
19 miles in length and i z where broadeft ;
bounded on the N and NE by a bay, at
the mouth of the Dee, which divides it
from Cheftnre; on the NW by the Irilh
Sea; on the e by the Dee, which con-
tinues to divide it from Chelhlre, and on
the s and sw from Denbighftiire. Part
of Flintftili-e extends on the E fide of tho
Dee, about nine miles, between Chefliire
and Shropftiire. It lies in thediocefes ot
St. Afaph and Chefter; contains five
hundreds, two market-towns, and zi
{Ktrilhes ; and fends two members to par-
iament. The vallies poftefs coal and
freeftone, the hills lead and calamine,
with valt quantities of limeftone. The
principal trade is mining and fmelting.
The northern part produces wheat : there
is alfo much wood. A lofty range of
mountains rifes on the w and forms a
bold frontier. It produces good butter,
cheefe, and honey, of which laft the na-
tives make metheglin, a wholefome liquor,
much ufed in thole parts. The principal
rivers are the Clwyd, Wheeler, Dec, Se-
vioD, Elwy, and Allin.
Flix, a town of Spain, in Catalonia,
ftrwf both l>jr wc «(nd Mtvu-e, It i^
FLO
FLO
lat.
iit-
I of
'hxiWt on a ptninliib, in the river Ehro,
where it makes an elbow, which fei Vf»
the town infteaul of a ditch, arnl may he
conciui'-ted quite round it. The fide
where the river does not pafs, i$ covered
by mountains, and defended hy a c:iftle
on -An eminence ; and near it is :i water-
fail. It ib zo miles s of Lerida. Lon.
o 26 E, I.it. 41 15 w.
Florfnce, an ancient and ceiihrated
city of Italy, Mpital of Tuliany, with
an archbilhop's fee, ard x uiuvirfity.
It is divided into two um-qual parts, by
the river Arno, over which ire four
bridges: that called the Pore dcUa
Trinita, is built entirely of whitt marble,
and ornamented with tour ftatucs, reprc-
fenting the fom* liialbns. The quays, the
buildings on each fide, and the bridges,
render the part through which the nver
Tuns, by far the fineft. The ftrcets,
fquares, and fronts of the pabces, aie
adorned with a great minibei* of Itatiies ;
fome of them by the belt modern maimers.
fiorncoftheFloientine merchants, formerly,
were men of great wealth, and lived m
a magnificent manner. One of them^
in the middle ok' the 1 5th century, built
that noble fabric, which, from the name
of its founder^ is dill called the Palazzo
Pitti. He was ruined by the prodigious
expence of this building, which was im-
mediately purcha.vd by the Medici fa-
mily, who made fome enlargements ; and
it has continued, ever fince, to be the
refidence of the grand dukes of Tulcany.
The gardens belonging to this palace,
are on the declivity of an eminence:
on the fummit is a kind of fort, called
Belvedere, from which, and Ibme of the
higher walks, is a complete view of the
city, and the beautiful vale of Arno.
Among the innumerable objefts, which
attra£l univerfal admiration, is the ibmous
Florentine galleiy. One of its moft in-
terefting parts, in the opinion of many,
is the Teries of Roman emperors, from
Julius Ceiiir to Gallienus, which is
iimoit complete. The celebrated Venus
of Medici, the ftandard of tafte in female
beauty and proportion, is in a room called
the Tribunal: it is of white marble,
and aicribed ,^0 Cleomenes, an Athenian,
the Ion of Apullodorus. It is furrounded
by other mafterpieces of fculpture, faid
to be the works of Praxiteles, and other
Greek mafters. Beude the gallery and
tribunal, the hundredth part of whofe
trealiures it is impoffible to particularize
here, there are other rooms, whofe con-
tents are indicated by the names they
bear; a« the cabinet of arts^ of aitroo
noray, of natinal hiftory, of tnedaU, o£
porcelain, ot' antiquities, Sic. The gal»
Irry of portraits contains the portraits,
all executed by tiKmfelves, of the moft
tmint-nt painters who have flourilhed in
Furope during the three laft centuries t
tht-y amount to above 200. It is in vain
to attempt a delcription of the churches
and other public buildings. But tht
chapel of Loren/o mult not be omitted :
it is, |)erhaps, the fineft and moft exp^n-
five habitation that ever was reared for
the ticad ; being incrulted with precious
ftunes, and adorned by the workraanfhip
of the heft modern fculptors. Florence
is a place of fome ftrengtht 45 miles S
of Bolugna, and 125 nw of Rome.
Lon. M 15 E, bt. 43 46 N.
Florent, St. a town of France, in
the department of Maine and Loire and
late province of Anjou, with a late rich
Benedidline abbey. It is feated on the
Loire, zo miles wsw of Alters. Lon.
o 56 w, lat. 47 24 N.
Florentin, St. a town of France,
in the department of Yonne and late pro*
vince of Burgundy, at the confluence of
the Armance and Arman^on, 15 miles
NE of Auxerre, and 80 SE of Paris.
Lon. 3 55 E, lat. 4${ j N.
Flore NTiNO, one of the three pro-
vinces of Tuli»ny; bounded on the W
by the republic of Lucca and the Mo-
dencfe, on the N by the Appennines^
on the E by the duchy of Urbino, and
on the s by the Siennele. It is a well-
watered piovince, and very fertile, Flo|,
rence is the capital.
Flores, a fertile ifland, one of the
Azores^ fo called from the abundance of
flowers found upon it. Lon. 31 o W*
lat. J9 34 N.
Florida, a country of N America,
600 miles long, and 130 broad jbounded
on ibe N by Georgia, on the E by the
Atlantic Ocean, on the s hy the gulf of
Mexico, and on the w by MiffifTippi*
It is divided inio E and w Florida: St.
Auguftine the capital of the former, and
Peniacola oi' the latter. The country
about St. Auguftine is the moft unfruit*
ful i yet, even here, two crops of Indian
corn are annually produced; the banks
of the rivers are of a fuperior quality,
and well adapted to the culture of rice
and com. The interior country, which
is hilly, abounds with wood of almoft
every kind} particularly white and red
oak, pine, hiccory, cyprefs, red and white
cedar: the intervals between the hilly
parts, produce fpontaneoufly the fruitt
common to Cesrgia and the Carolinas |
^1
3 f
k
FOG
ind the whole country is valuable, in a
{taj-ticular manner, for the extenfive ranges
or cttttie. Florida was difcovered by
Sebaftian Cabot in 1497. Having often
chaneed mailers, belonging alteniately
to the French and Spaniards, it wan
ceded by the latter to the £ngli(h in
1763; in whofe hands it continued till
1781, when it was taken by the Spani-
ards, and ceded to them in 1783*
Flotz, a town of Walachia, fcated
«m the GenifTa, near its influx into the
Danube.
Flour, St. an epifcopal town of
France, in the department of Cantal and
late province of Auvcrgne. Good knives
are made here, and its fairs are famous
for the fale of mules and rye. It is feated
on a mountain, 45 miles s of Clermont
and 250 of Paris. Lon. 3 41 E, iat.
45 * N'
Flushing, a ftrong and conflderable
feaport of Dutch Zealand, in the ifland
of Walcheren, with a good harbour, and
a great foreign trade. It was put into
the hands of queen Elifabeth as a ic en-
tity for the money ftie advanced. It
furrendered to the French in January
1 79 s, and is foar miles sw of MiddUburg.
Lon. 7. 35 E, Iat. 51 29 N.
Fochabers, a town in BanfFflilre,
feated in a plain, near the river Spey.
Here is Gordon Caftle, the princely
jnanfion of the duke of Cordon, now
greatly modernized; and in the town,
many girls arc employed in fpinning, and
fn the manufacture of fewing thread, un-
der the patronage of the duchefs. It is
4.8 miles NW of Aberdeen.
Fo-CHAN, a village of China, in the
province of Quang-tong. It is called a
village becaufe it has no walls nor a pre-
siding governor, although it has a ereat
tr^de, and contains more houfes and in-
habitants than Canton. It is reckoned
to be nine miles in circumference, and
to contain 1,000,000 of inhabitants. It
is i« miles from Canton.
FocHiA Nova, a town of Natolia, on
the gulf of Sanderly, with a good har-
boxir, and a caftle. The Venetians beat
the Turkifli fleet, near this place, in 1650.
FpDGiA, a town of Naples, in Capi-
tanata, feated near the Cerber0| 10 miles
E of Manfredonia.
FoDWAR, a town of Hungary, feated
on the Danube, oppofite Colocza. Lon.
39 36 E, Iat. 46 39 N.
Foe A R AS, a town and caftle of Tran- .
fylvania, on the river Alauta, 30 miles
NE of H^rmanftadt. Lon. 25 25 e, Iat.
4^ 30 n/
F O L
FocLiA, a river of Italy, which rifci
on the conflnet of Tulcany, crolles the
duchy of Urbino, and falls into the gulf
of Venice, at Pefaro.
FoGO. SceFuEGO.
FoiA, an ancient town of Natolia, on
the g\»lf of Smyrna, with a good har-
bour, and a ftrong caftle, 30 miles n of
Smyrna.
Foix, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Arriege and late county of
Foix. Here is r manufaftiire of coade
woollen cloths, and fome copper-mills,
which metal is a confiderable objeft of
•ommeife. It is feated on the Arriege,
at the f >ot of the Pyrenees, eight miles s
of Pamiers. Lon. i 32 E, Iat. 43 o N.
Fo-KiEN, a province of China, bounded
on the N by Tche-kiange, on the w by
Kiang-li, on the s by Quang-tong, and
on the E by the Chinele Sea. Its climate
is warm j and yet the air is fo pure, that
no contagious difeafes ever prevail here.
It produces mufk in abundance, precious
ftones, quickfilver, iron, and tin: there
are alfo mines of gold and filver; but
they aie forbidden to be opened, under
pain of death. It has fine plains} but
mduftry fertilizes even the mountains,
the greater part of which are difpofed
ill the form of amphitheatres, and cut
into terraces, rifmg above each other.
Its vallies are watered by fprings and
rivers which fall from the mountains,
and v/hich the huft)andman knows how
to diftribute, with great ikill, to refrefh
his rice : he has even the art t r aile his
water to the tops of the mountains, and
of conveying it from one fide to another,
by pipes made of bamboo. The people
fpeak a different language in moft of
the cities, each of which has its parti-
cular dialeft. The language of the
mandarins is that which is I'poken* evciy
where } but few underftand it in this
prgvince: however, it produces a great
number of literati. It contains nine
cities of the firft, and 60 of the third
dafs.
FonGNi, an epifcopal and trading
town of Italy, in the duchy of Umbria j
remarkable for its fweetnieats, paper-
mills, filk manufactures, and fairs. ' It
is feated on the declivity of a mountain,
near a fertile plain, 69 miles N of Rome.
Lon. 12 24 E, Iat. 42 4.3 N.
FoLKSTONE, a town in Kent, with a
market on Thurfday. It was once a
flourifhing place, containing five churches,
which are now reduced to one, and the
inhabitants are chiefly employed in fifhing.
It is a meml^er pf the port of Doverj
I
•i)
■4
F O N
FOR
the
;ulf
on
lar-
of
ic-
of
arl'e
1»,
of
g«»
s
N.
ed
f ned by a mayor, and U ftated on
iiglilh Channel, ei||ht milei sw oi'
Dover, and 71 B by 8 ot London. Lon.
I 14. E. lat. 51 5 N.
FoNDi, an epifcopul town of Naples,
in Terra di Lavora. It it ieated on a
fertile plain, but in a bad air, near a
Jake of it* own name, 41 milev Nw of
Capua, and 50 sb of Rome. Lon. ij
34. B, lat. 41 XI N.
FoNG-TsiANG-pou, a city of China,
in the province of Chen-fi. Its diltrifl
contains eight cities ot the fecond and
third clals. It is 495 miles sw of Pekin.
FONO-YANC-FOU, a city of China,
in the province of Kiang-nan, ieated
on a mountain, which hangs over the
Yellow River. It indoles within its
walls feveral fertile little hills; and its
juriidiiilion coinpreliends five cities of the
fecond ani 1 3 of the third clafs. It is
70 milc» NE of Nan-king.
FoNTAiNBLEAV, a town of France,
in the department of Seine and Mame
and late province of the Ifle of France,
remarkable for its fine palace, a hunting
feat of the late kings of France, u
was firft emhellifhed by Francis i, and
each luccelfive king added fomething to
it i inibmuch that it was one of the fineft
pleal'ure-houfes in the world. It ftands
m the midft of a foreft, 35 miles SE of
Paris. Lon. % 47 e, lat. 48 25 N.
FONTAINE-L'EVEQUE, a town of
France, in the deparunent of the North
and late province of Hainault, near the
river Sambre, three miles w of Char,
leroy. Lon. 4 ig e, lat. 50 23 N.
FoNTARABiA, a Icaport of Spain, in
Biicay, feated on a penmiiila in the bay
of Bifcay, and on the river BidalToa.
It is well ibrtified both by nature and
art ; has a good harbour, though dry at
low water; and is furrounded on the
land fide by the Pyrenean mountains.
It is a very important place, being ac-
counted the key of Spain on that fide ;
but it was taken by the French, in 1794.
It is 12 miles sw of Bayonne, and 61 e
of Bilboa. Lon. i 33 Vk^, lat. 43 23 N-
FoNTENAi, a village of France, in
the department of Yonne and late pro-
vince of Biirgimdy, remarkable lor a
battle fought, in 841, between the em-
peror Lothario and his brothers Charles
and Lewis, in which the latter were
viflorious, and in which 100,000 men
are faid to have fallen. It is zo miles
BE of AuxeiTe. Lon. 3 48 e, lat. 47 18. N.
F6ntenai-l?-Comte, a town of
France, in the department of Vendee,
and late, province gif Poitou. it b4s a
woollen manufaAure, and its fair Is
famous for cattle, particularly for niulck,
on which laft account it is relbrted to by
the Spaniards. It is feated on the
Vendee, near the bay of Biicay, 15
miles NE of RochcUc. Lon. o 55 w,
lat. 46 30 N.
FoNTENOv, a village of Auftritn
Hainault, remarkable for a battle Iietwcen
the allies and the French in 1745, in
which the former were woriied. It it
four miles sw of Toumay.
FoNTEVRAULT, a town of France, in
the department of Maine and Loire and
late province of Anjou. Here was a fa-
mous abbey, founded by Robert d' Arbrif-
lel, in 1 100. It was the chief of a re-
ligious order, which, by a finffular whim
ot the founder, confided of both fexes,
and the general of which was a woman.
Queen Bertrade, fo famous in hiftory,
was among the firlt nuns that entered
this abbey. It is nine miles SE of
Saumur, aiid 160 sw of Paris. Lun. o
0 lat. 47 9 N.
FoRCALQUiET., an ancient town of
France, in the department of the Lower
Alps and late province of Provence,
ieated on a hill, by the river Lave, zo
miles NF of Aix. Lon. 5 48 E, lat. 43
58 N.
FoRCHAiN, a ffrong town of Fran,
conia, in the biihopric of Bamlierg, with
a fine arlenal. It furrendered to the
French in Auguft 1796, but the Auitiians
compelled them to abandon it ibon after-
ward. It is feated on the Rednitz, iS
miles s by E of Bamberg. Lon. 11 i z
E, lat. 49 44 N.
FoRDiNCBRiDOE, a town in Hamp-
fliire, with a market on Saturday, feaied
on the Avon, zo miles wsw of Win-
chefter, and 87 w by s of London. Lon.
1 49 w, lat. 50 56 N.
FORDWicH, a member of the port of
Sandwich, in Kent, ieated on the river
Stour, and governed by a mayor. It is
noted for excellent truuts, and is three
miles NE of Canterbury, and eight w of
Sandwich.
Foreland, North, a promontory,
which is the NE point of the Ifle of
Thanet, in Kent. It is alfo the nlbft
fouthein part of the port of London,
which is thence extended N, in a right
line, to the point, called the Nafe, in
Eflex, and forms the mouth of the
Thames. Here is a round brick tower,
near 80 feet high, ere6\ed by the Trinity
Houl'e, for a leaniark.'
Foreland, South, a headland,
foj^ming tku £ puint gf th- cyisit. wi*
U 4
il
1
I
F
'1
'
for:
Kent. If is called South, iri refpef^ to
it8 bearing from the other Fftrdhnd,
which is fix miles to the N. i)-tw.ren
tliele two £ap«s^ is the noted road, called
the Downs, to which they are a great .'p-
curity i
Forest-Towns, four towns of Sua-
h'.i, lying along the Rhine, and the con-
fines of SwiHerland, at the entrance of
the .Black Foreft. 'I'heir names are
Waidichut, Liuffei burg, Seckingen, and
Kheinfelder j and they are fubjetl to the
houfe of Auftria.
FoREZ, a province of France, bounded
on the w by Auvergne, on the s by
Velay and the Vivarais, on the E by the
I,yonois, and on the N by Burgundy and
the Boiurbonnois. It is waterfed by the
Loire, and feveral other ftreams, and has
feveral mines of coal and iron. It now
forms, with the Lyonois, the department
of JRhone and Loire.
Forfar, the coanty-town of Angus-
ihire. . It contains, inapy reat modern
houles, and is fituatc in an extenfive
plain, 14. miles w of Monti-oie. Lon.
» 54 w, lat. 56 35 N.
Forfarshire. See Ancusshire.
Forges, a town of France, in the
department of Lower Seine, and lare
province of Normandy, rtmarkab' for
Its mineral waters. It is 60 miles Nvv
of Paris. Lon. o 40 E, lat. 49 38 N.
FoRLi, a*-, ancient .town of Komagn?,
capital of a territory of the fame name,
with a bilhop's fee. The public Itriic-
tures are very haadfome, and it is leated
In a fertile antl healthy coimiry, 10 aniit-;
£ of Faztna, and 40 ne of Florence.
Lon. 1 1 44 £, lar. 44 16 n.
Formosa, an ilhnd in the ChinL-ie
Sea, 90 miits i-: ot Canton, lying betv/ee;i
319 and 122° E Icn. and z2 ?nd 25° n lat.
It is fubic6l to the Chir.cl'i, who, nct-
•vithftanding its proximity, did not kn jw
of its exilter.ce till the year 1450. if it:
aj5 rules ioiig and 75 broad j and i
chain of mountLiins, running its whole
kngth, divides it into two ^larts, the E
and w. The Dulch built the fort of
Zealand, in the w parr, in 1634. They
were driven thence, in i66i, by a
Chinefe pirate, who made himfelf maftorof
all the w part. But, in 1682, the whole
ifland lubmittcd to the 'impcror of China.
It contains exttnf've and tcrtile plains,
watered by a great number of rivulets
that fall irom the mountains. Its air is
pure and wholefome; and it produces
abundance of corn and lice, moft of the
Indian fruits, many of thole of Europe,
tobacco, fugar, pepper, cunphire, md
F O T
ei-..r;»mon. Wholeromc Vvater I* the
only thing wanting in Formola; and it
is very nctrnordinary, tlut evtry Wind of
water in i': is poiibncus to Grangers. .
The inhabitants rear a great number of
oxen, which they ufe for riding, from
a want of horl'es. They acruft-.T. tb'-m
eiuly to this kind of fer\dce, and, by
daily exerciie, train them to go as well
as the belt horles. Thele oxen are fur-
nifhed v>'ith ; biidle, faddle, and crupper.
A Chinele looks as proud, when mounted
in this manner, as if he were carried by
the fineft Barbary courier. On the 2 2d
of May 1782, this fine ifland was over-
whelmed, and almoft totally deltroyed,
by a furious hurricane and dreadful inun-
dation of th . fea, fuppoled to have been
occaficned by an earthquake. Tai-ouang
is t'lccapital.
FoRRES) a town in Murray/hire, feated
on an eminence, cloii; to a rivulet, two
miles to the e of the river Findhorn. A
iittlt to the NE, near the road, is a re-
markable column, called Kin^- Seven's
or Sweno's S*one, above 20 feet iiigh,
and three hioau, covered on both fi -eb by
antitj'.io I'culpture, and faid to have been
ercdted in ineniory of a viftoiy obtained
over the Danes, in 1008. Forres manu-
faiHures I'bme linen and tevvh.^ hreadjand
is I 5 miles w of Llgin.
Portt: VENTURA, one of the v-unary
Ilh'.nds, 65 iniics in length, and of a vev"
irregular breadth, confiding of two pe-
nin uias joinal by an ifttimus 12 miles
in W/tucUh. It pioduces plenty of w'leat^
Ijiilry, beevts, and gouts. Lon. 14 26
Vv', la. z3 4 N.
i'OB TH, a fine river of Scotland, which
riles in Perihdiire. Between Stirling
and Allca, it winds in a beautiful man-
ner; and alter a courie of near 40 miles,
it meets the German Ocean a little below
iMloa, where it forms the noble eituary,
ciilled the frith of Forth. 'Inhere is a
coaimunicaticn 'letween this river and the
Clyde, by a caivil. See Canal, Great.
FoRTROsE, a borough in Rol'sfliire,
fituate on the frith of Murray, nearly
onpofite Fort Gecrge, aud nine miles \v
of Inveriiefs,
FossANO, a ftrong town of Piedmont,
with a bifhop's lee, leated on the Sture,
JO miles NE of Coni, and 27 se of
Piguercl. Lon. 7 56 E, lat. 44 45 N.
FossoMBRONK, a town of Italy, in
the duciiy of Urbino, with a bi<hon"s
fee ; feated near the river Metro, i< miles
S'<v of Pefaro, and la SE of Urbino.
Lon. 12 48 £, lat. 43 40 N.
F 0 T H t; Ki ;« G .'i Y, a town in Northam p-
h.
FOX
FOX
tonflilre, nine miles s of Stamford, near
tht river Nen. It is noted for the ruins
f}^ the caftle, in which Mary, queen -of
Scotland, was beheaded.
FouE, an ancient town of Lower
Egypt, feated on the Nile, 25 miles s of
Rofetto, and 40 E of Alexandria. Lon.
31 15 E, lat. 31 12 N.
FoucEREs, a town of France, in the
department of Maine and Loire and late
province of Brctagne, with an ancient
caftle. It is feated on the Coefnom, 25
miles NE of Rennes, and 150 w of Paris.
Lon. I 13 \v. lat. 48 22 N.
Foul SHAM, a town in Norfolk, with
a market on Tuefday, 16 miles NW of
Norwich, p.nd iii NE of London. Lon.
I 7 E, lat. 52 51 N.
Four Cantons, Lake of the. See
Waldst^tter See.
FouRNEAUX Island, a fmall ifland
in the S Pacific Ocean. Lon. 143 2 w,
lat. 17 II s.
Fou-TCHEOU-Fou, a city of China,
In Fo-kien; one of the moft coniider-
able in that province, on account of
its trade, the convenience of its rivers
and port, the number of its literati, and
the magnificence of its principal bridge,
which has more than 100 arches cor.-
ftriifled of white Itone, and ornamented
with a double baluftrade. It is the re-
fidence of a viceroy, has under its jurif-
diclion nine cities of the third clali, and
is 360 miles NE of Canton.
FowEV, a borough and feaport in
Cornwall, with a market on Saturday,
and a confiderable Ihare in the pilchard
filhery. It fends two members to parlia-
ment, and is governed by a mayor. It is
feated at the mouth of the Fowey, 32
miles s \v of Launcefton, and 240 w by s
of London. Lon. 4 35 w, lat. 50 19 N.
FowEY, a liver in Cormvall, which
riles in the NE part, pafles by Leitwilhiel,
and enters the Engli^ Channel, at Fowcy.
Fox Islands, a grcup of illands in
the Nordiem Aichipclago. They are
J 6 in number, and are fituate between
the coaft of Kaintfchatka and the w
coaft of America, between 52 and 55° N
lat. Each iiland has a peculiar name;
but this general name is given to the
whole group, on account of the greu:
number of black, gray, and red toxes
with which they abound. The drels vf
the inhabitants confifts of a cap, and a
fur coat th \t reachiis down to the knees :
fome wee.- a common cap of u pcirty-
coloured bird ikin, upon which is Itift
rart of the wings and tail. On the
forepart oi their hunting and fiihiog
caps, they place a fmall board, like a
fkreen, adorned with the jawbonk.'s of
feabears, and ornan^ented with glafs
beads, which they receive in bartei-
from the Ruffians. They feed upon the
Aelh of all Ibrts of fea animals, and ge.
nerally eat ;t raw : but when they drefs
their food, it is placed in a hollow Itone,
which they cover with another, and clo;c
the interftices with lime or clay j they then
lay it horizontal'y on two liones, and
light a fire under it. The provifion in-
tended for keeping, is dried without fait
in the open air. Their weapons are
bows, arrows, and darts; and, for de-
fence, they ufe wooden ftiields. The
moft rc-rfeil equality reigns among them :
they have neither chiets nor fuperiors,
neither laws nor punilhments. They
live together in families, and fbcieties
of feveral families united, which form
v/hat they call, a race, who, in cafe of at-
tacK or defence, mutually aid each other.
The inhabitants of the fame iiland always
pretend to be of the fame race ; and each
one looks upon his ifland as a poffelliony
the property of which is common to all in-
dividuals of the fame fociety. Feafts are
very common among them, and, more
particularly, when the Inhabitants of one
ifland are vifited by thole of another. The
men of the village meet their guelts, beat-
ing drums, and prtcedi'd by the women,
who fing and dauce : at the conclufion
of the dance, the holts lerve up their beft
provifions, and invite their guefts to par-
take of the fcaft. They feed their chil-
dren, when very young, with the coarfeft
flelh, and for the molt pait raw. If an
infant cries, the mother immediately car-
ries it to the leafide, and whether it be
fummer or winter, holds it naked in the
water till it is quiet. This is fo far from
doing the children any harm, that it
hardens them againft the cold ; and they
accordingly go barefooted through the
winter, wit? out the leaft inconvenience.
They feldcni heat their dwellings; but
when they would warm theml'elves, they
light a bundle of hay, and ftand over it ;
or they fet fire to trainoii, which they
pour into a hollow ftone. They have a
good fliare of plain natural fenfe, but are
rather flow of underftanding. They
leem cold -nd indifferent in moft of their
adions ; L if an injury, or even a mei'e
fulpicion,rouie them from this phlegmatic
ftate, they become furious and inflex-
ible, taking the moft violent revenge,
without any regard to the confequences.
The leall aflHiftion prompts them to fui-
cidej the appr«henuon of fven an uucer-
v-vi
I:
55 I
m
J
p i'
S'
F R A
fain event often leads them to defpalr;
and they put an end to tlK'ir days with
great apparent inll-nribilily.. The Ruf-
fians call thefe iflands the Lyflie Oftrova.
Frag A, a town ot Spain, in Arragon,
with a caftle. It is Ib'cng by lituation,
having tne river Cinca, before it, whofe
high banks are difficult of accefs, and at
its back a hill, which cannot eafily be
approached with large cannon. The gar-
dens produce herbs and laffron, but the
parts about it are mountainous and bar-
ren. Alphonfo VII, king of Arragon,
was killed hi re by the Moors, in 1 1 34,
when he befieged this town. It is 46
miles E of Saragofla. Lon. o' a8 e, lat.
41 46 N.
Framlingham, a town in Suffolk,
with a market on Saturday. It is feated
rear the head of a rivulet, and has the re-
mains of a caftle, faid to have been built
in the time of the Saxon heptarchy. To
this caflle the prhicefs Maiy (afterward
Maiy i) retired, when lady Jane Grey
was proclaimed queen, and here fhe found
that powerful fupport of the people of
Suffolk, which fo foon feated her on the
throne. Here is a flately church, in
which are the monuments of fome noble
families. It is 30 miles E of Bury, and 87
NE of London. Lon. 1 z6 e, lat. 51 15 n.
Frampton, a town in Dorfetfhire,
with a mai'ket on Thurfday, feated on
the Frome, 12 miles. Nw of Weymouth,
and 126 w by s of London. Lon. a
50 w, lat. 50 45 N.
France, a country of Europe, bound-
ed on the N by the EngHfh Channel and
t!ie Auftrian Netherlands; on the e by
Germany, and the Alps, which feparate
it i'rom Swifi'erland, Savoy, and Piedmont;
on the s by the Mediterranean Sea and
Spain, from whicli kingdom it is divided
by the I'yrenees ; and on the w by the
Atlantic Ocean. From the Pyrenees in
the s, to Dunkirk lYi the N, its extent is
625 miles; and fomething more from
the tnoft eaiterly part of Alface to the
moft weflern point of Bre' agne ; which
province, it muft be obferved, extends
above 100 miles further into the ocean
than any other pari of the country. The
climate is temperate ; the air pure and
wholefbme ; and the foil produiJlivc of
all the necefTaries of life, and, among its
luxuries, of the mofl excellent wines.
The principal rivers are the Seine, Loire,
Rhone, and Glronde, with many others,
that p'wt name to the new geographical
divifion of this coujitry into departments.
The moft confiderabie mountains, beflde
the Alps and Pyrenees, arc ;hofe of the
F R A
Cevennes and Auvergne. France wa»
lately an gbfolute monarchy, and divided
into feveral military governments, or pro-
vinces. Thefe were Alface, Angoum is*
Anjou, Armagnac, Artois, Aunis, Au-
vergne, Barrois, Bafques, Bearit, Berry,
Bigorre, Blafois, Bouloimois, Bourbon-
noii, BrefTe, Bretagne, Burgundy, Cam-
brefis, Champagne, Couferans, Dauphi-
ny, Forez, Foix, Franche Comte, French
Flanders, Gafcony, Gcvaudan, Guienne,
French Hainault, Ille of France, Lan-
gucdoc, Limofm, Lorrain, Lyonois,
Marche, Maine, Marfan, Navarre, Niver-
nois, Normandy, Orleanois, Perche, Pe-
rigord, Picardy, Poitou, Provence, Quer-
ci, Rouergue, RoufiUon, Saintonge, Soif-
fonnois, Touraine, Velay, and Verman-
dois. Thefe varied much from each other
in point of extent and importance, and
there were others of ftill inl'erior confi-
dcraticn. The eftablifhed religion was
the Roman catholic ; and the ecclefiaf-
tical divifion of the country was into i3
archbifhoprics and 113 epifcopal fees, ex-
clufive of Avignen, Carpentras, Calvall-
lon, and Vaifon, which belonged to the
pope. But, in 1789, a very wonderful
revolution took place. The deranged
flate of the finances of the country, occa-
fioned, iii a confiderabk degree, by the
American war, had induced Lewis xvito
convoke, firft an affembly of the notables,
or principal men in the kingdom, and
next (on the ineffeftual refulc of their de-
liberations) the ftates general, which had
not been allerabled fmce 1614. They
confilted of three oi'ders, the nobility, the
elergy, and the third citate, or commons.
The lalt were double the number ol the
other two orders when united ; and when
the (taies affembled, on the 5th of May,
at Verfailles, a cuntelt arofc, v.hethcr the
three orders fhould make three diftinft
houfes, or but one aflembly. The third
eftate infilled upon ;he latter, and, aflum-
ing the title of the National Afiembly,
declared, that they were competent to pro-
ceed to bufinefs, without the concurrence
of the two other orders, if they refufed to
join them. The nobility and clergy found
it expedient to concede the point, and
they all met in one hall. In the mean
time, Paris was encircled by 50,000 men,
v/ith the apparent view ot coercing that
city, if necefTary. Notwithflanding this,
oa the removal of the popular minifter,
M, Neckar, in July, a dreaelful infurrec-
tion enfued, on the 14th of that month,
in Paris ; the military refufed to fire upon
the people ; the Baltile v,as taken by the
citizens } and the govvinor, and foiMte
iS
F R A
others, were beheaded, and their heads
carried about on poles. On the 17th,
the king vifited the Hotel de Ville in
Paris, and fuiTendered himi'elf to his peo-
ple. The national aflembly now pro-
ceeded to the moft extraordinary mea-
lures. They aboliflied nobility and the
whole feudal iyfteni j confilcated the pol'-
iclTions of the clergy ; rendered them de-
pendent on a p\iblic allowance, like the
lervants of the ftate* and l\:ppreflt:d all
the religious houfes. The monarchy it-
Itlf, diverted of its formidable preroga-
tives, became one of the moft limited in
Europe. In Oftober, in confcqucnce of
a dreadful riot at Verl'ailles, the king, the
royal family, and the national artembly,
removed to Paris. The king was now,
in faft, a ftate-pvifoner, treated with the
formalities appendant to royalty, but
watched in ail his motions. From this
fituation, he attempted to elcape, in June
1 791, with the queen, his lifter, the dau-
phin, and his davighterj but they were
arretted at Varennes, and condu(5led back
to Paris. Such, however, was then the
moderation of the popular party, that the
national aflembly ad rait ted the king's apo-
logetical explanation of his conduft, and
even declared his perfon inviolable. This
was one of the articles of the new confti-
tution, which they completed loon after,
and which was accepted by the king in
September, when a new national aflembly
was eleiled. Harmony did not long pre-
vail between this aflembly and the king.
Some of their decrees he refufed to lanc-
tion } and many of their meal'ures could
not fail to gfive umbrage to a once pow-
t'rful monarch. In April 1792, the !:ing,
by the advice of his minilters, went to
the national aflembly, asid propoi'ed to
them to declare war againft the king of
Hungary and Bohemia. War was ac-
cordingly declared ; but the unfortunate
Lewis was lulpefted of afting in concert
with the enemy, and with the emigrant
princes, vho were in arms againft their
country. In Auguft, the mayor of Pa-
ris appeared before the national alllm-
bly, and demancled the depofition. of
the king. Before they could deliberate
on this demand, a dreadful iniurreHion
enfued j the Tuileries (the royal refi-
dence) was attacked ; the Swils guards
were maflacred ; and the king and royal
family took refuge in the national aflem-
bly. That hotly inftantly decreed the
fufpenfion of royalty, and the convoca-
tion of a national coiivention. The king
and his family were conveyed to a houie,
failed the Teii^jK', and there kept in cioit
F R A
confinement. The convention met on
the 2ift of September, and inftantly de-
creed the formation of a republic, in
December, they decreed, that the king
Ihould be tried before them. The tri.^
accordingly took places and this, tribunal
(notwithltanding the conftirutioa had de-
clared his perlon inviolable) condemned
the unfortunate moni^rch, who was be-
headed, in the Place de la Revolution,
lately the Place de Louis xv, on the zilt
of January 1793. All Europe excinimcd
againft the injuftice and cruelty of this
proceeding. Powers, hitherio neutral,
were eager to take part in the war j and
the new republic, in addition to the arms
of Auftria, Pruflia, Sardinia, and the em-
pire, had to encounter the combination
of Great Britain, Spain, and the United
Provinces. The queen did net long iur-
vive her confort : being tried and con-
demned by the revolutionary tribxmal,
fhe was executed in the fame place, on
the 1 6th of Oftobiu'. He /ate was a.
prelude to that of the princei's Elilkbeth,
the king's lifter, who was alio beheaded
in the iame place, on the 10th of May
1794.. The dauphin and his fifter re-
mained in confinement ; where the for-
mer became dileal'ed with IWellings, which
brought on a fever, and he died on tlie 8th
of June 1795: the princeis wau taken the
December following to a place, neai" Bafil,
on the confines of Germany, where (he
was exchangetl oi fome French deputies,
who had been loine time priiiners to the
emperf • and fhe arrived at Vienna on
the 91 I January 1796. Reiening to
proiefied biltories of vh-.- revolut.on, for
a more copious nai '.tion, it ui.iy fuftlce
to obferve here, t!i •. various factions liic-
ceflively Icized the heli . of goverr.nent,
and, in their tiun, were ovirtluownj the
priions were cro\vd.;d in every part ri'
the republic ; the icaftblds ftremied, al-
moft incelVantly, with bli.od : iud ir.any
of tl\e moit popular patriots, auJ of thole,
moreover, who had voted for the death of
the king, periflied on the Icnftbld, rr in
exile and mit'ery j while inlvu)er>.on8,
profcnptions, and mallacres, lu .iie, in
a manner, only common occiuTeiKes. By
the conduiion, however, of the year 1794,
this leign of defpotiim and terror gave
place to a more moderate fyftem : and al-
though, at one period, the fhutting up of
the churches, the indecent Ipeilacle of
priefts appearing in the convention to re-
fign their timftions and renounce their re-
ligu.n, and the formation of a new ca-
lendar (by which the year was divided
into dctadci inUead ut weeks) indicated
II
11:
4
r'P'l
m
m
m
F R A
F R A
I
ii
, t\
•pen hoftility to the Chriftlan relisior ;
the convention found it neceflaiy, at lalt,
to conform fo far to the prejudices of the
Ecople, as to declare publicly their ac-
nowledginent of a Supreme Being, and of
the imir.ortaiity of the foul, and to per-
mit again (he exeixife of religious wor-
ftiip j abolirtiing, however, all clerical
di(tinftions, and leaving- the whole main-
ten ince of the minifters of religion to the
benevolence of the prople. With rcfpeft
to the war, it may be i'ufHcient to rtate,
in general, that after four campaigns, in
which great rcverfes of fortune were ex-
perienced, the French nation difplayed
againft the combined powers liich won-
derful energy and refourccs, that, before
tilt conclunon of 1795, they were in the
entire poflelfion of Savoy, and of the
Auftrian and Dutch Netherlands j and
had made fuch alarming progrel's in Hol-
land, Spain, Italy, and Germany, as to
procure a peace with PruHia and Spain,
and form an alliance with the United
Provinces. Their commerce, however,
was ruined } their finances were fup-
ported by a vaft emiflion of compulfivc
paper currency, and by plunder and con-
nfcation ; their armies, which fought with
the ardour of enthufiafm, were recruited
by defpotic requifitions ; and they had
loft Corfica, and their principal Weft In-
dia iflands. The campaign of 1796, re-
mains in fufpt^nce : but they made a peace
with Sardinia in June ; and by Auguft
had fubdued almoft all Lombardy, and
Overrun Suabia and Franconia ; but in
September they had a reverie of fortune
In Germany, and were compelled to re-
linquifti nearly all they had acquired.
Whether the pnnch republic will be pci -
mancnt, or the ..ncient order of thinsfs re-
(torcd, IS a qutllicn foreign to rh»s work ;
but the prelent gvogniphical Itate of the
country muft l)e noticed, wh*:thi.r that
ftatc be permanent or not. France, then,
bv the firft h'giflative afTemblvj was divi-
ded into 83 departments, nearly ecpiai in
♦.•xtent, inftead of the ancient military
jirovinces j and thel'e departments were
lubdivided into diflrii^fs, cantons, and
municipalities. The n;imes of the de-
Eartments are Ain, Ailne, Allier, Alps
f^pper, Alps Lower, Ardeche, Ardennes,
Aniege, Aube, Aude, Aveiron, Calva-
dos, Cantal, Charente, Charente Lower,
Cher, Correze, Corfica, Cote d'Or, Cotes
du Nord, Creufe, Dordogne, Doubs,
Drome, Eure, Eure and Loire, Finifterre,
Gard, Garonne Upper, Gcrs, Gironde,
Herauk, Indre, Indi'e and Loire, Ifere,
We and Vilaine, Jura, Landw, Loir wd
Cher, Loire Upper, Loire Lower, Lorrtt,
Lot, Lot and Gnronne, Lozerc, Maine,
Maine and Loire, Manche, Marne, Maine
Upper, Meurthe, Meufe, Morbilian, Mo-
fefle, Nord, Nievre, Oife, Ome, Paris,
Pas de Calais, Puy de Dome, Pyrenees
Upper, Pyrenees Lower, Pyrenees Eaftern,
Rhine Upjier, Rhine Lower j Rhone,
Bouches du ; Rhone and Loire, Saonc
Upper, Saone and Loire, S&rte, Seine and
Oife, Seine Lower, Seine and Marne ;
Sevres, les deux ; Somme, Tani, Var,
Vendee, Vienne, Vienne Upjier, Vofges,
and Yonne. i:ach of thefe departments
has an archicpifcopal or epifcopal town ;
there being now only ten archbiftioprics,
or metropolitan circles, and 73 bimop's
fees. Some of tliefe fees are of new cre-
ation, as Colmar, Vefbul, Laval, Cha-
teauroux, Cucret, and St. Maixent. The
departments all appear, in this work, under
their refpeflive names; and the accounts
t-f the late provirKes arc ftill retained.
The }K)pulation of France is eftimated
at 15,000,000. Paris is the metropolis.
France, Isle of, a late province of
France, fo called, becaufe it was formerly
bounded by the rivers Seine, Marne,
Oife, Aifne, and Ourque. It now in-
cludes the four departments of Oife, Seine
ami Oile Seine and Maine, and Paris.
France, Isle of, or Mauritius,
an iihmd' in the Indian Ocean, 400 miles
E of Madagfalcnr. It was difcovered bv
the Portuguelie; but the firft who lettled
here were the Dutch, in 1598. They
called it Mauritius, in honour of prince
Maurice, their fta«.lthokler ; but, on their
accniifition of the C'ape of Good Hope,
they lieleited it ; and it continued unli;t-
tled till the French landed here, in 1720,
ami gave it the name of one of the finett
provinces in France. It i»i 150 miles in
circumtdtncc. The climate Is healthy j
but the (oil int very fertile. There are
many mountains, iome of which are io
hii,di, that tln'ir tops are covered with
liiDw : they produce the heft ebony In
the world. 'J"hc vallies are well watered
with rivers, and are made very pioduc-
tiv(.' by cultivation, of which indigo is
the principal object. The town and har-
bour are called Port Louis, and are (ticngly
fortified; but, in the hnrtirane months,
the harbour cannot afford iL. Iter for more
than eight velllls. Here arc large ftore-
houfes and every thing n( fl'ary for the
equipment of fleets. 1 he number of
inhabitants on the illand, exclufive of the
military, is 8000 whites, and ii,ooo
blacks. Lon. 57 a8 e, lat. zo 9 s,
Franckfort on th£ MAiNi-. aa
■ointt
laine,
4aine
Mo-
F R A
ancient and free imperial city df Gtr-
many, in the circle of Franconia. The
chief ftru6lure is the townhoule, in which
is prelerved the golden bull, the origin of
the fundamental laws of the empire ; and
here is the chamber in which the emperor
ii ele^ed. All religions are tokrated at
Pr.inctort, under ccriuin rellri£lion» ; but
Lutheranifm is the cftabUHtcd faith. The
principal church is in the pofTeinou of the
Koman catholics ; but no public procef-
fion through the ihects is permitted. In
tills church is a chapel, to which the em-
peror is conducted immediately after his
elc(ftion, in order to be crowned by the
cie^lor of Mentz. The Jews have a Sy-
nagogue in this city ; but the Calvinills
have never been allowed any place of
worlbip ill the territory of Francrort ; and
attend divine lervice at Bockenheim, in
the coimty of Hanau, where they have
built a church. It is reuiai'kable, that
in all funeral proceffions here, the crucifix
leads the way, whether the deceafed has
died a Koman catholic, a Lutheran, or a
Calvinift. The Jews are compelled to
live together in a fmgle narrow ftreet,
built up at one end ; and a large gate at
the other is regularly Huit at a certain
hour of the night, after which no Jews
dare appear in the ftieets. Francfort is
one of the moft commercial places in Eu-
rope, and has two great fairs every year.
It was taken, in Oftober 1792, by the
French, who were difpoirefted of it by the
Pruflians in December following; and
again taken by the French in July 1796,
but they evacuated it to the Auftrians in
September following. It is feated on the
river Maine, 15 miles NE of Mentz, and
350 w by N of Vieuua. Lon. 8 40 E,
lat. 49 55 N.
Francfort on the Oder, a flou-
rifhing city ot" Germany, in the middle
niarche of firandenburg, formerly impe-
rial, but now fubje^t to the king of
Prulfia. It is remarkable for three great
fairs, and its m "verlity. It is 45 miles
S£ of Berlin, and 72 s of Stetin. Lon. 14
39 E, lat. 51 23 N.
Franche Comte, a late province of
France, bounded on the N by. Lorrain,
on the E by Alface and Swifferland, on
the \y by Burgundy, and on the s by
Breflfc. It is 125 miles in length, and 80
in breadth, and abound$ in corn, wine,
cattle, horltis, mines of iron, copper, and
lead. It was conquered by France in
1674, and ceded to it by the treaty of
Nimeguen in 1678. It now forms the
three departments of Doubs, Jura, aod
Vfftt SaoQc.
F R A
Franchemont, a town of Germany^
in the biihopric of Liege, 12 miles sg of
Liege.
Franciade. SeeDsNYS, St.
Francois, Cafe, a town in the »
pait of the ifland of St. Domingo, be-
iongirg to the French, who often call it
the Cape, by way of eminence. It fuf-
fered much by dreadful commotions
tlut enfued after the French revolution.
Lon. 72 18 w, lat. 19 46 N.
Franconia, a circle of Germany,
bounded on the N by the circle of Upper
Saxonv, on the £ by that of Bavaria, on
the s by that of Suabia, and on the w by
tlie circles of the Rhine. The middle is
fertile in corn, wine and finiits, but the
bijrders are full of woods and barren
mountaitts. This country was overrun
by the French republicans in the fummer
of 1796, but in September the Auftrians
compelled them to retreat. The Franks,
who conquered Trance, came from thi»
province, and gave their name to that
kingdom.
Franeker, or Franker, a town of
the United Provinces, in FrieHand, with
a caftle and univerfity. The public build-
ings and palaces are magnificent. It is
kvm miles w of Lewarden. Lon. 5 33 £»
lat. 53 UN.
Frankendaj , a town of Germany,
in the palatinate of the Khine. It was
taken by the Spaniards in 1623, by the
Swedes in 1632, bumt by the French in
1688, and taken by the allies in I794<
It is feated near the Rhine, feven miles,
s of Worms. Lon. 8 29 E, lat. 49
25 N.
Frankenstein, a town of Germany,
in the palatinate of the Rhine, 12 miles
Nw of Landau. Lon. 7 SS E» ^^t. 49
18 N.
FRANCKLiN,a county of Pennfylvania,
30 miles long and 24 broad. In 1790,
it contained 15,655 Inhabitants. Cham-
berfburg is the capital.
Frauenfeld, a town of Swifferland,
capital of the Thurgau. It is feated on
an eminence, and is the place, where,
fmce 1712, the deputies of the Swifs can-
tons hold their general diet. Lon. 8 56 £,
lat. 47 35 n.
Fraustadt, a town of Silefia, re-
markable for a battle gained by the
Swedes over the Saxons, in 1706. It is
20 miles Nvv of Giogaw. Lon. 16 3 E,
lat. 51 48 N.
Frazersburch, a feaport in Aber-
deenfhire, on the German Ocean. It is
feated clofe by a promontory^ called Kin-
naird's Head, on which is a ilghthouie.
I ,r ; .
II.
m
I
.^aJ
'i!
f
i
I
F R E
40 miles N of Aberdeen. Lon. i 37 \v,
lat. 57 3 1 N.
FPvtDiuNEURG, a town of WtHplnlia,
50 mil.s w oi' Caffel. Lon. S 16 1:,
lat. 51 10 N.
FredericA, a town of the United
Staves, in St. Simon's illanci, on the coall
of Georgia. Lon. 80 ao w, lat. 31 6 N.
pREDiiRicsBURfi, a caltle and palace
of the king of Denmark, in the ille of
iiJealand, 15 miles nw of Copenhagen.
Lcn. 12 25 E, lat. 55 51 n.
Fredericsburg, a town of Virginia,
fitu.tte on the s fide of the Rappahiinnoc,
no mi'es Irom its mouth. It contains
about ■ 0 5 lioull's, principally in one Itreet,
which J uns nearly parallel with the river.
It is 50 milLS s by w of Alexandria.
Lon. 77 20 w, lat. 38 2 N.
FREnERicsiiuR"fc, a Danifli fort, on
the Gold Coaft of Guinea, near Cajjc
Thret'points, 62 miles wsw of Cape
Coalt Caftle. Lon. i 5 w, lat. 4 30 n.
Frfderickshall, or Frederic-
STADT, a fcaport of Norway, in the pro-
vince of Aggerhuys, fituate on the ex-
treniity of the Swinefimd, at the mouth
of the river Tifte. It is the moft regular
fbrtrels in this part of Norway, con-
taining an arlerial amply fupplied. The
harbour is fife and commodious ; but the
large quantity of faw-duft brought down
the river, from the different faw>mills,
occalions an annual cxpence to clear it
away. On the llimmit of an almofl per-
pendicular rdck, wliioh overhangs the
town, ftands the liithcrto impregnable
fortrefs of J' feclericftein ; at the iiege of
which, in 1718, Charles xii of Sweden,
was killed by a mv'^'et-ball. This town
is 31 miles SE of C. . .(tiania. Lon. 10
55 E, lilt. 59 12 N.
Freohricstaot, a town of Den-
mark, in S Jutland, featcd on the river
Eyder, 17 miles sw of Slefwick. Lon. 9
43 E, lat. 54 30 N.
Fredericstein, a ftrong fortrefs of
Nrrway. See KREnERicsHALL.
Fredericstown, a flouriflnng town
of the United States, in Maryland, feated
on the Potomac, 60 miles w by N of An-
napolis. Lon. 77 30 w, lat. 39 20 N.
Freiiel, a cape of France, in the de-
partment of the North Coafl and late
province of Bretagne, 1 3 miles w of St.
Klalo. Lon. 2 20 w, lat. 48 41 N.
Freisingen, a town of Germany, ca-
pital of a bifhopric of the fame name, in
liic circle of Bavaria. It was taken by
the French, September 3, 1796. It is
featwd on a mouutaiO; near the Ifer, 20
F R I
miles N by E of Munich. Lon. ir 50 E»
lat. 48 26 N.
Frejus, a town of France, in the
department of Var and late province of
Provence. By the Romans, it was called
Forum Julii ; and had then a port on the
Mediterranean, which is now above a mile
from it. It is the birthplace of that great
Ro)nan general and philoibpher Agricola ;
and near it, fome fine remains of anti-
quity are ffill vifible. It is feated near
the river Argens, in a morafs, 40 miles
NE of Toulon. Lon. 6 50 £, lat. 43
26 N.
Frescati, a town of Italy, in Cam-
pagna di Roma. • It derives its name
from the coolnefs of the air, and frefh
verdure of the fields aroimd. It is a
bifhop's lee, always pofTefled by one of
the fix eldell cardinals j and in its neigh-
bourhood are fituate fome of the mofl
magnificent villas in Italy. The ancient
city of Tufculum is fuppofed to have
ftood on the fite of Frefcati; and, at the
diftance of a mile and a half, it is gene-
rally believed, was the Tufculan villa of
Cicero, at a place now called Grotta Fer-
rava. Some Greek monks, flying from
the perfecution of the Saracens, in the
nth century, were permitted to build a
convent on the ruins of Cicero's houfe ;
asd ftili perform the fervice in the Greek
language. Frefcati, with Tivoli and Al-
bano, is the favourite abode of the land-
fcape painters who travel into Italy for
improvement. Nothing can lurpais the
admii'able afTemblage of hills, meadows,
lakes, cafcades, gardens, ruins, groves,
and terraces, which charm the eye, as it
wanders among the fliades of thefe delight-
fid villages. Fi'efcati is feated on the de-
clivity of a hill, 12 miles SE of Rome.
Lon. II 42 E, lat. 41 4.8 N.
Freudenstadt, a (trong town of
Suabia, in the Black Foreft, built to dt-
fend the paffage into this foreft. It is
12 miles SE of Straiburg. Lon. 8 xi E,
lat. 48 28 N.
Freystadt, a town of Hungary, in
the county of Neitra, with a itrong caftle,
feated on the Waag, oppofite Leopold -
ftadt. Lon. 18 10 e, lat. 48 32 k.
Freystadt, a town of Silefia, in the
duchy of Tefchen, »o miles e of Trop-
paw. Lon. 18 15E, lat. 50 o N.
Frias, a conliderable town of Spain>
in Old Cafl:ile, feated on a mountain, near
the river Ebro, 35 miles Nw of Burgos.
Lon. 3 46 w, lat. 41 52 N.
Friburg, one of the cantons of Swif^
fcijland; furroundcd on all iid^s by the
of
dt-
is
F R I
canton of Bern. It is fertile in com,
bruits, and paftui'es.
Fri;jurg, a town of Swlflcrluul, ca-
pital of a canton of the lame r.inic.
The public buddings, ei'pecially the ca-
thedral, ai-e very handfome, and the inlia-
bltants are papilts. It is governed in (jn-
rituaU by the bifhop of Laufanne, who
refides here, and in temporals by a coun-
cil, over which an avoyer prefides. Its
fituation is very extraordinary, for only
the w fide is near plain ground, and all
the reit is built among rocks and hills.
Three miles from this town is a celc-
!• rated hermitage, cut in a rock, which
contains a church and fteeple, a veftry, a
kitchen, a large hall, two rooms on each
fide, two pair of ftairs, and a cellar.
The church is 63 feet long, 36 broad,
and 22 high: but the moft wonderful
thing of all is the fteeple, which is 70
feet high above the rock ; and the chimney
of the kitchen is 90 feet in height. It is
almoft inconceivable how one man, with
hi& fei-vant, could perform fo difficult a
Work, though they were 25 years about
it. Friburg is feated on the river San,
° 15 miles sw of Bern. Lon. 6 53 £, lat.
4.6 48 N.
Friburg, a town of Suabia, capital
of Brifgaw ; remarkable for the fteeple of
the great church (which, except that of
StraTburg, is the fineft in Germany) and
for its univerfity. The inhabitants are
famous for polifhing cryftai and precious
ftones. It has been feveral times taken
and retaken ; the laft time by the French
in June 1796. It is feated on the river
Trifer, 10 miles e of Brifach, and 26 s
ofStrafburg. Lon. 7 57 E, lat. 48 ion.
Fricenti, an epifcopal town of Naples,
in Principato Ulteriore, near the river
Triapalto, ao miles sB of Benevento.
Lon. 15 9 E, lat. 4.0 59 N.
Friedberg, an imperial town of Ger-
many, in Weteravia, feated on a moun-
tain, 15 miles N£ of Francfon. Lon. 8
46 E, lat. 50 10 N.
Friedberg, a town of Germany, in
Bavaria, with a caftle, taken and plun-
dered by the Swedes in 1631. It is 30
miles Nw of Munich. Lon. 11 10 £,
lat. 40 23 N.
Friedberg, a town of Germany, in
Mifnla, remarkable for its mines, and
for being the burying-place of the princes
of the houiie of Saxony. It is feated on
the Multa, 1 5 miles sw of Drefden.
Lon. 13 36 w, lat. 51 o N-
Priedbbug, a town of Gennany, in
Thuiingia, icatcd on the Unilrue, 30
F R I
Lon. II 41 E, lut.
miles w of Lclpfuk.
51 19 N.
Friedberg, the name of two Imall
towns in Sileliaj the on-.- in the duchy of
Javcr, and the other in the duchy of
Schweidnitz. The laft is remarkable ior
a battle ■jained there by the king of Pi'uf-
fia, over the Auitrluna, in 1745.
Priding, a town of Suabia, on the
Danube, 30 miles N'e of Conliante. Lon.
9 31 e, lat. 48 1 1 N.
Fridland, a town of Bylicmia, on
the confuies of Silefia, 55 miico e of
Drefden. Lon. I5 15 e, lat. 53 4 N.
Fridlengen, a town of Suabia, three
miles E of the Rhine, and four N of Bafle.
Lon. 7 36 E, lat. 47 40 N.
Friendly Islands, a group of
iflands in the S Pacific Ocean, fo named
by captain Cook, in 1773, o" account of
the triendftiip that appeared to liibfift
among the inhabitants ; and their courte-
ous behaviour to Itrangers. Tafman, a
Dutch navigator, firft touched here ia
1643, and gave the names of New Am-
fterdam, Rotterdam, and Middleburg, to
three of the principal iflands. Captain
Cook explored the whole clutter, which
be found to confitt of more than 20
iflands, the principal of which are Ton-
gataboo, or Amltcrdam; Eauowe, .or
Middleburg j Annamooka, or Rotter-
dam } Hapaee, and Leiooga. The ifirft,
which is tne largeft, lies in 174 46 w
lon. and 21 9 s lat. The general ap-
pearance of thefe iilands convey an Idea
of the moll: exuberant fertility : the fur-
face, at a diftance, leems entirely clothed
with trees of various fizes, fome of which
are very large, particularly the tall cocoa-
palm, and a Ipecies of fig with narrow-
pointed leaves. On clofer examination,
they are almoft wholly laid out in planta-
tions, in which are fome of the richelt
produftions of nature j I'ach as oread-
fruit and cocoa-nut trees, plantains, yams,
fugar-canes, and a fruit like a nedailne.
The ftock of quadrupeds is fcanty ; but
they received from captain Cook fome
valuable additions, both to the animal
and vegetable kingdom. Their domeftic
fowls are as large as thofe of Europe.
Among the birds are parrots and pano-
quets of various forts, which furnifh the
red feathers fb much efteemed in the So-
ciety Ifles. The numerous reefs and
fhoals afford fhelter for an endlefs variety
of fhellfifh. Thefe iflands are all inhabited
by a race of people, who cultivate the
earth with great induftry j and nature,
alfifted by a little art, appears no where
-i
t«.|
tfe'
r
t
F R I
in greater fplendour. Agriculture, ar-
chiteiluic, boat- building, and fifhing,
are the employinents of the men: to
the women h confined the nunufafture of
cloth.
Friesach, a town of Germany, in the
archbifliopric of S Itzburg, with a Itrong
caftle, on a mountain. It is 56 miles
S£ of SaltKbmgh. J.on. 14. iz £, lat. 4.7
12 N.
Frieslani), one of the Unlttd Pro-
vinces, bounded on the N by the German
Ocean, on the w by Jie Zuicler-Zee, on
the s by the lame and Overyflel, which
alio, with Gronningen, boimds it on the
£. Lewardt-n is the capital.
Friesland, East, a principality of
Weftphalia, fo called from its iltuation
with refpeft to the Dutch province of
Friefland. It is bounded on the N by
the German Ocean, on the E by Olden-
burg, on the s by Munfter, and on the
W by Gronlngen and the German Ocean ;
extending from N to s 45 miles, and from
£ to w 4.Z. The country being level and
low, is obliged tq be fecured agaiuft in-
undations by expenfive dikes. The land is
fertile; and the paltures feed horned
cattle, horfes, and fheep, of an extraor-
dinary fize. On the death of prince
Charles Edward in 1744, the fuccelTion
to this ^.rincipality was difputed between
the king of Great Britain, eleftor of
Hanover, and the king of Prulfia, eleftor
of Brandenburg ; and, on an appeal by
the former, in 1752, to the diet of Ra-
tifbon, it was determined, that the claims
of the two princes fhould be referred to
the decifion of the emperor and the auiic
council at Vienna j but his Pruflian ma-
jefty declaring that he would maintain
poileflion by force of arms, it was not
thought advifable to embroil Great Bri-
tain with that monarch, anti the claim of
the ele<Sor of Hanover was no longer in-
Ijfted on. Embden is the capital,
Friesland, West, another name
for that part of Holland, called N Hol-
land. The ftates of Holland hence take
the title of the Itates of Holland and \V
Fri'jfland.
Frinwalt, a town of Germany, in
the margravate of Br.indenbuig, li;ated
on the Oder, 30 miles ne of Berlin.
Lon. 14 10 E, lat. 5i 50 N.
Frio, Cape, a promontory of Brafil,
in tlie province of Rio Janeiro. Lon. 41
31 w, lit. 22 54 s.
FRiscH.iH, a bay of the Baltic Sea,
at the ir.outh of the Vift-ila.
Fritzlak, a tgwA of Gernj^nyt in
F U E
the landgravate of Heflfe-CafTel, zo miles
$w of CafTel.
Friuli, a province of Italy, bounded
on the N by Carinthia, on the s by the
^ulf of Venice, on the E by Carniola
and the gulf Triefto, and on the w by
the Trevil'ano and Bellunele. It is fer-
tile in wine and fruits, and fubjttSl partly
to the Venetians, and partly to Aullria.
Udina is the capital.
Frotisher's Straits, a little n of
Cape Farewell and W Greenland, dil-
covtred by fir Martin Fx-obiflier. Lon.
42 o w, lat. 63 o N.
Frodingham, a town in the e riding
of Ycrkfhire, with a market on Thurl-
day, 36 miles e of York, and 194 N of
London. Lon. o 12 w, lat. 53 56 N.
Frodsham, a town in Chelhire, v/iih
a caftle at the w end, and" a market on
Wedne.'ciay. It Is feated near the Mer-
fey, by Frodfiiam Hills, the higheft in
the county, n miles ne of Cheltier, and
1 82 NNW of London. Lon. z 48 w, lat.
S3 21 N.
Frome, or Froom, a river in Dor-
fetfluie, which conxs from the sw part
of the county to Dorchefter', and pro-
ceeding to Warcham, empties itfelf into
the buy that forms the harbour of
Poole.
Frome, a river in Somerfetfliire,
which flows by the town of Frome, and
unites with the Avon at Briftol.
Frome, a town in Somerfetfliire, with
a market on Wtdnefday. The article
chiefly made here is fecond cloths, the
f>rincipal material of whi'-' is fine Eng-
ifli wool. It is feated on the Frome, ii
miles s of Bath, and 104 w by s of Lon-
don. Lon. 2 16 w, lat. 51 lo N.
Fronsac, a town of France, in the
department of Gironde and late province
of Guienne, feated on :he Dordogne, sx
miles NE of BoutJeaux. Lon. 0 16 w,
lat. 45 5 N.
Fronteira, a town of Portugal, in
Alentejo, 17 miles ne of Elhtmos.
P'rontigniac, a town of France, in
the department of Herault and late pro-
vince of Languedoc, ix'maikable for its
excellent mulcadine wines. It is feated
on Lake Maguleonc, 14 miles sw of
JMontpellier. Lon. 3 48 e, lat. 43 46 n.
Fuego, one of the Cape de Verd
Iflands, in the Atlantic Ocean. It is
much higher than any of the relt, apd
feems to be a fingle mountain at fea, but
on the fides there are deep valiies. It is
a volcano, which burns contir;- tally, and
may be fe«n a great way off at iea, Tlie
F U L
'■ FUR
the
Ince"
22
w,
in
ill
no-
its
ted
of
N.
erd
:he
Portugucfe, who firft inhabited it, brought
negroes with them, and a ftock of cows,
horfes, and hogs ; but now the chief in-
habitants are blaclcs, of the Romifh reli-
gion. It is 300 miles w of Cape de Veid.
Lon. 24. 30 w, lat. 14. 54. N.
f'UEN-Hou-FOU, a city of China, in
the province of Pe-tchdi, celebrated for
its extent and the number of its inhabit-
ants, as well as for the beauty of its
ftreets and triumphal arches. It has under
its jurifdiiJlion two cities of the fecond
rank, eight of the third, and many for-
trcffcs, which bar the entrance of Cliina
agaii^it the Tartars. It is feated near the
great wall, amid mountains.
FuEN-TCHEOU-FOU, a commercial
city of China, in the province of Chang-fi.
Its baths and fprings, ahnolt as hot as
boiling water, attraft a great number of
ftrangers. Its dillrift contains one ciiy
of the fecond, and feven of the third
clafs. It is feated on the river Fueo-bo,
150 miles s\v of Pekin.
FuENTE DuEGNA, a town of Spain,
in New Caftile, feated on the Tajo, 35
miles SB of Madrid. Lon. 3 o w, lat.
40 14 N.
FvESEN, a town of Suabia, belonging
to the bifhop of Auglburg, with an an-
cient cattle. It is feated on the Lech, 50
miles s by E of Auglburg. Lon. 1 1 1 5
E> lat. 47 40 N.
FuiDENTALL, a town of Silefia, in
the duchy of Troppaw, taken by the
king of rrulTia in 1 741 and 1 744. It is
feated near the Mohra, 16 miles w by s
of Troppaw.
Put A, or Thole, one of the Shet-
land Iflands, w of Mainland. It is
thought by fome to be the lame, which
the ancients reckoned the ultimate limit
of the habitable globe, and to which,
therefore, they gave the appellation of Ul-
tinia Thule. It is doubtfid, however,
whether this be really the ifland (o called j
becaufe, had the ancients reached it, they
mult have feen land ftill furtlier to the ne }
Mainland, Yell, and Unit, being all fur-
ther N.
FuLDE, a town of Germany, in the
circle of the Upper Rhine, witfi a cele-
brated abbey, whole abbot is primate of
the abbies of the empire, and fovereign
of a fmall territory between Heffe, Fran-
conia, and Thuringia. It is feated on
the Fulde, 55 miles s of Caffel. Lon. 9
43 E, lat. 50 40 N.
FuLHAM, a village in Middlefex, fom*
miles w by s of London, feated on the
Thames, over which is a wooden bridge
to Putney. It has been the demeihe of
the bifliops of London ever fince the con-
Quell : here they have a ualace ; and in
the churchyard are the tombs of feveral of
the prelates of that fee
Full AN, a country in the interior
pnrt of Africa, w ot the kingdom of
Ca(hna. Its boundaries have not yet
btcii aicertained, nor has the face of the
country been dei'cribied. All the infor-
mation obtained of it is, that the drefg
of the natives relembles the plaids of the
Scotch Mighlanders.
FuNCHAL, the capital of Madeira, fitu-
ate round a bay, on the genilc afcent of
the firft hills, in form of an amphitheati-e.
An old caltle, which commands tho
road, ttands on the top of a (teep black
rock, furroundcd by the fea at high
water, and called bv the Englifli Loo
Rock. On a neighbouring eminence
above the town, is another, callwi St.
John's Cattle } and on the feafide are feve-
ral batteries. The ftreets are narrow,
ill -paved, and dirty. The houfes are
built of freeftone, or of brick j but they
are dark, and only a few of the bett, be-
longing to the Englifli merchants, or the
principal inhabitants, are provided with
glafs windows : all the others have a kind
ot lattice-work in their ftead, which hanga
on hinges. Lon. 17 6 w, lat. 3* 38 n.
FvNDY, a bay of N America, betwe«.n
New England aud Nova Scotia, remark-
able for its tides, which rife to the height
of 50 or 60 feet, and flow fo rapidly, as
to overtake animals wliich feed upon the
fliore.
Fun EN, an ifland of Denmark, 34a
miles in circumference j leparated from
Jutland by a ftrait, called the Little Belt,
and from Zealand by the Great Belt. It
is remarkably fertile in pafture and grain*
and exports to Norway, bailey, pats, rye,
and peas. Odenlce is the capital.
FuRNES, a town of Atiftrian Flanders,
feated. near the German Ocean, on the
canal from Bruges to Dunkirk. It wa«
one of the barrier towns; but, in 1781,
the emperor Joleph 11 expelled the Dutch
pirilbn. It was taken by the French
in 1793, and is 12 miles e of Dunkirk.
Lon. 2 45 E, lat. 51 4 K.
FuRRUCKABAO, a diftrift of Hip-
dooftan Proper, contiguous to the W
bank of the Ganges, and furrounded by
Oude. It is Httlemore than 30 miles in ex-
tent, and belongs to a chief of the Patan
RohiUa tribe. Its capital is of the fame
name. Lon. 79 30 w, lat. zy »8 n.
FuRSTENBURc, a principality of
Suabia, bounded by th^ duchy of Wir-
temberg, ^he county of Hohenburg vol
M\
m
ti;l
li'ii
!il
F y N
ether territories of tUc hpufc of Aullria,
'fy''the Brifir-iw, the Black Forrft, ami
'tlie luke annbifhoprlc of Conn;nice. In
'this ftute thf river Danube takca its rife.
ruRSTENDURGjthe capital of a prin-
cipality of the fame name, in Suabiu,
rvit'h a caftlc, leiUcd on a mouni;jiu, near
the Danvihe, 17 miles S of Rdtweil. Lo:i.
9 o E, lat. 4.7 53 N.
FuRSTj NKELP, u town of Lower
Stiria, with a caltle, on the river Auft-
iiit7, 50 miles s of Vienna. Lon. 165
E, lat. 47 23 N.
Ft.'Rstenwai.d, a town of Germany,
in the mickile marche of Brandenburg,
feated on the Spree, 20 miles w of Frunc-
■ fort on the Oder. It was taken by the
Swedes in 1631. Lon. 14, 8 E, lat. 52
'aj N.
' FuTTVl'ot/R SicRi, a <onllderabIe
town of Hindooftan • Proper, in the pro-
vince of Agra. It is feated under a range
'of hills, the fbiithern boundary of an iiu-
' menle plain, in which, for the grcatelt
part, not a flnub is to be feen, and the
Ibil is alir.oft as fine is hair powder j a
circumftance, produftive of the molt dil-
agreeable effeils, when thin fine dult is
taken up by the hot winds from the vvelt-
ward. Its fituation too is unhealthy,
from the indifferent water with which
the whole country abounds; but the
country immediately near the town, is
in tolerable cultivation. On the I'ummit
of the higheft hill is a large mofque,
built by the emperor Acbar, in the firlt
ftyle ot Moorilh architefture ; and at
the foot of this hill, are the ruias of an
imperial palace, which occupy a great
extent of groiirtd. It is 42 miles w of
Agra. Lon. 77 45 E, lat. 27 on.
FyaL, one of the Azores, or Weftern
Iflands. It is well cultivated j and has
abundance of cheftnuts, beeches, myrtles,
and afpen-trees. The cottages of the
common people are builtof clay, thatched
with ft)awj and are fmall, but* cleanly
and cool. The moft confiderable place is
tailed Villa de Horta. Lon. 28 36 w,
lat. 38 32 N.
' FVi:rs, a river in Inverncfsflnre, which,
defcendi'ng from the s, flows toward Loch
Nefs. Over this river is built a llupvnd-
. ous bridge, on two oppofite rocks j the
top of the arch being above 100 icet from
the level of the water. A little beloyv
' the bridge is the celebrated Fall of Fyers,
wher 'J a great body of water darts, through
■A narrow gap betweerii two rocks, then
falls over a valf precipice into the bottom
»:>i the chafm.
FvNE^j.Lot;., an Inlet of the Atkntlc;
G A I
in Argyleflurc, near 40 miles in length.
It receives and returns a tide on each liJe
of the ille of Arran, which is direfily
uppofite its entrance. It is indented with
bays ; and at certain fcalbns, its water!>
are filled wit'n herrings, when it becomes
the relbrt of numerous Hfliing vedlls.
t'vZADAD, a city of Hindooilan Pro-
Jfer, in the territory yf Oude, of which
it was oftce the capital. Here arc the re-
mains of a vaft building, the palace of
the late nabob Sujah ul Dowlah. I'he
city is very populous ; but fmce the v&-
inoval of the court of Oude to Lucknow,
the people are of the loweft clai's. It is
feated on the Gogra, 80 miles E of Luck-
now, and 500 NW of Calcutta. Lorl,
Sz 30 E, lat. 29 34N. .
, '. I
G.
■. <, a-
GABARET, a town of france, ii>
the department of Gers and late
province of Gafcony, feated on the G?-
liil'e, 20 miles w of Condom. Lon. o 6
E, lat. 44 59 N.
Gabian, a village of France^ in the
department oi' HerauU and late province
of Langucdoc, famous for its mineral
waters. . .
Gab IN, a town of Poland, in the pa«
latinate of Rava, 50 miles NW of War-
faw. Lou. 19 45 E, lat. 5* 26 N.
Gaiei'a, an ancient town of NajJts,
in Terra di Lavora, with a fort, a cita-
del, a harbour, and a bifhop's fee. It
was taken l^y the Auftrians in 1707, and
by the Spaniards in 1734. It is ieated at
the foot of a mountain, near the lea, 30
miles NW of Capua. Lon. 13 47 £, lat.
41 30 N.
Gail lac, a town of France, in the
department of Tarn and late province of
Languedoc, remarkable for its wines.
It is feated on the Tarn, 10 miles sw of
Alby. Lon. 2 5 E, lat. 43 54 N.
Gail LON, a town of France, In the
department of Eure and late province of
Normandy, remarkable for the magnifi-
cent palace, lately belonging to the arqh-
bifliop of Rouen. It is five miles from
Andely, and 22 from Rouen.
Gainsborough, a town in Llncoln-
flilre, with a market on Tuefdav, feated
on the Trent, over which Is a handfome
Itone bridge. It is a river-port of Ibnje
confequence, beipg acceflible to veflels of
funicient fize to navigate 'the fea^ and
lerves as a place of export aid import for
the N part of tlui'tuuuty,; aiitl fw Not-
i'f
GAL
GAL.
ce, it>
A late
e Gu-
ll, o 6
cita-
ie. It
I7, and
ited at
;a, 30
IE, lat.
jin tlic
Ince ot
ignlfi-
arqh-
from
icola-
ll'eated
Idfome
Ibnje
Vels of
and
tJrt ior
Not-
tinghamfhirf. It is 17 miles Nw of
LiiK'ola, and 151 n by w of London.
Lun. o 36 w, lat.. 53 %8 N<
Gaikloch, a large bay of ScotKind,
on the w coalt of Koislhire, which gives
name to a tia^l of bnd near it. The
fiAiing of cud, and other white fifh, h
here very confiderable.
Galacz, a town of Bulgaria, feated
near the Danube, between the inuuthv of
the Pruth and Seret.
Galashiels, a village in Selkirk-
shire, near the confluence of the Gala and
Tweed. Here is a flour iOiing manufac-
ture of woollen cloth, called Galafliiels-
gniy, being of a dark colour and coarli:
texture. Lately, flannels and fuperior
cloths have been tried with tolerable i'uc-
cels. It is 25 miles s by e of Edinburgh.
Galaso, a river of Naples, inOtrunio,
wl\ich riles in the opening r 'ar Oria, and
falls into the gulf of Taraiito,
Galata, the principal fuburb of Con-
ibntihoplc, feated oppofite the leraglio,
on the other fule of the harbour. It is
inhabited by ChrilUans of all Ibrts, as
well as j-'ws, who exercife their religion
publicly i and here wine is ibid in
taverns, which is not allowed in the city
itfelf.
Galfally, a town of Ireland, in the
county of Tipptiary, 23 milts se of
Limerick. Lon. 8 20 w, lat. 52 15 N.
G ALICIA, a large country in the s of
Poland, which conllfts of that part of
Little Poland on the s fide of the Viitula,
»lmoit the whole of Red Kufiia, and a
flip of Podolia. It was forcibly leized
by the Auftrians in 1772, and incorpo-
rated into the Auflirian dominions, under
the appellation of the kingdoms of Gali-
cia and Lcdomeriaj which kingdoms, as
the court of Vienna alleged, fome ancient
diplomas reprel'ent as fituate in Pwiand,
and fubjeft to the kings of Hungary : but
their moft powerful and convincing argu-
ment was an army of 200,000 men.
The population ot Galicia ard Lodo-
meria, ^n 1776, amounted to 2,5i$o,796.
The nlountainous parts produce fine pas-
ture; the plains are nioitly fandy, but
abound in torefts, and are fertile in corn.
The principal articles of traftic are cat-
tle, hides, wax, and honey ; and thele
countries contain mines of copper, lead,
iron, and fait, of which the latter are
the moft valuable. Lemburg, or Leo-
pold, is the capital of the whole country,
which extends 380 miles from £ to w i its
greateft breadth being 190.
GALiciA,a province of Spain, bounded
on the N and w by the Atlantic, on the
8 by Portugal, and on the E by -the
Anurias and Leon. The air is temperate
alciig the coalt, but in other places cold
and luoift. It is thin of people. Tho
produce is wine, flax, and citrons.
Hcie alio are jjood paltures, topper, and
lead ; and tlie iioreits yield wood tor build-
ing of fhips. St. Jagode Compoitella is
tiie ca|.ital.
Galicia, New. Sec Guadala-
jara.
Galistio, a town of Spain, in Eftra-
maduia, 10 miles NW of Placentia. Lon.
5 8 B, lat. 40 2 N.
Gall, St. or St. Gallen, a town
of SwifTerl md, in ihurgau, with a rich
abliey, who.e abl)Ot is titulai- prince of
the German empire, and formerly pol-
iefletl the ibvercignty of the town ; but
the inhabitants fliook off his authority,
and became independent. The town is
entiiely proteltant, and its government;
arlfto-democratical. The fubjcfls of the
abbot, wb Wi; territoiy is diftind, are
moltly cathc lies. The abbey, in which
this prince refidcs, is lituate dole to the
town, and in the midft of its territory;
as the latter is alfo entirely lunounded
by the pofleflions of the prince. To the
library belonging to this abuey, which con-
tains leveral mss. of the claffics, we are in-
debted for Pctronius Arbiter, Silius Ita-
licus, Valerius Flaccus, and Quintilian,
copies of which were found heie in 1413.
The town owes its flourifliing ftate to
a very extenfivc commerce, aiifmg chiefly
from its manufa^jiures of linen, muflin,
and embroidery. It is feated in a narrow,
barren valley, betweeri two mountains,
and on two linall ftreams, 37 miles N£ of
Zuric. Lon. 9 20 £, lat. 4.7 26 N.
Gall a, a fort of Ceylon, belonging
to the Dutch, who drove the Portugucle
thence in 1 64.01. Some call it Punta de
Gallo. Lon. 80 30 E, lat. 6 20 N.
Gallipago Islands, a number of
iflands in the Pacific Ocean, difcovered
by the Spaniards, to whom ihey belong.
They are not inhabited ; but tne Spani-
ards touch here for frefli water said pro-
vifjons, when they fail from America to
Afia.. Here are a great number of.birds,
and excellent tortoil'es. 1'hey lie under
the equator, the centre ifland in ion. 85
30 w. .
Gallipoli, a feaport of Naples, in
Terra d'Otranto, with a bifliop's lee, and
a lort. This place is a great mart fur
olive oil. It is feated on a reck, fur-
rounded by the fea, and joined to the
mainland by a briOge, 23 miles \v v{
Otianto. Lon. iS <; e, lat. 40 20 n.
iP a
) ' r^l
.1:1 1
I
I'
1!
'it '
h
11
GAM
G A N
'i:
u
Gallipoli, a feaport of Turkey m
Kiirope, in Romania, with a biihop's Ire.
It contains abont 10,000 Turks, 3500
Gre.ks, bcfide a great number of Jews,
It is an open place, and has no other dc>
fence than a lorry fquare caftlc. The
houfes of the Greeks and Jews have
doors not above three feet and a half
high, lo prevent the Turks riding into
their houles. It is featcd on a Itrait of
the fame name, 100 miles sw of Con-
ftantinoplc. Lon. 26 59 e, lat. 40 26 N.
Gallipoli, a ftrait between Euro-
pean and Aliatic Turkey. It forms the
communication between the Archipelago
and the fea of Marmora, and is defended
at the sw entrance by the Dardanelles.
It is here two miles ' v^ev, and is 33 miles
long. It was anciently called the Hcl-
lefpont. See Dardanelles.
Gallo, an illand of the Pacific
Ocean, near the coaft of Peru j the firft
place poffefl'ed by the Spaniards, when
they attempted the conqueil of Peru. It
is alfo the place whtrf the Buccaneers
uied to come for wood and water, and to
refit their veilels. Lon. 80 o w, lat. a
30 N.
Galloway, New, a borough in
Kirkcudbrightlhire, fituate on the river
Ke, , 14. miles N of Kirkcudbright.
Galloway, Upper, or West. See
WiGTONSHIRE.
Galway, a county of Ireland, in the
province of Ccnnaught, 8» miles in length,
and 42 in b.tadth} bounded on the N
by the Atlantic, and the countie* of
Mayo and Kolcommon; on the e by
Ro. common, Weft Meath, and King's
County; on the s\V by Tipperaify; on
the s by Galway Bay and Clare; and on
the w by the Atlantic. The river
Shannon waflies the frontiers of the E
and SE, and forms a lake feveral miles
in length. It contains 1 36 pariflies, and
/ends tight members to parliament.
Galway, a leaport of Ireland, capi-
r<il of a county of the lame name. It is
lurrounded by Itrong walls j the ftreets
are large and Itraight; and the houfes
are generally well buLlt of ftone. Its
harbour is defended, by a fort, and it
has a good foreign ti'ade, being feated
on a bay of the fame name, on the
Atlantic Ocean, 40 miJes wsw of
Athlone, and 100 w of Dublin. Lon.
5 o w, lat. 53 18 N.
Gambia, a great river of /^rica,
which, running from e to w, ^uils into
the Atlantic Ocean, between Cape Verd
on the N, and Cape St. Mary on the s.
It overflows the country annually, like
5
the Nile, and is fuppofrd to be a branch
of the Niger. It is navigable for (hipt
of 1 50 tons burden, 500 miles from its
mouth.
Gandersheim, a town of Lower
Saxony, in the duchy of Brunfwick Wol-
fenhuttle, with a celebrated nunnery, 17
rniles h\v of Golhr. Lon. 18 lo E,
lat. 51 5+ N.
Gandia, a fcaiiort of Spain, in Va-
lencia, with a fniall univcrhty, 55 mllci
N of Alicnnt. Lon. 0 ao li, lat. 39 6 N.
Gandicotta, a town of the penin-
fula of Hindooftun, lubjeft to the regent
of Mylbre, remarkable for a ftrong fortrefs,
and a diamond mine near it. It is leated
on the river Pennar, between Gooty and
Cuddapa.
GANGEA,or Ganja, a town of Perfia,
in the province of Erivan, 105 miles s
by E of Tefilis. Lon. 45 50 e, lat. 41
10 N.
Ganges, a large and celebrated river
of A<ia, which has its fburce in twofprings,
on t-" w fide of Mount PCentaifFe, in
Thibet. The two infant Itrcams take a
w dire^ion for 300 miles, when meeting
the great ridge of Mount Himmaleh«
they turn to the s, in whicli courfe they
unite their waters, and form what 11
tiroperly called the Ganges, from the
Hindoo word Ganga, which fignifies.
a river; a term given to it by way
of eminence. This great body ot water
now forces a paflage through the ridge.
of Himnialch, at the diltance of 400
miles l>elow th£ place of its iirii approach>,
and, rulhing- through a caVern, precipi-
tates itfelf into a vaft bafin which it ha&
worn in tlie rock, at the hither foot of
the mountains. The Ganges thus appears,
to incurious Ijpeflators, to derive its ori-
ginal i'priogs from this chain of mountains.
Tile mind of tiiperftition ha» given to the
mouth of the cavern, thrform of the head
of a cow ; an animal held by the Hindooi
in a degree of veneration, almoft equal to
that in which the Egyptians held their
god Apis; and, accordingly} they hava
ftyled it the Gangotri, or the Cow's
Mouth. From this fecond fource (as it
may be termed) of the Ganges, it takes
a &E direftion, through the country of
Sirinagur, until, at Hurdwar, it finally
elcapes from thi» monntainous traff in
which it has wandered 800 miles;
From Hurdwar, where it gufties through
an opening in the mountains, and enters
Hindooftan, it flows %vith a fmooth na-
vigable ftieam through delightful plains,
during the remainder of its courfe to the
bay of Bengsly which it enters by feveral
GAR
GAT
^7
ains.
o the
lead
tdoot
al to
their
havo
ow's
as it
lakes
of
nally
fl ia
iles'.
ugh
iters
mouths. In its courfe through thcfe
pluins, it receives 1 1 livcis, i'otne ut wliich
are eqiinl to the Rhine, anU nunc im:illcr
than the Thames, befide many of inferior
note. In tiie annual inumlition of this
immcnfe river, the counti-y is ovtiHowttl to
the extent of more tuur; loo miles in vt'idtli ;
nothing appearing but villages ;iiui trees,
e;<cepting, very nirely, the top of an ele-
vated fpot, the artificial mound of feme
delertcd village, ap})earinj; liice an idund.
The rife of the water is, on an average,
31 feet. In a word, it is, m e^'ery ic-
fpedl, one of the molt beneficial rivus in
the world i diffufing plenty immediaH*ly
by means of its livmg proiluftions, ai;-!
licondarily by eni-iching the lands, afford-
ing an cal'y conveyance tor the produ(!:Hons
•f its borders, and giving employnu-nt tq
many thoufand boatmen. It is no won-
der, therefore, that the Hindoos regard
this river as a kind of deity, that they
hold its waters in high veneration, and.
that it is vifited annually by a prodigious
- ■ ■ - all
Hindooitan.
niinfvher . of pilgrims from ail parts of
GawjaMj a town of the peninfula
of Hindooitan, in one of the Northern
Circars, fubjeft to the Englifli. It lies on
the bay of Bengal, between a river and
the sw end of Chilka Lake. Lon. 85
20 E, lat. 19 22 N.
Gannat, a town of France, in the
department of Allier, and late province
of Bourbonnois, 30 miles s of Moulins.
Gap, an ancient town of France, in
the department wi iiie Upper Alps and
late province of Dauphiny, and lately a
bifhop's fee. It was taken, in 1692,
by the duke of Savoy, who burnt a great
part of it. Gap is i^ated on the liiiall
river Bene, at the foot of a mountain,
in which fome mineral waters are found
that are deemed febrifuge. It is 27
miles N of Sllteron. Lon. 6 10 E, lat.
44. 3+ N.
Garack, an ifland of Afia, in the
gulf of Perfja, remarkable for the fijie
pearls iiflied up on its coalts. Lon. 48 q
F, lat. 28 15 N.
Gard, a department of France, in-
cluding part of the late province of Lan-
guedoc. Nlfmes is the epifcopal town.
Gard, Pont Du, a Roman aquedufl,
in France, nine miles ne of Nlfmes,
t:re£ted, it is fuppofed, by Agrippa, in
the time of Auguftus. It is 160 feet
in height^ and confifts of three bridges
rifmg above each other, and uniting
two craggy mountains. The higheft of
thefe bridges has iix axches, of great bV>cks
of (lone, Without cement j the centre
one has eleven i and th« loweft (und^
whicli flows the Garden, an iiiconfider-
able, but rapid river) has j6. Lewis
XIV, when he repaiieil, in iCyj, the da-
mages which this Itupendous work had
lulluiiied by time, tauled a real bridge,
over wliich trdVtUers no'v pafs, to be tui»
ftnirted by the fide of tiic lowei range of
arches. This aqueduil was built, inoider
to convey to Niimts the water of the
i'pring of Hurc, which illts near Uzes.
(jARDA, a town of Italy, in the Ve-
ronefe, leated at the end ot a lake of itft
ownnume, 17 miles NW of Verona. Lvju
II 4 t, lat. 45 36 N.
Gardki HBi N, a town of Gcimany,
in ih-; old marche of Bradeiiburg. It
has a trade in hops and excellent beer,
and is li:ated on the river Bcile, 32 miles
N by w of Magdeburg. Lon. 11 35 e,
lat. 52 41 N.
Garonne, a river of France, whicU
rifes in the Pyreneirs, and taking a NW
dircftion, waters Touloufe and Bour-
deaux, below which it is joined by the
Dordogne, and thence to its entrance into
the bay of Bifcay, is called the Girondc.
It has a navigable communication with
the Mediterranean, by its jundlion witl\
the Royal Canal. See Canal, Royal.
Garonne, Upper, a department of
France, containing part of the late pro-
vince of Languedoc. Touloufe is the
capital.
Garrison, a town of Ireland, in the.
county of Fermanagh, 10 miles S£ of
Ballylhannon. Lon. 7 43 w, lat. 54 7.5 N»
Garstanc, a town in Lancaftiire,
with a market on Thurfday, featcd on
the river Wyre, 10 miles s of Lancafter,
and 225 NNW of London. Lon. 2 53
w, lat. 53 56 N.
Gartz, a town of Pruffian Pomc-
rania, feated on the Oder, 1 3 miles s of
Stetin. Lon, 14 35 e, lat. 53 ^3 n.
GascOnv, a late province of Fraiice,
bounded on the w by the bay of Bil"cay»
on the N by Guienne, on the E by Lan-
guedoc, and on the s by the Pyrenees,
The charafter of the inhabitants has been
long that of a lively people, famous for
boaftlng of their valour, which has occa-
fioned the name of Gafconadc to be given
to all bragging (lories. This province,
with Armagnac, now forms the depart-
ment of Gers.
Gatehouse, a confiderahle village In
Kirkcudbrightfhire, at the mouth ot the
river Fleet. Here is a cotton-mill j and
Hoops come up the river, within a fliort
diftance of the town. Ij is nine miles NV"
of KIrckcudbiiglit.
? I
hi
I
'i\
)
IS-
i
iii
,i
ul
H^'
G E A
Gatton, a horough in Suiry, which
fends two members to parliament, but
now has neither market nor fair. It is
X9 miks s by w of London. Lon. o
to w, lat. 51 18 N.
Gavardo, a town of Italy, in tl;c
Bfefc-ano, feated on the Wciie, ieven
:niles w of Lake Garda. Lon. 10 ij E,
lat. 45 40 N.
' Gatjdens, St. a town of France, in
the department of Upper Garonn? and
late province of Langviedoc, dated on
the Garonne, eight miles Nu of St. ^^rt-
rand. Lou. o 56 E, lat. 43 i N.
Gaveren, or Wavlrhn, a town of
Aulh-ian Flantlers, feared on the SclVeld,
eight miles S of Ghent. Lon. 3 51 E,
lat. 50 56 N.
Gavi, a town of Italy, in the territory
of Genoa, leaied on th.e Lemo, 19 miles
NW of Genoa. Lon. 8 57 e, lat. 45
40 N.
Gauts, or Indian Appennines,
a fhipenddus wall of rnoiintains, ex-
tending from Cape Comorin, tHt s ex-
tremity of Hindooftin, to the Tapty, or
Surat- River, at unequal diftances from
the coaR ; in one /liort Ipace only, it iip-
proache? within fix miles, the common
diitance is 40, and it leidom exceeds 70.
They rife aliruptly from the low country,
called the Concar., or Cockum, fupport-.
ing, in the nature of a terrace, a vaft
extent of fertile and populous plains,
which are i'o elevated, as to render the
air cool and pleufmt. This celebrated
ridge does not terminate in a promon-
tory, when it approaches the Tapty ;
but, departing from its meridional coune,
it bends eaft ward, in a wavy line, paral-
lel with the river j and is afterward loll
among the hills, in the neighbourhood
of Burhampour. In its courle along the
Tapty, it fornis fevf.ral palfes, or defctnts
(that is Gauts, according to the original
import of the word, which means a
Jinding plac:) toward that river.
Gaza, an ancient and celebrated town
of Paleiline, thrct miles from tlie Medi-
tfirrarttjan, with a :;arboui called New
Gaza. It IS pov very fmall ; but, from
appearance of the ruins, it was formerly
a confidtrl^bla place. There is a caifle
ncnr it, where a bafliaw refides. It is 50
miles s\v of JeruHilein." Lon. 34 45 r.,
lat. 31 2S N. , '
G E a R 0 N, or J A R o K , a town of Peifia,
In I'aililtaii, in whole territory' the belt
dates of Perfia are produced.' Lon. 51
■ X7 E, lat. 23 15 N.
GeFLE, the capital of the province
of" GcHrike, in Sweden, fcatcd on thi'ee
GEM
branches of a river of the fapje name,
which begins to be navigable here, arid'
falls, in a fliort diftance, into a bay of the
Baltic. Ii is the moft commercial town
in this northern part of Sweden ; ar^d it§
exports are principally iron, pitch, tar,
and planks. It is 55 miles n by w of
Stockliolm. . Lon. 17 o E, lat. 63 o N.
Geghnbach, a free imperial city of
Suabia, and under the proteftlon of the
hou(c of Auftria. It is feated on the
Kinzia, 12 miles SE of Stralburg. Lon.
8 a E, lat. 48 24 N.
Geilldorf, a town of Suabia, near
the river Kocher, with a caftle, belonging
to the lords of Limpiirg.
Geislengen, an infiperial town' o^
Suabia, 17 miles NW of Ulm. Lon. 10
3 E, lat. 48 36 N.
Gti.HAUSENi a fmall imperial town of
Weteravja, under the' prote61ion of the
ele-rtor palatine, with a caftle,' iearecl on
the Kintzig, 25 miles E of Hanaq. Lon.
9 IS E, lat. 507 'N. .'
Gemappe, a village of Auftfian Hai-
nault, three miles ^y by s of "Mpijs, fa-
mous for a virtbry which the French
obtained here over the 'Auftriahs, NovJ
5, 1792; in' which the carnage on both
iides was fo great, that three coal-pits,
adjacent were filled up with the dead
bodies of men and horfes.
Gemblours, a town pf Aiiftrian Bra-
bant, with an anfient abbey. Don John
ot Auilria gained a battle here over the
Dutch ill 1578; and it was twice burnt
down, in 1628 and 1712. It is feated
on the Orneau, 22 miles SE of Brufi'els.
Lon. 4 51 E, lat. 50 37 N.
Gemjniani, St. atownof Tufcany, in
the Florentino, feated on a mountain, in
which is a mine of vitriol, 25 miles ssw
of Florence.
Gemmingen, a town of Germany, iri
the palatinate of the Rhine, 30 miles e;
of Philipfbui;^. Lon. 9 13 e,' lat. 49 6 N."
Gemund, an imperial town of Suabi^,
wiih a manuiadiire of chaplets or beads,
which are lent to diltant countuies. It
was taken by the French in Auguft 1796;
and is feated on the Reims, 30 miles N
\>y \v of Ulm. LoM. 9 48 E, lat. 48 48 N,
Gemund, a town of '\^/tftphaKa, in
the duchy of Jiilitrs, feated oh the Roer,
7.4 miles sv/ of Cologne. Lon. 6 48 E,
lat, 5c 38 N.
Gemund, a town of Upper Auftria,
confiderable for its falt-works ; featid to
the N of a lake of the fame name, on the
river Draun, 20 rhiles ssw of Lintz.
Genap, a town of Auftrian Brabant,
with an ancient caltle, Il;fttd on the
I
I
0 E N
GEN
y, in
es E
6 n:
bU,
adsi
It
96;
S N
8 Ni
, in
oer,
E,
tna,
lei to
the
lant,
the
i
Pylc,' 15 miles se of Bruiicls.
40 K, hit. 50 4.0 N.
Genep, or Gennep, atownof Weft-
phalia, lubjeft to the Icing of Prulfia, and
lea ted on the Neers, five injles s\v of
Cleves. Lon. 5 48 E, lat. 51 42. N.
Lon, 4 Geneva, Lake of, a raagnliicent,
cxpanlt of water, in Swifleiland, wliich, ,
from the city of Geneva to Villentuve,j
extends 54 miles in length ; and its
breadth, in tlie vvideli part, is 12. It is
in the Ihape of a creiccnt, of which
Geneva, an ancient city, capital of a Swiflcrland forms the concave, and Sa-.,-
republic of the fame name, near the con
fines of France and Swiflcrland, The
Rhone, which iflues from the Ir.ke of
Geneva in two channels that foon after
unite, divides the city into two imequal
parts. Geneva is more populous than
any oi the towns of Swilferlrmd, coiitain-
in<j ::4,ooo fouls. The alliance which
it conri-aiJVed with Bern and Fiiburg, in
152'), was the true era of its liberiy
and iftdependance J for, not long after.
voy the convex part. Savoy affords a ■
rude and awful boundiuy of afpiring ;
Alps, craggy, and covered with the ice of;
ajr^s, Fryin Geneva to, the environs of
Lauianue, the country llopes, for a cpn-T
fidcrablc way, to Uie margin of the lake,'
and li enriched with all the varieties that..'
nature tan beitow. The long livjge ofi
the Jui-a, fertile in pafturage, an J varied-
with woods, backs this beautiful ti-^^l,;
Near Lauiknne, the banks rile confid«r-
the dukes of SavO^r wefe deprived cf ably, forming a charming tarace j andj
their aXithority over this city ; the bifliop a tew miles beyond tlie town, is a rapid
was expelled J a republic eftablifhed J and dcfcent. Near Vevay, begins a plain,
the relormation intitnkrced. In 1584, wJiich is continued far beyond the end of -
Geneva concluded^ a 'perpetual alliance the lake, but coiitruftuig, by the approach
with Zuric arfd Bern', py wliich it is al- of the mountains, toward, the water j the-.
Jied with the Swifs cahtons. I)uri:.g depth of whi(;h is various ; tl)e greateit,,
the greater part of the laft century, to yet found by founding, 160 fathoms.*
1794, the hiftory of Geneva contains Like all inland lakt^, inclofed within high.
little more than a narrativ^ of contelts mountains, it is iui^eft to luddtn Itorm^.
between the ariftocratic and the popular Among the bird- that frequent this"
parties; It may fuffice to obferve here, lake, are the tippet grebes of Pemiant,-
that the years 1768, 1782, 1789, and which appear in December, and retij-e-
1794, were diftinguifhed by great revo- in February, Their Ikins are an elegant
lutions'. The laft was effected entirely article of luxury, and 1111 for 12 or i4S.
by the influence of the Flinch ; and, each. Thele birds are obliged to breed
perhaps, at the era of a general pacifi- in other places, this lake being almoit to-i
cation, the conftitution may be new mo- tally deititute of reeds and ru/hcs, in-
Celled. Geneva, which lies partly in the which they form their floating neft. The
plain on the borders of the lake, and river Rhone runs through the whole ex-
partly on a gentle afcent, is irregularly
built. The houfes are lofty j and many
in the trading part of the city, have
arcades of wood, which are railed even
to the upper llories : thefe aixades,
fupported by pillars, give a gloomy ap-
pearance to the ftreet, but are uleful to
the inhabit 'nts in prote6Hng them fi'om
the fun an rain. Playing at cards, or
drinking at public-houfes, is not per-
mitted j but they exercilt' their militia,
play at bowls, and have other diverfions on
Sunday; whure, however, thedutiesof the
dly, during the hours appropriated to di-
vine fervice, are obferved with the molj:
refpeilful decojum. The citizens, of both
tent of the lake, from its e to its SW
extremity.
Genevois, a duchy of Save , of
which Geneva and its territory were
formerly a part. Annecy is the capital.
Gengenback, a town of Suabia, 10
miles SE of Stralburg. Lon. 7 53 e,
lat. 48 28 N.
Gengoux de Royal, bx. a town
of France, in the department of Saone
and Loire and late province of Burgundy,
remarkable lor its excellent wines. It'is
leated at the foot of a mountain, 17 miles
SW of Chalons. Lon. 4 43 e, lat. 46
37 N-
Geniez, St. a town of France, in
fexes, are remarkably well inftru^cd ; vhe department of Avciron and late prow .
and it is not uncommon to find me- vince oi Rnuergue^ 24 miles NE'of
chanics, in the intervals of their labour^ RhoJyz. hi^n. 3 o E, lat'. 44 35 n.
amuling themfelves with the works of Gents, a towjj of Savoy, leated on the
Newtcn, Locke, Montcfquieu, and other Guier, 1 2 miles w of Chamberry. Lon.
produ(f)ions of the fame kind. Geneva 5 30 e, lat. 45 40 n.
is 40 miles NE of Chamberry, and 135 Genoa, a territory and republic of
Nwof Tui'in. Lon. 6 5 e, lat; 46 la .n. Itsly, ajctendlng aioni' that pirt of the
11
I
G E N
Mediterranean called the gulf of Genoa,
351 miles J but its brtadth is very
unequal, being from 8 to it miles.
Where it is not bounded by the fen, it
is bordered from w to E by Piedmont,
Montferrat, Milan, Placentia, Parma,
Tufcany, and Lucca. It is populous,
well cultivated, and fertile near the fta ;
but the inner parts are mountainous, and
barren in feveral places, having neither
trees nor grafs upon them.
Genoa* an ancient city of Italy, ca-
fit4l of a republic of the fame name.
t is fix miles in circumference, built
like an amphitheatre, and full of mag-
nificent churches and palaces ; whence it
has the name of Genoa the Proud. It
is one of the moft trading places in Italy ;
has great manufaftures of velvet, filk,
and •cloth ; and the banking bufmeis is a
Very profitable article of commerce.
The nobility do not fcruple to engage in
the manufaaures or trade. Genoa is an
archbifhop's lee, has an academy, a good
harbour, and lofty walls. There is a hrgc
aouedu£i, which fuppUes a great number
of fountains with water, in all parts of the
city. The houfes are well built, and are
five or fix ftories high. The government
is ariftocratic, none but the nobility having
any fhare in it. Thefe are of two Ibrts,
the old and the new, whence there are
So perfons chofen, who make the great
<\)uncil, in which their fovtreigntyreiides.
38efide thefe, there is a fenate, compofed of
the doge and la lenators, who have the
adminittration of affairs. The doge con-
tinues in his odice but two years. The
harbour is very confiderable, and has a
rtiole of 560 paces in length, 13 in
breadth, and 15 feet above the level of
the water. Geno.i was bombarded by
the French in 16S4, and was taken by
the AuRrians in 1746. Their opprellion
of the inhabitants was fuch, that the
latter fuddenly rofe and expelled their
conquerors, who again I>eriegtd the city,
the next year, but without ttie6>. The or-
dinary revenue of this republic is aoojoool.
a year, and there is. a bank which is
partly fupported by public duties. They
generally keep two or three years pro-
vilion of corn, wine, and oil, in thtir
magazines, which they i'ell to the people
in fcarce times. Genoa is 6a miles sb
of Turin, and 125 NW of Rome. Lon,
$141 E, lat. 44 15 N.
George, Fort, a fortrefs in Inver-
Tiefsniire, which has feveral handlbme
ftreets of barracks. It is ieated on the
point of Ardcrlier, a peninfula running
into the frith of Murray, and completely
GEO
commands the entrance into the harbour
of Inverncfs.
George, Fort St, See Madras.
George, Lake, a lake of N Ame-
rica, in the ftate of New York. It lies
sw of Lake Champlain, and is 35 mileit
long, but is narrow. The adjacent
country is mountainous; the vallies tole-
rably good.
George, St. one of the Azores, In->
habited by about 5000 pcrlbiis, who cul-,
tivate much wheat. Lon. 28 o \v, lat,
38 39 N.
George, St, an ifland of the Unlte4
States, in the ftrait of St. Mary, that
forms the communication between Lake
Superior and Lake Huron.
George del Mina, St. the bcft fort
on the Gold Coaft of Guinea, and the
principal fettlement of the Dutch in
thofe parts. It was taken from the
Povtuguefe in 1630. The town under
it, called by the natives Oddena, is very
long, and pretty broad. The houfes are
buUt of ftone, which is uncommon, for
in othpr places they.are compofed only of
clay and wood. It \y"as once very popu-
lous, but the inhabitants were greatly
reduced by the fmallpox. It is 30 miles
w bjrs of Cape Coaft Caftle. Lon. o
iz w, lat. 5 3 N.
George's, St. a fmall Ifland in the
gulf of Venice, lying to th^ s of Venice,
to which it is fubjei^t. Here is a Bcne-
diftine monaftcry, whole church is one pf
the fineft in Italy.
George's, St. the largeft of the
Bermuda Iflamis, In which is the town
of St. George, the capital of all
the illands. X^on. 63 30 w, lat. 31
45 N.
George's, St. an ifland in the gulf
of Mexico, oppolito the mouth of the
AppaUichikola. Lon. 84 50 w, lat. 29
30 N.
George's Key, St. a fmall ifland
of N America, off the cortlt of Honduras.
It is liktwifc called Calina or Cayo Ca-
fina. By a convention in 1786, the Eng-
lish logwood cutters in tlie bay of Hon-
duras were pennitted, under certain re-
ftiiftions, to occupy this ifland.
George TowiJ, the feat of juftica,
in a diftrick of the iatne name, in S Caro-
lina j fituate near the junction of a num-
ber of rlveis, which, when united, .is
najued the P.edee, and falls into the At-
lantic Ocean, I a miles below the town.
It is 55 miles N by e of Charlcfton.
Lon, 79 30 w, lat. 33 10 N*
Georgia, a beautiful country of
Aii^i called by the Pcrit»n$ Gurgiftan,
GEO
and by the Turks Gurtlhi. It is one of
the feven Caucafiun nations, in the coun-
tries between the Black Sea and the
Cafpian, and compiehends the ancient
Iberia and Colchis. It i» bounded on
the N by CircaHia, on the E by Dag-
heftan and Schirvan, on the s by Arme-
nia, and on the w by the Cuban, or
new Ruffian government of Gaucafus.
It is divided into nine provinces. Of
thcfe, five form what is commonly called
the kingdom of Georgia j and four the
kingdom or principality of Imeritia.
The hills are covered with forefts of
oak, afh, beech, cheftnuts, walnuts, and
elms, encircled with vines, growing
perfeftly wild, but producing vaft
qiuantities of grape$. From thefe is an-
nually made as much wine as is necef-
fary for their yearly confumptionj the
remainder are left to rot on the vines.
Cotton grows fpontaneoudy, as well as
the fineft European fruit-trees, liice,
wheat, millet, hemp, and flax are raifcd
oa the plains, almolt without culture.
The valiies afford the finett pafturagej'
the rivers are full of fifh ; the mountains
abound in minerals} and the climate
is healthy; lb that niatura appears to
have lavi(hed on this country every pro-
du^ion that can contribute to . the hap-
pjuels of its inhabitants. On the other
hand, the rivers of Georgia, being fed
by mountain torrents, are alw^iys eitlier
ttio rapid or too /hallow for the pui'-
poi'es of navigation} the Black Sea, by
which commerce and civilization might
be introduced from Europe, has been
till lately in the exclufive poffeffion of the
Turks } the trade by land is greatly ob-
iliu£ted by the high mountains of Cau-
tafus } and this obftacle is ftill increafed,
by the predatory nations which inhabit
thofe mountaini. The Georgians aie
Ciuiftians or the Greek communion, and
appear to have received their name
from their attachment to St. George,
the tutelary faint of thefe countries.
Their drel's nearly refembles that of the
Coflacs } but men of rank frequently wear
the habit of Pcdia. They ufuaily die
their hair, beards, and nails with red.
The women employ the fame colour to
ftain the palms q^ their hands. On their
head they wear a cap or fillet, under
which their black hair falls on their fore-
head ; behind, it is braided into fcveral
treflcs : their eyebrows are painted with
black, in fuch a manner as to form one
entire line, and the face is ^^erfectly
coatetl with white and red. Their air and
awnner arc «Ktreinely voluptuous, and
G E O
being generally educated in convents, they
can all read and write; a qualilicition
which is very unufual among the men,
even of the higheft rank. Girls ate be-
trothed as (bon as polFible ; often at three
or four yeais of age. In the ftreets the
women of rank are always veiled, and
then it is indecent in any man to accoft
them : it is likewife uncivil, in converfa-
tion, to inquire after the wives of any of
the company. Travellers accufe the
Georgiansofdrunkcnnefs,ruperftition,cru-
eky, lloth, avarice, and cowardice ; vicci
which are every where common to flaves
and tyrants, and are by no means peculiar
to the natives of this country. The de-
fcendants of the colonifts, carried by Shach
Al)ba8, and fettled at Peria, near Ifpahan^
and in Mafandei-an,have changed tlieir cha-
rafter with their government; and the
Georgian troops, employed inPerfia againft
the AfFghans, were advantagcourty dittin-
guiflied by their docility, their dilcipline,
and their courage. The other inhabi-
tants of Georgia are Tartars, ,01fi, and
Armenians. Theie laft are found ali
ov.;r Georgia, Ibmetimes mixed with the.
natives, and fometimes in villages of their
own. They fpeak among themfelves'
their ov/n language, but all undtritanA
and can talk the Georgian. Their religi-
on ijj partly the Ai-menian, and. partly tkd
Roman catholic. They are the moft op-'
prelTed of the inhabitants, but arc ftill dif-
tinguiflied by that inftin^Vivci indullry-
vvhich every where chara6ieri7.es the na-
tion, Befide thele, there are in Georgia
confiderable numbers of Jews, Ibme hav-
ing villages of their own, and others mixed
with the Georgian, Armenian, aiid Tar-
tar inhabitants", but never with the Offi :
they pay a iinall tribute above that of the
natives. Tetllis is the capital. bee
Imeritia.
Georgia, the moft fouthern of the'
United States of America, 6co miles;,
long and 250 broad; bounded on the E
by the Atlantic Ocian,onthe s by E and
W Florida, on the w by the Miillifippi,
and on the N by N and'S Carolina. It
is divided into 11 covuxties, namely,
Chatham, Effingham, Burke, Richmond,
Wilkes, Liberty, Glyn, Camden, VVafli-
JDgton, Gi-een, and Franklin. The prin-
cipal rivers are the Savunnah, Ogeechei-,
Alatamaha, Turtle River, Little Sitilla,
Great Sitiila, Crooked River, St. Mary's,,
and Appalachikola. The winters in
Georgia are very mild and pleai-int.
Snow is feldom or never feen. I'lie toil
and its fertility are various, according to
fjtuation and ditferuit impro Yemenis. By
■m
G E R
0 E VL
M
If
I
n.
• I
m
:'V
cwhuif are produced rice, indigo, cotton,
JiJk, Indian corn, potatoes, oranges, figs,
ponitjjjranates, &c. Rice, at prelcnt, is
the ftapk commodity ; but great atten-
tbn begins tp be piki to ihp railing of
tobacco. The whok coift of Georgfia
hi bordered with illiiuds, the principal of
Wjbich are Skiday/ay, Waliaw, Oliahaw,
St. Ciitharinc'*, Sapulo, Frederku, Jckyl,
Cumberland, and Amelia, Th^ capital
oi this ftate is Augurta;
•'Gkorgia, SouTHEKW, an illand of
tkeS Pacific Ocean, dilcovered by captain
Cookin J775,andfonami.dbyhim. It is 31
lougues lougi aild ro in its gpcateft breadth.
it keiDs to abpund with bavs and harbours,
Mrhich the valt qiKmritjesi of ice render
i^acceilible the greateit part of the year.
TwQ) rocky illands arti'fiUjatc at the n
exid; one of which, trpni the perfon who
.difcovered it, was named Willis' J (land:
it is, a. craggy cliff, nearly perpendicular,
and containefl the nells ot many thoufand
Jhags. The other received the name of
Bird Iflaiid, from the innumerable flocks
of bii'ds that wetc feen near it, from the
largeft iUbatroiles down to the leaft pe-
trajs. Here are perpendicular iceclitfs,'
oi coniidei'able height, like thofe at Spitz-
hei'genj from which pieces were continu-
ally breaking otf and tlo.itincr out to fea.
Tke values. were covered witli iViow^ ana-
tbe only vegetation pblerved, was a bladed
graiii, growing in tufts ; wild burnet j
and a plant, like mofs, which fprung from
the rocks. Not a ftivam of fi'eih water
vvas to be ieen on the wholt coalt. This
iilaiid lies betweLn 38 J3 and 35 34 w
lop. and 53 57 and 5+ 57 s lat.
Gepping, an imperial town of Sua-
bia, in the duchy ot Wirtemburg, feated
©n the river W'ils, 15 miles E of iJtut-
g:ird. Lon. 9 45 E, lat. 48 44 N.
Gera, a town of Germany, m Mif-
Dva, with a handlomc college, on the river
Eliter. Lon. 11 56 e, lat. 50 50 N.
GsRAW, a tcwn of Germany, in
Hefle-Darmlludt, capilal of a diltri6l of
the fame name, 10 miks Nw of Darm-
itadt. Lon. 8 29 e, lat. 49 45 N.
Gerkeroy, a town of FraHiCe, in the
depaitment of Oife and late province of
the Ifle of France, 50 miles n by vv of
Paris. Lon. i 54 e, lat. 4.9 3i« N.
GERBEb, Gerbi, or Zerb), an ifland
on the coalt of Tunis. It bears no other
c.oiti than barley; but has lar^e quan-
tities of ligs, olives, and grapes, which,
♦vhen dried, form tlic principal trade. It
depends on the dey of Tripoli. Lon. 10
50 E, lat. 33 56 N.
GtRBEViLLERS, a town 9f France, in
the department of Meurthe and late pro-
vince of Lorrain, with a handibnie caitic-
'J'he church of the late Carmelites is very
eleu^ant. It is ieatcd on the A gen, iivp
mile* from Luneville.
GERGENTf, a town of Sicily, with a
coltie, and a birtu^'s fccj leatid near the
river St. Blalie, 50 milts s of Palermo,
Lon. 13 24 E, lat, 47 24 N.
Gerisau, a village ot SwilTerland, on
the Niide of the lake of Sfhweitz, at thp
foot of the Rigi. It is a i^public, the
fmallelt in Europe, Its territory is twr>
leagues in' length and one in bieadth. It
contains 1 zoo inhabitants,who have theif
general aliembly pf hurg^fles, their Ian-
damman, council of regency, courts of
ju/tice, and militia. Gerifau is compofed
entirely of fcatlered hcnics and cottages,
of a very neat and .piiturefquc appear-
ance. The inhabitant's arie' much em,-'
piloyed ^n preparing lilk for the manu-'
failure!, at Balk. This rppiiblic is under
the piote^lion of the .cantons of Lucern,'
Uri,. Schv?cit7, and Undeiwalden ; and,
in cafe of war,' finiaifliies its qiiota of
men. Gejriiau is-i» miks sw of Schweitz.
Germain, St. a town of Ffancej in
the department of Seine and Oife and late',
province b? the- Iil<; ofFv'ahtt;,' with a mag-
niricent palace, emlxUilhed by feveral
kings, paititularly Lewis jiiy, who wa*
boni in iti H^re James Ji found an aly^
hnn, when he iicd-to PVancc, It Is
feated on the Stine, neaf A fine foreft, 10"
miles NW of Parjii. Lort'.i i5E,lat.48 52N>
Germain's, St. a bormigh "in Corn-
wall, with a market on Friday. It was
once the hirgclt town in the county, and
a biihop's lee. Wiwt remains of the ca-
thednii is ufed as theparifh church ; and
near it is the j^rioiy. • The town is now
mean, ccnfiiting chiefly of fiftiermen'a
cottages, b\it is govemed by a mayoi*,
and lends two members to p.arliament.
It ftands near (he lea, 10 miles w of Ply-
mouth, and 324 w by s of London.
Lon. 4 24 \v, lat. 50 22 N. "
Ge/smain Laval, St. a town of
France, in the deparnnent of Khone and
Loire and late province of Forez, re-
markable for excellent wine. It is t8
miles s uf Roanne, and 32,5 SE ofP;.ris.
Lon. 4 2 E, lat. 45 50 N.
Germano, St. h tovyn of Naples, In
Terra di Lavors, at the foot of Moujit
Callano, and belonging to an abbey on
the top of that mount. Lon. 13 59 e,
lat. 41 13 N.
Germany, a country of Emopej 640
miles in length, and 550 in breadth j
boundtid on the e by Hungary aa^ P»-
G E R
G E R
very
fivp
in
unt
on-
land, oji the N by the Baltic Sea and
penmirk, on the w by France and the
the Netherlands, ai^ on the S by the
Alps, SwiHerland, and Italy. It contain?
a great many princes, fecular and eccie-
fialtic, who are independent of eaph other ;
and there are a great number of free im-
perial cities, which are fo many little re-
publics, governed l^y their own laws,' and
united by a head, who his the title of em-
peror. The weftcm Roman jejnplre,
which had terminated in the year 475, in
the perlbn of Augijftuius, the latt Rdinan
emperor, and which was fucc^eded by thp
reign of the Huns, the Oftrogqths, and'
the I.onibards, was Revived by Charle-
magne, king of France, on Chrittma's
Day, in the year 809. This princt being
then at Romej pbpe Leo in crowried him
emperor, in St. Peter's church, amid the
acclamations of theclergy.and ths people.
Nicephorusj who was, at that time, em-
peror of the Eaft, contented to this coro-
natioi;. After the death of Charlemagne,
and of Lewis le bebpnnaire, his fon arid
fuccelfor, th^ empire was divided between
the four fons of the latter. Loihario,
the firft, was emperor 5 Pepin, was king
of Aquitaine J Ltwis, king of Germany }
and Chai4es le Chauve, kmg of France.
This partition was the fource of inceflant'
feuds. The French kept the eitipire
under eight emperors, till the year 912,
when Lewis ni, the laft prince of the line
of Charlemagne, died without ifluc male.
Conrad, count of Franconia, the fon-in-
law of Lewis, was then elefted emperor.
Thus the empire went' to the Germans,
and became eletlive j for it had been he-
reditary under the French emperors.
Tlie emperor was chofen by the princes,
the lords, and the deputies of cities, till
toward the end of the 1 3th century, when
the number of th^; eleftors was fixed.
Rodolphus, count of Haplburg, was elei5t-
ed emperor in 1273. He is the head of
the hbufe of Auftria, which is defended
from the fame Itock as the houfe of Lor-
rain, reunited to it in the perfcn of
Francis i, father of the two late emperors,
Jofeph and Leopold, On the death of
Charles vi, of Auftria, in 1740, an em-
peror was cholen from the houl'e of Ba-
varia, by the name of Charles vir. On
the death of this prince, in 1745, the
ahovcmentioncd Francis, grand duke of
Tulcany, was eledle4" emperor } whofe
grandfon, Francis, no\V enjoys the impe'-
rial dignity. At the clofe of the, Saxon
rtce, in' 1024, the prerogatives of the
emperor were very confiderable ; but, in
^ +'3 7) they were reduced to the right of
3
conferring all dignities and titles, except
the privilege of being a.' ftate of the enj-
pire ; of appointing once during their
reign a dignitary in 'each chapter, or re-
ligions lipufe; of granting diipenlation?
with rclppft to the age of iiiajority; of
creftirjc'citit's, anii conferrin.; the privi-
lege ot coining money ; of calling the
meetings of the diet, ^nd prefiding in
them: to thefe fome h'ave added, that alj'
the princes :wid ftates of Germany arp.
obliged td I'wear fidelity to them j that
they, or their generals, have a right
commaJid the''fbrces of all the princes
thp empire, when united together; and
that they receive a kind of tribute, called
the Roman Month, from all the prince*
and Ifates of the empire, for canying 6a
a war which concerns the whole empire.
But, after all, there is not a foot of land
anne:ted to this title j for, ever fince the
reign of Charles rv, the emperors have
depended entirely on their hereditary
dominions, as the only fource of their
power, and even of their fubfiffence. The
electors of tljc empire are three e^'clefi-
afticaj, namely, the archbifhops of Treves,
Cologne, and \lentz ; and five fecidar,
namely, the king of Pruflia, as ek6lor
of Brandenburg ; the king of Great Bri-
tain, as eleftor of Hanover ; the emperor,
as king of Bohemia ; the eleilor of Sax-
ony, and the eleftor palatine of the
■Rhine. To prevent tlie calamities' of i.
contefted eleaion, a king of the Romans
has been often chofen in the lifetime of
the emperor, on whofe death he fucceeds
to the imperial dignity of courfe. The
emperor (who is always elefted and
crowned at Francfort on the Maine) af-
fumes the titles of auguft, of Cesar, and
of (acred majefty. Although he is chief
of the empire, the fupreme authority re-
fides in the diets, which are compofed of
three colleges ; the firft, that of the elec-
tors 5 the lecond, that of the princes ; and
the third, that di the imperial towns.
The diets have the ^ower of making
peace or war, of fettiing general impo,
iitions, and of regulating all the impor-
tant affairs of the empire ; but their de-
cifions have not the force of law till the
emperor gives his confent. All the fo-
veieigns of Germany have an abibhitc
authority in their own dominions, and
tan lay taxes, levy troops, and- make al-
liances, provided they do not pfejudice
the ' empire. They determine all civil
c.iules dcfiiiitively, unlefs in I'oine par-«
ticular cafes, in which an appeal may be
made. Thefe appeals are to two courts,
culled the Imperial Chanibcrj at Wetzlar j
m
I
I i.^:'
tl''!
Ill
GEY
and the Aultc Council, at Vienna. The
three principal religions are, the Roman
catholic, the Luthttan, and the Calvin
nift ; ,bat Chiidians of all denoimna.
tions are tolerated, and there is ajnui-,
titude. of Jews in all the great tqwns,,
The principal rivers of Germany ^re,
the Danube, Rhine, Elbe, Wcier, Maine,
and Odtr. Germany is divided into nine
circles, namely, AuUa-ia, Bavajiu, Suabia,
Eranconia, Upper and Lower Rhine,
AjVeftphaliaj, and Upper au3!} Lower Sax-
finy: each of thefe iuclude&^everai other
flatesj tlu: princes, prelates,, and counts
of whl.cb, with the tleputies pf the impe-
rial t,«wns, meet . together, about their
cpmmon affairs. The language of Ger-
inany ,is a dialed of the Teutonic, which
iiiceeeded that caHtd the Celtic.
, .Cj«e^A4E r. s h EiM, a ,tQwn of Germanyii
ijp the pfilatinate of. the Rhine, fituate
near the Rhine, £fve miles w of Philipf-
liurgh. ■
Gfifts, a d^partme^it of F*jiance, which
includes the late proviiices of Gaicony
and ^'S^magnac. It has its namp from a
rtv^r i^h at waters Auch 3)id Let^oure,and
falla-into t!ie Gai'onne, ^.bove Agen.^
Aucli is the capital. .
GEaTRUDENBURG, an andent town
of Dutch Brabant, one of the principal
huiwarks of the Dutch. It lias a good
haibour on the Maeie, vv^h here ex-
pands into a large, lake,, called Bies
£ofch. Il; hus been often tj^ken, the laft
time, by the French in 1795. It is 10
inLit's ^' of Breda. Lon. 4 52 H, lat. 52
44 N-
Gkrumknmi, an ancient town of Por-
tuf^al, in Aleutt'ju, with a flrong callle j
bu( was taker,, in 1662, by the Spaniards.
It is (eated on u iiili, near the river Gua-
diana, iS miles btlow Badajo/.
GesI'KE, a town of Weltphalia, feated
en the Weyck, eight miles from LLppe.
CvtMRiKt. a province of Sweden,
boiinucd on the N by Helfingia, on the
E by the gulf of Bothnia, on the s by
T'piand, and en the w by Dalecailia. It
i.s diveifificd by forefls, rocks, hills and
dales, pif^ure and arable land, lakes and
rivers; :ind thefe beauties are much hcight-
erifd by the Dam, the fineft river in S-ve-
den, which meanders through the whole
(fxtent of the province.
GEVAUDAN,a late territory of France,
in Languedoc, bounded on the N by Au-
vergne, en the w by Rouergue, on the
s by the Cevtnnes, and on the E by Ve-
jay. It is a moimtainowsj barren coun-
try i and now iurms the department of
Loztve.
G H E
Gever, or Cower. See Goa^, St.
Gex, a town of France, in the de-
Sartment of Ain and late provinc* of
Irelfe, feated at the foot of Mount St,
Claude, between the Rhone, the lake of
Geneva, and Swilierland. It is noted
f6r excellent cheefe } and is 10 miles '
Nw of Geneva. Lon. 6 i e, lat. 46
»0 N. '.
Gezira, a town of Diarbcfk, in an
iAand fprmed by the Tigris, 70 miles
NW of ^Moufnl. Lon. 40 50 e, lat. 16
Ghanah, or Gh^nnah, a town of
Cafhna, feated bet^veen a lake and the
river Niger, which is here called Neel-il-
Abeed, or the Nile of the Negroes. It is
90 mileji. N£ of the city of Cafhna, and
20$ s ^f Agadez. Lon. 13 12 £, lat..
is 55 Ha .
Ghent* the capital of Auftrian Flan-
ders, and, i bifhop's lee. It contain*
70,000 inlialjitants j but is npt populous
in . proportion to its extent. Here arc
leveral , filfc and woollen manufafture?,,
which 41'e in a flouirifhing condition, and
it haa^a great trade in corn. Tbec^the-.
dral is a. noble ancient (truilure, dedi.-'
cated to St. Buyon : befide this, there are;
only fix parochial churches. The Bene-
diftine abbey of St. Peter is a magniii-
cent edifice ; in which, as well as in th^
churches, are ibn?e capital paintings by
il}S bei^ rasters . The emj)eror Charles v
was born Inyrej buti.the inhabitants have
ho rcafon to refpt^ his n^emory; for,
having repeatedly loaded them with heavy
exadlious, they revolted, in 1539. Being
reduced by the emperor, he treated the
vanquifhed citizens with the greatelt li-
gour, and built a citadel to awe them.
Here, in 1576, was concluded the famous
treaty, called the Pacification of Ghent,
the firlt commenceinent of the feparation
of feven provinces from the leventecR
which then formed the Auftrian Nether-
lands. Ghent has been often taken} the
laft time, by the French, in 1794. The
city is cut by many canals, which divide
it mto 26 ifles, and over the canals are
300 bridges. It has alio two navigable
canals J the one to Sas van Ghent, the
other to Bruges and Oftend. It is feated
at the confluence of the Scheld, Lis,
Lieve, and Moeze, 26 miles nw of Bruf?
fels. Lon. 3 49 e, lat. 51 3 n.
Gherconc, a city of Afia, capital
of the kingdom of Afi'am. It is feated
on a river which i:uns, in a fhort diflance,
into the Burrampooter, 400 mile« ne of
Calcutta. Lon. 93 15 E, lat. 25 55 n.
CuERiAK, a town of the peninfula of
-G I B
G IN
HlnJooftan, on that part of the w tide
called the Pirate C'oaft. It was the ca-
pital of Angria, a famous piratical prince,
whofe fort here was taken, and his whole
fleet deftroyed, in 1756, by the Englifti
and Mahrattas. It is 295 miles s by E
of Bombay. Lon. 75 8 E, lat. 17 59 N .
Ghilan, a province of Perfia, on the
^W fide of the Cafpian "Sea ; fuppolcd to
be the Hyixania of the ancients. It is
very agreeably fituate, having the i'ea on
one fide, and high mountains on the other j
and there is no entering it but through
narro'v paflbs, which may be eafily de-
fended. The fides of the mountains are
covered with many ibrts of fruit-trees j
and in the higheft parts of 'tfhem are deer,
bears, wolves, leopards, "ahd tigers. It
is one of thc'moft fruitful provinces of
Perfia, and produces abundance of filk,
oil, wine, rice, tobacco, and excellent
fruits. The inhabitants are brave : and
the women are accounted extremely hand-
fome. Rcftit is the capital.
Ghilan, St. a town of France, ih
the department of the North and late pro-
vince of French Hainault, feated on the
Haina, five miles w ol' Mons. Lon. 3
•53 E, lat. 50 28 N.
Gibraltar, a town of Spain, in An-
dalufia, near a mountain of the fame
name, formerly called Calpe, which, with
Abyla, on the oppofite fhore of Africa,
were called the Pillars of Hercules. Ta-
rick, a general of the Moors, built a for-
trefs here, which he called Gibel-Taiick,
that is. Mount Tarick. Since that time
a town has been built at the fodt of this
rock, which is ftrongly fortified. It
can be approached only by a narrow
paflfage between the mountain and the
fta, acroJ's which the Spaniards have
drawn a line, and fortified it, to prevent
the garrifon from having any communi-
cation with the country. It was for-
merly thought to be inipregnable ; but,
in 1704, it was taken by the confederate
fleet, commanded by fir George Rooke.
The Spaniards attempted to retake it the
following year, and 500 of them crept
up the rock in the nighttime, but were
driven down, headlong in the morning.
In 1727, the Spaniards befieged^ it again,
and attempted to blow up the ro ck, which
they found imprafticable, and were obliged
to raiie the fiege. In the lart war, it
underwent a fiege, which lafted tV om the
16th of July 1779, *o ths beginning
of February 1783, when the fiegc w^jj
finally railed, on advice being rece/V^d
that the preliminaries of peace were figne ^ ;
but it may be coiuTidcrcd a$ tsiminate ^
im the i3t!i o^ September 17?^, bn tTie
faihire of the grand attack made by the
f»panrards, whofe dreadful floating bat-
teries were dettroyed by redhot ftwt from
the garrifon. The governor, 'general
Eliott, whofe defence was the admiration
of all Europe, was created, in 1787, a
peer of Great Britain, by the title of
baron Heathfield of Gibraltar; an annu-
ity of 1200I. a year was lettlcd on him-
felf and two lives ; and in his arms he
was allowed to bear thofe of Gihralt.if.
The gurrilbn here are cooped up in a
very narrow compals, and have no pro-
vifions but what are brought from Bar-
bai-y and England. "The'ftrait of Gib-
raltar is 24. miles in length, and 15 in
breadth, and a itrong current always runt
through it from the Atlantic to the Me-
diterranean. Gibraltar is 25 miles N of
Ceuta, and 45 SE of Cadiz. Lon. 5
17 W, lat. 36 6 N.
GiSN, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Loiret and late province of
Crleanois, feated on the Loire, 76 miles
SE of Paris. Lon. 2 43 E, lat. 47 34 n.
GiENZOR, a town of Bai'bary, in
Tripoli,! 0 miles from the town of Tripoli.
GiERACE, an epifcopal town of Na-
ples, in Calabria Ultcriore, feat^ed on a
mountain, near the fea, 3a miles ne of
Reggio. Lon. 16 40 E, lat. 38 13 n.
GiESEN, a town of Germany, in the
landgiavate of Helfe-Caffel, with a caftlc
and a univerfity. It belongs to the houle
of Darmrtadt, and lunendeied to the
French in 1796, but was taken by the
Aultrians on the nth of September. I(
is feated on the Lohn, 16 miles wsw of
Mai'purg. Lon. 8 41 E, lat. 50 30 n.
GiGA, a Ihiall iiland on the w coaft
of Scotland, between the ifte of Skye and
the peninfula of Cantyre, in Argylefliire,
in which county it is included. The in-
habitants annually export a confiderable
quantity of grain. '
GiGLio, a fmall iiland on the coaft of
Tufcany, with a cattle. It makes part
of the Itate of Sienna, and is 1 5 miles w of
Porto Hercole. Lon. 11 16 e, lat. 42 i N.
GiLOLO, a large idand, with a town
of the fame name, in the Archipelago of
the Moluccas. It does not produce any
fine fpices, though it lies near the Spice
Iflands ; but it has a great deal of rice.
The inhabitants are fierceand cruel. It
is feated under the line, in lon. 130 o E.
GiNGEN, afree imperial town of Suabia,
16 miles N of Ulm. Lon. 10 13 £, lat.
48 39 N.
GiNGEE, a large and populous town
on th« coaft of Corom^ndel. It is ftron^
I
j'.l
0 I 9
both by art and nature, beio^ feated on
a mo\mtaini whole top is divided into
ihvee points, on each ot which is a caftle.
The Great Mogul, in 1690, began a fitge,
Hvhich continued three years, to no pur-
pofci fit is 33 miles w of Pondicheriy.
Lon. 79 25 E, lat. II 42 N«
GlODDA, or GilTDAH, a I'eaport of
Arabia, on the Red Sea. It is tlic port
of Mecca, and cnriies on a gi-eat trade.
Lon* 39 27 Zi lat. 21 30 n.
GiovANAZZO, a town of Naples, in
Terra di Bari, feated on a mountain,
near the fca, 10 miles n w of Bari. Lon.
16 50 E, lat. 41 26 N.
GiREST, a large town of Perfia, in
Herman. Its traJe confiits in wheat and
dates. Lon. 57 55 E, lat. 27 30 N.
GiRONOE, a dfjiartment of France,
■which includes part of the l<^te province
of Guienne. It lies on both fides of the
Garonne, and has irs name from the part
of that river, which, below its junction
with tlie Dordogne, is called the Gironde.
Bourdeaux is the capital.
GiRONiS'A, an ancient and ftrong town
of Spain, in Catalonia, with a biJhop's
lee. It is feated on a hill, on the fide
of the river Onhal, 45 miles ne of Barce-
loiu. Lon. 2 52 E, lat. 42 o N.
GiRON, St. 9. town of France, in the
department of Anitgc and late province of
Coulerans, leated on the Sarat, three miles
s of St. Liher. Lon. i i6e, lat. 42 53 N.
GiuvAN, a village in Ayrfhire, at the
mouth of a river of the fame name, al-
nioft oppofite the rock of Ailfa. Here
aie fome mamifaftures j particularly in
tlic tanning of leather, and the making
•f ilioes and boots. It is 16 miles S by
w of Ayr.
GiSBOROUGH, a town in the N riding
of \'orklhire, with a market on Monday.
It is noted for being the firil place where
alum was made, as it was formerly for
its abbey. It is four miles from the
inouih of the Tees, zi aw of Whitby,
and 24.7 N by \v of London. Lon. o
55 w, lat. 54 35 N.
GisBURN, a town in the w riding of
York/hire, with a market on Monday, 60
miles w of York, and 219 nnw of Lon-
don. Lon. 2 22 w, l^t. 53 55 N.
GisORS, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Eure and late province of
Is'ojmandy. It belonged to the famous
marfiial Belleifle, vvhqfc only fon, the
coynt de Gifors, being killed at the bat-
tle of Creveldt, in 1758, the marfhal, at
his own death, in 1761, prefented it to
Lewis XV. It is leated on the Ept, 28
Tiiiies SE of Rouen. I-op. i 43 e, lat.49 ' 5 ''^'
G L A
GivET, a fortified town in the bi-
(hopric of Liege, divided in two by the
river Maefe, 21 miles svv of Nanaur.
Lon. 4 34 £, lat. 50 13 N.
GiviRA, a town of Italy, in the Mi«
lanei'e, feated on a lake of the fame name,
eight miles from Anghiera.
GiuLA, a ftrong town of tJpper Htm-
gary, on the frontiers of Tranlylvania.
It was taken by the Turks in 1 566, and
retaken in 1695. It is feated on the Ke-
relblan, 30 miles sw of Great Waradin,
LoDi 20 40 E, latw 46 40 N.
GiULA NuovA, a town of Naples,
in Abruzzo Ulteriore, feated on the gulf
of Venice.
GiuLiANA, a town of Sicily, on a
craggy rock, 12 miles NNE of Xacca, and
30 ssw of Palermo.
GiusTANDEL, a large town of Mace-
donia, with a Greek aichbiftiop's fee,
feated "near Lake Ochrida, 60 miles se of
Durazzo. Lon. 20 36 E, lat. 41 40 N.
Glaciers, a name given to ibme very
extenfjve fields of ice among the Alps of
Swifilrland. Thefe glaciers may be di-
vided into two forts : the firft, occupy-
ing the deep vallies fituate in the bolbm
ot the Alps, is termed by the natives
Valley of Ice, but Mr. Coxe calls them
the Lower Glaciers j the fecond, which
clothe the fummits and fides of the moun-
tains, he calls the Upper Glaciers. The
Lower Glaciers are by far the moll con-
fiderable in extent and depth. Some
ftretch feveral leagues in length : that of
des Bois, in particular, is more than 1 5
miles long, and above three in its gi'eatelt
breadth. They are bordered at the
higher extremity by inaccefllble rocks,
and on the other extend into the culti-
vated vallies. The thicknefs of the ice
varies indifferent parts. M. de Sauflure
found its general depth in the glacier des
Bois from 80 to 100 feet j but quellions
not the information of thofe who aflert,
that, in fome places, its thicknefs exceeds
even 600 feet. Thele immenle fields of
ice ufually reil on an inclined plane.
Being puihed forward by the preflure of
their own weight, and but weakly fup-
ported by the rugged rocks beneath, they
are interlef ted by mrge tranfverfe chalms |
and prel'ent the appearance of walls, py-
ramids, and other fantaitic fhapes,. ob-
ferved at all heights and in all fituations,
wherever the declivity exceeds 30 or 40 de-
grees. But in thofe parts, where the plane
on which they rcll is horizontal, or only
gently inclined, the furface of the ice is
nearly uniform; the chafms are but few
and naiTow, and the traveller crolies oo,
G L A
G L A
• ■ ■
ioot, without much ditficulty. Tht ftir-
face of die ice is not lb llippery as that
of frozen ponds or riverti ; it is rough and
granulated, and is only dangerous to tl»e
paliengti n Itetpdetcents : it is not tranf-
partnt, is extremely porous and full of
Imall hubbies, which feldom exceed the
iize of a pea, and confequently is not lb
compaft as common ice. The Upper
Glaciers may bt fubdivid d into thole
which cover the fuimnits', aiid thole which
«xtcnd along the lii'.es of the Alps.
Thofc which cover the ll.ininits, owe their
•rigin to the Ihow that falls at all li:afons
•f the year, and which remains nearly
in its original llatc, being congealed into
a hard I'ubllance, and net converted into
ice. The fubltance which clothes the
lides of the Alps is iveithtr pure Ihow
like th?.t of the lummits, nor ice which
forms the L,ower Glaciers, but is an af- ■
femblage of both: it contains lels fnow
than the lummits, becaufe the fummer
heat has more power to diflblve it j and
more liiow than the Lower Glaciers, be-
caule the dillblution of the Ihow is coin-
parativcly leflcr. In a word, there is a
regular gradation from the ihow; on the
lummits to the ice of the Lower Glaciers,
formed by tlie intermediate mixture o(
ihow and ice. which becomes moie com-
pa(?t and lels porous in proportion as it
approaches the Lower GJacieis, until it
.unites and alTimilates with them.
GLAMORGANr.HiRE, a County of S
Wales, 48 miles long and 26 broad j
bounded on the N by C;u*marthenfliire
and Brccknockflilre, on the e by Mon-
movithlhire, and on the s and w by
the Briftol Channel. It lies in the dio-
cel'e of Landaft'; contains 10 hundreds,
•nc city, eight market-towns, and 118
f)arilhcs j and lends two members to par-
iamcnt. On the n fidv, where it is
mountainous, the air is Iharp j but the
country being more level on the s fide,
it Is there miider, and be^rs large crops
of corn, with very fweet grafs j whence
it is called the Garden of Wales. Cattle
abound in all parts, tlicre being fruitful
vallies among the mountains, tKat yield
Very good pulture. Its other commodi-
ties are lead, coal, iron, and limeftone.
Its principal rivers are the Kumncy,
Taafe, Elwy, Neath, and Tawy. Car-
Jiff is the principal town, and Swaniey
the molt commercial ; but the alTizes are
held at Cowbridge. See GowER.
Glammis, a village in the sw, part
of Angusftjire. Near it is Glammis
ca/Uc, the ancient feat of the e:^rl of
^iitradunore, in which is Ihpwti the ^part-
fhcftt whtre Malcolm ix was alTafiinhtei,
in IP 34..
GLANDfOKOBRlDOe, Ot BkicG, %
town in LincolnHiire, with a market oai
Thurfday ; feated on the Aukam, which
is noted for fine eels, and has been biUiy
made navii<;abie tor lloops to the Hum-
bcr. It is Z3 miles N of Lincoln, and
156 N by w of London. Lon-.o rj w,
lat. S3 35 N.
Glarus, a canton of SwiHerland,
bounded on the E by the Griibns j on th«
s by the liime, the canton of Uri, and that
of t^ehweitzj and on the N by the river
Linth. It is a mountainous country j
and the chief trade is in cattle, cheeib,
and butter. L'Jic government is demo-
cratic : every perlbn of the age of j6 has
a vote in the General Afl'embly, which
is held annually in an open plain. Tbit
affembly ratilies new laws, lays contribu-
tions, enters into alliances, declares war,
and makes p«:ace. The landainman is
the chief of the repxiblic } and is chofen
alternately from among th« proteftants
and the catholics ; the former remaining
three 3'ears in office, the latter only two.
Both i't&.s iive together in the greatcft
harmony : in feverai parts, they luccef-
llveJy perfcrra divine fervice in the lame
church ; and all the offices of Itate ape
amicably adminiltered by both. The e.v-
ecutive power is in a council of regency,
coinpoi'ed of 48 proteltants and 15 ca-
tholics : eath IciSl has its particular court
oi jultice ; and it is neccflary, in ail
lawl'uits between perions of different re-
ligions, that the pcrlbn having the caUing
voice among the five or nine judges, who
arc to determine the caxil'e, Ihouid be of
the fame religion as the defendant, Gla-
rus is I'urrounded by the Alps, except
towaid the N j and there is no other en-
trance but through this opening, which
lies betv/een the lake of Wallenltadt and
tiie mountains leparating this canton froin
that of Schwcitz.
Glarus, a large town of Swifferland,
capital of a canton of the fame name,
and leated on the river Linth, 32 miles
SE of Zuric. Lon. 9 i E, lat. 4.6 56 N..
Glascovv, a city in LunerkOiire,
whlcli, from its extent, and froui the
beautv and regularity of its. buildings,
may be eltc\-n;ed the lecond city in Scot-
land. It is *.ated on the N tide of tlie
Clyde,_ over which are two bridges j one
of them an elegant niodtrrn one of, feven
archfs, 500 feet long, aud 32 wide ; it,
vi'as completed in 1772. The Itreets art
clean and well paved.; and .ieveral of
thcia jp;triccti}iij each otUtfJ? at rignt aa-
|]
I'
i
G L A
G L E
tiQgleCt produce a very agrecalile effe£k.
The i'ouv principal ftreets, which inter-
fc6t etch other at right anrles, divide
the city nearly into four equal parts ; and
tlie dift'ei'enc views of' them from the crofo,
or centre of interfeftion, have an air of
magnificence. Glai'gow tva« once an ar-
chiepiicupal lee. The cathedral, or High
Church, i« a magnificent itruiHure, and
contain;; three places uf worHiip. St. An-
drew's is t'he tinclt piecii of motlern archi-
tciture in the ciiv. The Tron (.'hurch,
with the fclilon-houle at the w end ot it,
which had been, for ioriie time, occupied
as a guard-houle by the town-guard, was
ddlroyed by a fire that broke out in the
latter biUlding, in 1793. There are four
other churches, befide an £nglifl\ chapel,
an Highland church, and many places
of worftiip for ditfctent denominations.
T'here are feveral charitable ettablilh-
ments } particularly the Merchant's Hof-
pital, and that of tlie town. Here is
a celebiat'ed univerfiiy; the fingle college
belonging to which is an elegant build-
ing. A foniiderable trade was formerly
carried on in Glafgow, in tobacco and
rum } but it has been lately on the decline.
Here are cotton manufactures that rival
thefe of Manchefter in cheapnefs and ele-
gance; and a pottery that emulates in
beauty the Staffordfhire ware. The print-
ing types catt here, have been long dil-
tinguiftied for their neatnefs and regula-
rity ; and the glafs manufadlure has been
very liiccefsful. The inhabitants of Glaf-
gow, and its fuburbs, are computed to
be 60,000. It has the advantage of two
canals, befide the Great Canal that joins
the Clyde to the Forth ; and is 1 5 miles
ESE of Dumbarton, and 45 w of Edin-
burgh. Lon. 4. 2 w, lat. 55 52 N.
Glasgow, Port, a town in Rcn-
frewihire, on the s fide of the Clyde,
<ereded, in 1710, to lerve as the feaport
■of the city of Glafgow, whole magif-
trates appoint a bailitf for the govern-
ment of it. It lias an excellent harbour,
with a noble pier } but ftill molt of the
ihips that trade to the W Indies, fail from
Greenock, and return to that port. The
herring fifheries, in the frith of Clyde,
•form, a confiderable part of its trade.
This port is fituate 21 miles w by N of
Glafgow.
Glastonbury, a tov\^ in Somerfet-
;ftvlre, with a market on Tuefday. It is
ieated near a high hill, called the Tor,
-and is famous ior an abbey, fome ruins
of which ftill remain ; particularly tlie
curious ftru6lure, called the abbot's
kitchen, which is entire, and of a very uq'-
xifual contrivance. The George Inn vaa
formerly called the Abbot's Inn ; bccaufe
it was a receptacle for the pilgrims that
came to the abbey, and to f'»f the holy
thorn, which, it was pretended, wa«
planted by Jofeph of Arimathea, and
bloflbracd on Chriftmas eve. It was alfo
pretended, that the bodies of Jofeph oiF
Arimathea, of king Arthur, and of Edx
wtird the ConfdTor, were buried here.
The lalt abbot of this place was hanged
on the top of the Tor, by order of Heniy
vin, for not acknowledging his fuprc-
macy; and on this hill is a tower, which
commands an extcnfive proi'ped, and
ferves as a landmark to feamen. Glaf-
tonbury has two churches, and a manu-
facture of ftockings. It is fix miles sw
of Wells, r.ta jaj w by s of London.
Lon. 2 40 w, lat. 51 8 N.
Glatz, a county of Germany, feated
between Silefia, Bohemia, and Moravia ;
and furroundcd by mountains, which ren-
der it very difficult of accefs. It is 3^
miles long, and 23 broad. It has mines
of coal, copper, and iron, good quarries
of marble and ftone, and fine fprings of
mineral waters. In 174.2, it was ceded
to the king of Prulfia, by the queen of
Hungary.
Glatz, the capital of the county of
Glatz, in Gennany, feated on the decli-
vity of a hill, by the river NcifTe. On
the top of the hill is an ancient calUe ;
and the Pruffians have not only greatly
augmented and improved it, but have
built a new citadel. In 1742, the Pruf-
fians took the town by capitulation ; and
in 1760, the Auftrians took it by (torm,
but reftored it in 1763. It is 48 miles
SSE of Breflaw, and 82 ene of Prague.
Lon. 16 50 E, lat. 50 25 N.
Glemcoe, Vale of, a valley, near
the head of Loch Etive, in Argylefhire }
noted for a cruel mafl'acre of its inha-
bitants in 1691. William iii, having
offered a general amnefty to the High-
landers who had been in arms for James
n, provided they accepted it before the
firft of January, on pain of military exe-
cution after that period ; the laird cf
Glencoe, on the laft day of December,
went to Fort William, the governor of
which referred him to a civil officer. This
made it the firft of January before he
could reach Inverary, where he furren-
deied to the iheriff, who, however, ac-
cepted his fubmiffion, in confideraticn of
his offer to fur render the day before.
The laird having taken the oaths, returned
to Glencoe, in full afTurance of fafcty ;
uotwithftundipg ^yhich, he, and his whole
G L O
G N E
near
^efhire}
inha-
I having
High-
James
ire the
ty exe-
Mrd of
ember,
lor of
This
ire he
I'urren-
V, ac-
tion of
^efore.
Iturned
ifety';
Iwhole
clan, were butchered, on the 1 5th of
February, apd all the houks in tlie valley
were buint.
Glencroy, Vale of, a wild and
ronjiintic trail, near the ne cxtreir.iry of
Loch Loung, in Argylefhire. Tin: two
ranges ot' mountains, which overhang this
v;illey, apjwoach each otlitr, and between
thefe the traveller is immured. Their
itupcndous height, and the roaring ol'nu-
mc'ious cataraits, that pour over their
broken l\ut;ice, prodxice an awl'ul effciih
GlenluCe, a town in Wigtonfhire,
feated on the river Luce, near its entnmce
into the bay ot' that name. It is 16 miles
W by s of Wigton.
Glknshee, Spital of, a noted pals
of the Grampian mountains, in Scotia id,
:i little s of the point where the countIi.'s
of Perth, Angus, and Aberdeen meet.
In 1718, a Imall bodr of Highlanders,
with 300 tJpiniards, took, polt'elfion of
this pafs : but, at the approach of the
king's forces, they retired to the pafs at
S'rachcll. They were driven from one
eminence to another till night, when the
Highlanders difperled ; and, the next day,
the Spaniards lurrendered priloners of
war.
Gloucester, a city in Glouceftcr-
fliire, with a market on Wedneid'iy and
Saturday. It is letted on the E iide of
the Severn, where, by twj (treams, it
makes the ilie, of Alney. I: is- large,
and well inhabited ; and its four prin-
cipal Iheets are admired for the regularity
ol their junction, in the centre of the
town. It once contained 11 churches,
but now has only five, befide the crithe-
dral of St. Peter, which is remarkable
for its large cloilter and whilperiiig gal-
lery, and for the tombs of Robert duke
of Normandy, eldelt fon of W'illium tlie
Conqueror, and *.he unfortunate Edward il.
It has five holpitaK, two rreeichools, and
a new county goal ; and was fortified
with a wall, which Charles II, after the
reftorntion, ordered to fee de-'^iclifhed.
Glouceftcr is a county cf itielf, govcrntd
by a mayor, and lends two members to
pai'liameiU. Great quantities cf pins are
made here ; and there are 1 2 incorporated
^I'sding companies. Ships come up by
the Severn, over which is a itone bridge,
and there is a quay, a wharf, and a cu!-
tomhoule. It is 24. miles NE of Brillol,
and 106 w by N of London. Lon» 2
1 6 w, lat. 51 '50 N.
Gloucestershire, a county of
England, 60 miles in length, and 26 in
bt'^adth ; bounded on the w liy Hereford-
(jiirc and Moiynvutliilike, cii the N by
Worcefterflure, on the E by Warwick*
Hiire an.l Oxfordfhirt, and ou the s by
Wiltfliire and bomerfctOiire. It contains
13 hundreds, one city, 27 market-towns,
and 218 pirilhes} and lends tight mem-
bers to parliL:ment. The air is htukhy
throughout; (liarp in the E, or liiily part,
which contains the CotelWold Hills ; but
as mild in the rich vale of Severn, which
occupies the centre. The \v p.irt, which
is by nmcli the fmalleft diltriit, is varied
by hill and dale, and is chiefly occupied
by ti.e ibreft of Dean. The ftaple com-
modities of the ci'unty are its woollen
ch)th and cli«efe. Its principal rivers are
the Severn, the Warwickiliire Avon, the
Lower Avon, the Wye, Thames, Coin,
and Lech. See Cotesvvold ; Dean,
Forest of; Evesham, Vale ofj and
Severn, Vale of.
Glogavv, a town of Sllefia, capital of
a principality of the fame name, and
well fortified on the fide of Poland. It
has a caftle, with a tower, in which fe-
veral counfellors w^rc condemned by
duke John, in I49!^, to perifh with hun-
ger. Befide the papif's, there is a grtat
number of proteftants luid Jcau. It wa«
taken by alikult, by the king of PrulTia,'
in 1 741. After the peace, in r742, tliat
king lettled the fupreme court of jultice
here, it bein^j, next to Er>.fiaw, the moft
populous place in Lilefia, It is featul on
the river Ode^-, 50 nii!„s NW of Breflaw,
and 115 NE of Prague. Lon. 16 13 e.
lat. 51 40 N.
Glomm,-., a river of the province of
Aggerhuys, in S Norway, which flows
into the North Sea, at Fredtrlcliddt. It
receives the river Worme, which iifues
Irom Lake Mios. It is not navigable in
any part of its courfe from tliis lake to
Fredericftadt, its llrcam being intercepted
by fuch fi-equent catararii and fnoslsj as,
in ibme places, to render it nectifary to
drag tjje trees, which are floated down,
over the ground. At leaft 50,000 trees
are annually floateil by this river to Frc-
tiericltadr.
Gluckstadt, a town of Lower Sax-
ony, in the duchy of Holiteln, with a
ftrong caftle. It is feated on the Elbe,
near its mouth, 30 miles NW cl' Ham-
burg, and 55 N of Bremen. Lon. ^
15 E, lat. 53 53 N.
Gnesna, a city of Great Poland, of
which it is the capital, with an arch-
bifliop's fee, whofe prelate is primate of
Pohmd, and viceroy durijig the vacancy
of the tlu'one. It waj tlii. fiiit town biiilit
in the kingdom, and formerly more con-
fi;I.;4abl<» than at prelont. It is 90 miles
■;5i
m
t;4\
It I
., G O C
N by E of Breflaw, and 115 w of War-
faw. Lon. 17 40 E, lut. ^z a8 N.
(lOA, a confuifrable city on the coaft
of Malabar ; the n|)ital of the Portu-
piiefe itttlemcnts in- India, and the itat
cf a viceroy. It (tanils in an i!!?n.l, 12
rniles in ki gth, and fix in breadth; and
is built on tlio N fide of it, having the
convcnitncy of a fine liver, capul)le of
lect-iving ibips of the gijtattft liurden,
where they lie within a mile of the tow.T.
The bankb of the river are beautitied with
a great number of churches, caftles, and
gt ntlemcn's houlcs. The viceroy's palace
is a noMe building, and (tands at a fmall
Hillance from the river, over one of the
gates of the city, which leads to a fpa-
cious ftreet, terminated by a beautiful
church. This city contains a givat num-
ber of handlbine churches and convents,
and a Itately holpital. The market-place
takes up an acre of ground ; and in the
f>io})S about it may be had the produce of
Kurope, China, Kingal, and oth.r coun-
tries. The houfes are larcre, and make a
fine appear-mcc, but are poorly iurniflied.
'J'hc inhabitants are contented with
greens, fruits, and roots, which, with a
little bread, rice, and filh, is their prin-
cipal diet, though they have hogs and
fowls in plenty. Their religion is the
Roman catholic, and they ha\e a fevere
in(]uifition. The cleigy are numerous
and illiterate: the churches are finely ein-
belliflud, and have a gn a number of
images. It is remarkable, that only one
of the churches has glafs windows j for
they make ufe of clear oyller-lhells inftead
of glals, and all their fine houfes have
the i'ame. Goa has few nianufaclures or
productions, their belt trade being in ar-
rack, Avhich they diltil from the fap of
the cocoa nut-tree. The harbour is de-
fended by feveral forts and batteries. It:
Is 292 miles s by E of Bombay. Lon. 7a
45 E, lat, 15 28 N.
GoAR, St. or Gower, a town of
Germdny, in the circle of the Lower
Rhine, fubjcft to the landgrave of Hefle
Caffel. It is feated immediately under
the (tupendous rock and caftle of Rhein-
fels, with which it fuirendeied to the
French in 1794. It has a confulerable
commerce in wines and hides, and is 15
ir.iles hE of Coblentz.
GoBCEiN, a town of Germany, In the
faluinite of the Rhine, 18 miles SE of
'hiliiilhurg. Lon. 8 56 e, lat. 49 6 N.
GoBiN, St. See Fere.
GccH, a town of Germany, in the
Juchy of CleveS; feated on the Neers, fix
mik»>sofCleves. Lcn.552 E; lat.^i i<-j^»
GOD
OociANO, a town of Sardinia, ca^>itul
of a county of the fame name, with a
caftle, feated on the Thurfo, 25 miles if
of Algher.
GoDALMiNfi, a town in Surry, with
a market on Saturday. It is feated on
the Wey, where it divides into ftverai
ftreams, four miles sw of Guilford an J
34 of London. Lon. o 34 w, lat. 51
13 N.
GODAVERY, orGONOA GODOWRV,
a river of the Deccan of Hindooltan,
which has its fource 90 miles to the ne
of Bombay; and, in the upper part of
its courfe at leait, is erteemed a facred
river by the Hindoos; that is, ablutiona
performed in its Itream have a religious
elficacy, fui>erior to thofe performed la
ordinary ftreams. After crofling Dow-
latabad and Golconda, from w to i,
it turns to the SE, and receiving the
Bain Gonga, about 90 miles above
the fea, divides into two principal chan-
nels at Rajamundry; and tbele fubdi-
viding again, form altogether leveral tide
harbours, for veflels of moderate burden,
at its different mouths in the bay of
Bengal. Ingeram, Coringa, Yalam, Ban-
darmalanka, and Narfapour, are among
the places fituate at the mouths of thi«
river, which appears to be the moft con-
fiderablc one between the Ganges and
Cape Comorin. Extenfive forefts of
teek timber border on its banks, withia
the mountains, and fupply flup timber
for the ufe of the aboveir.entioned ports.
GoDMANCHESTER, a large village in
Huntingdonfiiire, parted from Hunting-
don by the river Oufe. It is feated in
a rich and fertile foil, which yields great
plenty of corn; and is inhabited by aj
great number of yeomen and farmers.
\Vhen James I came through it fioiu
Scotland, the inhabitants met him with
70 new ploughs, drawn by as many
teams of horfes ; for they hold their land
by thit tenure. Here is a fchool called
I'he irce grammar-fchool of queen Eli-
zabet't.
Godwin Sands, famous fandbanks
Oil: the coaft of Kent, lying 'between
the N and S Foreland ; and, as they run
parallel with the coaft for three leagues
together, at about two leagues and a half
diftant from it, they add to the fecurity
of the capacious road, the Downs.
Thefe fands occupy the fpace that was
formerly a large tra61; of low ground be-
longing to Godwin earl of Kent, father
of king Harold; and which being after-
ward given to the monaftery of St. Au-
guftin, at Canterbury, the abbot neg-
!■
'f'\
G O L
COM
Icfllnrj to keep m ripalr the whH that
tlrtVud.'d it from the ll-ti, the whole tr^.ck
was diuwiK-d in the yi;ii iioo, leavl.'^;
thelc lands, upon which lb many /hips
have been wrecked.
Go IS, or Tf.r (loi'S, a ftronj; town
of the United l*rovii>ces, in Zeahmd, and
capital of the ilhmd of S Beveland. It
conimnnicati-s with tlie Schehl by a canal,
and is 20 miles E of Middleburg. Lon.
3 50 E, lit. SI 33 N.
GOGMAfiOG Hills, thiee miles near
Cambridge, remarkable for the intiench-
ments and other works talt up here j
whence fome luppol'e it was a Konian
camp 5 and others, that it was the work
of the Danes. They are covered with a
fine diy cari)et of turf J and the people,
near thci'e hills, tell Itrange Itories about
th^ni.
GoGRA, or SooRjEW River, a large
river, which rifes in Lake .Lankee Dhe,
in Thibet, and forcing its way through
Mount Himmaleh, takes a SL direftion,
and unites with the Ganges, above
Chuprah, in the province of K:,har.
GoMUD, a tenltc.iy of Hindooftan
Proper, in the province of Agfa; fubje5l
to a rajah, who is tributary to the Poonah
Mahrattas. Gwalior is the capital.
Gu ITO, a town of Italy, in '.he Man-
tuan,fcated on the river Mincio, between
the lake of Mantua and that 0'' Garda, 1 5
miles NW of Mantua. Lon. 10 40 t:,
kt. 45 16 N.
GolcOinda, a country of the Dtccan
of Hindooltan, between the lower parts of
the rivers Kiftna and Godavery, and the
principalpartof Dowlatabad. It was for-
merly called Tellingana, or Tilling, and is
'rubje(5l to the nizam of the Deccan. It is
moft remarkable for its diamond mines,
the molt eonfideral>le in the world. Here
are alio mines or lalt, fine iron for fword-
biades, and curious caliccjs and chintfes.
Ilydrabad is the capital.
GoLCONDA, a celebiatod fortrefs, in
a country of the fame name, fix miles
\VN\v of Hydrabad, and joined to that
city by a wall of con^.munication. It
wccupies the i'ummit of ? conical hill,
and is deemed impregn;\bk When Au-
rungzebe conquered tlie kingdom of Gol-
conda, in 1687, this fortrefs was iaken
pofleirion of by treachery.
Goldberg, a town of Silefia, in the
duchy of Lignltz, 36 miles w of Brcllaw.
Lon. 16 23 E, lat. 51 3 N.
Gold Co.'\.st, a maritime country of
Guinea, where the Europeans have iirve-
ral forts and fetdemcnti. It reaclies
from the Gold River, iz miles w uf
A (Tine, and ends nt tiM: village (>f Pcnn:,
eight milis k of Acraw. It include*
flvcral dillrlt^s, in which aio two or
three town, or viilages, lyiiig on tlic fti-
/hore. Sivin of thelc diltricts are digni-
fied with the title of kingdoms, though
they contain hut a fmall trait of land : lor
the whole Ct(jIi[ Coalt is not above 180
miles in length. The negro inhabitants
are generally very rich, as they carry on
a great tiade with the Europeans for
gold ; and m:iny of them are employed in
filhing, and cultivating their rice, which
grows in incredible (piantities. This they
exchange with others for Indian corn,
yams, potatoes, and palm oil. Molt of
the inhabitants go naked ; and thole who
?rc bell cloth d have (»idy fome yards of
Itutf wrapped '.ibout their middle.
GcLDi-rj Island, a barren illand at
the mouth of the river or gulf of Darien,
where tlie Sects attempted to make a
I'ettlement in iG<jS. Lon. 77 10 W, lat.
9 O N.
G0LDINCF.N, a town of Courland,
with a caiile, fcated on the Wela, 60
miles w of Mittau. Lon. 22 21 £, lat,
56 48 N.
GoLKiTA, an illand of Africa, at the
entrance of the l)Ay of Tunis; takim by
the emperor Charles v when he attempted
the fiigc- of Tunis, and kept by tiie
ChriUians fcveral ye:vrs. It is 29 miles
N of '.Funis. Lon. 10 20 E, lat. 37 10 N.
GolnaW, a town of Pruluan Ponie-
rania, leafed on the lliu, iS miles Nii of
Stetin. Lon. 14 59 i:, lat. 53 46 n.
Gombroon, a cont'd risible leaport of
Perfia, in Fariiltan, called by the n;Mi\i.i
Bandar Abull:. 'I'he belt houics are
built of brick, flat at the top, with a
fijuure tuiiet, having holes on each fide
for the free pall'ige of the air : vipon thelis
roofs thev lleep in the fummer feafon.
The commcn people have wretched hut*;,
made witl' the boughs of palm-trees, and
covered with leaves. " The ftreets arc
narrow a ad irregular. The Englilh and
Dutch have fadorics here, which is a
great advantage to the trade of the place.
The foil is barren, but provifions brought
from other countries are very plentiful -
The weather is lb hot in Jxnie, July, and
Augult, that this place is extremely un-
healthy; and therefore the Englilh retire
to Alfeen during thole months. It is fre-
quented by people of feveral nations, as
well Europeans as others ; and the Ban-
yans are lb numerous, that they bribe
the governor not to permit any cows tu
be killed in the town. It is feated in a
bay of the ihait of Oimus, izo mili'i
i.
1
i la
G O N
SSE of Kerman. Lon. 56 30 e, lat. 27
«8 N.
GoMERA, one of the Canary Iflands,
between Ferro and Teneriff. It has a
town of the fame name, with an excel-
lent harbour, where the Spanifli fliips
often take in refrc(hments. Here is corn
fufficitnt to fupport the inhabitants, and
one fugar-work, with great plenty of
wine and fruits. I-on. 17 3 w, lat. a8
GoNDAR, the metropolis of Abyilhii:^,
fituate on a hill of confidcrabl-^ height,
and containing about 10,000 families in
time of peace. The houfes arc chiefiy of
Clay;
the roofs thatched in the form of
cones, which is alw/iys the uMi{t"uciion
within <^hc tropical r.u.it. . They have no
Jhopsj h" •. ".any on their trade in a lar;j;'j
(iquai-e, wheru rhoy txp.'jfe their mercl'iau-
cifi to Inle, laid upon n.ats ; and gold md
rock filt; are tlie only Jtionty made ufc of.
Each bar oi' fait if x loot in i^'ngrh, and
they break oil' as much t4 they :igiee for
in the puichafe of frnrd! v,art:>. There
are about lOo churches, Ami 'A'.c'iv patri-
arch depends on that of Altxaudria.
The rainy ibafon begins in Apiil; and
docs not ceaie till the enci of tjcptembcrj
whence the Nile, and other rivers thai
have th'.'ir fource in Abvihuiri, overflow
their banks every ye-r. The iivuibii-tKfs
are tall and comclv, and tlieir complexion
a. dun, or olive colour. I'he h;iint of the
b^tltr forts is made of filks ai;d roito!i3 ;
but the common people have only drawer*
to hide their nakednei's. It is j 80 milei
SE of Sennar. Lon. 37 33 t, lat. la
34 N.
GoNDEGAMA, or f J ONDLACOMM -V,
« river i>f the peniniula of Hindooftan,
which rifes near Combam, forms the no-
minal boundary of the Carnatic on the N,
and enters the bay ot" Bengal, at Moota-
pilly.
GoN'p RE COURT, H town of France, In
the departtiicnt of Meufe and late ducliy
ot Bar, I'eated on the Orney, 20 miles
s of St. Michel. Lon. 5 37 E, lat. 48
30 N.
GoNDREViLLE, a town of France, in
the department of Memthe and late pro-
vince ot Lorrain, with a caftie, and a
magnificent hofpital. It itands on a hill,
on the river Mofelle, 4;ight miles from
Nanci. Lo , 6 9 E, lat. 4S 40 N.
GoNEsSE, a town of Fiance, in the
department of Seine and Oiie and late
province of the Ifle of France, remark-
able for the g(^odnei's of its bread, which
i-: Tnought twice a week to Paris. It is
tiK birthplace uf king rhiiip Augultui j
G (3 O
and is feated on the Crould, 10 miles J<E
of Paris. Lon. a 30 E, lat. 48 58 N.
GoNGA, an ancient town of Kcmawia,
feated near the fcaof Marmora, 37 miles
NE of Gallipoli. Lon. 37 31 E, lat. 40
53 N.
GONJAH, a kingdom of Africa, be-
tween the coaft of Guin«a on tlie s, and
1ombu6^ou on the N. Gonjah, the capi-
tal, is 870 miles W by s of Caflma.
Lon. 6 10 w, lat. 13 20 N.
Goon Hope, Cape of, the fouthern
extremity of Africa, in 18 23 e lon. and
34 29 s lat. diicovered by the Portuguelc
in 149?. Here is a neat town, called
Cape Town, rifnig in the midtt of a
dtferr, unrounded by black and dreary
luoimtains. The itorehcules of the
Dutch E India Company arc ftuate next
the water, and the private buildings lie
beyond them, on a gentle al'cent toward
tiii! )nounta;ns. The Caftie, or principal
tort, V liLc'i c«mmands the road, is on the
!•■ iidc ; and another Itrcng fort, called
Ainiterdam Fort, is on the vv fide. The
ft'.eets ,ae broad and regular, interfering
e;!ch uthiV at right aiigles. The houfes,
in grnend, are built 01 Itone, and white-
walhed. Tiiere are two churches; one
f !]■ the Calvinilts, the eftablilhed religion ;
tlie other for the Lutherans. The reli-
gion of the fiaves is as little regardui
licie as ill I he colonies of other European
ftites : in other refpefts, they are treated
wit'i humanity, and are lodged and
boarded in a i'pacious houfe, where they
are likewile kept at work. T he fe fiaves,
a few Hottentots excepted, were all orir
ginally brought from the E Indies, and
principally from Malacca. Another great
building lerves as an hofpital for the
fiilors belonging to the Dutch E Indi«
fliips which touch here. It is fituatc
clofe to the Company's gardens, and is
an honour to that commercial body, and
an ornament to the -..ovvn. The conva-
lef'ccnts have free accefs to thei,e gardens,
where they enjoy the benefit of a vvhole-
I'oine air, perfumed by ihe I'ragrance of a
number ot rich fruit-trees, and odorifer-
ous flnubs, plants, and flowers : they
have likewife tj-.e ufc of every produ6lioa
in them. The inhabitants are fond of
gardens, which they keep in excellent
order. Though itout and athletic, they
have not all that phlegm about them
which is the charadeiiltic of the Dutch
in general. The ladies are lively, good-
natured, familiar, and gay. The heavy
draught- work about the Cape is chiefly
perforiv.cd by oxen, which arc here broiight
to Ml uncwtuuHui) ii(;gv«« uf dutiUty lad
G O R
GOT
ufefulnefs. The Inhabitants, in general,
travel in a kind of covered waggon,
drawn by oxen, which better luit the
roughneib of the country than more ele-
gant vehiclei j but the govcru^r, and
fome of the principal people, keep
coaches, which are much in the EnglKh
llyle, and are drawn by fix iiorfes. The
mountains behind Cape Town are, the
Table Mountain, which is the highelf j
the Sugar-loaf, fo nimed from its form j
the Lion's Head, Charles Mount, and
James Mount, or the Lion's Rump.
From thefe mountains defccnd I'everal ri-
vulets which fall into the different bays,
as Table Bay, f^alfe Bay, &c. The
view from the Table Mountain is very
extenfive j and all along the vallies and
rivulets among thele mountains, is a great
number of plantations. This fine Dutch
colony furrendered by capitulation to the
BritlHi arms, under general Alured Clarke
and admiral fir George Keith Elphinltone,
September i6, 1795. See Hotten-
tots, COUNTRT OF THE.
GooMPTV, a river of Hindooftan
Proper, which rifes in the Rohilla Coun-
try, and flowing se by Lucknow and
Jionpour, falls into the Ganges, a little
belo'.v Benares.
GooTY, or GuTTi, a ftrong fortress
in the peninfula of Hindoolian, formerly
tlie leat of governrr^nt of a Mahratta
prince, and now fubjeft to the regent of
IVIylbre. It is feated on the Pennar, 25
miles s by E of Adoni. Lon. 77 35 e,
lat. 15 15 N.
GoRCUM, a town of the United. Pro-
vinces, in Holland, which rnrries on a
copJ'iderable trade in clieefe and butter.
It is fe-ted at the juniSion of the Linghe
with the Wahal, 12 miles E of Dort, and
32 s of Amiterdam. Lon. 4 51 E, lat.
51 51 N.
GoREE, a fmall ifland of Africa, near
CapedeVerd, fubje6t to the French. It
is barren, but of great importance on ac-
count of its good trade. Lon. 17 25 W,
Jat. 14 40 N.
GoREE, '■^c capital of an ifland of tlie
fame name, in Holland, eight miles ssw
of Brlel. Lon. 4 ao e, lat. 51 44 N.
Gores Island, a barren and unin-
habited ifland in the N Pacific Ocean, fo
named by captain Cook, who difcovered
it in 1778. Cape Upright, the se extre-
mity, is in Ion. 17?. 50 w, lat. 60 jo N.
GoRGONA, a fmall ifland of Italy, in
the fea of Tufcany, eight miles in cir-
cumference, remarkable for the large
f]u intity of anchovies taken hear it, Loa.
iO 0 £j lat. 43 22 Nf
GORCONA, an ifland in the S Pacific
Ocean, 12 miles w of the coalt of Peru.
It is high land, ver; woody, and Ibme of
the trees are proper for malts. It is 10
miles in cirti.infercnc.;, and has feveral
rivulets ot excellent water. Lon. 77 50
vv, lat. 3 20 s.
GoRiTZ, the capital of a county of
the fame name, in the duchy of Camilla,
with a caftle, leated on the Lilbnzo, 16
miles ne of Aquileia. Lon. 13 30 i",
lat. 46 20 N.
GoRLiTZ, a ftrong town of Germany,
in Upper Lulatia. on ihe river Neifle, 55
miles E of Drefdcn. Lon. 15 40 e, lat.
51 ION.
GoRZE, a town of France, In the de-
partment of Mulclle and late province of
Lorrain. It had lately a rich abbey, and
i"? feated on a hill, eight miles sw of
Metz.
GosLAR, an ancient, free, and impe-
rial city of Lower baxony, in the terri-
tory of Brunfwick, feated on the river
Gofe, at the foot of a mountain, called
RammtKberg. It derives its principal
fubfiltence trom the neighbouring iron
mines ; and it is famous for breweries of
excellent beer. Here the art of making
gunpowder is faid »o iiave been difcovered
by a monk. It Is 28 miles s of Brunf-
wick. Lon. 10 42 E, lat. 52 o N.
Go SPORT, a fortified town in Hamp-
fhire, on the w fule of the harbour of
Portfmouth, over which is a ferry. It
has a market on Saturday; and here is a
noble hoipital for the lick and wounded of
th« royal navy. It is 78 miles sw of
London. Lon. 1 3 w, lat. 50 49 n.
GOJiTYNEN, or GOSTAVIN, a town
of Poland, ill the palatinate of Rava, 36
miles NE of Rava. Lon. 20 40 E, lat.
51 54- N.
GoTHA, a town of Upper Saxonv,
capital of a duchy of the fame name, 18
miles w of Eifoit. Lon. 10 52 e, lat.
51 o N.
GoTHA, a river of Sweden, which
ilTues from Lake Wenner, and falls into
the North bea, at Gotheborg,
GoTHARD, St. one of tlie highcfl
mountains of ywilferland, being 9075
feet above the level of the lea. [t is
eight mlks from Airorf.
Gotheborg, or Gottenjjurg, a
flourishing towji qf Sweden, in W Goth-
land, feated ^t the mouth of the Gotha,
which forms an excellent harbour ; the
belt fituate for foreign trade of any in th«
kingdom, as it lies without the Soundv
The inhabitants ate computed to he
so,ooo, ihiX is a tonhdriable heniJiil
0.3
il
m
ml
' I' I «! %
' ft
I
•-ii
^l!
ili
-'1 !■
,1
ti
G O R
f fhcry; and fiom this port flie Swedlfl') E
jndia (hips takt: ihtir cli'p:uuiie. The
Danes bcficged it in 1788, and mult
have taken it, with the kin;!; of Sweden
in perlbn, hut ibr the inleriereuce of tl;e
Pritlili niini(ter, under wliole mediation
.in ariniillce and convention Wvte con-
cividetl. Gothehorg is I'c'cJ miles s\v of
Stockhohn. Lon. 11 4.4. K, hit. 57 42 N.
Gothland, one of tlie five gv-neial
C'iviiiojis of Sweden, containing the pro-
vinces of Oftrojrothia or K Gothland,
Smohmd, VVe(iroL\othia or W Gothland,
tiie ifles of Gotliland and (]-,huid, Wenn-
land, Dilla, H;dland, Biekingen, ami
Scania or Schoiien.
GoThi. AND, an ifiand of the Baltic,
on the E coalf of Sweden. ^Vi(by is its
only town. Lon. 19 4.5 e, l.a. 57 o .v.
GoTTENDOKG. See Goth::gorg.
GoT'iiNfi'^N, a city of Lower Saxony,
in the duchy of Biunfwick, formerlv
free and impeiial, but now labje<.^ to the
■tltiXor of Hanowr. Mere George ii
ibunded u unlvedity. It is feated on the
I.eine, 2.5 miles ne of Ca.'lel. Lon. y
53 f, lat. 51 37, N.
GoTTOR.", a town of Denmnvk, in the
duchy of Slefwick, capital of ihe duchy
ot Holltein Gottorp. Here is an old pa-
lace, foriKerly the ducal lernUnce, friM-a
which the ducal line, tormed liy Adol-
phus, fon of Frederic i king; of Denmark,
was denominated HoUfein (iiittorp, which
ftili iuhfuls in the penon of the great duke
f)f KuiTia, (iottorp is feated at the
•bottom of an arm of the k:i, called the
•^ley, fourmilcs wsw of Slefwick. Lon.
«j 56 E, lat. 5+ 36 N-.
GoTTSBERG, a town of Silefia, in the
riuchy of Schweidnitz, remarkab'ie for its
fdver mines.
GouDA, or TuRoow, affrongtown
of the United Provircts, in Holland,
celebrated for its noble church, and
painted glais windows, fuppofed to be the
fneft in Europe. It is le:>te,i on the liVel,
fight miles nr of Rotterdam. Lon. 4
41 £, lat. 5V1, IN.
GouniiTTRsT, a town in Kent, with :i
market on ■U'cdnclday, iz mileo s\v of
Maidltone, and 44 SE ol London. Lon.
O 31 E, lat. 51 8 N.
GOVERNOLO, a town of Italy, in th.e
Mantuun, feated on the Mincio, 12 miles
5E6f' Mantua. Lon. 10 56 e, lat. 45
4N.' ■
■ GoiiRA, or GuRA, a town oi" Poland,
in the palatinate of Mafovia, belcno-ing to
the bijhop of Pofnunia. Lon. zi 50 t,
lat. 51 '1 N.
' OoiiDO.N, a town of France, in the d'j-
G R A
partm^tit nf Lot and late province of
Querci, iS miles Nvv of Cuhurs. ilou. 1
24 £, lat. 45 43 N.
Go'j'fiNAY, a town of France, in thft
departmen*: of Low;.r Seine and late j.to-
vince of Non-iav^dr, remarkable lor its
fine butter. It. \i feated en the ICpti,
52 milts N\v of Paris. Lon. o'^6 \\,
lat. 4y 32 N.
Go u ROCK, a town in Renfrewiliirc,
on a bay of r!ic fiith of fivii''. In u$
neighbourhood, a copprr nune vvai lately
wo-ked .
GowEii, the peninfulated extremity
of Glamorganitilrc, to the W of the bay
oi Svvanley. It has verv lofiy liiiielloni;
cliifj next the lea, whtncv large quantities
of lime are exported 10 the Eiiglilh coun-
ties acrOiS the Jirilto! Channel. The
coaft abounds with oyiters. The land la
a fertile traA of arable and pallure.
Go\VER,or Gever. SeeGoAR, St.
Goz/,1, or GozEf), an illand of the
Mediterranean, to the s of the die ot Cavi-
dia, J 2 mijes from fort Selino.
CJo/,/(), a toriified idand of the Me-
diterranean, five miles N\v of Malta, and
belonging to the knights of that illand.
Grabow, a town of Lower Saxony,
iii the duchy of Meclenburg, 18 miles
s of ochvvcnn. Lon, 11 44 E, lat. 53
•26 N.
(jraciosa, one of the Azores, ct
Welti.™ Iliarids. Its inliabitar.ts are
•about 300, and its piodiice is wheat,
vxine, butter, and cheeje. Lon. 27 cS
\v, lat. 39 2 N.
GRACiOSA, a rocky, barren, uninh;'.-
hited iihmd, one of the Canaries, to the
iN ot Lancerota. It is tlnxe ndles loiitr,
and two broad.
Gradiska, a town of Sclavonia, on
the rrontiers of Croatia, takeit by tlic
'I\n'ks in i6()i. It is feated on the Save,
20 miles s\v of Poliga. Lou. i^ 39 E,
lat. 45 21 N".
■ C/raDi3:<a, a flrong town of Ger-
many, in the county of Cioritz, i'eated
on tlic Lifun/.u, 1 5 miles SE of Udina.
Lon. 13 14 E, iut. 46 6 N.
Ctrado, a town -of Italy, in a fmall
iliand <d the fame nam.c, on the toalt of
Venetian l-riuli, 50 miles E by N ol"
Venice. Lon. 13 10 e, lat. 45 46 N.
Graktom, a village in Ncr'^hun-.pton--
fhire, bitween Storey Stratfcid iind North-
ampton, wh.re the.e is a manor -houle and
park, given by Ch,al( i. ti to the duke of
Gratton, whence the title is derived. ■
' Ctrai'aM's >hnR, betwem the Car-
nm VVcrks and lalkirk, in Scotland,- ;i
JKld iei-.brutvd Ivr beiu^ th^; fp«t whtrtj
G R A
G R A
Tir William Wallace, in 1J9S, cut his
way throuo-h the inidit of his vidorioiis
Gram MONT, a town of Aultrim
Fhnders, li.at<.-.l on the Dcndev, 18 mik-s
Nl of Touriiay- I.on. 3 59 E; lut. 50 4.7 N.
GsiAMMONT, p. town cf Fiance, in
the di-nartment of Upper Vicinic and l-.ite
province of Limolin, remarkable for its
late abbey, which w;Aa the chief of the
order. It is 15 miles ne of Limoges.
Lon. 1 30 E, lat. 4.(1 I N-
Grampovnd, a borough in Corn-
wall, with a market on S;uurd;iy. it
has a confulerabis manur'acTtvirc of gloves,
is governed bj- a inayor, and lends two
members to parlian;ent. It is leated on
the Valies, 4.0 miles sw of Launcelton,
and 24.4. w by s of London. Lon. 4. 49 w,
iat. 50 2a N,
Gran, a town of L.iwer Hungary,
with an archbifhop's fc,.. ft fias been
fevcral times taken uud re aken, but lait
of all by the Aultrians, iu 16^3. It is
feated on the Danube, S? miles k by s of
Vienna. Lon, iH 6 E, lut. 4.7 46 n.
Granaoa, a province (ftamerly a
kingdom) of Spain, bounded on the N
and vv by Andalulia, on the E by Mur-
cidj and on the s by the Mediterranean
Sea. It is 175 milt;s in length, and 75
in breadth. Though a mountainous, coim-
try,» the foil is good ; but it has not been
well cultivated hnce the Moors were ex-
pelled in I491. However, it pradiices
corn, wine, oil, fugar, flax, hemp, excel-
lent fruiti, honey, wax, ar.d mulberry-
trees, which ieed a great U'linber of hlk-
wonns. The foreits produce gall-nuts,
palm-trecS) rmd oaks.
G R A N ADA, a conllderable city of Spain,
capitsl ot the province of (.Tranada, with
an arclibilhop's lee, and a iiniverfily. It
is built on four hills, and divided info
four parts, in one of which is the large
churcli, contr.ining the tombs of Ferdi-
nand and Ilabella, vvlio took tliis pljce
from the Moors in 1493.. In anothtr !,v
the palace of the ki'.igs of Spain, and an
ancient palace of the NIoorifh kings, with
lb many rooms, that it is like .; labyrinth.
In the third, is the unlverfity ; the fourth
has nothing conliderable : but all the
public buildings are magnificent. It is
Ifated ne.ir the confluence of the Oro with
the Xenil, 125 miles SW of Murcia,
and i'. 5 s of Madrid. Lon. 3 30 vv,
Iat. 37 8 N.
Granada, an land in the W Indies,
the principal of the Ciranadincs, iituate
in 6 1 40 w, lon. and between n 55
and IX z3 N \U' It is the lalt of the
Wln-Jward Caribbecs. and 50 ler^gu?? nw
of lobago. I'he chief port, cilled i-ewis,
is on the w iide, and is very lp;u:ions.
This iiijud is im:.-ly wooded; and the
ioil i;, luitcd to proaiice lugar, tobacco,
anU if.digu. It was taken li<jni ilie
Fnnch in lyCz, confirmed to the Engliili
in 1/63, taken by the French m I'/^'j,
and reiiored to the Kngliih in 1733. in
1795, the French landed lorae troops and
cauled an inlurrciitlon in this illand, vvhich
was not finally tjuclled till June 1796.
C}RANADA,atovv-nof N Ametica, in the
province ot Kicuragua, aated on the lake
Nicaragua, ft was laktn twice by tl»a
French biUe-iiieers, .md pillaged. The
inhabitants carry on a great trade by
means of the lake, which communicates
with the Atlantic Octan. It is 54 miles
St of Leon. i.^n. ty o w, iat. 12
5 •^■<
Gfian'ada, New, an eytt-nfivc inL^iii
country in S Aaurica, dei\oii\iriate'l by
the Spaniards the new kingdon) of Gr:i-
nada. It is bounded ou the w by ]'o-
payan; on the N by other provinces of
Tena F'irma, namely, Santa Martha, Rio
da la Hacha, and Vtue/ucla ; on the s hy
Peru J and on th*; E by a country which
ftretches along the banks of the ()ronoko»
and is little known, and imperfeiHly occu-
pied, by the Spaniards. New Gn;nad;i
was conquered by the Spaniards in 1 536^
It is fo iar eUvated above the level of the.
lt;a, that, though it approaches almoft to
the equator, the climate is remarkably
teinperate. 'I'he fertility of its rallies jj
not inferior to that of the richelt diftrif^s
in America; and its higiier grounds yitid
gold and precious Itones of viA'ious kindi.
its towns are populous and flourilhing ;
and the capital is Santa-Fe-de-Bagota.
GRANnt"PaE> a town of F' ranee, in
the department of Ardvnnes and litt pro-
vince of Champagne, feated oii the Aj're,
32 mil'jij E of jKlieinis. Lon. 4 55 Kj
hit. 49 21 N.
Granic, or Granicus, a fmall river
of Natolia, which has its fource in Mount
Ida, ntai- the ruins of ancient Troy, and
falls into the iea of MiuTuora, to the E ot
Li'n;pfaco, On its barks was ioaght tho
celebrated battle, in which Ali xander the
Great, witih 30,000 Macedi/nians, dt-
fe;ited Darlvus and 600,000 Perilaus.
Gr ANSON, a town of SwiflVrland, in
the Pays de V.risd, capital ot a bniSr.vie
r>f die lanK naiue. wirb a caltie. Clnrles
the Bold, duke of i'»urgundyj took it by
Horn:; but, in a b.utle near it, in t47f'«,
he WU.5 totally defeated. i<on. S 30 ;'♦
iaU 46 50 N.
U
'\\
G R A
G R E
1
lit
■ s
I
5!;
CRAVTHAJt, a borough ia LincoI;i-
ih'nt, \vit!i a mriiket on SaniMay. It-
ftT.d'i two mcii.bcrs to paiiinmcnt, and
has achuich, t'amuu.> tor itc> high fplrc,
which ii-ems to l-ian on oiie fide. It is
icatcci on th'j Withairu ?.o milts s b\' w
of i incoliij and no N by w of London.
Loii. o 3 6 w, la I. 52 59 .V.
Gs.AMS£?.i: Water, a fmall lake of
Wc!im.-)jlanvi, to thi; w of Amhiviidc.
It'j rrurgin h hollowed inlo fmall bays,
with bold cmin'?ncesj iome of rock., iome
of turf, that half codvajs! and vary the
figiiie oi' tile lake. Frojn the ihore, a
low proiiionlory projcii'ts far in.o the
water; and on it: llands a white village,
with the parif}) chuich iif.ng in ihe niidlt
of iK
G.'i.wviLl :■, a feaport of France, in
the dcp:;) tniojt of the Chiannei and late
jirovince of Normandy, par;iy feated on
a rock, ami partly on a phdn. It is
15 Ki-ilK-s s by K oi" Coutanccs, and 185
W of Paris. Lon, 1 32, \v, lat . ^.Z 50%'.
Grassk, a f(,vvn of Franc-.-., in the
rfepartmenr of Var and late province of
Pjovtnce. It was luiely a bi!iSon':i fee;
i(rm !s .(ei'ted on an eiviinence, 15 milt'S
W of Nice. Lon. 6 5.'^ '■:, lat. .v? 3;,; N.
GR.'viir'i:, a town of Fi-.ince, i)i the de-
partment of Aude and late province of
Lantniedoc, fcuted on !;he liver Othieu,
at the foot of the mo-antain of Coiubiere,
jS mlie^ SE of Carc'.dTonne.
G:;. ATE LEY, a viihuTt in Hampfi\ire,
on the 6E iide of Quarley hill, in the road
fron'i Andover to Sal i(l)ury, where, in <;^6,
king Alhelllan held a gi'and council of (i./j
nobility. Near it is a great Roman camp,
and on Quarley liill is a large Brititli
camp.
Gratz, a town of Germany, capita!
cfStiua, with a caUle, and a univtifity.
Here are n'latjy p-ilaces, and a fine arknal.
'^I'he cahle llands on a rock, and commu-
nicates with the river, by means of a deep
well. It is feated on the Muchr, 85 miles
s\v of Vienna. Lon. 15 30 f, lat. 47
4 N.
Gr.iudentz, a town of Poland, in
the palatinate of Culm, with a caitlc ;
feated on the Viftala., 30 miles, h of
Thorn, and 110 Nw of Waii'aw. Lon.
J 8 5^ E, lat. T3 36 N.
Grave, a Itrong town of Dutch Bra-,
bant, feated on the river Maei'e, beyond
which there is a fore. Iv was taken by
the Spaniards in i 51:6, by the Dutch in
l6o^, by the Fiench in 1671, by the
Ltitch In U)74, and by the French in
j?y. .. It is eight miles s of Nimtgutn.
on, 5 45 E, hit. yi 47 N,
Or.-iVELINEs, a firong feaport of
F'rance, in the department of the Noith
and late l-'rench Flanders. It was ceded
to France, by the treaty of the Pyrenees,
and iS feated on the Aa., 1 z miles £ of
Calais, Lon. z 13 e, lat. 50 59 N.
Gravenac, a. town of Snabii, capi-
t'l of a county of the lame nane, 30
mileo w of Ulm. Lon. 9 zS E, lat. 48
22 ;;.
(jiiAVEN Mac ME REV, a town of Liix-
emhur^:^, on the Mofelle, 18 miles enk
of Luxemburg, It wa!^ lacked and Inirni,
in i5 5i, by the marcpiis of Erandeu-
bu:-|.
Gkavesande, a town ot Hclbnd,
where the ancient counls of Holland re-
sided. It is liiven mile.s w of Deltt,
Grave.seno, a town in K>nt, with a
niaiket on Wednefday and Satmday. ifc
is feated en the 1 hames, and a place of
OTtat refort, being the common landin^--
place for Jeamen and Grangers in their
paiTage to London. It has a blockhoiiii*
over ag.xinff Tilbviry fort, A great part
of it was burnt down, wdth the chui'ch,
in 17?.; ; the latter was rebuilt as one of
the 5'j new churches. It is called tit*
corporadon of Gravefend and Miltcn,
theie two places being united under tlia
government of a mayor. They were in-
corMorated by que;,a Elifabelli ; but, lonj-if
before, Richard II had granted them the
exclufive pj'ivii'-gc of conveying palTen-
geis to LondoTi in boats, at two -pence
a Iiead, or a whole boat's fare at four
niillings. They ftill enjoy this privilege j
biit the fare is now nme-pmce a head.
Gravtiiend is famous ior aiparagus; and
the chief employment of the iahcmring
people hi fpinning of hemp, to make nets
for fillunif, and ropes. It is ?.j miles
SE of London.. Lon. o 27 E, lat. <jl
-J N-
G Ravin A, a town of Naples, in Terrt
di B'uUi, with a biidiop's Ice, 3Z Uiiiei;
svv of jBari.
Gkaulhet, a town of France, in the
department oi' Tarn und late pmvince oif
Languedoc, iz nalts NW of Caltres.
GRAi", a town of France, in the de-
partment of Upper Saone and hue pro-
% jrice of Franche Conni. Its trade con-
filts in lion ; md it is feated on the Saone,
7.5 miles NE of Dijon. Lon. 5 41 r.y
lat. 47 aS N.
Grays Tkurkock, a town in LlVex,
wirh a market on Thuriday, feated on tlse
Thames, 24 ndles E of London. Lon. o
24 -E, Jat. 51 7.6 N.
Greece, the ancient name of that
part Of Tuikcy ui Europe, which coa-
■J
i
■4
t
G R E
G R E
lit. 51
in t-fie
Knee o.f
res.
Ithe do-
le jrrO"
lie ton-
|Saonc,
4. J Ev
|on the
.on. o
tint
T.ilns Vl.ieodonla, Albania, Llvailia, the
Morea, the Ajchipclago, and Candla.
Greeni.ano, agcJ)t,;rul name bywlilch
are <lenoti.-d the molt ealierly parts of
xVmerica, itrctching toward the M Pole,
and likewiie i'omc ifiands to the N of the
continent of Eiiiope, lying in very high
latitudes. This country is divided inio
W and E Greenland. W Greenland
was dilcovered as early as the ninih cen-
tury i)y the Norwegians, who planted co-
lonies tliere. The communication v. ith
that country, after a long inlemiption,
wd'i renewed in the ialt century. Some
zt;dous Lutitiian and Moravian rniinon-
;n'ies ventured to fettle in this frozen and
uncultivated region. From thiin we
Icani, that the NW coaft of Greenland is
Jt'parated from America by a very nar-
row (trait ; that, at the bottom of the
hay into which this ftrait condu;:ts, it is
highly probable that they are united ; that
the inhabitants of the two countries have
ibiTie intercoujl'e ; and that the Elquim:uix
Oi' America perfe^Uy refemble the Green-
landers' in their al'ped, dre!s, riiode of
living, and language. E Greenland was,
for a"^ long time, conildered as a part of
the continent (>f VV Gri^enland, but U now
difcovered to be an aflcjuililage of illands
lymg lietween 9 and 20'"- ji Ion. and 76
46 and So 30 N lat. It was di;covercd,
in 1533, by hr Hugh Willoughby, who
ctlitd it CJieenland, uippofing it to be a
part of the wjltern continent. In 1595,
it was vifited by Barentz and Cornelius,
two Dutclnrien, vs/ho pietended to b. the
original dilcovtrers, and called it Spitz-
bergcn, or fliarp maunialns, from the
many (havp-pointed and rocky mountains,
with which it abovnids. The only quact-
rupeds of either W or E Greenland, are
dtcv, white bears, and foxes. To its
trozen leas, the Englifn and other nations
lepair annually, in the proper Ic-aion, to
fifh f?,r wjialey. See Spit'-'-BEKok N.
Gkfenlaw, the / Kiinty tOvvn of Ber-
n'ick'lisue, feated on a river that joins tlie
7\vefd, before il reaches Berwick. It
is 17 milea w by s of ihit town. Lon.
•2 jX \v, lat. 5? 43 N.
Greenock, a conlitlerable fciport in
Rentrewfhire, at the mouth of th( Clyde.
Ir is a place of great relbrt for rtiipping,
and a;, a great (hare in the htoing filh-
C!-"-. Heie is a fugu -hoult:, 1 lopi uni\
iaii inanufaihiKii tind Ji ftnail tort for tlie
d_r"ence of the harljour. It iw ai miles
w of Gla.'gow. J, 01) 4 19 w, lit. 55
5+ 5f.
GRtENSnuRGH, the county- town of
WtUinoiiiUiJ, in IVmlylvuiua, i7i>mlltii
w !)y N of Philadelphia. Lon. 78 3/; w,
lat. 40 8 N.
Grkf.nsted, a village in Killx, one
mile w of Chipping Ongar, remarkable
for its littL- church (built prior to the
Concju..it) t'le walls of which are formed
of the folid trunks of trees placed in
lows.
Greenwich, a town in Kent, with
a market on VV'ednelday and Saturday.
It is famous for a magnificent hofpital lor
decayed feamen, and a royal oblervatory
in a delightful park. The hofpital is
thought to be the iineft lhu(5fure of the
kind in the wor.dj and its noble hall is
finely painted by fir James Thornhiil.
rilie chapel was deltroyeii, in 1779, by a
dreadful iiie, which likewiie confumed the
dining-hdl and eight wards ; but the
whole is rebuilt. '1 he oblervatory was
built by Charles 11, en the lummit of a
hill, called l- lumltead Hill, from the great
alirononer of that name, who was here
the iirll altronomer royal. The Engl i flu
compute the longitude from the meridiaa
of this place. Here was once a royal
palace, in which Edward vi died, and
cjULen Mary and queen Elifabeth were
borji. It has been long pulled down, and
on part of the fite of it )iow Itands the iioufc
belonging to the ranger of the p.u-k . Here
is a college, called the Duke of Norfolk's
College (tl)ough founded by Henry carl
of Northajnpton, father of tlie celebrated
earl of Surry) for the mainteiiarice of 20
decayed houiekeepers j and an hofpital,
called Queen Elifabeth's College, founded
by Mr. Lambard, the firit erecfed by an
Engli/h proteftant fubjeft. Greenwich i»
fi;ated on the Thames, five ndles e Ot
London.
G R E N o B I. n , an ancient town of Fiance,
in the departnunt of Here and late pro-
vince of Dau[)hiny, with a bilhop's fee.
It contains a great numiicr of handlbme
ffrucfures, particulai'y churches. The
tallieilral is a fine anci. -it building in the
Gothic ta(te ; and St, Andrtw's church
is adorned vviili a ruriou* Ipiie. The
leather and gloves thai aie made here are
higlilyeiteemed. It is feated on the Iieie,
over which are two bridges to pal's into
t'.iat part called IVrreiie, a laige Itaet on
the lide of the river. It is ly mihs & of
rdomberry, and 105 w by N of Turin,
Lon. 5 49 E, laC 45 TIN.
GR£rN.\, a village in DumfViesfhire,
nerir the mouth of the Elk, and on the
borders of ( umberlund, nine mdis NW
of Carllfle. It has been kng noted as
the rclort of the young per oBs in England,
vvhu (,hc)olc (.0 U; mutiicd QOLwiihiUuding
^■m
G R 1
C R O
f
I I
^.f prohibitions of flirir parnifs and
jpj-.iuii.ina. 'I'hc ceremony is jK-ilorimd
hy 3. blatklrnith.
CiHIlKKNUAKPN, a fowii of rivifli;ui
Ponu v,ini.», in ihc dmliv of ^tctin, iKiU*!
«n tl>c Ddi'i , opjioliic (.j.iiti. i.oii. J4
4x Fr l-.ir. 5^ ? s N.
CfRJMui Ri;i,N', .1 town of v\uthi.in
Bi;ih;ivu, with .in :ihli(ry .nul .i falllr, l";x
milr* N of Uailfcls. l.on.4 .'7 t:, l;il. s<'
57 N.
Grimm, a town in tlv tU-c^oniic of
SiTKMiv, with a cil.idil, liiiiid on tlu-
Mrxildaw, 10 miles si- of l.eipfick. Ion.
li ;5 K, Lit. 51 15 N.
GuiMMtN, ^ town of Swtdlfti To-
rccr.mi.i, five nnlcs s of Sir.illimd. Loii.
zj 27 V, lat, 54. J 2 N.
Grimi'krc;, a town in tlic elc>Ilorati-
«f Trcvt's, with a bifliop'-s fee, 1 ■' miles
»t of I'leve*. Lou. 6 59 E, lat. 49
35 N.
Grimspv, Grkat, a fe.ipoit anel
boroiisrh in J.ireohi.'hiie, ^ifli a marltet
«n W'tiiuehlav and Satiinfu . It had
fonntily a cattle, and two chtnche.^, but
has now only oxk' ehurch, a 1 n^e thuc-
tiirt, like a eathedi ai. It fe:uls two meni-
fccrs to pailiiinunt , and is i.A->veintii liv a
mavor. The harhour, at the mouth of
th.. Humher, is but inditiVrkiif, beii-.s; al-
moin choaked up. It is ;•; miles M' of
Lincoln, and i?o n- of Loiuion. Loti. o
6 E, lat. 5^, *4 N.
Grixdon-Rigc, a rWcv in Northmn-
Kt>rl.md, rear Ktrwiek, tanuws for the
vidoiy gained owr the Scots, iw 155S,
by the earl of Northumberlaml, and liis
brother, when manv of the Scots wwre
rirewned in this rrwr. On :". rifinp; ground
jKar Giindon, are torn* upri^vht itoiie pil-
lars, funeral nionumenis of the chieftains
ilain in that av'-f ion.
iiMNS rj; \p. r.\sr, a borough in Sul'-
ft'N, with .1 market on Thurlday. The
afiues are I'ometimes held here, ajid it
fends two membeis to jiarliament. It is
so miles N of Lewes, and nj s of Lon-
don. Ion. o 2 E, lat. 51 12 N.
GRirswAin, a ibonp, town of Swe-
dilh Pomernnia, formerly imperial, with
a s-11 \l harlnni!', an<l a univerfitv. It is
feated near the Baltic v'^ea, 15 miles s r of
SnaluuKi, and 55 sw of Stetin. La:i,
13 44 E, lat. 54 4 N.
(.tRlsovs, a piople inhabiting the
Alps, and in .illiance with Swiiferland.
They aie dividtil into three leagues,
whwh form *:•■■ republic \ namely, the
Grey Leagtie ; the C'atlee, or the Hout'e
of God; and the Ten InvllitiM ions. Thcfe
t/.ue kagucs have their pttuliur ounlti-
tntinn, and arr indr|"ident common-
we.dllis in dl loncirn iiich do not in.
ferl'eic wttli the i';enei.il politv ot the
wh.'ie npMhUc ; and the rnnneiHon bc-
twev n th^ni i. mainf, lined by means ot an
annual diif, h;ld .d'rrnateiy at the towns
<>f Hints, Coiie, and Davos. The comi-
tiv ol the (iiilon.s is about S7 niiles in
leiii^th, and \erv popidous ; bo\uided on
thi- s by thr durhy of Milan and the ter-
ritories of the Venetians, liy Tvrol on
the V and N, and by the Swil's cantons
on the w. They arc partly papilU and
partly pioteftants. Th-y polli li; the Val-
telitie, and the counties ut r>ornuo and
Chiavenna.
(.iROt'NO, the prineinal town, thouv;h
not the capital, of Litnuauia. It is :i
la rye and ilrapi',ling pLice, hnt contains
no more than ",000 Chriliians, exclulivc
ol the pcrltnis emploveil in the manufac-
tures, and 1000 Jews. It has the ap-
pe.uapce of a decayed town ; cinitainirg
a mixture of wretched hovels, falling
houles, and ruined palaces, with ni.igni-
ficcnt gateways, remains of its ancient
Iplendour. A tew ha'.jitations in good
repair make the contrail more Urikiri;.
Here is a colle;.;e ami phyfic ?;arden ; the
king ot' Polind havins^ eltablilhed a royil
aeaitemy ot phyfic for Lithuania. In the
new palace, built, but n.ver inhabited,
by Aui^ultus III, arc tli« apartments
where the diets are fometim.es heM ; par-
ticularly the lalt, in 171)^, which was
compelled, at the point of the bayonet, to
content to the fecorK,! partition ot Poland :
and here, in 1791;, the unfortunate Sta-
nilhuis jii tormally reli;j;ned his crown.
Grodno is feated partly in a plain, on
the river Nienien, and partly on a moun-
tain, 125 miles NE of Wariaw. Lon.24
15 K, lat. 53 2S N.
CtROI.i,, a town of Dutch Gueldcr-
derland, in the county of Zutphen. It
was oiten taken and retaken in the wars
between llie l")utch ^nd Spaniards. Th«
FreiKh took it in 1^72, and demoliflud
tlie fortifications. It is ieated on the
Slinghe, 15 miles SE of Zntphen.
GROMNOtN, a populous city of the
United Provinces, capital of a lordthip
of the fame name, with a citadel and a
univernty. It is feated on the rivers
Hunes and Aa ; has a conmnmication, by
a canal, with a bay ot the German Oeean,
at the diltance of 10 miles; and is 85
miles NK of Anilterdam. Lon. 6 31 e,
lut. 53 10 N.
GRONiN(;tN, one of the United Pro-
vinces, bounded on the f by E Fri^'i md,
on the \v by Friellaud, on tin- N by the
lit*
G U A
G J A
do not in-
cy ot (he
c^lion bi:-
icitis ot an
flu- tovna
Thi- co\i«-
7 miles in
OAuulod on
11(1 till' tfr-
Tyvol on
Is rnntnns
ripilli \nci
h llv Val-
oiniio and
.•n, thpuv;h
. It is a
Tt contains
., excUilivc
c m.inuiac-
las the ap-
anilaining
Is, falling
ith inagni-
ils ancient
ts in good
e Uiiking.
;rirden ; the
lu-d 3 voyil
lia. In the
inhabited,
ap;ntnicnt$
hiW 5 jvar-
which was
bayomt, to
ot Poland :
unate Sta-
lis crown.
plain, on
n a nioun-
Lon.24.
Gucldcr-
phcn. It
|n the wars
ids, Tha
llemoliflud
[d on the
kn.
|ity of the
kndihip
idel and ;i
jhe fiver*;
lent ion, by
Ian Ocean,
Ind is 85
6 31 E,
lirtd Pro-
iFri'-'i and,
N by the
Caiiran Occ;ui, and on the s by Overyf-
iv[. It is dividid into two parts, ot
which the trtwn ot tTioningen aiul its dil-
triH are oiu-, and the Oinincrlands the
other. Tlie excelliauy <>1 this covmtry
C()nlilts in paltuics, which teed a ^leat
niinbv r of lar;';e horlis, tit lor the coach.
CJkossa, an illand of Dabnafia, in the
i^iilt oi' \i nice, nt-ar the cualt oi the cuuu-
tv ol Z,ua. If is 50 miles in circviin-
I'crencr, and lu'l'iis'/j to the Venetians.
GR(^se!h r TO, a town oi Tuicany,
with a laltlr auil a bllhop's lef; fituate
near the lea, 30 miles s\v ol Sienna. I.on.
n J K, lat. 41 40 N.
GROTMCAW.atownoFSilefia, cni>italot'
a province of the lame name, 10 miles NF.
iji CAwxT. Lon. 17 25 k, lat. 50 ■]■; n.
GrotskaW, a town of Snvia, where
the Turks defeated tlie Germans in J 7 39.
h>.^n- 11 10 li, lat. 45 10 N.
Grovne, a river of Spain, in Galicia,
which eutejs the bay of Bifcay, at Co-
lunna.
(jRur.ENHACEN, a town and caftle of
Lower Saxony, und the chief place of a
principality of the fame name, belonging
to the houle of Hanover. In the moun-
tains near it are mines of filver, iron, cop-
per, and lead. It is +<; miles s of HanovcV.
Lon. 10 J E, lat. 51 31 N.
Gruckfei.dt, a town of Carlnthia,
with a cattle, on the river Save. Lon. 1 5
45 E, lat. 40 7 N.
GiiuNnH, a town of Germany, in the
thichvof Brunlwick, and in the mountains
vt' Jlartz. Lon. 13 35 E, lat. 5?. 10 n.
G RUN INC EN, a town of Lower Sax-
ony, in the principality of Halberftadt,
on the river Felke. Lon. 11 41 E, lat.
5i 4 N.
Gruningen, a town of Swifierland,
in the canton of Zuric, capital of a baili-
wic of the fame name. Tlie cattle, which
Jtands on an elevated rock, commands an
exttnfive prol'peft. Lon. 8 43 e, lat. 47
»4 N.
Gruyires, a town of SwitTerland, in
tlie canton of Friburg, with a cattle, whci e
the bailitf refides. It is famous for chcefe,
and is 15 miles sw of Friburg. Lon. 6
43 F, lat. 46 35 N.
GuAcocKiNGO, a town of New Spain,
-^o miles se of Mexico. Lon. 99 45 w,
kit. 19 36 N.
Guadalajara, or New Gamcia,
one of the three audiences of New Spain,
bounded on the N by New Mexico, on the
V. and s by the audience of Mexico, and
on the w by the gulf of California and
the N Pacific Ocean ; extending 800
|i>ilei> in iciJ^ih, and 5«o iu bicadih. It
is divided into the provinces of Guada-
lajar.i Proper, '/acatecas, New J^iliay,
Cinaloa, Culiacan, Chamrtiin, and \a,
lil'co. It is cili'lirated for its fertility*
and the richnef, of its lilvir niinLS.
Guadalajara, or G u adalaxara,
tin cajiital of the province and audience
ot (Miailaiajara, in New Spiiii. It i> a
bifhop's fee, and iifuate on tlu- Maieinja,
11 7 miles w of Mexico. Lon. 104 49 w^
lat. 7.0 50 N.
( lu ADA I, A jar A, or GUADAI.AXARA,
a town (if Spain, in New Caltile, leated
on the ileraics, 30 miles Ni; ot MadiiJ,
Lon. :. 47 \V, lat. 40 36 n.
Cix;ADAi,.\viAR, a river of Spain,
wliich riles (^^ the confnu s of Arrat^oTi,
crotfes the province ot Valencia, and Tail*
into the Mediterranean, l)elow Valt;iicia.
Guadai.ouhi;, a town of Spain, in
Eftramadura, with a celebraltd convent.
It is I'eated on a livulet of tlie la^ne name,
34 miles E by N of J ruxlllo. Lon. 4.
45 w, lat. 39 17. N.
GUADAl ou PK, one of the* Leeward
Caribl)ee Illands in the VV Indies, be-
tween Antigua and Dominica, in lon. 6:^
o w, and lat. 16 ao N. It is divided
into two parts by a narrow ttrait, called
the Salt River. At this place the land
on each tide is not al)ove t(nir miles bi(jad,
and by this ttrait the ti^a on the Nw c(jm-
municates with that on the .se. The sw
nart is 60 miles in length, and 24 in
breadth ; and the ne part is much the fame.
The foil is exceedingly good, and well
watered near the tea, by liviilets whicti
tall trom the mountains. On this ifland
is a volcano, called the Mountain of Sul-
phtn- ; and on the E tide of it are two
mouths, which open into a pit of fulphur:
the negroes who fell brimftone fetch it
from this pic. The French fet'led on
this itland, in 1632. It was taken by
the Engiifh in 1759, '^"^ reltorcd in 1763.
It was again taken by the Fnolini, April
22, 1794, bur retaken, DceemlK-r 11, the
lame year. Bafli^terre is the capital.
GuADALQirivi R, a river of Spain,
which riles in the .s part of New CalHle,
Hows through Andaluli,', and falls into
the bay ot Cadiz.
Gu ADARAMA, a town ol Spain, in Old
Caltile, remarlcable for its great trade in
cheeie. It is feated on the Guadaram,
25 miles NW of Nhidrid. Lon. 3 48 w,
lat. 41 45 N.
CiUAOiANA, a river of Spain, which
rifes in New Caltile, crofies F.ltramadura
into Portugal, and leparating Algarv«
iro,,> vVnduhiliii, tails into the bay of
Cadiz.
ivr,
G U A
GuADlXi a town of Spiin, in Gra-
■atla, with a bifliop's fee, 30 miles t of
Granatla. Lon. ^ 47 w, lat. 37 4. n,
GuAi,l)d, a town of Ituly, in Ancona,
eight miles NW of Noctra. In 1751, it
was almoit dcfh-oyed by an earthquake.
I^on. 12 43 E, lat. 43 ^ N.
Guam, the chief of the Ladrone
Iflands, in the N Pacific Ocean, 100
miles in ciicumfeicnce. It is iubjeiiil to
the SpaniiU'ls, who have a garril'on Iutc,
but the inl\al)itants are alniott all natives
of tlie country, and reputed to be viry
IkiUul in building boats. It abounds
with excclki t fruit, and the air is v/liole-
ibnie; notwuhltanding which the n.itives
are lubjt^l to a kind of leproi'y. Lon.
145 15 E, lat. 13 5 N.
GuAMANGA, a town of Peru, capital
of a province of the ihme name, with a
bifhop's Ite. It is jtmarkable for fweet-
ireats ; and near it are inims of gold, fil-
vcr, loadllorie, and ([uickillver. It is
«oo miles SE of Lima. Lon. 74 15 W,
lat. 13 20 s.
GUANAHAMI, or CaT ISLAND, One
of the Bahair.a Ulands, the firll land of
America dilcovered by Columbus, in
1491, and named by bim St. Salvador.
Lon. 75 5 w, lat. 24 20 N.
Gt AKur.o, a town of Pe™, capital
of adirtrii!;\of thefamenume, that abounds
in all t'le neceflaries of life. It is 172
miles N\c of Lima. Lon. 75 15 w,
jat. 9 55 s.
GuANZAVELC ., a rich town ot Peru,
in a country abovudiii':; vith mines cf
quickfilver. It is 1 59 milcb liNii ol Pilca.
JLon. 74 39 w, lat. 12 36 s.
GuARDAFUl, a c;ipt of Africa, at the
entrance of the flrait oi' Babelmaudel.
Lon. 52 5 E, lat. 11 46 N,
GuARDiA, or GuAKOA, a town of
Portugal, in Beira, with a bifhop's fee.
It is ^rtiiied both by art and nature, and
has a ftutely catliedral. It is 130 miles
EofLiibon. Lon. 6 37 \v, lat. 40 22 N.
Goardia-Alferez, a town of Na-
ples, in the Molife, with a bifliop's lee,
feven miles NW of Larino. Lon. 14
56 E, lat. 41 39 N.
GuarMa, a feaport of Per- 120
miles Nvv of Lima. Lon. 77 ., w,
lat. 10 10 s.
GuASTALLA, a town of Italy, in ll.e
Mantuan, ceded to the duke of Parma,
lii 1748. Here the Auitrlans attacked
the French in 1734, and were repulTed
With the lofs of 5000 men. It is leated
near the river Po, 1 5 miles n of Reygio.
Lfiu. 10 38 E, lat. 44 56 N.
GuASTo, or VAiio, a town of Na-
, G U E
pics. In Abruzzo Ciferiorc, rn the gulf
of Venice, i 5 miles si; of Lanciano. Lon.
15 6 t, Ut. 42 1 5 N.
CiiJATiMALA, onc of the thrtc audi-
ences of N'ev.' Spain, bounded on tlie N'.v
by the audience of Mexico, on the NE by
the gulf of Mexico, on the se Ijy the
ifthnius of Darien, and on the s\v by the
Pacific Ocean. It is computed to bv," 750
miies long, and 450 bioadj and is fubdi-
vlded into the provinces of Cjuatimala
Proper, Vera Paz, Honduras, Nicarag\ia,
Colta Rica, and Veragua. The Indigo
ol this countiy is fuperior in quality 10
tliat of any other in Amtrica, and is* cul-
tivated to a coniiderable extent.
GuA'riMALA, New, the capital of
the audience and province of Guatimala,
in New Spain, with a bifliop's fee and a
imiveifity. It is fituate not far from the
fite of St. Jago de Guatimala, the for-
mer capital, which was deftroyed, June 7,
^77 3) '^y ^ dreadful earthquake, attended
by an eiviption from a neighbouring vol-
cano. By this earthquake 120,000 per-
ibns are luppofed to have perilhed. New
Guatimala is 600 miles sw of Mexico.
Lon. 90 30 w, lat. 13 40 N.
GuaxaCa, a province of New Spain,
bounded by the gulf of Mexico on the N,
and by the Pacific Ocean on t]ie s. It
is fertile in wheat, Indian corn, cochineal,
and calfia ; and contains mines of gold,
filver, and cryltal.
Guaxaca, a town of New Spain, ca-
pital of a province of the fame name,
with a bifliop's lee. It is nottd for fine
iVeetmeats and ciiocolatc ; and has feve-
ral rich convents. It is 160 miles E of
Acapulco. Lon. 100 o w, lat. 17 25 n.
GuuEN, a town of Germany, in Lower
Lulatia, feated on the Neiil'e, 62 miles
NEofDreiden. Lon. 1439 E, lat. 51 55? N.
GuBlo, orEuGUBio, atown of Italy,
in the duchy of Urbino, vnth a bilhop's
ft-e, 82 miles N of Rome. Lon. la 38 E,
lat. 43 16 N.
Guelderland, or Gueldres, a
territory of the Netlierlands. The town
ot Gueldres and its diftricit belong to the
king of Prufiia; Ruremonde and its de-
pendencies to the houll; of Aultriaj and
Venlo and Steveni'waert to the United
Provinces.
Gueldres, a town of the Nether-
lands, in the territory of the fame name.
In 1 587, the governor betrayed this fbong
place to the Spaniards; and the Dutch
endeavoured in vain to recover it in 1637,
1639, and 1640. It was taken, in 1702,
alter a long blockade, and a bt, \bard-
ment of 14 days, by the king of Prulfiii j
•I
G u r
an.\ by the peaci' of Utrecht, in 1713, the
l^rcncli ccdi'J ir lo that princt, in exciuingc
t. r the piliu:iualUv of Oian^'-. . It Uir-
rcaJcrcd to t',.c Kicuch m i7<;4. It is 10
niil-is Ni: of Vctilo. Lon. 6 o E, lat. 51
2') N.
GuERANDE, a town cf Franc*-*, in the
t!epnrtincnt of Lower Loire :ini Ja:e pro-
vince of Brctagne. It carries on a ccn-
fiJornlilc tiade in white liilt, and h three
miles fioni the Atlantic, and 250 vv hy N
ot Nantes. Lon. 2 zo w, lat. 47 ao N.
Goer FT, a town of p'rance, in the
department of Creufe and late province
of Marche, {eated on the Gartanijie,
J 5 miles N£ of Limoges, and 170 s of
Paris. Lon. i 56 E, lat. 46 10 N.
Gi'ERNSEV, an ifiand off the coaft of
France, fubje-4 to Great-Brit:an. It is
naturally Itreng, being fitrrounded by high
rocks, and of a round form, 30 miles in
rircun^.terence. The natives fpeak French,
ii iiaving been a p;ut of I^Jormandy, and
is (fill governed by the Nonnan Laws.
Lon. 2 37 vv, lat. 49 32 N.
GuETA, a town of Spain, in New Caf-
rile, 60 miles E of iVIadrid. Lon, i 56 W,
lat. 40 2 2 N.
Guiana, a country of S America, on
the coalt of the Atlantic, between the
rivers Oroonoko and Amazon, and to the
N of Amazonia. The Portuguefe pof-
fefs the part adjoining the liver Amazon ;
the French, the fmall colony of Cayenne ;
the Dutch, Surinam, Bernice, Demeraiy,
and Iflequibo ; and tlic Spaniards, the
part next the Oroonoko. The greateft
heat takes place in Odobtr, and contiiiucs
to March : this is I'uccecdtd by viclcn'
uninterrupted rain till Jxnie, when parch-
ing heat again takes place tiil July, wnich
ii again followed by iiicelLnt rain tiil
0£tober. Dutch Guiana, is every where
level, and !b low, that, during tlie rainy
llalbns, it is ufually covered with water
near two feet in height. This renders
the foil fo rich, that, on the llirface, for
J 2 inches in depth, it is a Itratum of per-
Icif manure, and, as fuch, has been tranf-
pcrted to Barb.adoe^. On tlie banks of
the Hrequiho, 30 crops of ratan canes
luive been raifid fuccefiively ; whereas,
in the W India Illands, not more than
two are ever expected from the richelt
land. The interior parts of the country
aie inhabited by lavages, who have dif-
ferent languages and cnltoms ; and fome
•f them build their houfes on trees^ to
be fecure from tiie inundations of the
rivers .
GuiAquiL, one of the nine j\nifiic-
nons Qt the province cf Quuo, in Fviu.
G U I
Chocolate is one of its principal pro-
duils.
GuiAouiI., acnmmercial city of Peru,
capital of a juriulictioii of th.e l.mu' )ia;;ie.
It is large and populous, and fctted on
ttie river Gnaquil, at its entrance inuj
the bay of Gaiaqull, 140 miL^ N by i- of
Paita. Lon. 81 11 \v, lat. 211s.
GuiARA, a leaport of Teira Firma, on
the coait of Caracca. Lon. 66 5 vv, lat,
10 35 N.
GuiENNE, a late province of France,
which now forms the department of Gi-
ronde and that of Lot and Garonne.
Guilford, a b(,rough in Surry, with
a market on Saturday. It is feated on the
Wey, on the declivity of a hill, and had
a caifle, now in ruins. The fummer al"«
fizes are alternately held here and at Croy-
don ; but the tlei5f ion of members for the
county is always I'.eld here, and it fends
k wo for the borough. It is a well-built
t iwn, with two churches, and governed
by a mayor. The Wey is navigable to
the Thames, and much timber and corn
are carried upon it. It is 23 miles wsv/
of Croydon, and 30 sw of London. Lon.
o 29 w, lat. 51 15 N.
GuiLLAiN, St. a town of Auflriaa
Halnault, feated in marfhy land, on the
river Haifne, fix miles vvof Mons. Lon.
3 53 E, lat. 50 27 N.
GuiLLESTREE, a town and caftle In
the Alps, once belonging to Dauphiny, in
France. It was taken by priiice F',ugtne
in 1692, and is nine miles NE of Embjun,
Lon. 6 36 E, lat. 44 41 N.
GtJiMARAENi, an ancient and coa-
nd'.rable town of Portugal, in the pro-
vhice of Kntre-Douero-e-Minho. It has
formerly been the refidence of their kings,
and is divided into the Old and New,
The public buildings are magnificent. It
is 165 miles NE of Lilbon. Lon. 8 zi w,
lat. 41 35 N
GuiiNEA, a country of Africa, of which
little is known except the coalt. It liea
within the tropicof Cancer, between iz*^ vv
and 80^ E lon. and is divided into the
Lower and Upper. This lafi compre-
hends the Grain Coaft, the Tooth Court,
the (5old Coalt, the Slave Coalt (which
includes VVhidah and Ardrah) and Be-
nin. The lower part is commonly called
Congo. It is very unhealthy lor Euro-
peans, though the negroes live a conlider-
able time. The natives in general s;o al-
iiioit naked, and there feems to be little
religion or hondb/ ano'-.g them, 'i he
coinino-:'ities purchafcd here, are gum-
leneca, at Ser.t;;.-,! ; grain, 'upon the Grain
C'ia'.t ; eis-pha/Ko' tvctti, upon the i'uocii
I'-jp
m
••il
!i ti'C
GUN
G Y F
f:
'ifl
I
Coaft; the great eft nienty of gold, upon
tliu Gold Coaft; ami all, in general, iur-
•illi llavcH. The Engliih, Dutch, French,
Danes, and other nations, hive failoriea
upon this coalt, and pvirchafe (laves, and
ether commodities. Thci'e are many little
ftatcs, whole chiefs the ihilurs dignify
•with the name of king; but very lew
del'ervc that title. They are often at war
with each other, when the people taken.
neo;
flavt
on both lides, are fold for flaves j and it
is not uncommon for thr nearclt of kin to
fell each other.
Guinea, Nnw, an ifland of the S
Pacific Ocean, to the N of New Holland,
from which it is feparated by Juulcavoiir
Strait. The land in general is low, but
covered with fuch luxuriance of wood and
herbage, as can fcarcely be conceived.
The cocoa-nut, bread-lruit, and plantain-
tree, befide molt of the trees, /hrubs, and
plants, common to the illands in the S
Pacific Ocean, are found here in the
t;rcatelt perfe(5lion. The inhal>itants
maJce much the lame appearance as tiie
New Hollanders. This illand, which is
long and narrow, extends se from the
equator to iz° s lat. and from 131 to
155" E Ion.
GuiNCAMP, a town of France, in the
department of the North Coalt and late
province of Bretagne, feated on the Trieu,
13 miles s of Treguier. Lon. 3 8 w,
lat. 48 36 N.
GuiPuscoA, one of the three diviaons
of the province of Bifcay, bounded on
the N by the bay of that name, on the
E by Wavarre, on the w by Bilcay Pio-
per, and on the s by Alava. Tolofa is the
capital.
Guise, a town of Franci', In the de-
partment of Aifne and late province of
Picardy, with a caftle, feated on the Oife,
25 miles E of St. Qu^entin, and 95 NE of
Paris. Lon. 3 42 e, lat, 41^ 54 n.
GuNTOOR, one of the Northern Cir-
cars, in the peninfula of Himlooltan. It
is alio called Mortinazagur and Conda-
vir, and occtipies the fpace between Con-
dapilla, the Ibuthernmolt of the foiu' Fng-
lilh Circars, and the N piiit of the Car-
natic J extending more thim 30 miles
along the bay of Bengal. The maritime
parts of this circar are Hat and open, but
the interior parts contain Ibme very ilrong
fortrellcs and, polts. It is fubjcd to the
ni/am c the Deccaii.
GuNT7,BERG, a town of Suabia, in the
margravate of Biirgaw, with a caltle,
feated on the Danube, 16 miles NE of
Ulm. L.n. 10 25 E, lat. 48 35 N.
GuNTZENHAusEN, a town cf Iran-.
conia, five tnlles from WetlTembur^. It
is feated on the Ahnnil, near a fort-ll,
and liibjeit to the king of Pruflla.
GuRK, a town oi Cariiuhia, with .i
bifhop's lie, icated on the river Gurk, 55
miles E of Saltzburg. Lon. 14 li l,
lat. 47 12 N.
GusTROW, a city of Germany, in
the duchy of Mccklenburg-Schwerin, and
capital of the circle of Wcndcn. The
chief courts of judicature for the duchy
are held here ; and it has an elegant
palace, in which the dukes fomeiimes
refule. It is 35 miles ne of hchwcrin.
Lon. iz 1 3 E, lat. 53 57 n.
Gui'iA, a town of Hungary, feated on
the E lide of the Danube, oppoilte the
illand of Schut, 25 miles e by s of
Prelburg. Lon. 17 47 E, lat. 48 10 N,
Gui SKOW, a town of Swedilli Pome-
rania, capital of a county of the fame name.
It is feated on the Peene, 14 miles w of
Wolgalt. Lon. 13 39 e, lat. 54 o n.
GuzERAT, a peninfula of Hindooltaa
Proper, 100 miles long, and 140 broad,
formed by the Arabian Sea and the gulfs
of Cambay and Cutch. The w part is
mountainous and wootly, inhabited by a
wild haicly race, and governed by raj.ilis
of their own. But the largelt and fiiielt
part is included within the exttrfive em-
pire of the Mahrattas. Amedabad is the
capital.
GwALiOR,an ancient fortrefs of Hin-
dooltan Proper, in the province of Gohud.
It Itands on avalt rock, abovit four miles
in length, but narrow and of unequal
breadth, and nearly flat on the top. The
lides are lo Iteep as to appear almoft per-
pendicular in every partj for vhere it
was not naturally lb, it has been ("craped
away j and the height from the jdain be-
low, is from 200 to 300 teet. T. he ram-
part conforms to the edge of the precipice
all around ; and the only entrance is by
fteps running up the (ide of the rock, de-
fended on the (ide next the counvry by a
wall and baltions. The area v/ilhin is
full of noble buildings, refervoirs of
water, wells, and cultivated land ; Co
that it is a little diltrift within itl'elf.
At the NW foot of the mountain is the
town, pretty large, and well built, th?
houles all of Hone. This place is con-
fidered as the Gibraltar of the Eaft j but,
in 1780, major Popham took it by an
unexpCiSied nodurnal ei'calade. It is 80
miles s of Agra. Lon. 7S 3» E, lat. 26
9 N.
Gyfhorn, a town of Lower Saxony,
in the duchy of Lunenbxu'g, feated on
the riv^^rs Alki and Ii'er> 25 iraics
HAD
>i of Brunfwkk. Loii. lo 49 £» lat. 52
49 N,
H.
HAAO, or Hac, a town of Bavarln,
Itiited on a hill, on the rivci Inn,
\o iniks E of Munich. Luu. 12 15 E,
In. 48 iS N.
Hacha. See Rio-nE-LA-IlACHA.
Hackney, a populous village to the
NE of London, and the liilt that was ac-
ATomniodated with carriages for occafionul
piilTfngers : hciKe the oriirin of the name
•f the l\ackney-coachcs of London.
Hadamar, a town of Germany, in
Wetcravia, with a calHc, Hated near the
KHs, 11 rniles NW of Mentz. Lon. 8 o
E, lat. 50 23 N.
Haddinoton, ahoiwigh of Scotland,
in a co\inty of tlie fume name. Part of a
monulKry here i$ occapii.d as a parifh
Ciuuch J and at a linall diftance are the
rii.ns of a nunnery. Haddington is
!«.••«. ' on the Tyne, 18 miles E of Edin-
b»v .'■, Lon. 3 39 w, hit. 55 58 N.
Il.iDniNGTONSHIRE, Of F.AST LO-
THIAN, a county of Scotland, bounded
on the \v by Edinburj^hlhire, on the N hy
the iVith of Forth, on the li by the Ger-
man Ocean, and on the s by Bc-rwick-
fhire. It is 25 miles from K to W, and
15 where broadelt. The foil is, in many
places, doubly produtHive : rich crojxs arc
raifed on the I'urface ; and the mines of
coal are inexhauftible. The Ibulhtrn part
is very ino\mtainous, comprehending tlie
N hile of Lammermuir Hills; but thcfe
hii;h grounds iced many Hicep.
Hadurslfben, a feapgrt of Den-
mark, in Slffwick, wiili a itrong citadel,
on a linall illand, in a b:ty of the Baltic,
25 miles E of Ripen. Lon. 9 50 E, lat.
55 lE N.
Had LEV, a corporate town in Suffolk,
with a market on Monday. It is go-
venied by a m;iyoi-, and has a very hand-
fome church. I-ar^^e quantities of yarn
are I'pnn here for the Norwich manufac-
ture j and it had a conhderable woollen
manufaflure, whirh jr, now decayed. It
is leated on 'he Br.t, 20 miles SE of
Bury, and 64 >; e ol London. Lon. i 6
E, lat. 52 10 N
Hadley, a Villagi, in EiTcx, five miles
£W of Rochford. Here are fome confi-
dcrable ruins of a caltle, on the brow of
a fteep hill, on a channel of the Thames
between Canvey Iflnnd and the fhore.
Had LEY, a village in Middlefex, N of
BiiQct. Over the W door of th^i church
H A I
Is the date 1498, and on the top of tht
lleeple is an iix)n pitch-pot, origixiaUy
placed there as a beacon.
Haggi;rstown, a rtouiilhing inland
town of Maryland, in the fertik valley
of Conegoclicague. It carries on a coo-
fiderable trade with the weltern country.
Haciar, a town of Arabia Delertii,
87 miles N of Medina. Lon. 39 25 £,
lat. 25 30 N.
Hague, a town of the United Pro-
vinces, in Holhiml, which may coinpars
with the handlbnieft cities In Europe, in
extk.'nt, the beauty of its palaces, its
ihvets, its agreeable walks, :\nd its great
trade. It is feated two mdes fiom tbc
fea, and there is a pavement acroU the
land hills, with trei'a on each lide, which
leads to Schcveling, on the Jealhojc.
The ancient counts of Holland rclided
here; and it is the court, though not the
capital, of the United Provinces. As it
is not walled, and lends nu deputies t»
the Hates, it is called a village only.
The French took polllinon of Hague
Jimuary 23, 1795. -1* i'* '° miles NW
of Rotterdam, and 30 s\v of Amlkrdam.
Lon. 4 23 E, lat. 52 4 N.
Haguenau, a town of France, in the
depai'tment of Lower Rhine and late pro-
vince of Al ace. It was formeily a fa-c
Imperial city ; but it was taken by the
French in 1673. It was feveral times
taken and retaken in fubfequent warsj
the lalt time by the French in 1/06. It
is feated on the Mottcr, which divides it
into two parts, 12 njiles N of Strafburg,
and 255 E of Paris. Lon, 7 53 £, lat.
4847N.
Hailbron', a free imperial town of
Suabia, in the duchy of Wirttinburg.
The inhabi trail s, who ai-e proteftants, de-
rive a great advantage from the baths
near it, whence the town has its name,
v/hicli fignifies the fountain of health. It
ii feated on the Neckar, over which is a
Hone bridge, %$ miles ne of Stutgai'd,
Lon. 9 ^5 E, lat, 49 19 N.
HAUiBURG,a town of Lower Auftria,
on the Danube, 10 miles vv of Preflnug,
and 25 E of Vienna. Lon. 16 58 e, iat.
48 12 N.
Hain, a town of Upper Saxony, la
Milhia. It has a inanufaclure of cloth,
and is feated on the Rhedar, 12 miles Nw
of Drefden.
Hai-nan, a confiderable IHand of the
China Sea, to the M of the gulf of
Cochin-China, and to the s of thi' province
of Quang-tong, from which it is 12 milea
diitant. ft is 4^00 miles in circumference.
The foil of the II part 1$ level j but iu th>c
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Photograpkc
Sciences
Corporation
93 -^eST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. MSSO
(716) 872-4S03
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HAL
HAL
M
Hi!
t dnd E are moiintains, among which are
valHei that prcnluce two crops of rice
every year. There are mines of gold and
lapiii lazuli, which laft is carried to Can-
ton, To paint the porcelain, It produces
the fame fruits as China, belide fugar,
tobncco, cotton, and indigo. Among the
animals is a great black ape, with features
rel(;ml>ling thole of the human face; but
the common fort of apes aie gray, and
very ugly. The inhabitants ai"e moltly
a wild fort of people, fhon and deformed,
and of a copper colour : they ai'e clothed
fvom the wailt downward only, and paint
their facts like other fuvages. Hiun-
tchtou-fou is the capital.
Hainault, a province of the Nether-
lands ; bounded on the N by Brabajtt, on
the NW by Flanders, on the w by Artois,
on the s by Cambrefis, Picardy, and
Champagne, anil on the E by the ter.tito-
ries o^ f ,ei»e and Namur. It is divided
into Auftrian iiainault, of which the ca-
pital is Mens i and French Haina ult,
which is included hi the d«'partment of
the North,
Hainault, a foreft in Eflex, se of
Epping Foreft, fuppoled to be fo cal led
from fomp of the deer, with which it was
ftocked, havir.g been brought from the p ro-
vince of the fame name in the Netherlan>ds.
In this foreft is a rtlebrated oak, kno kvn
through many ccnttiries by the name of
Fairlop. Beneath its Hiade, which ovor-
fpreads an area of 300 feet in circuit, an
annual fair has been long ht Id on the z ad
of July. A fociety of juchcrs, called
the Hainault Forefters, conlifting of foi jie
of the principal gentlcmai and ladies of
the ctunty, march round tjiis tree, at c »r-
tain ftated timej, drefted in elegant uni-
forms, and attended by a band of mulic.
Hainburg, a town uf Auftria, on
the Danube, J5 miles E o:f Vienna. Lon.
17 18 E, lat. 48 14. N.
Haleerstadt, a ti v-vn of Lower
Saxony, capital of a pri ncipality of the
fame name. It was forr nerly capital of
thebiftiopric of Halberftadt, now fecu-
larized. 'I he cathedral iis a Tuperb ftruc-
ture; and here arc three rcginlar abbies,
and two iiunneries. Thu Jews are tole-
rated, and carry on a g.reat trade ; and
the inhabitants brew e\i:ellerd: beer. It
is fubjeft to the king of l^rulfia, and
feated on the Hotheim, 32 miles se of
Bninfwick. Lon, 11 a.4. e, I it. 52 6 n.
Haldenstein, a fiee an d indepen-
dent barony of the country of t. he Griibns.
It confifts of a fcmlcipcular ^ plain, be-
tween the Rhine and tht." foot of Mount
Caleodafj about fivt mi^cs in k rgth, and
fcarcely one in breadth. It occupies alfe
part of the mountain, which is lb ftecp
as not to be inhabited. It contains only
two villages, Haldenftcin and Sewits ; and
the whole number of the baron's lubje.:>&
does not exceed 400. The ancient ca/Ue
is now in ruins.
Halen, a town of Auftrlan B^bant,
on the river Geet, 24 miles w of Mae-
ftricht. Lon. 5 4 E, lat. 50 58 N.
Hales-Owen, a town in Shropfliire,
inclofed by Worcefttrfliire, fix miles E of
Stourbridge. The pnet Shenftone was
born and buried here ; and near it is the
much admired feat of Leaiowes, in tht
decoration oi which his whole fori'.urie
was ipcnt.
Halesworth, a town in Suffolk,
with a market on Tuefday. It has a
trade in linen yarn and failcloth, and
about the town is railed a gi^eat deal of
hemp. It is feated op a neck of land,
between two branches of the river Blyth,
28 miles ne of Ipfwich, and loi of
London. Lon. i 40 e, lat. 52 25 N.
Halibut Isla-md, an idand in the N
Pacific Ocean, lb named by captain Cook
on account of the nun ber of fine fifti of
that name caught here. It is leven leaguea
in circimi Terence, and very low and bar-
ren. Lon. 164 15 w, lat. 5448 N.
Halifax, a feaport of Nova Scotia,
on Chebudo Bay. The harbour is large
enough to Ihelter a fquadron of men of
war through the winter. The town has
an entienchment, and is ftrengthened with
forts of timber. It is 789 miles ne of
New York. Lon. 63 30 w, lat. 44 45 n.
Halifax., a town in the W riding of
Yorklhire, with a market on Saturday,
It is a very large paiilh, containing i2
chapels of eafe, and upward of 12,000
inhabitants, who are principally employed
in the woollen manutafturt. This town
is the great mart for fluffs, fuch as fhal-
loons, calamancoes, everlaftings, &c. It
has a large market-honfe, called the New
Piece Hall, and various others for parti-
cular gootls. It is feated in a hilly coun-
try, near a branch of the Calder, 40 miles
wsw of York, and 197 n by w of Lon-
don. Lon. I 45 w, lat. 53 45 N.
Halitz, a town of Poland, capital aF
a territ.ory of the fame name, in Red
Ruffia, with a caitle. It is feated on the
Dniefter, 46 miles s of Lemburg. Lo|i>
25 19 e, lat. 49 20 N.
Halland, a province of S»veden, pn
the w coaft of Got.iland. It is 60 jnilj: j
along the coaft, but not above 12 in,,
breadth. Halmftadt is the capital.
HallatoNi a t&wn In LeicdtcvfliirCfi
. 'V
I
HAM
HAM
with a market on Thurfday, la mUer se
of Leice^er, and 90 N by £ of London.
Lon. c 50 Ei lat. 51 3% n.
HALLE,adifmantled town of Auttrian
Hainault. The church contains an image
of the Virgin, held in ^reat veneration.
It is feated on the Senne, eight miles ssw
of BrufTeU. Lon. 4 zo E, lat. 50 46 N.
HalL£> » confiderable town of UpjHtr
faxony, in the duchy of Magdeburg,
with a famous univerfity, and falt-works.
It is leated on the Sale, 40 miles E of
Magdeburg. Lon. ii 8 E,ht. 51 36 n.
U.'tLLE,a free imperial city of Suabia,
famous fur its falt-pits. It i:> iieated on
the Kocher, among rocks and mountains*
37 miles NE of Stutgard. Lon. 9^1 e,
lat. 49 20 N.
Halle, a town of Germnny, in Tirol,
fix miles Ne of Infpruck. Lon. 11 33 E»
lat. 47 i« N.
Hallein, a town of Germany, in the
Archbiihopric of Saltzburg ; leated on the
Saltza, among mountains that abound in
mines of fait, which are the chief riches
of the town and country. It is feven
miles SE of Saltzburg. Lon. 13 he,
lat. 47 33N.
Halmstadt, a ftrong feaport of Swe-
den, capital of Haliand, fituate on a bay
of the North Sea, 80 miles SSE of Go-
theborg. Lon. iz 48 e« lat. 56 39 K.
Halstead, a town in Eikx, with a
market on Friday, and a manufa^are of
bays and fays. It is feated on the decli-
vity of a hill, at the foot of which runs
the Coin, 16 miles N of Chelmsford, and 47
NE of London. Lon. o 45 E, lat.. 51 59 N.
Halteren, a town of Germany, in
the biOiopric of Munlter, feated on the
Lippe, 25 miles s\v of Munfter. Lon.
7 27 E, lat. 51 40 N.
IlALTONr a town in Chefhire, with a
market on Saturday. It has an ancient
caftle, which, with the baiony, belongs
to theTduchy of Lancalter, and maintains
a large jurildi6lion round it, by the name
of Haiton Fee. It is feated near the
Merfey, 13 miles NB of Chefter, and 184
NN wof London. Lon. 247 w, lat. 53 23 N.
Halva, a town of the kingdom of
Fet, feated on the Cebu, eight miles s
of Fcx. Lon. 5 5 w, lat. 33 32 N.
Ham, a ftrong t( im of Weftp'.iaiia,
capital of the county of Marck, feated
on the Lippe, 24 miles s of Munlter.
Lon. 7 50 E, lat. 51 s6 N.
Ham, a town of Prance, in the depart-
ment of Somme and late province or Pi-
cardy, with a ftrong caftle, in which
ibme members of the French national
soavcatign Ju>e been cgnfincd. It U
feated on tke Somme, 48 miles N of Pariiiir .
Lon. 3 6 E, latr49 45 N. ' •*
Ham, a village in Surrey, one mile
from Kipgfton. Near it is Ham. Walks,
celebrated by Thomfon and other poets.
Ham, West, a village in Elfex, where
are the remains of an opulent abbey,
tbunucd in 1 1 3 5 . It is feated on the river
Lea, four miles E by N of London.
Ham, East, a village in Eflex, ad-
joining to Weft Ham. In this parifli it
a fpring called Miller's Well, the water
of which has never been knovyn to 'reeze,
or to vaiy in its height.
Hamah, a large town of Syria, leated
among the hills. The beft houfes, the
molbues, and the caftle, are built of
black and white ttones. The river Afli,
formerly called Orontcs, runs clofe by the
caftle, and fills its ditclies, which are cut
deep into the lolid rock. The inhabitants
have a trade for linen of their own manu-
faAure. It is 78 miles sw of Aleppo.
Lon. 34 55 £, lat. 36 15 N.
, Hamami^t, a town of Barbary, on a
gulf of the i'aine name, 45 miles s of
Tunis. Lon. 10 15 E, lat. 36 35 N.
Hamar, a town of Norway, in the
government ofAggerhuys, 60 miles nb
of Chviftiaqia. Lon. ix 5 e, lat. 60 30 n.
Hambledon Hill, near Sturminfter,
in DorietHure. Here was a Roman camp,
and ma. y Roman coins have been dug up.
It is the antagonift camp to that of Hog
Hill, and extends £ and \v three quarters
of a mile.
Hamburg, a free imperial city of
Germany, in the duchy of Holftein, con-
fitting of the Old Town and the New
Town J both nearly of an equal fize.
Moft of the houfes are built after the
manner of the Dutch, and richly fur-
niftied vithin. I'he principal ftreets of
the Old Town have long and broad canals,
which are fille<'. by the tide. It is feated
on the rivers Elbe and Alfter ; the latter
before it enters the town by iluices, forms
a fine bafin. Hamburg is well fortified,
and on the ramparts are handfome walks.
The burghers noount guard themfelves^
and are divided into leveral companies.
The feiiatc of this town is compofed of
four burgomafters, of whom one only is
a ti-adefnian j four fyndics \ 24 fenators,
of whom 1 1 are men of letters, and the
reft tradefmen ; fgur feg^etaries, one of
whom is a prothonotary, and anotlier be-
longs, to th; archives } lb that the whole
fenate confifts o£ 36 perfons. The town
is divided into five porifties ; and euV of
each are fonned feveral colleges, or com-
panies, svli9 take care of public aft'^irS)
-«- - - -. — '
';i;ir
i'
w
:•
HAM
.VRlefi there is any thing too high for
their (ietermination, and then it is judged
by a fort of general ailembly. Hamburgh,
from its fituation, has ail roflible advan-
tages for foreign and doineftic ti'adc ; par-
ticularly from its communication, by tlie
Elbe, with feme of the principal navi-
ga'nle rivers of Germany 5 and hence it is
one of the mott commercial places in the
>vorld. There are not leisthun 200 fliips
at a time, belonging to f'^rcign mcr-
chnnts, at anchor before (he city; and
there is a handlbrnc exchange. The In-
habitants arc Lutherans, and none but
the Englifh have the liberty of perform-
ing divine fervice in a chapel of thtir own.
Other religions are tolerated at Altena,
« large town neai* the harbour of Ham-
burg; except the Jfws, who have no fyna-
grtgue. Bende the five princijpal churches,
there are 1 1 fmaller ones ror particular
•orcafions, Ibme of which belong to hofpi..
tals. The cathedral of Our Lady is a
very fine Itrufture. Hamburg is 55 miles
I c of the mouth of the Elbe in the German
Ocean, and 55 Nc of Brcmrjn. Lon. 9
55 E» lat. 53 34- N.
Hamelburgh, a town tf Franconia,
\n the teiritoiy of the abbey of Fulde>
feated on the Saab, 28 miles SE of Fulde.
Lon. 10 xaE>lat.'5o i6'N.
Hamflin, a ftrong town of Germany,
iu the duchy of Calenlierg, at the extre-
mity of the duchy of Bnml'wick, of which
it is the key. It is fituate at the conflu»
ence of the Hamel and Wefer, z 5 miles
sw of Hanover. Lon. 9 36 E, lat. 52 6 n.
Hamerstein, a calHe and village of
Germany, belonging to the eleflor of
Trtves. The cattle is feated on a lofty
mountain, on the E fide of the Rhine,
two miles N by w of Andemach.
Ha-mi, a country fituate to the ne of
China. Though furroundcd by deferts,
it is accounted one of the moft delightt'ul
countries in the world. Its rice and
fruits, particularly the melons and dried
raifins, are in high efteem in China. It
!i a kingdom, tributary to that country ;
uid its capital U of the fame name.
Hamilton, a to>^ in Lanerkfhire,
with the ruins of a collegiate church,
founded in 14.51. Near it is Hamilton
Houfe, the magnificent feat of the duke
of Hamilton. The town ia fituate on
the Clyde, xo miles sb of Glalgow.
Lon. 4 16 w, lat. 55 58 n.
Hammbr$mith, a |arge village in
.^iddlefex, feated on the Thame8> four
miles w of London^ Here is Branden-
burg Houfe, the magnificeat feat of the
nla<|j^are uf Anfpach.
HAM
Hammerstein, a fbrtrefs of Ger-
many, upon the Rhine, oppofite Coblentz»
belonging to the eleAor of Treves.
Hamont, a town of Germany, in th«
bifliopric of Liege, 17 miles w of Rurc-
monde. Lon. 5 31 e, lat. 51 17 N.
Hampshire, HANTSHiRE.orHANTS,
a county of England, bounded on the N
by Berks, on the E by Suriy and Sulfex,
on the s by the EngliHi Channel, and on the
w by Dorfetfhire and Wilts. It extends,
exclufive of the Ifle of Wight, 4s miles
from N to s, and 3V from e to w. It
contains 39 hundreds, one city, 20 mar-
ket-towns, and 353 parifhes ; and fends*
with the Ifle of Wight, 26 members to
parliament. It is one of the moft agree«
able, fertile, and populous counties in
England. The air is pure and piercing,
efpecially on the downs, of which a ridge
runs almolt acrofs the county feeding
plenty of fheep. Befide wheat, barley,
and hops, it is famous for bacon, honey,
and limber ; the lalt in particular, on ac-
count of its great woods, of which the
principal arc the New Foreft, and the
f 01 eft of Ealt Bere. The principal river*
are the Avon, Teft, Itchen, and Stour.
Southampton is deemed the county-town,
b^jt the affixes are held at Wincheftn-.
Sec New Forest.
Hampshire, New, une of the United
States, bounded on the M by Canada, on
the ne by the diftriil of Main, on the
SE by the Atlantic, on the s by MafTa-
chufets, and en the w and NW by the
river ConneAicut, which fepai-ates it from
Vermont. It is divided into the five
counties of Rockingham, Stafford, Hilf-
borough, Che/liine, and Grafton. The
land near the fea is generally low, but*
advancing into the country, it riles int«
hills. The air is ferene and healthful}
the weather not fojubjefl to variation a»
in the more fouther^ climes. From the
vicinity of fome mOUlitains, whofe fum-
mits are covered with fnow moft of the
year, this country is intenfeiy cold im
winter. In fummer the heat is great,
but of fhort dnration. The capital i»
Portfmouth.
Hampstead, a village in Middlefez,
four miles nnw of I^ndon, fonnerl3F
famous for its medicinal waters* It Is
feated on the declivity <^' a hUl, on the
top of which is a fine heath that com*
mands a delightfy prolpeCl.
- Hampton, orMiNCHiNoHAMPTONf
a town in Gloucefterfhire, with a market
on Tuefday. It is feated on the Cotef-
wold Hills, 14 miles s of Gloucefter, and
yg wof JLondoiki^a. a 15 w> 1st. 51-36 »•
HAN
ft Af
Hampton, a feaport of Virginia, near
the mouth of* Jameii River, 24 miles SE of
Williamlburgh. Lon. 76 28 w, lat. 37
5N.
Hampton, a feaport of New Hamp-
fhire, 40 miles N of Bolton. Lon. 74 o
w, lat. 43 5 N.
Hampton, a village in Middleftx,
famous for a roval palace, called Hamp-
ton Court, huik ny cardinal WoHl'y,
who gave it to' Henry vm. The build-
ings, gardens, and parks, to which
William iii made mr.ny additions, are
four miles in circumference. It is Icated
on the N fide of the Thames, 14 miles
sw of London.
Hanau, a county of Germany, in
the circle of the Lower Khine, which
belongs to its own prince. It is 45 miles
in Icngrh, but »lie breadth is (rnall;
bounded on the E by the county oi'
Rhelnec and the territory of Fulde, on
the w by the co\mtits of Weillemburg
and Solms, and on the N and s by the
territories of Mentz and Francfort. Its
foil is very fruitful.
Hanau, a ftrong town of Germany,
capital of a county of the fame nauic.
It is divided into two towns, the Old
and the New, and is feated near the
Maine, 18 miles NEof Darnilladt. Lon.
8 55 E, lat. 49 56 N.
Hang-thfou-fou, the capital of the
province of Tche-kiang, in China. It
IS four leagues in ciicumferirnce, cxclu-
five of its liiburbs, and contains more
than a million of inhv.bitants. It is leated
on a fmall lake, called Si-hou ; has under
its jurildiftion leven cities of the iecond
and third clafs; and is 225 miles se of
Nan-king. Lon. 120 20 e, lr.t. 30 21 N.
Hanover, an cledlorate of Germany
in the circle of Lower Snx^ny. It com-
prehended, at firif, only the county of
Lawenroauj but now it contains the
duchies of Zcll, Saxe Lawenburg, Bre-
men, Lunenburg, and the principalities
of Verden, Grubcnhagen, and Ovcrwald.
George i of Great Britain, was the firlt
that gained poflelfion of ail thele ftates,
which lie moltly between the rivers
Welbr and £lbe, and extend 200 miles
in length; but the breadth is various,
being in fome places 150 miles, and in
others but 50. Their produce is timber,
cattle, hogs, mum, beer, and bacon ; a
littli.' filver, coppery lead, iron» vitriol,
brimKo:te, quickiilver, and copperas.
Hanover, a city of Germany, capi-
tal of the king of Great Britain's Gennan
dominions. The eleiHors refuied here
before George i afc^ded the BrkiAi
throne ; and the regency is now aBmU
niftercd in the fame manner as if the
Ibvcreign was prclent. It is a well built
town, and well fortified. Theeftablilhed
««ligion is the Lutheran; but the Roman
catholics ait tolerated, and have a hand*^
fome church. 'I he French took it in
*757> but were foon alter expelled. It is
leated on the Leina, whicn divides it
in two, 25 milts wof Bruniwlck. Lon.
10 5 E, lat. 52 ?.5 N.
Hanover, a town of Virginia, on
York River.
Ha.s'over, New, a large ifltnd in
the S Pacific Ocean, oppofite the Nw ex-
tremity of New Ireland. It is high, and
covered with trees, among which are
many beautiful plantations.
Han-tchonc-fou, a large and po-
pulous city of China, in the province of
Chenfi. It has 16 cities of the Iecond
and third clal's under its jiirii'diflion, and
is ieatcd on the river Han, 845 miles sW
ofPckin. Lon. 106 55 E, lat. 32 45 N.
Hants, bee Hampshire.
Hanuye, a town of Aulhian Bra-
bant, 20 miles se of Louvain. Lon.
5 16 E, lat. 50 41 N.
Han-yanc-fou, a populous and com-
mercial city of China, in the province of
Hou-quang. It has one city under itt
juriidi<Slion.
Hapaee, the name of four of the
Friendly Illar«ls in the S Pacific Ocean.
They are oi limilar height and appear-
ance, and connected by a reef of coral
rocks, dry at low water. The plantationt
are numerous and extcnlive ; and fome
of them are incloied in luch a manner,
that tiie fences, running parallel to each
other, ibrm Ipacious public roads, that
would appear ornamental in countries,
where rural conveniences have been car-
rietl tc the greatcit perfeftion. Theic
ifiands extend about 19 iniie...
Hapsal, a ieaport of Ruflla, in the
government of Revel, feated on the Baltic,
five mil's sw of Revel, oppotite the
illand of Dago. Lon. 22 47 £, lat. $y
4 N.
Ha'»sburo, an ancient caftle, now in
ruins, on a lofty eminence, near Schintz-
nach, in Swifllrland. What is kft of it
is new inhabited by tlie family of »
peafani. This caffle was the c'rddle, a»
It ware, of the houie of Auftriai whole
anceftors maybe traced back to the begin-
ning of the 1 3th century, when they were
no more than fiinple barons of bwifliir-
land J and it commands an unbounded
view over UiUs and calcs, plains ar.4
fttcitk, riv«is and limni, tvwn» uui rti-
R a
-«««»*'-'<••
iil
lit *
:;^
u
MAR
tagMTf emblems of that extent of power
to which the talents of one man, who
derived his title from this cattle (Rodolph
count of Hapiburg) railed himlelf aiKl
his defcendants. There is another caftle
of the fame name, near the lake of Lucem,
which fome authors have erroneoufly
aflferted to be thut from which the counts
derived their title. See Cbrmany.
Harborough, a town in Leicefter-
Ihiret with a market on TuelHay, feated
on the Wellandy 14 miles 8 of Leicelter,
and S3 N by w of London. Lon. o $i
w, lat. 52 a8 N.
Harburg, a town of Lower Saxony,
in the ducb of Lunenburg, with a ttrong
caftle. It is feated on the Elbe, oppofite
Hamburg, 37 miles NW of Lunenburgh.
Harcourt, a town of France, in the
department of Calvados and late province
of Normandy. Hence a late noble fa-
mily in France derived their ducal title ;
and hence originally came the noble fa-
mily of the fain^ name in England. It is
. 3x miles s of Caen.
Harder WICK, a town of Dutch
Guelderland, with auniverfity. It was
often taken and retaken in the civil wars
.of the 1 6th century; and the French
took it, and dcmclifhed the fortiHcations,
in 1672. It is feated on the Zuider-Zee,
•)£ miles E of Amlterdam. Lon. 5 40
£, lat. 51 t% N.
Harfleur, a town of France, in the
department of Lower Seine and bte pro-
vince of Noiraandy. Its fortifications
have been long derooli/hed, and its har-
bour choked up. I'he Englifli took it by
alTault in 141 5. It Itands at the mouth
of the Seine, 36 miles NW of Kuuen.
Lon. o 19 E, lat. 49 30 N.
Harlebeck, a tovn of AuArian
Flanders, on the river Lis, three miles
NE of Courtray. Lon. 3 29 e, lat. 50
S» N.
Harlech, atowa In Meriunethfhire,
with a market on Saturday. It is feated
on a rock, on Cardigan Buy, and but a
poor place,, though the county-town and
foverned by a mayor. Here is a caftle,
uiit by Edward i, almoft entire. It is
a8 miles SSE of Carnarvon, and 313
NNW of London. Lon. 4 & w, lat. 52
54 N.
Harlem, a populous city of the
^aite^. Provinces, in Holland, memo-
rable tor the fiege it held out againft
the Spaniaids in 1573, for ten months;
the townfmen, before they capitulated,
being r^uced to eat the vileft animals,
>nd even leather and grafs. The church*
.which is the Urge/^ '*' Holland j is adorned
H A R
with the fineft organ in Europe. It con*
flits of 8000 pipes; the largeft 38 feet
long, and 16 inches in diameter; and
there are 68 ftops, of which the moft
wonderful is the vox humana. Harlem
is feated near a lake of the fame name ;
and to the s of the town is a wood, cut
into delightful walks andviftas. This place
claims the invention of printing; the
firft attempts in the art being attributed
to Laurentius Colia, a magiltrate of. the
city. It is fituate 10 miles W of Am-
fterdam. Lon. 4 38 E, lat. 52 34 N.
Harlem Mere, a lake of HoUajid,
near Harlem, 14 miles long and the
fame broad. It lies between Leyden,
Harlem, and Amfterdam ; and is naviga-
ble, but fubje£l to dangerous ftorms ; on
which account, the canals from Leydeti
to Amfterdain were made, as a later
paftage.
Harleston, a town in Norfolk, with
a market on WedneiUay, feated on the
Waveney, 16 miles s of Norwich, and
100 NE of London. Lon. 1 ao e, lat.
S» 26 N.
Harling, a town in Norfolk, with a
market on Tuefday. It manufaftures a
little linen-cloth, and is 24 miles sw of
Norwich, and 88 ne of London. Lon.
o 58 e, lat. 52 27 N.
Harlingen, a leaport of the United
Provinces, in Frielland, of which, next
to Lewarden, it is the largeft and moft
populous. It is 1 3 miles w of Lewar-
den. Lon. 5 14 E, lat. 53 9 N.
Harlow, a town in Efiex, feven
miles NW of Chipping Ongar. On a
common, two miles from the town, is .a
famous annual fair on the 9th of Septem-
ber, called Harlow Burti Fair, much- fre-
quented by the neighbouring gentry.
Harmondsworth, a village in MW-
dlel'ex, two milts e by N 01 Colnbrook.
It is remarkable lor one of the largeft
barns in England, whofe fupoorting
pillars are of Itone, and luppofcd to be
of great antiquity.
Haro, a town of Spain, in Old Caftile,
feated on the Kbro, and the chief place
of a county. Lon. 2 23 w, lat. 22 40 N.
Harris. See Lewis.
Harrisburgh, the ' capital of the
county of Dauphin,. tin Pennfylvania, on
the e branch oi the Sufiquehanna. Lon.
7* 55 w, lat. 40 15 N.
Harrodstown, a town of Ken-
tucky, in the county of Mercer, on the
head waters of Salt Kiver.
Harrogate, a village in the W
riding of Yorkfliire, two miles w of
Kfiarc(ber«ugh« It is famous for medi-
HAS
HAT
#?nal fpiinjrs ; one of which is the ftrongeft miles iW of Guilford and 4s of London.
fulphur water in Great Briuin, and Lon. o 38 w, lat. 51 6 n.
is litccefsful in dropfical, fcorbutic, and Haslinden, a town in Lanca(?jire,
fouty cafes. 1 he leafon is iVum May to with a market on Wednefdav, 16 rnilef
lichaelmas; and the company afTemble N by w ot Manchefter, and 196 NNW
and lodge in five or fix large mns, each
houl"e having a long room and an ordinary.
It is 206 miles N hy w of London.
HarroWi a village in Middlelex, on
the higheft hill in the county J on the
fummit of which is the church, with a
lofty fpire. Here is a celebrated free-
fehool, toundcd by Mr. John Lyons, in
the reign of ^uten Elifabeth. It is 10
miies WNW of Londop. '
Hartford, a commercial town of
the United States, in ConneAicut, feated
on the w fide of the river Conne£licut,
50 miles from its entrance into the
Sound. It is divided by a fmall river,
over which is a bridge. It is 50 miles
w of Bollon.
Hart LAND, a town in Devonlhire,
with a market on Saturday. It is feated
on the Briftol Channel, near a promon>
tory, called Hartland-point, 18 miles w
of London. Lon. 1 16 w, lat. 53 ifo n.
Hasselt, a town of the United Pro«
vinces, in Overyflel, feated on the Vt!Cht,
five miles n of ZwoU.
Hasselt, a town of Germany, ia the
territory of Liege, feated on ths X>emer»
14. miles NW of Macilricht.
Hastings, a borough in SuflcXi with
a market on Wednefday and Saturday.
It is one of the Cinque Ports, auid lends
two merabei-s to parliament. Here Wii.
liam the Conqueror landed, in to66, and
Harold ii was (lain in battle. It had
unce a ftrong caftle, now in ruins, and
its harbour is maintained by a fmall
river. It is feated between a high cleft
towanl the feu, and a high hill towani
the land tide, Z4. miles e of Lewes, and
64 SB of London. Lon. o 46 Ej lat. 50
5x N.
Hatfield, a town in Herts, with %
of Barnftaple, anu 313 w by s of Lon- market on Thurfday. It formerly belonged
don. Lon. 4*31 w, lat. 51 i« N. to the fee of Ely, but was alienated to the
ilARTLEPOOL, a feaport in thecounty crown in the reign of Elifabeth. It
of Durham, with a maiket on Monday, had before been an occaiional royal re«
It is commodioufly feated on the German lidence, notwithitandinf it was the pro*
Ocean, pai'tly furrounded by rocks and perty of the church. MHlliamof Hatfieldt
hills, 16 mUes SE of Durham, and 154 fe«ond fon of Edwai\i iii, was bom here;
N by w of London. Lon. i 4 w, lat.
5+ +7 N.
Hartley, a town in Northumberland,
NW of Tinmouth, where lord Delaval
has conftru6^ed a haven, whence coul is
(hipped to London. A canal is cut
and hence Elifabeth, on the death of
Mary, was condu6^ed to afcend the
throne. James i exchanged this royal
demefne with fir Robert Cecil, afterward
earl of Salifbury, for Theobalds ; and on
the fitc oi' the epifcopal palace, that no*
thiough a folid rock to the harbour; and bleman built the pre lent magnificent- feat
here are alio large fait, copperas, and
glafe works.
H;tiwiCH, a feanort and borough in
Efiex, with a market on Tuefday and
Friday. It is governed by a mayor.
called Hatfield Houl'e. It is leited oH
tlie river Lea, lo miles nnw of London*
Lon. o 10 w, lat. 51 48 n.
Hatfield-Bkoad-Oak, or Hat-
pibld-Keois, a town in Eflfex, with
fends two members to parliament j and it a market on Saturday, 30 miles nnb of
feated on a tongue of land, oppofite the
united nK>uthi of the Stoiu: and Orwell.
Here the packet.boats are flationed that
go to Germany and HoUoud. It has a
capacious harbour, and a dock for the
t)uilding of men of war. The entnmce
into the harbour i| defended by a ftroiuj;
fortrefs, called Landguard Fort, built
on a famfy point on the SuiFolk fide of
the water, Imt within the jurifdiAion of
London. Lon. o so E, lat. 51 48 N.
Hatherly,- a town in Devonfliire>
with a market on Friday, %6 miles NW
of Exeter, and »oi w by s of London.
Lon. 4 9 w, lat. 50 52 N.
HattBm, a town of Dutch Guelder-
land, taken by the French in 1674, who
demoliflied the fortifications. It is feated
en the YefTel, five miles sw of ZwoU.
Hattenoen, a town of Weftphalia,
Eflex. Harwich is 4* miles E by N of in the county of Marck, feated on the
Chelinsford, and 7* ene of London.
Lon, I 25 e, lat. 52 o n.
Haslemerb, a borough in Surry,
with a market on Tuefday. It fends
tW9 membcri to ^Uame&t» and it 11
Roer, 17 miles ene of DuiTeldorp. Lon.
7 14 E, lat. 5-1 17 N.
Hatuan, a town and fort of Upper
Hungan-, feated on a mountain, z8 milqe
NB of BuJa.
'
w!
I
!»■
;«i'i!
■i
HA V
HaVannah,. a r«aport on th« n\v
part of Cub.', oppofite Florida- It is
two miles in circumference, and famous
;for its large harbour, that will hold
looo veircls, an'i yet has a nKutn lb
narrow, that oniv cue Aiip can enter at a
iime, which entrance i» well detiended hy
forts. This is the place where all the
/hips that come from the Spanifli iettle-
^nitnts rcndc'voiis on their return to
Spain.. Tluf buildings arc elegant, built
of ilone, and fome or tkem iujhfrbly fur-
fi'iihed i and the churches are rich and
magnificent. It is the capital of the
ifland, where the governor ahd captain-
genciai refides, and alio an ailedbr for
the alllitaijce of tlie gfwcrnor and cap-
tajn-gentrai of the W indies. It was
taken by .the £ng)i/}i in 1762, but re-
Aored to the Spaniards in 1763. It is
featcd on the w fide of the harbour, and
MWUcred by two branches of the river
^ae;iji-*. Ion J i'a 13 w, lat. 23 11 N.
c Havant, a town in Hampfliire, with
a market on Saturday, feven miles ne of
Portlipo.uth, and 64. w by s of London.
toft. 0 58 p, lat. 50 5% N.
TiAVELBERG, a town of Germany,
in the elec\<>i'ate of Brandenburg, with a
fecularized biihop's I'ee. It is leated on
the Havel, 37 miles NW of Brandenburg,
^on. la 26 £, iat. 53 5 n.
Havekfobdwe9t, a borough in
t*en)brokefhire, with a.«iaiket on.Tuef*.
day and .Saturday. ' Ii is a town and
.founty of itfelf, governed by a mayor,
Vid leated on the fide of a hill, on a
^eck of Milford-Haven, over which is
& lloae' 'bridgef It is a .arge handiome
plaice, inhabited by many genteel fa^
p<ili«S, and contains three pAri^ chinches.
it has a conftderable. tr^de, with leveral
veffeis belonging to it» and fends one
member to parliament. The afiizes and
(County goal jure kept here; aiid it had
pnce a wall and caltle now demeli/hed.
It is 15 milejj s by^ E of St. David's, and
3*9 w by N of LoiKlon. Lon, 5 o w,
|at. SI 50 N. -
Have RILL, a town in Su|folk, with a
market on Wednefday, and a manufac-
ture of checks, cottons, af»i'^ft)3"s.
It is i(i miks sw of Bury, aod 59 NE
of London. Lon. o 28 e, lat. fz 6 n.
Havering Bower, a village in
Effex, three miles ne of Rumford.- It
was once the feat of a royal palace, id
which died Joan queen of Henry iv.
Havre -de -Grace, a confiderable
feaport of Frai.ce, in the department of
Lower Seine and late province of Nor-
inandy, with a ftrong citadcli and a
HE B
good arfenal. It was bombaft&tf by th«
Englifh in 1694 and 1759) and is ieatid
at the mouth oi' the Seine, 45 miles w of
Kouen, and 112 NW of Paris. Lon. o
HE, lat. 49 29 N.
•Haute-rjve, a town of France, in
the department of Upper Garonne and
late province of Languedoc, feated on the
ArricL^c, 10 miles s of Touloui'e. Lon.
I 26 E, lat. 43 i6 N.
HAUTViLLiERS, a town of France,
in the department of Murne and late pro-
vince oi Champagne, with '<■ tare famous
rich abbey. It is iented on the Marne,
20 miles s by E of Kheiiiis.
Hawick, a town in Rosburghfliirct
feated on the I'iviot, amid wooded
rocks, catara^s, and bridges, 15 miles
6W of Kelfo.
Hawkshbad, a town in Lancafhire,
with a market on Monday, 24 miles
NNW of Lancaftcr and 273 of London.
Lon. 3 6 vv, lat. 54 24 n.
Haws-water> a lake in Weftmor.
land, 6 of Penrith, three miles Tong,
»nd half a mile over in fome places. It
is almoft divided in the middle by a pro<.
roontory of inclofufes, that it confifts of
two iheets of water.-
Hay, a town in Brecknockihire, with
a market on Saturday, i'eated between
the Wyll and Dwias, 15 miles NE of
Brecknock, and 151 w by $ of London.
Lon. 3 4 w, lat. 51 59 I*.
Have, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Indre and Loire and late pro-
vince of Toui-aine. It is the birthplace
of Des Cartes, and feated on the Creufe,
25 miles s of Tours, and 135 sw of
Paris. Lon. o 46 e, ht. 46 5$ n.
Haylsham, a town in Suffex, with a
market on Saturday, 12 miles e of Lewes,
and 58 S£ of London. Lon. o,ao £,
lat. 50 55 N.
Headford, a town of Ireland, in the
county of Galway, 12 miles N ot-Galway.
Lon. o 3 w, lat. 53 29 N.
..' Hbad of Elk, a town pf th«. United
States, in Maryland, fituatf^, near the
head of the bay of Chefapeak, on a
finall rivtr of its pwn name. It enjoys
great advantages fromlhocairyinff trade
between Baltimore iiAd, Philadelphia,
being about 50 miles front.^^ch.
': Hean, a town of TonquiQ, on the
river OomM, 20 miies s of Caphao, and
8d n of the bay-of Tonquin. > <>
. Hebrides, or Western Isi.and3,
numerous iilands on the w coaft of
Scotland, the principal of which are Skye,
St. Kilda, Lewis and Harris, Uift, Can*
nayj Staifft^ MuU> Jur»> and K^^jf . .
H El
H E L
HElUttty Nsw, inands in the S
Pacific Ocean, difcr/veFed by Quirot in
i6o6» anLi (-;>nridered m part of a great
foutiiern c ntinsnt, under the name of
Tierra AuKrnlia del Efpiritu Santo.
They v.cre n.xt vifued by Bougainville
in 176X, w 10 Jid no more than dii'cover
that the land wa« not conne£led, but
compoled ol idands, y/hich he called
the Great Cyclades. Captain Cook, in
1774, afctrrtained the extent anu lltuation
of the whole group, and gave thein the
name they now bear. They lie between
14. 29 and 20 4. s lat, and 166 41
and 170 21 E Ion. extending 125 leagues.
The principal illands are Tierra del
Efpiritu Santo and MalicoUo, befide I'e-
veral of leis note, Ibme of which are
from 18 to 25 leagues in circuit. In
general, they are high and mountainous*
abounding with wood, water, and tlie
ufual proiiudions of the tropical iilands.
The inhabitants are of very different ap-
pearances at different iflands;but aie chiefly
of a flender make and dark colour, and
moft of thejTi have frizzled hair. Their
canoes and houles are imall, and poorly
conftru6ted j and, except their arms, they
have fcarcely. any manufacture, nut-even
for clothing. I'hey are, however, hoi-
pltable and goodnatured, when not
prompted to a contrai'y condu6l by the
jealoufy, which the unufual appearance
of European vifitors may naturally be
Aippofed to .excite...
Hecla, Mount. See Iceland. <
HedamoRA, a town of Sweden, in
Weftmania, (bated on the Dahl) 55 miles
Mw of Upfal. Lon. 17 7 E, lat. 60
14 N. ■ ;
Heidbnhbim, a town of Suabia, with
a palace belonging to the houfe of Wur..
temburg. It was taken by the French in
Auguft 1796, and is xi miles N of Ulm.
Lon. 10 9 B. lat. 48 47 N.
Heildelberg, a city of Germany,
capital of the palatinate of the Rhine,
with a celebrated univerllty. It is noted
for its great tun, which holds iioo hogl-
heads, generally kept full of good Rheni/h
wine. It ftands in a pleafant rich countryi
and was a famous lieat of learning ; but
it has undergone fo many ^ calamities,
that it is nothing now to yhat it wrai
formerly. . ilt wat reduced to a heap of
rains in 16^1^ by the Spaniards) and the
rich) library, was traniix)rted, partly to
Vienna, and partly to the Vatican at
Rome. It was burnt by the French in
1674. The protcftant cleAoral houie
becoming extinft, in 1603, a bloody
war cji^ttcdy ia whick urn caftle was
ruined} and the ele^or moving his Ye-'
fidence to Manheim, carried mofl of th«
Eeople of diltinC^ion with him. Heidci-
erg is fcated on the Neckar, over which
is a briJee, i% miles ne of Spire. Lon.
8 48 E, fat. 49 »o N.
Hbila, a town of Weftem Pruflia, at
the mouth of the Viftula, on the Baltic
Sea, II miles N of Dantzic. Lon. 19
25 E. lat. 54 53 N.
Heilegen-Have, a feaport of Hol-
ttc'n, featcd on the Baltic, oppofite th^.
iiiand of Fcineren. Lou. 10 57 E, Ui;*
54 30 N-
Hfiligeland, an ifland of the Ger-
man Ocean, between the mouths of th«
Eyder and the Elbe. It belongs to the
king of Denmark. Lon. 8 20 E, lat, 54*
21 N.
Heiligenstadt, a town .of Ger-
many, capital of the territory of Etchfet,
belonging to the eleftor of Menti. It is
lifated at the confluence of the Geifland.
and Leina, 30 miles NW of Eiienach..
Lon. JO 14 B, ht. 51 22 N.
Helena, St. an iAand in the At-
lantic Ocean, 20 miles in circumference*
belonging to the Englifli E India Com-
pany. It has Ibme high mountains, par*
ticularly one called Diana's Peak, which
is covered with wood to the very top.;
There are otUer hills alfo, which bear evi-.
dent marks of a volcanic origin} ami
fome have huze rocks of lava and a kind
of. half vitrihed flags. The eountiyi
however, is far from being barren, the in-
terior vallics, and little Iiills, being co^
vered with rich verdure, and interfperfcd
with gardens, orchards, and various plaor
tations. There are alfo many paflures»
furrounded by indofures of ftone, and
filled with a £ne breed of finall catik>
and with Englifh fheep. Every vaiUey is
watered by a rivulet, and the iilatid can
fupport 3000 head of itsfmall cattle. Thf
beef is juicy, delicious, and vc»7 fat.
The number of inhabitants does not ex^
ceed 20001 includii^g near 500 roldier»>
and 600 flaves, who are iiipplied with all
forts of manufactures by the company'^
/hips, in return for reii'cfliments. Ihe
town is fmall, fltpatc in a yallcy» at tbt;
bottom of a bay on tne $ fide of the ifland«
between two fteep dreary mountains ; and
is well defended by forts and batteries.
This ifland was diicovered by tl;e Portu-
guefe, in 1502, on St. Helena's Day,
whence it had its name. Afterward, th/i
Dutch were in poflefiion of it till 1 600,
when they were expelled by the Englifh.
In 1 6731 the Dutch retook it by fur-
prife } but it w^s foon after recovered*
R4
,
;4'
H E L
It lies l)etween the continents of Africa
aind S Anuiica, about iioo miles w of
the former, and 1800 B of the latter.
Lon. 5 4.9 w, lat. t^ 5S s.
Hblier, St. the capitiil of the ifland
of Jerfey, in the Englifh Cmnnel, feated
Mi the bay of St. Auoin, where it hat a
harbour, and a Itone piir. The inhahit-
antt are computed to be aooo. At the
top of the n-ai'ket-place is the ftatue of
GwM-m ij, in broiuc, gilt. In the
church) where prayers arc i-<'aj alternately
in EngUfh and French^ it u monument
to ^he memory of major Fierfon, who fell
here in the monient of viAory. Lon. z
20 u, lat. 4.9 II N. See Jersey.
Hklier, St. a little ifland» near the
town oi the fame nanie> in the bay of St.
Aubin> 0:1 tl.c s fide of Jerfey. It took
itt name from ELriui;, or Heiier) a holy
man, .vho lived in this ifland many cen-
turies ago, and was (lain by the pagan
Mormans. His cell, with the fton« bed,
is ftill fliown among; the rocks ; and, in
memoiy of him, a noble abbey was founded
ort thii ifland. On the fite of this abbey
now ftands Clifabeth Caftle, a very large
and ftrung fortification, and the refidence
of the governor and gar ri lon of Jerfey.
It occupies the whole ifland, which is
near a mile in circuit, and is furroufided
by the fev :ry half flood j and hence,
alt low w? - a paflage to the town of
$t. Helier, ci.iied the Bridge, jiJf a mile
long, and formed of fand and {tones.
Hell-Gatb, a celebrated ftrait of N
America, near the w end of Long Ifland
Sound, eight mile* E of New York. If
is remarkable for its >)vhirlp(>ol8, which
are eccafioned by the r.uri'ovvnefs and
crookednefs of the pais, and a bed of
rocks extending quite acrofs it; but,*at
prc^r times of the tide, \ Ikilful pilot
may conduft a ihip of any burden
through this flrait.
Helmsdale, a river in Sutherland-
ihire, which defcends from the mountains
bordering on Caithnefsfhire, and rolling
over its rocky bottom tovvard the Ch-d of
Caithnefs, becomes, at that place, deep,
rapid, and dangerous. At its mouth, in
the German Oceani is a good falmon
ijfhery.
Helmoi(JT, a town of Dutch Brabant,
with a flrong caflle, feated ort the Aa, if
mi|es sE pf Bois-le-Duc. Lon. 5 37 E,
lat. 51 31 N.
Helmsley, or Helmslev-Black-
MORE, a town in the N rl«Jing of York-
ihire, with a market on Saturday. It
hdd formerly a caftle, and is feate(| pn
the Kye, zo miles n of York) and ^to
HEN
N by w of London. Lent r ro w, lat.
54. 19 N.
Hblmstadt, a towns of Germany, in
the duchy of Brunfwick, with a univerfityi
%% miles N e of Brunfwick. Lon. 11 1 6 E»
lat. 51 16 N.
Hllsinburo, orELSiNBVRG, a fea-
port of Sweden, in the province of Scho.
nen, feated on the opuoflte fide of the
Sound, feven miles E of EUinore, and
37 s of Halmfiadt. Lon. 13 a e, lat. 56
2 N.
Helsincpors, a town of Swcdifh
Finland, feated on a lifing fhore, near ie-
veral rocks and huge fragments of gra-
nite. It has a commoilious harbour in
the gulf of Finland, and is 1 50 miles B
of Abd. Lon. 15 o e, lat. 60 sp n.
Helston, a borough in Cornwall*
with a market on Monday, feated on the
Coher, near its influx into Mountfl>av.
It is one of the towns appointed for tne
coinage of tlie tin, and a little below it is
a harboiu*, where feveral of the tin fhips
take in their lading. It is governed by
a mayor, fenils two members to parlia-
ment, and lias the largefi: mark^t-houfe
in the county. It is 11 miles sw of Fal-
mouth, and 274. w by s of London. Lon.
5 15 B, lat. 50 a N.
Helvoetslvvs, a feaport of Hol-
land, on the ifland of Voom. Here fomp
of the Dutch men of waf are laid up in
ordinary; and it is the regular ftation of
the Englifli packet-boats from Harwich.
It f'urrendered to the. French in January
1795; and is five miles s of the Brief*
Lon 4 23 e, lat. 51 45 N.
HeMPSTED, or HbMEL HEMPSTEOf
a corporate town in Herts, with a market
on Thurfday ; feated among the hills, on
a- branch of ^ the Coin, 18 miles sw of
Hertford, and 23 n W of London. Lon. o
15 w, lat. 5t 47 N.
H E N B u R Y , a village in Gloucefterfhire,
near Briftol, two miles from St. Vincent's
Rock. In this pariih i^ a camp, with
three rampires and trenches, fuppofed to
have be^h Britiih. In digging up thif
hill in 1707, great numbers of Roman
coins were found. '
HENLEY, a corporate town in Oxford-
fliire, with a market on WedneiHay,
Friday, «n4 Saturday. It is feated on
the Thames, over which, is a ftone bridge,
and fends malt, corny \vood, &c. to Lot\-
don, by barges. It is 24 miles »^ of Oxr
ford, and 35 w of'Lofiddn, Lon, q
+6 w, lat. 51 35 Mr
Henlby, a town in Warwickshire,
with a market qn Tuefday, feated on the
Aine, 10 m^Ies NW of Wtfwick) ^
HER
HER
101 WNW of London. Lon> > 50 ^1
lat. 5* 13 N,
HiNNEBEROf a county of Franconia,
bounded on the N by Thiu'tngia, on the
yv by HtlUit on the t by the bifliopric
of WurtzburK> and on the B by that of
Bamberg. It abounds in nwantaiot and
wuodtf but is populous and feitile. It
U divided among I'even different tove-
reigns. Mainungen is the capital.
Hennebero, a town oi Franconia,
in a county of the fame nume, with a caf-
tle, 34 miles N«v of Bamberg. Lon. 10
3S E, lat. 50 40 N.
Hbnneuon, a town of France, in the
department of Morbiian and late pro-
vince of Bixtagne, lieated on the Blavet,
ax miles nw of Vannes. Lon. s 4- w,
lat. 47 50 N .
H9MRICHBMONT, a town of France,
in the department of Cher and late pro-
vince of Jtterry. It was the capital of a
diltrict which Hemy iv gave to his mi-
piiter the duke of Sully. lis original
name was Bois-Belie } but Sully gave it
the present name, in gratitude for the
privileges which the king had annexed
to it. As the Ibil in the environs is not
cxceiK-nt, the town i«, in a manner, de-
ierted j and the family alienated it to
Lewis XV, in 1767. It is feated on the
Saudre, 15 miles nne of Bourges.
Henry, Cape, the s cape of Virginia,
»t the entrance of Chelapeak Bay. Lon.
76 5 w, lat. 36 56 N.
Heppenhum, a town of Germany, in
the electorate of Mentz, with a caftle and
an abbey ; feated between Heidelberg and
Parmftadt, about. 14 miles from each;
Lon, 8 41 E, lat. 49 19 N.
. Heraclea, an ancient feaport of Ro-
mania, with a Greek archbiihop's feie.
It wa9 formerly very famous ; and there
4re ftill confiderable remains of antiquity.
)t is 50 miles w of Conftantinople. Lon.
27 58 E, lat. 40 59 N. .
Herat, a town of Periia, in Korafan,
160 mUes SE of Mefched. Lon. 61
o £, Jit. 34 30 N.
HiRAVLT, a department of France,
fo named from a river which falls into the
gulf of Lyons. It includes part of the
late province of Languedoc } and the capi-
tal is Montpellier.
HERBEMONT,>a town of Atiftrian
Luxei^burg, virith a caille on a mountain,
near oie river Seitioy, three miles Nw of
Chincy.
Herborn, a town of Germany, in the
ciixle of the Upper Rhine and territory
of Naffaii, with a famous univerfity and
woollen m^ufa^re, eight miles s\v of
Pillenburg, |.onf 8 20 u» l^tt 50 ^q n.
Hbrbpord, the capital of Herefix^.
fliire, with a market on Wedncfday, Fri^
day, and Saturday, and a bifliop's lee. It
if almoll encompafTcd by the Wye and
two other rivers. It had fix parifli
churches, but two of them were demolifli-
in the civil wars. In 1786, the w toweir
of the cathedral, with a part of the body
of the church, tell down; but it has been
fince rebuilt. The chief manofa^ure of
Hereford is gloves. It is governed by a
mayor, and lends two members to pariitf.
raent. It is 14 miles wsw of Worceftert
and 130 WNW of London. Lon. % 35
w, lat. 5a 4 N.
Herefordshire, a county of Eng^
land, 47 miles long, and 35 broad j
bounded on the E by GlouceAedhire and
Worcefterlhire, on the w by KadnorAire
and Brecknocklhire, on the N by Shiop.
flilre, and on the s by Monmouthihire.
It contains ji hundreds,. .one city, eigitt
market-towns, and 176 pariflics j aiWI
fends eight members to paniahient. Tli^
air is temperate and healthy ; and the ib21
exceedingly rich, producing excellent corA
and fruit, as is evident from the Leominr-
fter bread, Weobly ale, and Herefordfliiiib
cider i the laft of which is ftnt to all part*
of England. The applet producing thb
cider grow in greater abundance here, tl^
in any other county, being plentiful tftk
in the hedge-rows. Of thefe are rario^
kinds, but the moft celebrated is the red:-
ftreak, which is faid to be. peculiar tft
this county. The (heep of Herefordfhiiife
are fmall. affording a fine filky wool, ill
quality ^proaching to the Spanifli. The
pdncipal rivers are the Wye, Mynnow,
and Lug.
r HEREMtHALS, a town of Avfbriaii
Brabant, feated on, thd Netl^, ao miiei
NE.o(< Louvain. Lon. 4 54 b, lat. 5k
IJN. r
Herpord, or HbRvordbn, 1 a fireie
imperial town of Wcftphalia, capita} df
the county of Ravenfburg, with a famous
nunnery, belonging to the proteftants of
the confeflion ot Augfburg, whofe abbefii
is a princefs of the empire. It is featedi
on the Aa, 1 7 miles s w of Minden. Liont
8 47 E, lat. 52 9 N.
Hergrundt, a town of Upper Hun-;
gary, remarkable for its mines of vitriol|
whidi are extremely rich. The miners^
who are numerous, have built a fubter-
raneous town. It is 65 miles N of BudSf
Lon. 18 15 E, lat. 48 30 N.
Hbri, an ifland in the Indian Oceani
two miles NNw of Temate. It is no|
more than two miles in circumference,
and appears to be in a perfeA ftatc or
cultivation, and well inhabited,
I«l
Mf
i|'
n
if
'I V
HER
.' ItfTiTi^AU, a confidemhle <:ominfrc::il
♦own ol Swiflcrlaiid, in the canton of Ap-
ver/.el, noted for itn mamifaAurcs of very
tint itnei) and nniHin. It it feven miles
•w of St. Gall-
Herk, " town of Germany, in the
biftiopric ot Liege, feared on a river of
the fame name, near its confluence with
the Dcmer, two miles v/ of Maellricl:'.
Lon. 5 3S E| lat. 50 51 n.
Uermanstadt, a large and ftrong
town, thecapinl of Traniylvania, with a
biftiop's fee. It is ieated on the Cehen,
«5 miles e of Weiflfemburg, and 205
•E of Buda. Lon. t^ 40 e, lat. 46
•5 N.
Hernhut, a famous place in Upper
Lufatia, in the territory of the eleflor of
Saxony, between Zittaw and Loebau.
tiere, in 1 711, fonie perfecuted Moravian
brethren (defcendants of the church of
the ancient United Brethren, e(tabli(lied
in Bohemia and Moravia, as early as the
jear 1456) fettled in the fields of the
village of fieithelfdorf, belonging to count
Zinzendorf, and began to build another
▼illage. They were joined by fome pro-
teftants, who had been bred in other fb-
cieties. They all agreed in adopting the
confefllon of AugAurff, and lived as bre-
thren, without quarreliing about particu-
lar lentiments ; and when, after fome time,
the number ,of thofe admitted from other
proteftant churches, became greater than
the number of the Moravian brethren
they took the name of Evangelical Bre-
thren, or The Brethren's Unity of the
Augfburg Confeflion. They con(ider«d
count Zin^eodorf as their biftiop and f«u
ther, and were, for fome time, called Hern-
hutters, as this place continued their pfin-
cipal nurfery^. They were afterward ex-
tended into ipaiiy 'difTcrent countries }
were introduced into America, in 1741,
by count Zinzendorf, and fettled at Beth-
knrm in Penniylvania. Their focietiea,
which are now jiumerous in that country,
afford the moft pleafing examples of
piety and virtue^ of decency aiid good
•rder. See Bethlehem, LitiZ| and
Nazareth.
Hernosand, a /eaport of Sweden, on
the w coaft of the guli' of Bothnia. Lon.
17 58 E, lat. 6t it N.
HsjisTAL, a town of Germany, in the
biihonric of Lieze, with an ancient caftle,
feated on the Maele, three miles N of
Liege. Lon. 5 40 e, lat. 50 40 N.
Hertford, the county town of Herts,
with a market on Saturday. It is feated
on the Lea, wluch is here navigable tor
barges, as it was once for Ihips. Jn ijy,
Mimmi ■
H E S
the Danes ere^wl two fort s here, for th<
ftcurity of their Ihips ; but Alfred turned
the courk of the river, io that their vef-
ft;ls were left on dry ground. Edward,'
the cideit Ibh of Alfred, built a calH*
here, which has been often a royal refi-
dence. The town lends two members to
parliament, is governed by a mayor, and
nad formerly-five cliurches, but now only
two. It is two miles w by s of Ware,-
and ai N of London. Lon. o i s, bt,
5< 50 N-
Hertfordshire, ur Herts, a coun-
ty of England, 36 miles long and zt
broad ; bounded on the n by Cambridge-
fliire, ou the E by Efl>x, on the Nw by
Bedfordfhire, on the w by Bucks, and on
the s .by Middlesex. ' It contains right
hundreds, 1 9 ntarket-towns, and 1 74 pa-'
riihes ; and fends fix members to parlia-
ment. The N part is hilly, forinibg a
fcattered par', ot the c!>alky ridge which
extends acrol's the kingdom in thin di-
reflion. A number uf clear (titams
take their rife from this fide. Flint
ftones are fcattered in gitat piofufioA over
the face of this county ; and'be^.s of chalk
are frequently to be n>et v/ith» It is
found, however, with the aid ot proper
culture, to be extremely favorable to
wheat and barley, which come- tu as great
perfe^ion here as in any part of the kirg-
tlom. The w^ part ig, m general, a toler-
able rich ibil, and'iinder excellent cultiva-
tion. The air is vvholelouie { and the
principal rivers are the Lea, Storti and
Coin. •'
Hertzbbro, a confiderable town in
the elefiorate of Saxony, 35 miles Niv oi"
Drefden. Lon. 13 17 e, lat. 51 41 ff.
HERZEcaviNA, a town of Turkifh
Dalmatia, capital ol' a diitri£l of the fame
name. ' - i v .j-
Hesoin, a ftrong town of France, in
the depai-tmcnt of the Straits of Calais and
late county of Artois, feated on the
Canche^) 25 miles -ssw of St. Omer,
and 16.5 N of Paris. Lon. z 6 e, lat.
50 a4 N. ■ > ■ '
Hesse, a country of Germany, in the
circle of the Upper Rhine ; bounded on
the N by the bilhopric of Paderbom and
duchy/of Brunfwick, on the B by Thu-
ringia, on the s by t\t<j ceniLorv of Fulde
and Weteiravia, and oa the w by the
counties of Naflau, Witgenftein, Hatx-
feldt, and WaMeck. The houfe of Heflt
is divided into four branches j namely,
Hefle-Caill'l, Hombor^, Darmftadt, and
Rhenfeld, each of which has th? it .; of
landgrave, and takes its name frc •. aiie x>f
the tour principal towni» This cc.rcry
S;.;.;
/ <^
HIE
fi too miles in length, and 50 in hrea4th)
and lunoundcd by woods and mountains,
in which are mines of iron and copper. In
the middle are Ane plains, fertile in com
and paftures { r^nd there is plenty of honey
and all fortt of fruit. Hops arc likewiie
cultivated, which lerve to make excel-
lent beer j and birch-trees c >'e verv com-
mon, from the Tap of which a deal of
wine is made.
Hevkblum, or Hoekelun, a town
of the United Provinces, in Holland,
IJE^atcd on the Linghe, ftve miles nb of
Gorcum. Lon. 4 55 E, lat. 51 55 n.
H£USDBN,a ftrong town of the United
Provinces, in f ioUand, feated on the Maefe,
with a ca:tle. It was taken by the French,
in 1795 i and is eight miles Nw of Bois-
le-Duc. Lon. s 3 e» '^t. 51 44 n.
Hexham, a town in Northumberland,
with a market on I'uflUay. It is feated
on the river Tyne, and was formerly fa-
mous for an abl)ey. Near this place, in
1463, was fought a battle, between the
houle^ of York and Lancailer, in which
the latter was defeated. Hexham has a
raanufa^uie of tanned leather, fhoes, and
gloveu { and is la miles w of Newcaftie,
and 184 NNW of London. Lon. 2 i w,
lat. 55 3 Nt
Heydqn, a borough in the E ridin<;
of Yorkfliire, with a market on Thu:.-
day. It is feated on a river, which foon
falls into the Humber j and was formerly
a confiderablc town, but is now much
decayed. It ia fix miles w of Hull, and
lii N by w of London. Lon. o 5 w,
lat. S3 45 N.
Heylesem, a town of Auftrian Bra-
bant, 14 miles SB of Louvain. Lon. 5
7 e, lat. 50 45 N.
HeytesburY) a borough in Wilts,
that fends two members to parliament,
but has now no market. It is %o miles
vw of of SaliHiury, and 93 W by s of
'London. Lon. * $ w, lat. 51 12 n.
. Hiamen. See Emouy,
;. Hieres, a town of France* in the de-
partment of Var and late province of Pro-
vence, feated near the Mediterranean Sea;
but its harbour being chojiked tip, it u
WW much decayed; In no other part of
France is nature fo uniformly beautiful :
during great part of the winter, the ver-
dure is as fine as in the fpring) and. in
many gardens, green peas may be gr.!iier-
ed. This town is the birthplace of Maf-
fiilon, the celebrated French preacher.
It is. I* milfs E of Toulon, -and 350
8 by B of Paris. IfOn. 6 10 E, lat. 43
S V-
Hieres, i^Rpdf of France, on the
HIM
coaft of Pravence. They Are fotir it-
number ; namely, Porquerollos, Portrrosp
Bagueau, and Titan, which iaft is tha
largef.. Between thefe iflands and tht
continent, is the road of Hieres, which i«
fo capacious and excellent, that it has af-
forded Ihelter for the largeft fquadrons*
and no inftance of a fhipwreck has ever
occurred here. It is defended by thi-ee
forts.
Hiero. See Ferro.
Hiesmes, a town of France, in thf
department of Otne and late province of
Normandv, feated on a barren moutain,
10 miles from Seez, and 90 w of Paris.
Hicham Ferrers, a borough in
Northamptonshire, with a market on Sa-
turday. It had fbnnerly a caftle, now ia
ruins ; is governed by a mayor, and fends
one member to parliament. It is feated
on an afccnt, on tjie river Nen, 25 miles
E8E oi Cnventiy,' and 66 NNwrof Lon.
don. Lon. o 40 w, lat. 52 19 N.
Hi HOATE, a village in Middlefcx,
feated on ii hill, e of that of Hampftead,
and foui miles N by w of London. Here
lord chief baron Chdmondely built it
freefchool in 1 562, which was enlarged,
in 1570, by Edwin Sandys, bilhop of
Lo^uon, who added a chapel to it.
High WORTH, a town in Wilts, with
a market on Wednelday. It is feated on
a hill, which (tands in a rich plain, 36
miles N of Saliibury, and 77 w of Lon-
don. Lon. 1 40 w, lat. 51 36 N.
HiLDESHEiM, a free imperial city of
Lower Saxony, in a bifhopnc of the iamo
name. In the cathedral is a ftatue of
Herman, the celebrated German chief.
It is divided into the old and new towns,
each of which has its feparate council ;
and its inhabitants are Lutherans and pa-
pifts. It is feated on the Imelte, if
miles SSB of Hanover. Lon. 10 10 e,
lat. 52 10 N.
HiLDBURCHAUSBN, a town of Fran*
conia, in a duchy of the fame name, and
principality of Cobourg. It is feated om
the W^rra, and is fubje£l to the duke of
Saxe-Hildburghaufen, wha has a palact
here. It is 22 miles N by w of Cobourg<
Lon. II 3 B, lat. 50 53 N.
Hi).LSBOR0UGH, a town of N Caro-
lina, .180 miles w by,N of Newbern.
H1M.MALEH, Mount,- a vaft chain of
mouiuiuns in Aiia, which extends from
Gabui along .the N of Hindooftan, anc(
is the general boundary^ of Thibet,
through the whole extent from the Gan-
ges to the river Teefta} incloiing between
it and Hindooftan, a tnA of co\xntrj,
from too to )8o miles in breadth* du
i
m
m.
H I N
f (dcd into a nuiAftfcr •£ fmall dates, none
of which are underftood to be either tri.
batarie» or feudatories of Thibet ; fuch
M Siiinagur, Napaul, &c. I'his ridge
If precilely that deligned by the ancients,
nnder the names of Imaus and the Indian
Caucaius. The natives now call it Hin-
doo-ko (the Indian mountains) as well as
llimmaleh} which Iso is a.banfcrit word,
Bgnityxng ffionvy i its fummit being co-
vered with fiiow.
. HiK'CHiNBROOK Island; one of tlie
Kew Hebrides, in the S Pacific Ocean,
^on. i68 33 E, lat. 17 25 s.
Hinckley, a town in Leicefterfliirc,
with a market on Monday. It has a
large church vnth a lofty fpire, an!<l a
considerable flocking manufadure. It it
J* miles sw of Leictlter, and 91 nnw of
|.ondon. • Lon. i so w, lat. 52 'nw h.
. HiNDELOPENy a feaport of the United
Pk'^yirices, in Friefland, llealed on the
Zuider-Zee, so mil^s sw of Lewarden.
f.«». 5 le B, lat. 53 58 N.
HiNLOPEH, Ca^E, a cape of N Ame-
ricay on the s fide of the mouth of the
Pelawaic, Lon. 75 i w, lat. ^i 4.7 n.
, HiNDON, a borough in Wilts, with a
^rkct on Thurfday. It fends two mem-
bers to parliameat ; and is zo miles w of
^aliibury, and 97 w by s of London.
Lon. 2 9 w, lat. 51 6 N.
. HlND00-K0.SeeHlMMALEH,M0UNT.
. HiNDOSTAN, or India, a celebrated
region of Afla, which, ^> it;» nioft ex-
tenfive fignification, ccunprifes all the
Countries between the mountains of Tar-
tary and Thibet on the N, the river Bur-
rampooter and the bay of Bengal on the
E,,the Indian Ocean on the s, and the
fame ocean and Perfia on the \v. But
this country muft' be conlidered under the
thi^ grand divifions of Hindooftan Pro^
Er, the Deccan, and the Peninfula.
indooftan Proper includes all the pro-
vinces that lie to the N of the river Ner-
budda, and the foubahs of Bahur and
bengal. The principal of which are Agi-
inere, Agra, Caihmere, Delhi, Guaerat,
Lahore, Malwa, Mou'tan, Oude, Rohil-
cund, Sindy, &c. The Peccan has been
extended to the whole region s of Hin-
dooftan Proper; but in its moft proper
fenfe, it means only the countries lituate
between Hindooftan Proper, the Camatic^
the W^ftem Sea, and Orifla. The traft
^ of thffe, or the river Kiftna, is gene-
rally ciJled the Peninfula ; although its
iform is far from authoriziag that appel-
lation. To give an idea of the modem
revolutions in the empire of Hindooftan,
it is proper to obiervci that frora a pure
H IN
Hindoo' government, it became, at Taflf,
a Mahometan ftate, and continued to be
fo, under various dynalHes, till the begin-
ning of this century. The firft irruption
of the Mahometans was in the year 1000.
From this period the provinces of Hin-
dooftan were held rather as tributary
kingdoms, than as provinces of the
liinie empire j and the conqueft of the
Deccan, in jruticular, was tor ages ah
objeft of confiderable importance, to the
emperoi's. In 1^98, the Mogul Tartars,
under the conduct of Timur, or Ta-
merlane, invaded HUndooftan ; but the
conqueft of the country was not eftefted
till 1525, by Sultan Baber, one of his
defcendants, who, from this circumw
ftance, was, in reality, the founder of
the Mogul dynafty; and hence Hindoo-
ftan has been called the Mog\d Empire,
and its chief, the Great Mogul. The il-
luftrious Acbar, his fon, failed in his
attack upon the Deccan ; an attempt, in
which many of his lucceflbrs wweeoually
unfortunate, and which tended, n\ the
fequel, to the decline and diflfolution of the
empire. In 1615, the emperor Jehan-
giure, his fon, received fir Thomas Roe,
as the firft Englifli ambaiTador'; and the
Portuguele had, by this time, acquired
confiderable fettlements in Bengal and
Guzerat. In thfc reign of his graridfon
Auiamgzebe, *vhich laftctl from 1660 to
1707, the empiric attained its full extent j
his authority reached from 10 tb 55*' lat.
and nearly as mitch in lon. and his re-
venue exceeded )i,obo,oool. fterling.
But, in the courfe of 50 years after his
deatl], a fucceflion of weak princes, and
wicked minifters, reduced this aftoniftiing
empire to nothing. In a word, inftead
of finding the emperors attempting now
the conqueft of the Deccan, their empire
was attacked by the powerfid nizam ef
that country, through whofe contrivance.
Nadir Shah, the Perfian ufuiper, invsided
Hindooftan in 1738. The weak em-
peror, Mahomed Shah, threw himfelf
on the clemency of tlie invader, who
entered Delhi, ami demanded thirty mil-
lions fterling by way of ranfom. Nadir,
afterward, evacuated Delhi, and left the
nizam in poflefHon of the whole remain.
ing power of the empire, which he facri-
ficed to his own views in the Deccan,
wlwrc he eftablifhed an independent king*
dom. Mahomed Shah died in 1747, hav-
ing feen the Camatic and Bengal become
likewife independent, under their re-
(pe^ive nabobs } an independent ftate tdo
formed by the Kohillas (a tribe from the
mQuntains b«tw^«n Ilndia and Pcrfia) on
HI N
H I N
At R of the Ganges, within So milea 6f a compuKive allhnce Is at leaft a dqiend-
Delhi ; and the kingdom of Candaliar ent, it not a tributary fituation. Tl»
crefled by Abdalla* one of the generals Britifli pofleinons are Bengal, Bahar, Be
of Nadir Shah. Ahmed Sliah, thefon of
Mahomcdj iucceeded ; in whofe reign,
the initire divifion of the empire took
piac. ; nothing remaining to the houfe
of lamtrl i^e hut the city and fmall ter-
ritory of Delhi. The latt imperial army
wt; fi;'icit<?d by tlie Rohillns, in 1749.
1 AC J.'.i, .1 Hiiidao tribe, founded a (late
w /Vgrai 0.idc- v.ss icizcd by Mahomed
Kc'ji'i and' the Malaattas, befide their
anc.ent doi.nlns in the Deccan, obtained
great part of MaKva, Guzerat, Berar,
and Oriffa. The Mogul empire was
now hicoine merely noiiiiual j and the
emperoi-s, from this period, muft be re-
garded as of no political confequence,
otherwife than as their names and perfons
were made ufe of, by dltferent parties,
to promote their own views. That the
name and perlon of the emperor were
nares, the Northern Circars, the Jagliire*
Bombay, Salfctte, the diftria of Midna.
pur in Orifla, and fome confidenibk
ceflions from the regent of Myfore in
1792. The allies of the Britifh, who
may be confidered as dependent upoa
them, are the nabobs of Oude, and tbt
Canntic, and the rajahs of Travancore
and Tanjore. For the five other principal
ftates, fee their relpe^tive names; and
for an account of fonoe Inferior independ*
ent ftates, fee Bundela, Ballo^iftan, the
Jats, Rohilcund, &c. The inhabitant*
of Hinduoftan are computed at about
10,000, oooMahometans,and 100,000,000
Hindoos. The Mahometans, or MuT-
fulmans, whom the Englifli improperij
call Moors, or Moonncn, are reprefented
to be of a dctcftable chai-after. The
Hindoos, or Gentoos, are of a black
©f ufe, as retaining a confidtrablc degree complexion ; their hair is long, their per-
of veneration among the bulk of the fon Itraight and ek-ojant, and their counte-
people in Hjndooftan, is evident, from the nance open and pleafant. They dtflFer
application made, at different limes, for materially from all other nations^ by-
grants of territory, forcibly obtained by being divided into tribes or cafts. The
the grantee, bur %vhich required the fane- four principal tribes are, the Bramins,
tion of the lorJ paramount, to reconcile Soldiers, Laboureis, and Mechanics; and
thefe are fubdivided into a multiplicity of
inferior diftin6lions. There are Bramins
of various degrees of excellence, who
have the cai'e of religion allotted to them*
and are held lacred by the reft : fome Oi
thefe acknowledge the errors that hare
crept into their religion, own one Supreme
Being, and laugh at the idolatry of the
multitude, but infift upon the necellity
of working upon the weaknelles of the
vulgar : yet the generality of them ai^e
powers, and more particulai'ly upon the as ignorant as the laity. Such as are not
English, who obtained from him a grant engaged in worldly purfuits, are a very
of the provinces of Bengal, Bahar, and fuperftitious, innocent people, who pro-
the tranlafljon ot the popular opinion.
Another inkunce of the etfeft of this
opinion is, that tiie coin throughout the
whole trail, known by the name of the
Mogul Empire, is to this day ftruck
in the name ot the nominal emperor.
Ahmed was depoled in 1753, and his
fucceflbr was depo{t;d and murdered in
1760. He was liicceeded, however, by
his fon. Shah Aulum, who was alter-
nately dependent on the contending
Oriha, together with the Northern Cir-
cars. He continued long a kind of ftate
priibnerj living on the produce of a
trlrling domain, allowed him out of ve-
neiailon for his anceltors, and for the
uie <.f his name. In the fequel, he was
dethroned and blinded by the Rohillas.
Thefe beirg defeated by the Mahrattas,
hii ion Jewan Bucht, was permitted to
fucceed him, auil to live in the fame de-
plorable ftate of degradation. Hindooftan
how confuU of {Ix principal ftates, which
hold as tribt'^-\iies, or feudatories, fome
numerous inferior ftates. Thefe fix prin-
cipal ftates are, the Britifli, the Poonah
Mahrattas, the Berar Malirattas, the
Deccan, Myfore, and the Seiks : for,
whatever v'*rbal diftinf^ions may be made.
mote charity as much as they can, both
to man and beaft : but thofe who engage
in the world are generally the wortt of
all the Gentoos ; for, pcrluaded that the
waters of the Ganges will purify them
from their fins, and being exempt from
the iitmoft rigour of the courts of jultice
(under the Gentoo governments) they
run into much greater cxceires. The
Soldiers are commonly called Kajah-PootS j
that is, defcended from rajahs. Tliey
are much more robuft than the reft, have
a^reat fliare of courage, ahd a Alee fenfe
of^nilitary honour, which confifts, among
them, in fidelity to thofe thfy lervt.
Fighting is their profefTion ; they readily
enter into the fervice of any that will pay
them, and will follow wherever he Ict '^ ;
H I N
H IN
but, ihould their leader fall in the Vairlc}
their caufe is at an end» and chuy vun off
the field, without any Itain on their repu-
tation. The Eiigllfh E India fompany
have many battalions of" thtfui in iheir
fervice : tiiey ai-e called Sepoys, and are
clothed and dirciplinetl in the European
manner. The Labourers include fanners,
and all who cultivate the land. The
Mechanics include merchants, bankers,
and all who follow any trade: theie
again ur: lubdivided into each prolei-
fion. Befide thefe, are the Hallachores,
who cannot be called a tribe, being ra-
ther the refufe of all the tribes. They
are a fet of unhappy wretches, who per-
form a.i the vileft offices ot life, bury the
dead, and carry away every thing that is
polluted. All the ditfereV.t tribes are
kept diftin«5t ^r^m each other by infur-
• motmtable barriers: they are forbidden
to intermarry, to cohabit, to eat with
each other, or even to drink out of the
fame veHttl with one of another tribe.
Every deviation from thcfe poirts fubjefts
them to be rejefted by their tiibe, renders
them polluted for ever, ;md obliges them,
from that inftant, to herd with the Hal-
lachores. The members of each caft
adhere invaiiably to the proleffion of
their forefathers : from generation to ge-
neration, the fame families have followed,
and will always continue to follow one
uniform line of life. To this may be
afcribed that high degree of perfe6>ion
conlpicuous in many ot the Indidn manu-
fa£lures $ and though veneration for the
practices of their anceftors may check the
Ipirit of invention, yet, by adhering to
thefe, they acquire fuch an expertnels and
delicacy of hand, that Europeans, with
all the advantages of fuperior icience, and
the aid of more complete inltruments,
have never been able to equal the execution
of their workmanftiip. To this circum-
ftance alfo is aicribed a ftriking peculia-
rity in the ftate of Hindoollan, the neriiia-
nence of its inltitutions, and the immu-
tability in the manners of the inhabitants.
Hence it is, that the Hindoos admit no
converts, nor are themlclves ever con-
verted, whatever the Roman miffionaries
may pretend. The Hallachores may be
here excepted, who are glad to be admit-
ted into any Ibciety where they are treattd
9s fellow creatures. The Hindoos vie
with the Chinefe, in r«^pe£l to the anti-
quity of their nation; and the doJlrine of
tranfinigration is one of their diftinguifh-
ing tenets. Their inftitutions of religion
form a complete fyftem of luperftition,
upheld by every tjbi::^ which can excite
the reverence of the people. The temple*
confecrated to their deities, are magnifi-
cent ; their religious ceremoines fplendid ;
and the abiblute dominion which the
Bramiils Ivave obtained over the minds af
the people, is fupported by the command
of the immenfe revenues, with which the
libe? ality of princes, and the zeal of pil-
grims and devotees, have enriched their
pagodas. The dominion of religion ex-
tends to a thoufand particulars, which,
in other countries, are gjvenied by the
civil laws, or by tafte, cuftom, or famion.
Their drefs, their food, the common in-
tercourfes of life, their marriages, and
profelfions, are all under the jurildiftion
of religion. The food of the Hindoos
is fimpTe, confifting chiefly of rice, ghee
(a kind of imperfeift butter) milk, vege-
tables, and oriental i'pices. The wanior
call may eat of the Itelh of goats, ftieep,
and poultry. Other fuperior carts may
eat poultry and fifn j bnt the inferior cads
are prohibited from eating flefh or fifli of
any kind. Their greateft luxury con-
filts in the ufe of the richeft fpiceries and
perfumes, of which the great people ai*e
very lavifli. They efteem milk the pureft
oi' food, becaule they think it partakes
of iome of the properties of the neftar of
their gods, and becaufe they efteem the
cow itlelf almoft as a divinity. Their
manners are gentle. Their happinefs
ccnfirts in the folaces of domeftic lite j and
they are taught by their religion, that
matrimony is an indifpenfable duty in
every man, who does not entirely feparatc
himl'elf from the world, from a principle
of devotion. Their religion permits
them to have feveral wives ; but .ney
feldom have more than one ; and their
wives are diftinguifhed by a decency of
demeanour, a iolicitude in their families,
and a fidelity to their vows, which might
do honour to human nature in the moft
civilized countries. The cuttom of wo-
men burning themfelves on the death of
their hufbands is ftill prafiifed in Hin-
dooftan. In ibme parts of India, as the
Camatic, it is aflerted, that they dig a
pit, in which is depofited a large quantity
of combuftible matter, which is fet on
fire, and the body being let down, the
viftim throws herfelf into the flaming
mafs. In other places, a pile is raifed
extremely high, and the botly, with the
wife, is placed upon it, and then the
whole is fet on lire. In the Code of
Gentoo Laws, tranftated by Mr. Hal-
head, is the following pp.lTage concerning
this practice : " It is pivper for a v/omr.n,
after her hulband's itc?.th, to bum herlclf
:h I N
H I N
ia the fire with his corpfe. Every woman,
who thus burns her&lfV Ihall remain in
paradife with her hulband three crores and
fifty lacks of vears, by deftiny. If /he
cannot barn, ftie muft, in that cafe, pre-
ferve an inviolable chattity : if Ihe re-
main always chalte, flie goes to paradile j
and if ftie do not prdisrve her chafUty,
ihe goes to hell." This code of laws,
with their facre< books, the Veidam and
the Shaltah, wcr^ ritten in the Sanfcrit
language, which i. very copious and nef-
▼ous, although the lt;.'le of their beft au-
thors is wonderfully concife. Hindoolian,
toward the N is pretty temperate j but
hot toward the s, and it rains almoft con-
ftantly for three months in the year. Its
products, and various other particulais,
will be found under the different names of
its provinces, cities, to^"ns, mountains,
and rivers, defcribed in the courle of this
work. See India.
HiNGHAM, a town in Norfolk, with
a market on Saturday, i% miles sw of
Norwich, and 97 NE of Londoh. Lon. i
4 E, lat. 52 43 N.
HiNZUAN, or Joanna, one of the
Comora Iflands, between the N end of
Madagafcar and the continent of Africa.
It has been governed, about two centuries,
hy a colony of Arabs, and exhibits a cu-
rious inftance of the flow approaches to-
ward civilization, which are made by a
fmall community, with many natural ad-
vantages. This ifland is a proper place
. of refrefliment for the India fhips, whofe
crews, when ill of the fcurvy, foon re-
cover by the ufe of limes, lemons, and
oranges, and from the air of the land.
The town where the king rcfides is at the
JB fide of the ifland, dofe to the iea, at the
foot of a very high hill ; and though it
is three quarters of a mile in length, it
does not contain above zoo houfes. The
better kind of houfcs are built of ftone,
■within a com't-yard, have a portico to
fliield them from the i'un, and one long
lofty room where they receive guefts j the
^ther apartments being facred to the wo-
olen. The fides of their rooms are co-
vered with a number of fmall mirrors,
bits of China ware, .and other little orna-
ments that they procure from the fhips :
Che moft fuperb of them are fumimed
with cane fofas, covered with chintz and
'iatittmatrailes. The homed cattle area
kind of buffaloes, which are delicious
«ating ; but there is not one hocic;, mule,
or ais, in all the ifland. The original
•natives, in number about 7000, occupy the
hills, and are gtaierally at war with the
Arabku iiuwloperij vh« <;llabliih«4 tluju-
felves on the feacoaft by conaueft, aui
are about 3000 in number. Tnough Jo«.
anna is not tlie lar^ett, it may be reck-
oned the principal of the Comora ifland*,
for it exaiSls tribute from all the othtrtt
but thefe pretentions it is fometimet ob.
liged to aflert by the fword. They get
their iupplies of arms and ammunition
from fliips that touch here } and it is cuf-
tomary for all to make prefents of armt
and powder to the prince when he pays a
vifit on board, which he djes to everf
one. When any fliip touches here, it it
furrounded by canoes, and the deck ia
crowded by natives of all ranks, from the
kich-born chief who waflies linen, to die
half-naked flave who only paddles. Mott
of them have letters of recommendation
from Engliflimen, which none of than
are able to read, though they fpeak En-
gliih intelligibly ; and fome appear vain
of titles, as lord, duke, and prince, which
our countrymen had given them in play,
according to their fuppofed ftationt.
They have a regular form of govermnent,
and exercife the Mahometan religion ;
both being introduced by the Arabs. Tho
colour of thele two races of men is verr
different : the Arabs have not fo deep a
tinge as the others, being of a copper
complexion, with better teatares, and a
more animated countenance. They con-
fider a black flreak under the eyes as or-
namental , and this they make every day,
with a brufli dipt in a kind of ointment.
The cufiom of chewing the betel-nut pre-
vails here,a8 in molt of the eaftern co\mtries j
and anfwers to the fafliion of taking friufF
with us, except that with tliem it is mora
general. Their religion licenics a plurality
of wives, and likewife concubines. They
are extremely jealous of them, and never
allow any man to fee the wc.nen ; but
female ftrangers are admitted into the
haram ; and fome Englifli ladies, whofe
curiofity has led them there, make favor-
able reports of their beauty, and richneft
.of apparel, difplayed in a profufion of
ornaments of gold, filver, and beads, i^
form of necklaces, bracelets, and ear-
rings. The men feem not to look with
indifference on our l^ir countrywoixieii,
notwithftanding they are of fuch a dif-
ferent complexion. One of the firft rank
among them being much fnrutten with 1^
young En^liftj lady, wiihed to make a
fiurchafe or her at the price of 5000 dol-
arr, } but on being informed that the lady
would fetch at leaft 20 times that fum in
India, he lamented that her value was io
far luperiov to what he could afford to
give. They ars ytrv tcmpeiai^ and» ahr
■«"/^7
' -tr^jf^V: — •'***•. ...I. * ■
.0
s
H I R
ttoMfnu, wine being forbidden them by
the law of Mahomet) and are frequent
in prayer,, attending their mofques three
or four time* a day. Thefe people pro-
fefs a particular regard for our nation,
wad are very fond of repeating to you, that
Jofuma-man and Engliihman all brothers :
aait never fail to aJk How king George
do i In general, they appear to be a cour-
teous and well-dirpolcd. people, and very
fair and honeit in their aealines, though
there aiT aqjong them, as in all other na-
tions, fome vicioufly inclined ; and theft
is much pra^iifed by the lower clais, not-
withltanding the punifhment of it is vei'y
cxempliury, being amputation of both
hands ot the delinquent. The climate
here promotes vegetation to fuch a degree
as requires little toil, but that little is
denied; fo that, beyond orar^es, bana-
nas, pineapples, cocoa-nuts, yams, and
imrflain . (all growing fpontaneoufly) few
vegetables are met with. The face of
the country is very pifturefque and pleaf-
ing. Lofty mountains, clothed to their
very fummits ; deep and iiigged vallies,
adorned by frequent catarafls, cafcades,
woods, rocks, and rivulets, intermixed,
form the landlcape. Groves are feen ex-
tending over the plains to the very edge
of the Tea, formed principally by the
palm and cocoa-nut trees, whofe long
and naked ftems leave a clear and unin-
terrupted paflage beneath; while their
tufted and ovcrfpreading tops form a
thick fliade above, and keen off the icurch-
ingrays of the fun. In tne interior part
of the idand, furrounded by mountains
of a prodigious height, and about 15
miles from the town, is a facred lake,
half a miie in circumference. The adja-
cent hills, covered with lofty trees, and
the folitude of the place, feem more cal-
culated to infpire religious awe, than any
fan^lity that is to be difcovcred in a par-
cel of wild ducks inhabiting it, which
are deified and worihipped by the origi-
nal natives. Lon. 44 15 e, lat. 12 30 s.
Hio, a town of Sweden, in W Goth-
land, feated on the lake Wette;*, 145
miles sw of Stockholm. Lon. 14 o e,
lat. 57 53 N.
HiRCH-HoRN, a town of Germmy,
in the palatinate of the Rhine, with a
caftle. It is feated on the fide of a hill,
on the Neckar, near Eberbach.
HiRCHFELO, a town of Germany,
in the circle of the Upper Rhine, capi-
tal of a principality of the fame name,
depending on a famous abbey, which was
fecularized in favour of the houfe of
Hefl«-Can*-K It is feated on the Fulde,
HOE . ■,
16 miles NE of the town of Fuldr» and
3a SE of Cafi*-*!. Lon. ^ 50 e, lat. 50
56 N.
HiRSBERG, a town of Silefia, famous
for its mineral baths. It is feated on tb«
Bo far, 44 miles sw of Breflaw.
HisPANiOL.\. See Domingo, St.
HiTCHiN, a town in Hertfordshire,
with a market on Tuefijay. The inha-
bitants make great quantities of malt;
and the market is very confiderable for
wheat. It is I $ miles nnw of Hertford,
and 34 r. v of London. Lon. o 10 W^
lat. 51 58 N. ^
HiTHE or Hvthe, a b6rough in
Kent, with a market on Saturday. It is
one of the Cinque Poits, governed by a
mayor, and fends two members to par-
liament. It had formerly four pariines,
but now only one ; . and the harbour is
choked up. It i^ 10 miles w of Dover,
and 68 se of London. Loa. i ]o E,
lat. 51 8 N.
HOAi-NGAN-FOV, a populous city of
China, in the province ot Kiang-nan. It
is feated in a marfh, and is incloled by
a triple wall. The fuburbs extend to
the dittance of a league on each fide of
the canal, and fonn, at their extremity,
a kind of port on the river Hoang-ho.
HoANG-HO. See Yellow River.
HoANG-TCHEOu-FOU, a populous and
commercial city of China, in the province
of Hou-quang. Its difirifl contains one
city of the fecond and eight of the third
clafs.
HocHBERG, a marquifate of Suabia,
in Brifgaw, belonging to the prince of
Baden Dourlach.
HocHSTET, a town of Suabia, re-
markable for the great battle gained near
it by the duke of Marlborough, in 1704,
and which the EngiiHi call the battle of
Blenheim, from a village three miles sw
of this place. It is feated on the Danube,
22 miles NE of Ulm. Lon. 10 33 E, lat^
.38 48 N.
HoDDESDON, a town in Herts, yirith
a market on Thurfday, feated near the
Lea, three miles s of Ware, and 17 N
by E of London. Lon. o 5 E, lat. 51 '49 n.
HoEi-TCHEOU, a city of Chba, in
the province of Kiang-nan, famous for
its tea, vamiih, and engravings. It is
one of the richelt cities in the empire,
and has fix cities of the third cbfs de-.
pendant on it.
HoEi-TCHEOV-FOV, a commercial
city of China, in the province of Qiiang»
tong. Its jurifdi£l:on contains ix citie*
of the fecond and third clafs. .> '■■*
HofiKELVN, S«9 JtiEVKIliVM^ -^^
H O L
H O L
HoENZOLLERN> a town rof Suabia,
capital of a county of the fame name,
as miles s of Stutgard. Lon. 9 6 E, lat.
48 23 N
HoESHT, a to.vn of Germany, in the
electorate of Mentz,' feated on the Maine,
three miles from Franc tort.
HoGUE, Cape La, on the Nw point
of Normandy, near which admiral Rooke
burnt 13 French men ot war, in 1692.
Lon. I 52 w, lat. 49 45 N.
Ho-KIEN-Fou, a city of China, in
the province of Pe-tcheli. It has two
cities of the ftconJ and 15 of the third
clafs in its diltrift. It is 125 miles s of
Pekin.
HoLBEACH, a town in Lincolnshire,
with a market on Thuri'day, 11 miles s
by E of Bofton, and loX N by E of Lon-
don. Lon. THE, lat. 52 z? n.
HoLDERNESS, a divifio 1 of the e
riding of York/hire, which has a very
rich foil, and is remarkable for its large
breed of horned cattle and horics.
HoLDSWORTHY, a town in Devon-
fhire, with a market on Saturday. It is
i^ted between two branches of the Ta-
mar, 43 miles ene of Exeter, and 215
W by s of London. Lon. 2 42 w, lat.
50 50 N.
Holland, the moft confiderabie of
the United Provinces of the Netherlands.
It is bounded en the w and N by the
German Ocean j on the e by the Zuider-
Zee, Utrecht, and Guclderiand; and on
the s by Zealand and Dutch Brabant.
It is divided into S and N Holland j which
laft is alio ci.ikd VV Friedand, to diltin-
guifli it from FrlcUand on the E fide of
the Zuidcr-Zec ; ?nd the Jlates are called
the States of Holland and W Friefland.
The Ye, a fmall bay, which is an txten-
fion of the Zuidv'r-Zee, feparates S
Holland from N Holland. This province
is not above 1 80 miles in circumi'erence j
but is fo populous, that no country in
the world, of luch a imall extent, can
e4ual it. The land is almoft every where
lower than the lea ; and the water Is
kept out by dikes. It is crofled by the
Rhine and Maefe, by feveral fmall rivers,
and by a great munbcr of canals, on
which they travel day and night at a fmall
expence. The paftures are fo rich, that
it has plenty of cattle, butter, and cheeie,
and the feas and rivers abound with fi(h.
There are 400 large towns, and 18 cities,
which make up the dates of the province,
and Several others that have not the fame
privilege. The houfes are well built,
and extremely neat and . clean. It has
•onCderable lineo and woollen rouiufac-
turee, apd numerous docks for the build-
ing of fliips. The French effeaed, by
the aid of a fevere froft, the entire con-
quelt of this province in Januaiy 17951
and till the era of a general pacihcation,
no account of any permanent government
can be given. The eftabliftied religioa
is Calvinifm ; but all religious fefts are
tolerated. Amltcrdam is the capital.
Holland, a diftrift In the se part of
LincolnHiire, divided into Upper and
Lower, and lying contiguous to the
/hallow inlet of the German Ocean, called
the Wa/h. In nature, as well as appel-
lation, it refembles the prorince of the
fame name in the Netherlands. It confifta
entirely of fens and marfhes } fome in a
ftate of nature, but others cut by num-
berlefs drains and canals, an^ crofled by
cauleways. The Wer, or s divifion, is
the molt watery, and is preferved froni
conftant Inundations by vaif banks, raifed
oil the feacoaft and rivcrs. The air is un-
whqlefoir.e, and the water, in general,
i'o brackiflx, as to be unfit for internal
purpofcs ; en which account, the inha-
bitants are obliged to make refervoirs of
rain-water. In iiimmer, vaft (warms of.
inlL'vTis prove a great nuil'ance. Yet eve^
here industry has produced comfort .ind
opulence, by foniiing excellent pafture
land out of the fwamps and bogs, and
even making them capable of producing
large crops of corn. The ftns, in their
native ftate, produce vaft quantities of
rteds, which make the bcft thatch, ami
are annYially haryefted in great quantities
for that purpofc. Prodigious flocks of
geefe arei breu among the undrained fens,
forming a confiderabie objc6l of com-
merce, as well for their ..qvills and
feathers, as for the biixi itlelf. The
principal decoys in England for wild
ducks,, teal, wigeon, and other fowls of
the duqk kind, are 11^' thefe parts. Wild
geefe, godwits, coots, reeves, and a great
variety -of other fpecies of vyaj:erFowl,
breed |iere in amazing numbers} and
ttarlings refort during winter. In my-
riads, to rooft on the roeds.
Holland, IIew, the largelt known
land that does not besr the name of a
continent : it extends from 1030 to 43 42 s
jat, and from 1 10 30 to 1 5 3 30 E lon, fo that
its fquare furface confiderably exceeds that
of Europe. When this vaft ifland was
firft difcovered U uncertain. In the be-
ginning of laft centuiy, the N and w
coafts were ttaced by the Dutch : the
s extremity was difcovered by Tafinan,
in 1642. Cuptain Cook, in 1770, ex-
plored the E and ne from 38* s, and
S -.
1
i,"
i;!'
f
H O L
aftertained its reparation ffom New Gui-
nea,; and} in i773» captain Fumeaux, bv
conne^ing Talinan'u difcoveries with
Cook's, completed the circuit. In that
part of it, wh.cU Tafman diftinguiOled by
the name of Van Dieman's Land, and
which was vifited by Fumeaux in i773»
•and again by Cook, in i777» the land
i«, for the moft part, of a good height,
diverfified with nills and vallies. See
Wales, New South.
Holm* a town in Cumberland, with
a market on Saturday. It is fometimes
called Abbey-Holm, *rom an abbey that
formerly ftood herev It is ieated on an
arm of the fea, i* miles N of Cocker-
mouth, and 310 NNW of London. Lon.
3 19 w, lat. 54 53 N.
Holm SCALE, a rough and woody
traft in Siury, lying immediately beneath
the hills to the s and E of that county,
and extending into Ktnt. Rcl deer are
ftill found here} and it abounds with the
holm oak.
HoLSTEiN, a duchy of Lower Saxony,
fubjeft to the king of Denmark. It is
100 miles in length, and 50 in breadth;
bounded on the N by Sieiwick, on the e
"by the Baltic and the duchy of Saxe
Lawenburg, on the s by the duchies of
Bremen and Lunenburg, and on the w
by the German Ocenn. It is a pleaf:mt
fruitful country, and is well feated for
trade ; having lome confiderable harbours,
particulaily thofe of Hamburg and Lubec.
There are fome imperial «ities> which
, are governed by their refpeilive magif-
trates, but the religion of the whole
country is Lutheran. The king of
Penmark, as duke of Holftein, is a
Srince of the empire. The diftrift of
ael, in this counti7, was formerly in the
poffeflion of the line of Holftein Gottcrp,
and belonged to the late ezar Peter iii ;
but, in 1773, the prefent emprefs ceded
it to his Danifh majefty, in exchange for
the counties of Oldenburg and Delmen-
hoift, which lh« gave to the bifhop of
Lubec; fo that fhe king of Denmark
now poflefTes the whole duchy } the im-
perial cities excepted.
Holt, a town in Norfolk, with a
market on Saturday, 20 miles nnw of
Noi-wich, and laz N£ of London. Lon.
I 6 £, lat. 53 5 N.
Holy Kland, an ifland on the coaft
of Northumberland, fix miles se of
Berwick. It is two miles lon^ and one
bixjad : the foil rocky and full of ftones.
It hns a town and a caftly, under which
Is a commodious harbour, defended by a
%{ockhotife. On thh i|^iui« wiUch h
HON
Hkewife caljrd Lindisfame, arc the rtrtna
of a ftately monaftery ; and heri was an-
ciently a biihop's fee, removed, with tht
body of St. Cuthbert, firft to Chcfter-U
Street, and aftCi-ward to Durham.
Holyhead, a feaport and cape of th«
Hie of Anglefea. It is the moft ufuat
place of embarkation for Dublin, there
being packet-boats that fail for that city
every day, except Tuefday, wind and
weail\er permitting. On the adjacent
rocks the herb grows of which kelp is
made; and in the neighbourhood is a
large vein of white fuller's eaith, and
another of ytUow. On the ifle of
Skerries, nine u;ilcs to the M, i» a light-
houfe. Holyhead is 93 miles WNw of
ClK'fter, and 269 NW of London. Lon.
4 Z2 w, lat. 53 19 N.
Holywell, a town in Flintfhire,
with a maiket on Friday. Although iit
great part a new town, it is become, from
Its vicinity to the mines, the moft
flour ilhing in the county. It takes its
namt from the famous well of St. Wini-
fred, concerning which fo many fablci^
and fuperftitious notions have prevailed.
It is a copious ftream, burfting out of
the ground with great impetuofity, at the
foot of a hill. Befidc the cold bath, ce-
kbrated for wonderful cures, formed at
the fpring-head, and covered with a beanti-
fill Gothic ftirlne,' it is now applied to
the purpol'e of turning feveral mills for
the working of copper, making braA
wire, paptr, and fnuff, and Ipinning
cotton. It is 10 miles e of St. Afaph, ana
aia NE of Lorulon. Lon. 3 ar w, lat,
54 »3 N.
HoMBURc, a town of Germany, in
the landgravate of Helfe Caflel, 60 miU^
NW of Francfort. Lon. 9 at e. lat. 50
45 N.
Ho M BURG, a town of Gennany, in
the duchy of Detix-Ponts, 50 miles SB ttf
Treves. Lon. 7 3* e, lat. 49 16 N.
Ho- NAN, a province of China, bounded
on the N by the provinces of Pe-tcheli
and Chan-£, on the £ by Kiang-f> and
Chan-tong, on the s by Hou-qnang, and
on the w by Cheu-fi. As every thing
that can. contribute to render a country
delightful, is found in this province,
the Qiinefc call it Tong-hoa, The middla
Flower. It is, indeed, lituate iilmoft in
the centre of China. Befide Cai-fong.
fou, its capital, it contains fevien citiea
of the firft clafs, and loa of the fecoul
and third.
HoNAN-FOV, a city of China, in the
provirice of Honan. It has under it«.
jurlfdiSUon ai« city of tb» A^^ond chiiV»
HON
HO ft.
UiA It of the thirti. It it 500 n>>^* *^ <^"''a» »• Vr.lladolid. Sec MoiqyiTO
of Pekin. Shore.
Honduras, a large province of New Honfleur, a confiderable feaport of
Spain bounded on the N by the bay of France, in the department of Calvadot
Honduras, on the E by the Mofqaito and late province of Normandy. Th«
Shore on the s by Nicaragua, and on harbour is very rapacious, at the mouth
' ^ ' *- ■^^-' of the Seine; and its principal trade U
in lace. It is eight miles n of Pont
I'Eveque, and 110 NW of Paris. Lon.
o 15 E, lat. 49 24 N.
HoNiTON, a borough in Devonfhire>
thew by Chiapa and Guatimala. This
province, and the peninfula of Juc;;tan,
on the other (ide of the bay ot Honduras,
do not, like the other tenitories ot Spam,
in the New World, derive their value
either from the fertility of their foil, or with a markei on Saturday. A dreadful
the richnefs of their mines; but they fire happened here in 1747, which coh-
produce, in greater abundance than any Turned three parts of the town, and the
paitof America, the logwood-tree, which, damage was computed at 43,oorl '-
•ndying fome colours, is fo far preferable *- *" "^
to any other material, that the conJ'umpiion
of it in Europe is confiderable, and it is be-
come an article in commerce of great va-
has a chinch, half a mile from the town,
and a chapel wirhin it ; and at the end
of the town is a hill, which commands
one of the raoft beautiful profpefts in
lue. During a long period, no European the kingdom. Honiton lends two mem-
nation intruded upon the Spaniards in theie 'bers to parliament, and has a large ma-
' " " nufafture of white thread and bonelace.
It is feated on the Otter, 16 miles E of
Exeter, and 156 w by s of London.
Lon. 3 12 w, lat. 50 45 N.
Hood Island, an iiland in the S
provinces, or attempted to obtain any
Ihare in this branch of trade. But, after
the conquefl of Jamaica by the Englifh,
one of the firft objefts of the fettlers on
that ifland, was the great profit arifing
from the logwood trade, and the facility Pacific Ocean, the moft northern of the
of wi-efting Ibme portion of it from the
Spaniards. Their firil attempt was made
at Cape Catoche, the se promontory
of Jucatan. When moft of the trees
near this cape were felled, they removed
to the ittand of Trift, in the bay of Cam-
peachy; and, in later times, their prin
Marquefasj difcovered and named by^
captain Cook, in i774» Lon. 1 38 47 w,
lat. 9 26 s.
HoOGLY, a fmall but ancient city
of Hindcoftan, in Bengal. It is now
nearly in ruins, but poffefles nrany veftiges
of former greatnefs. In the beginning
cipal ftation has been in the bay of Hon- of this century, it was the great murtoF
duras. The Spaniards endeavoured by the export trade of Bengal to Europe. It
negociation and open force, to prevent
the Englilh from obtaining any footing
on this part of America. But, after
ftruggling againft it tor more than a
rtntury, the difafters of an unfortunate
war extorted from the court of Madrid,
in 1763, a confei\f to tolerate- this fet-
is I'eated on an arm of the Ganges, called
I'oogly River, 26 miles N of Calcutta.
Lon. 88 28 E, lat. 32 30 N.
HoOGLY River, an arm of dl«
Ganges, formed by the uniorxof Its two
weftcrnmoft branches, named the Cof-
fimbuzar and Yellinghy rivers. It is the
tlement'of foreigners in the heart of its port of Calcutta, and the only branch of
territories. This privilege was confirmed the Ganges that is conunonly navigated
by the definitive ti-eaty of 1 78 3 ; by which by Ihips.
it was ftipulated, under certain reftric- Hoocstraten, a town of Dutcit
tions, that the English ihould confine Bi-abant, capital of a county of the famf
thcmlelves within the dilhi6t, lying be- name, 10 miles s of Breda,
tween the rivers Wallis, or Bellize,' and Hope, a fmall river in EfTex, which
Rio Hondo, taking the courle of thefe two rifes near Laindon Hills, waters Staitford-
rivers for unalterable boundaries, fo as le-Hope, and entering the Thames, be-
fhat the navigation of them be common low Mucking, gives name to a noted reach
to both nations. And, by a convention of that river.
(igned in 1786, the Englifh were not
only permitted to cut logwood, but ma-
hogany, or any other kind of wood, and
to carry away any other produce of the
country; and alio to occupy the fmall
ifland called Cafma, St. George's Key,
HOREB, a mountain of Arabia Petreat
at the foot of which is a monaftery»
where a bifhop of the Greek church re-
fides. There are two or three fin«
fprings, and a gieat number of fruit-trees,
Horn, a confiderable town of the
or Cayo Caiiwii jb9 9^f^^ 9C JifA" Vf^i^^ Provinces, in N Holland, with a
*;*4.v»H„ »»'*<»»>'^*-»
HOT
HOT
m:'
good harbotif . Here they fat cattle that
come from Denmark and Holftein. It is
feated on the B fide of the ZAiidei*.Zce,
13 miles NH of Amfteidam. Lon. 4. 59
E| lat. 5z 38 N.
Horn, a town of the Auftrian Ne-
therlands, capital of a comity of the fame
name, in the bidiopric of Liege. Lon.
5 55 E, lat. 51 14 N.
HoRNDACH, a town of Germany, In
the duchy of Deiix-Ponts, on the river
Horn, with a Bcncdiftine abbey, five
miles SE of Deiix-Ponts. Lon. 7 36 e,
lat. 49 10 N.
HoRNBERG, an ancient town of Sua-
bia, in the Black Forcft, and in the
duchy of Wirtembcrg, with a fortrefs on
a mountain. It is fcatcd on the Gutiafli,
21 miles NE of Friburg. Lon. i 27 E,
lat. 4I? li N.
Horn, Cape, the mod fouthem part
of Tierra-del-Fuego, in S America,
roimd which all (hips now pafs that fail
into the Pacific Ocean. Lon. 67 26 w,
lat. 55 58 s.
H0RNCASTI.E, a town in Lincoln-
fliire, with a market on Saturday. It
was a Roman ftation, and part of the
wall of the caftic is ftill remaining. It
is (bated on the Bane, ao miles e of
Lincoln, and 136 N of London. Lon.
O 2 w, lat. 53 14. N.
HoRNCHTJRCH, a village in Elfex,
two miles E by s of Rumford, of which
it is the mother church. A large pair
of horns is affixed to tl^ e end of the
church, for which tradition affigns a
i%afon too idle to be repeated.
HoRNDON, a town in EfTex, with a
market on Saturday. It is ieated on a hill,
which commantls a beautiful profpeft,
J 6 miles 3 by w of Chelmsford, and 19
£ of London. Lon.o 35 e, lat. 51 32 N.
Hornsey, a town in the E riding of
Yorkfhire, with a market on Monday,
40 miles E of York, and 188 N of Lon-
don. Lon. o I w, lat. 53 56 N.
Horsens, a feaport of Denmark, in
Jutland, feated en the bottom of a bay,
that opens into the Categate near the
ifland of Hiarnoe, 125 miiks w by N of
Copenhagen. Lon. 9 40 £, lat. 55 57 n.
Horsham, a borough in Suifex, with
a market on Saturday, noted for fine
poultry. Here is the county goal, and
the alTizes are ibmetimes held here. It fends
two members to parliament, and is 36
miles 8 by w of London. Lon. q 12 w,
51 8 N.
Hottentots, Country of the,
a laige region in the s extremity of Af-
fica/ext»mling n by w, from the Cape
a
of <70od Hope, beyond the mouth o(
Orange River, and from that cape, in an
ene dircAton, to the mouth uf the Great
Fifh River, which parts it from Cuffraria.
It lies between the tropic of Capricorn
and 35^ s lat. and is boundeil on the \v, s,
and E by the Atlantic, Southern, and
Indian Oceans, and on the N by regions
very little, if at all explored. TheHot-
tentots are as tall as moft Europeans, but
are more (lender; and the chiu'acteriftic
mark of this nation is. the fmallnefs of
their hands and feet compared with the
other parts of their body. Th«ir (kin is
of a yellowifh brown hue, refembling
that of nn Eui-opcan who has the JAundice
in a high degree. There are not luch
thick lips among the Hottentots as among
their neighboxirs the Negi'o«s, the CiUfres,
and the Mozambiques ) and thdr mouth
is of the middling fize, with the fincft
list of teeth imaginable. Their heads arc
covered with hair, more woolly, if pof-
fible, than that of the Negroes. With
refpe^l to (hape, carriage, and every mo-
tion, their whole appearance indicates
health and content. In their mien,
moreover, a degree of careleflhefs is ob-
fervable^ that di (covers marks of alacrity
and relblution; qualities, which, upon
occafion, they certainly can exhibit. Not
only the men, but the women alfo arc
clothed with flieep-(kins ; the wool being
worn outward in fummer,, and inward
in winter. They wear one ikin cjver
their fhoulders, the ends of it croffing
each other before, and leaving their neck
bare; another is faftened round their
middle, and reaches down to tl eir knees.
They befmear their bodies all over with
fat, in which a little foot is mixed : and
this is never wiped off. They are like-
wife perfumed with powder of herbs,
Jobbing it all over them, when they be-
fmear themlelves. The odour of this
powder is rank and aromatic, and comes
nearelt to that of the poppy mixtd with
fpices. The women who ^re ambitious
to pleafe, not only greafe all the naked
pai'ts of their body>.<to make them (hine,
but braid or plait their hair as an addi-
tional eleganc£) and adorn themlelves
with neckuces of (hells. A Hottentot
lady, thus bedizened, has exhau(ied all
the ai'ts of her toilet ; and however
unfavorable nature may have been, with
regard to (hape and ftature, her pride is
wonderfully flattered, whij<| the (plendour
of her appearance givC$Rfeer the higheft
degi-ee of fatisfa6lion. But with all this
vanity, they are not devoid of rngtleity ;
for the females of this nation covwH' them-
Rncvn«niai«g
HOT
HOT
the mouth of
frfves much nioie fcnipuloufly than the
rocn. They leldom content themlVlve*
with one covering, hut almoft always
l«ve two, and very often three. Thefe
are made of well-greaftd Ikin, and are
faftened about their bodiei with a thong,
almoft like the aprons of our ladies.
The outenuolt is the hugelt, finelt, and
molt Ihowy, and frecjucntiy luhrned with
glais beads ftnuig m di/k-reut figures.
Both the men and wonmn generally go
bareheaded. Neither ihtir ears nor nole
are adorned with any pendent ornaments,
as they are among other I'avages ; but the
Dole is lomctimes, by way of greater
ftate, marked with a black Itreak of loot,
•r with a large I'pot of red lead ; of
which latter, on high days, they likcwife
put a little on their cheeks. Both fexes
wear rings on their arm* and legs. Moft
of tiiefe are made of thick leather ftraps,
exit in a circular ftiape j and thefe have
given rife to the received notion, that
the Hottentots wrap guts about their
legs, in order to eat them occafionally.
Kings of iron, copper, or brafs, of th«
fizy of a goofe-quill, are confidered as
more genteel than thofe of leather; but
the girls are not allowed to ufe any rings
till they are marriageable. The Hotten-
tots feldom wear any Ihoes. What they
do wear, are made of undrefled leather,
with the hairy fide outward: they are
rendered foft and pliable, by being beat
and moifttined, and are very light and
cool. Their habitations are adapted to
their wandering paltoral life. They arc
merely huts, rcfembling a round bee-hive
or a vault, from 1 8 to z4 feet in dia-
meter, and lb low as fcarcely poflible for
a middle-fized man to ftand upright. But
neither the lowneis of the hut, nor that
of the door, which is barely three feet
high, can be confidercd as any inconveni-
ence to a HotteRtot, who finds ho difficulty
in itooping and crawling on all-fours, and
who is, at any time, more inclined to lie
down than ttand. The fire-place is in the
middle, and they fit or lie round it in a
circle. The low door is the only .place
that admits the lightj and the only out-
let that is left for tne fmoke. The Hot-
tentot, inured to it from his infancy,
fees it hover round him, without feeling
the Icaft inconvenience arifing from it to
his eyes; or rolled up, like a hedge-hog,
fnug in his Ikin, he lies in the midit of
this cloud, till he is now and then
obliged to peep out from beneath his
Iheep-lkin, in order to Itir the fire, or
perhaps to light his pipe, or turn the
Ikak he is broiling ovet the coal. The
order of thefe huts in a craal, or clan, ir
molt frequently in the fdim of a circle,
with the doors inward ; by which rntau*
a kind of yaixl is formed, where the cattle
are kept at night. Such are the Hotten-
tots in the vicinity of the Ca|ie of Good
Hope. In 1778, lieutenant PiUcrlon
vifitcd a Hottentot village in the >mall
Nimiqua Land, in the NW part of the
countiy : it confiltcd of 1 9 huts and about
I 50 inhabitants. The enfign of autho-
rity, worn by their chief, was a rane
with a brafs top, given to him by the
Dutch E India Company, f he Hotten-
tots amiifed iheiii,' part of the night,
with mvuic and dancing: their vifitors,
in return, treated them with tobacco and
dacka, or her;ip leaves, which they prefer
even to tobacco. Their mulic was pro-
duced from flutes, made of the bark of
trees, of difFeitut fizes. The men form
thcmfelves into a cji cL-, with their flutes t
and the women dance round them.
Among other tribes of Hottentots nrethe
Bolhmans, who inhabit the mountains in
the interior part of the country, ne oi the
Cape, and are enemies to the paftcral
life. Some of theii maxims are, to live by
hunting nnd plunder, and never to keep
any animal alive for the fpace of one
night. On this account, they themlelves
are purfued and exterminated, like the
wild beafts whofe manners they have
afllimed. Some of them, when taken,
are kept alive, and made flaves of. Their
weapons are poilbned arrows, which, fliot
from a ftnall bow, will hit a maik, with
a tolerable degree of certainty, at the
diltance of 100 paces. Their habitation*
aie not more agreeable than their manners
and maxim j. Like the wild bealts, bufhes
and clefts in rocks ferve them by turns for
dwellings . Many of thbfe favages are en-
tirely naked J but Ibme of them cover their
body with the flcin of any fort of animal,
great or fmall, from the Ibeulder down-
ward as far as it will reacii, wearing it.
till it fall oflF their back in rags. As ig-
norant of agriculture as apes and monkies,
they ai"e obliged, like them, to wander
over hills and dales, after certain wild
roots, berries, and plants, which they eat
raw. Their table, however, is compofcd
of feveral other difhes, among which are
caterpillars, termites, locufts, grafljop-
pers, fn^kes, and fpiders. Another tribe
of Hottentots, near the mouth of Orange
River, were obferved by lieutenant Pater-
fon, in his journey to the NW in 1779.'
Their huts were loftier, and thatched
with grafsj and were fumilhed with
(tools made of the back, bones of the
HOT
H O U
ferampui. Their mode of living is in the
nigheft degree wrttched, and they are
apparently the moft dirty ot uU the Hot-
tentot tribe*. - Their drcfs is conpofed of
the (kins of feals and jacluls, the tielh of
which thsy eat. When a grampus is caft
•fljorc, ihcy remove their huts to the
' place, and I'ubAft upon it as long as any
part of It remains ; and, in ♦•his manner,
It icmetimes affords them fuftenance for
out; but the induftiiuiis Dutch ha^e
overcome all natm-al dlHiculties, and it
produces, not only a fufhciency of all
the necetVaries ot life for the inhabitants,
but alio for the reireihment of all the Eu-
ropean fhips that touch here. The
Dutch cunfider the year as divided into
two leaions, which they term monfooni {
the wet moonfoon, or winter, begins in
March ; and the dry one, or fummer, io
half a year, thouch in a great me^iluie de- September. Among the quadrupeds of
c;iyed and putreTitd by the lira. They this country are antelopes, which go in
fineartlieir Ikin with the oil, the odour of herds of ao,ooo each} buffaloesf came-
which is fo powerful, that their approach Icopardilifes ; the gems-boch, a fpeclea
may be perceived fonic time before they of antelope, which has remarkably long
app6ar in view. They carry their water Iharp hoins, and, when attacked by dogs,
in the (hells of odrich eggs, and the will fit on its hind quarters, and defend
bladders of feals, which they (hoot with itfelf ; wild dogs, which travel in herds,
arrows. With refpe6Ho the Hottentots, and are very deftruftive to (heep; ele-
in general, nvone of them feem to have any phants ; elks ; hyenas ; the koevio, an ani-
rejigion, nor do they appear willing to mal of a moufe colour, rather larger than
""" ■ any in(tru£Vion. All of them, our deer, with thiee white ftripes over the
receive any in(tru£Vi'on. All of
however, have the firmcft opinion of the
power of magic ; whence it mif;ht be in-
lerrcd, that they believe in an evil being;
but they p;iy no religious worfhip to him,
though from this Iburce they derive all
the evils that happen ; and among thefe
they reckon cold, rain, and tiiunder. So
ynpnilroudy ignorant ai'e they that the
Bofhmans will abufe the thunder with
back, and the male having veiy large
twilled horns; lions; jackals; tigers;
the quacha, a (pecies of the zebra, but
more tra^lable ; rhinocerofes ; hories j
domeitic horned cattle; common (heep,
and a peculiar (pecies of (heep covered
with hair inilead of wool. The hippo-
Eotamus or river-horfe is frequently ieen
ere. Among the birds are vultures}
many opprobrious epithets, and threaten oftriches, whofe eggs are excellent foods
to alTauIt the lighthine. Even the moft
intelligent of them could not be convinced
by Dr. Spanman, that rain was not al-
ways an evil, and that it would be an
unhappy circumftance were it never to
rain. They feem, howcvc:, to have
fome idea of a future ftate, as they re-
proach their friends, when dead, with
leaving them fo foon ; admoni(hing them
to behave henceforth more properly : by
which they mean, that their deceafed
friends (hould not come back again and
haunt them, nor allow themielves to be
made ufe of by wizards, to bring any
n^ifcbief on thofe that furvive thenii.
The Hottentots (leep promifcuoudy in
and the loxia, a (pecies of gregarious
bird: thefe latter build their curious
neft in the miraofa tree, where they form
a kind of thatched hoxife, with a regular
ftreet of ne(ts on both (ides, at about
two inches diftance (rom each other, and
containing under its roof, in one that
lieutenant Paterfon faw, upward of 800
birds. Among the infe£ts are, the ter-
mires, or white ants, which do no injury
to wood as in the £ Indies, bur, by
raifmg a number of hills, they impede
the progrefs of vegetation. The Hot-
tentots eat them; and lieutenant Paterfon,
who tailed this food, found it far from
diiagreeable. The locults alfo are efteemed
the fame hut, and are neither acquainted excellent food by the Bofhmans, by whom
with the difference of age, nor with that
invincible horror which feparates beings
conneftefl by blood. The country pof-
fefkd by the Dutch is of pretty confider-
able extent, comprehending not only the
large traft bptween Table Bay and
Falfe Bay, but that which is called Hot-
tehtot Holland, extending from Falfe
they are dried and kept for ule. The
black, or rock fcorpion, is nearly as
venomous here as any cf the I'erpent
tribe, of which there are numerous kinds.
HOUAT, an ifland of France, between
that of Beileifle and the continent. It is
10 miles in circumference.
HouDAH, a town of France, in tbe^
Say to the Cabo dos Agulhas, or Cape department of Eure and Loire and late
of Keedles, and the country farther e province of Beauce. It has a manufa£lure
beyond St. phriftopher's River, called of woollen ftockings, and is feated on the
Terra de Natal. The whole of this Vegre, 32 miles sw of Paris. Lon. |
1K>untry is i^^urallybafriinj^d mountain- 41 £, lat. 48 4.7 fi» , _ „
HOY
Il0VNtL0W,atown in Mtddlefex, with
a market on Thurfday. It is fituate on the
edge of a heath of the fame name, on which
arc I'ome jM)wder-miJl»» on a branch of
the river Coin. On this heath, James il
formed ac encampinent, after the fup-
prcliion of th« duke of Monmouth't
rebellion, in order the more effe^ually
to enliavc his lubietls. HoiuiUow is xo
mile* w by s of London.
Hov-^UASa, a province of China,
which occupie* ntarly the centre of tb«
empire, and is divided into two paits,
the N and s, by tlie river Yang- tic kiang.
It is a flat, open country, watered by
Jakes, canals, and river« ; and has plenty
of wild fowl and cattle. The foil is re-
markably fertile; gold is found in the
fands of the rivers ; and there is fuch a
variety of all Ibrts df commodities, that
it is called by the Chinele, the ftorehoule
of the empire. It contains 1 5 cities of
tlie firft clafs, and 1 14 of the fecond and
third. Vout-chang-fou is the capital.
Hou-TCHEOU-FOU, a city ot China,
in the province of Tchc-kiang, featcd
on a lake of the fume name. The
quantity of filk manufadured hext Is al-
nwft incredible. Its dlltrift contains one
city of the lecend, and fix of the third
dais. It is 160 miles NE of Nan king.
Lpn. 119 45 E, lat. 30 35 N.
||uwDEN, a toxirn in the E ridine of
Yorkfliirc, wlfh a market on Saturday.
It gives riam^ to ;i fmall diftri^ called
Jiowdenfhire, and has a large church,
like a cathedral. It i$ feated near the
Oufej 15 piiles se of York, and 179 n
by w pf J^ondoij. Loij'. 9 5* \v, lat.
53 a6 ji.
HoxTER, a town of Weftphallfi, feated
un the Wefer, 27 miles NE of Padcrborji.
Lon. 9 39 E, lat. 51 50 N.
Hoy, one of the Orkney Iflands, fitu-
ate between tlie iHand of Pomona and
the N coaft of Cailhnefsftiire. It ia.
10 miles long. On this illand, beiide
the great conic hill of Hoyhead, which is
a feamark, there is a ftupendous rock,
called the Beary, where a bird, named
the layer, fupppfed to be a fpecies of
penguin, is found. It is about the fire
of a fmall duck, remarkably fat, and
efteem^ by many a great delicacy. Thefe
birds burrow in the rabbit holes ; and the
Eerfon employed in taking the young is
It d^wn by a rope from the top ot the
precipice. In a gloomy -valley W this
iflancl, is a large ftone, 36 feef'Iong
and iS broad, called the Dwarfic ftone.
It^ is hollow within, having the form
«t' a bed and pillow cut in tb^ ^'^^Jk
riu D
a])d is ftippofed to have been the habltt*
tlon of a hermit. Lon. 3 to w, lat. $%
56 N.
Hove, a townofWeftphalla, caultah
of a county of the fame name, lubjtft
to the eleAor of Hanover. It is feated
on the Wefer, 43 miles Nw of Zell.
Lon. 9 6 E, lat. 5a 57 n.
Hradisch, a town of Moravia, on
nn illand in the river Morava, 30 mile^
SE of Olmutz, and 30 e of Brinn. Lon.
17 53 £i lat* 49 0 N.
Hua, or Kahua, a hvgt town of
Aila, capital of Cochin Chma, with %
royal palace. It is feated in a beautiful
ftlain, and divided into two parts by a
argc river. The inhabitants blacken
their teeth, thinking it a <Iiame to have
them white, like dogs; and they wear
their nails very long. Lon. 105 5 E, lat.
17 40 N.
HuAHiNE, one of the Society Iflands
in the S Pacific Ocean, 30 leagues from
Otaheite. It is ai miles in compafs,
and has a commodicus harbour. Lwn*
151 I w, lat. 16 44 s.
Hubert, St. a t©wn of Auftrran
Luxemburg, with an abbey, 10 miles se
of Kochcfort. Lon. 5 iz e, lat. 50 o N.
Huodersfievd, a town in the w '
riding of Yorkfluve, with a market oa
Tuelday. It is fituate near the Calder,
amid barren moors, and is the mart for
liarrow cloths, called plains. It is 4s
miles sw of York, and 1&9 nnw of
Lond6n. Lon. i 40 vv, lat. 53 40 N.
Hudson, a city of the United States,
in Nev<r York, which was begun to be
built in 17S3, and has had the moll
rapid progrefs of any place In America
except B:StImore, in Maryland. It is
feated on an eminence, on the e fide pf
Ifu^fpn's River, 30 miles s of Albany,
an<l J30 N tf New York. Lon. 75 20
w) lat. 4a 23 N.
Hudson's Ba v, a bay of N America,
lying between 51. and 69° n latitude,
and dilcovcred, in 1610, by captain
Henry Hudlbn. This intrepid mariner,
in learching after 'a nw paffage to the
Pacific Ocean, difcovered thac ftraits,
through which he hoped to find out a
new way to Afia by America. He had
made two voyages before on the fame
adventure; the firft in 1607, and the
fepond i|» 1668. In his third and laft,
. jn i^ip, he entered the ftraits that l^ad
iritp the bay known by his name j
coafted a great part of if, aVid penetrated
to 80 30 N lat. His ardour ior the dif-
; covery not being abated by the diffi-
culties hti ftrv^gkd with in this empire
"8 ♦ '•'"■••
■ ^*-*.»i»'^?4«».>-jat^-.-i«-4*--
'f
HUD
of froll and fnow, he ftaid here till the
cnfuing Tprin^, and then prcpnred to
purl'ue his difcovirien i but his crew,
who fuffered equal hurdfhips, without
the fame fpirit to lupport them, mu-
tinied, fei/ed him and leven of thrfc who
were moft faithful lo him, ami com-
mitted them to the icy ftas in un open
boat. Mudfon and his companicms wire
nivcr hcai'd of more j hut the fliip r.nd
the reft of the men returned home. Other
attempts toward a difcovery of that pal-
faee have been fmce made, but hitherto
v^ithout efFe6t. The entrance ot this
bay, from,, the ocenn, h between Rt!b-
lution Ifles, on the N, and Button's Ijles
©h the Labrador coaft to the s, forming
the E extremity of the ftrait, diftinguiflied
by the name of its great dilcovercr.
This bay communicates on the N, by
two itraits, with Baffin's Bay : on the i
fide it is bordered by Labrador, on the
sw by New S Wales, and on the w by
New N Wales. Thefe countries are
included under the name of New Britain,
and abound with animals whofe ikins
and furs are far fuperior in cjunlih' to
thofe foimd in lets northerly regions.
The natives are called Elquirnaux, and
Northern Indians j and are materially di.-
ferent from all the fouthern tribes. In
3670, a charter was granted lo a com-
•pany, which does not confilt of above
ten perfons, for tlie cxchilive tra:Ie to
this bay. This company poficis three
forts on the s coaft of James Bay, by
which the s termination of Hudlon's
Bay is diftinguilhed. Thefe faflories
are called Rupert, Mocfe, and Albany,
and they lie from 51 to 52° N lat, and
firom 75 to 79° w Ion. On the w fide
of Hudfon's Bay, confidcrably up Hayes
Hiver, is a faftojy called Flamborcuojh ;
and beyond this is York Fort, on Nelfon
River, in Ion. 9a 30, and lat. 57 25:
but the moft northern fettlement is Prince
of Wales' Fort, at the mouth of Church-
bill River, in Ion. 94 7, and lat. 58 48.
' In December 1770, Mr. Hearae, in the
fervice of the Hudfon's Bay Comp:iny,
' fet out from Prince of Wales' Fort to
explore a river, that the Elquirnaux,
who cam.e to the company's factories to
ti*ade, had brought tothcir knowledge j and
which, on account of much cop^icr being
J found near it, had obtained ti)c name of
.' Copper-mine River. Under the convoy
of thofe Indians, he arrived at tliis river
■in June i77i» and traced it till he came
'in fight of the Pacific Ocean, finding it
encumbered vvith ftpals and falls to its
momhi which is in lat. 7*° n, and Ion.
H U L
i»9® w. In 178a, the fettlement, Sec. of
the company, valued at 500,000!. were
deftroycd by a French tiquadronj but the
damage has been repaired, and the com-
merce is again in a flourifhing fituation.
Hudson's River, one of the fineft
rivers of the United States of America.
It riil-s in the mountainous country, be-
tween the lakes Ontario and Chaniplain,
waters Albany and Hudfon, and enters
the Atlantic Ocean, at New York, after
a courie of 250 miles. It is navigable
for (loops to Albany, and for fhips to
Hudlbn.
HuEN, an ifiand of the BaUic, three
miles fr»m the coaft of Sweden, and
fubj<:£l to the Swedes, to whom it was
ceded by the Danes in 1658. It has one
fcatterect village, and produces h.iy and
corn, more than fufficicnt lor its own
conl'umption. In this iliand was the ob-
lervatory of the ctlcbrarcd Tycho Brahe.
''.tn is fix miles in tiicimfercnce j nine
11 i s by E of Elfinore, and 14 N by E of
( nhagcn. Lon. 12 38 E, lat. 55 54 N.
HuESCA, an ancient town of Spain,
in Arragon, with a bifliop's fee, and a
univerfity. It is feated on the lifuela,
35 miles N£ of Saragolla. Lon. o x w,
lat. 4'. 18 N.
HuEs>CAR, a town of Spain, in Gra-
nada, wih a caflle, 60 miles nk of
Granada. Lon. 2 20 vv, lat. 37 45 n.
HuESSEN, a town of Dutch GueU
derland, leatcd on the Rhine, three miles
s of Arnheim.
HuETTA, a town of Spain, in New
Caftilc, 67 miles £ of Madrid. Lon. i
55 w, lat. 40 22 N.
Hull, or Kingston upon Hull, a
borough and feaport in the E riding of
Yorkihire, with a market on Tueiday
and Saturday. It was built by Edward
I, who called it Kingfton, and it is
feated on the river Hull, on the N fide
of the Humber. It is a large town with
two parifh-churches, and is a county of
itfelf, governed by a mayor. It is for-
tified, and is the firft town that ftiut its
gates agiinlf Charles i; but its fortifi-
cations are now inconfiilerable, while its
r inmerce is incrcaled lb much, that it
is deemed the fourth poit in the kingdom.
Its fituation is extremely advantageous ;
for, befide its communication' with the
Yorkfhire rivers and canals, it has accefs
alio to the Trent and all its branches:
hence it has the import and export trade
of many of the northern ana midland
counties. The foreign trade is chiefly to
the Baltic: but it has regular traffic^
with the fouthern pai'ts of Europe, and
. »-.vi'---.-«iiniiii I ^i^»,^
HUN
HUN
with Anwrica. More ^\p» are fent
htncc to CJmnland than from any other
ix-it, that of London excepted. The
huii)oiir is artificial i and here are docks
tor buil.ling and repairing fliips. Among
the public buildings, are the Tnnity
Hoalc, for the relief of feamen and their
willows ; a cuitoinhouli:, an cxch:mge, and
a town hill. The (tone bridge, over the
river, to Hokkrnds, was rcbuili in 1787,
and conlilts of 14- arches. Hull lt:nds two
members to parliaimnt, and is ^'i miles
SE of York, and 173 N of London.
Lon. o 14 w, luf. SI 45 n-
HuLHEN, a town of AuUrian Brabant,
nine miles se of BrulTels. Lon. 4 37 E,
lat. 51 44 N.
HuLST, a ftrong town of Dutch Flan-
ders, ftated on a plain, which may be
overflowed. It was taken by the French
in 1747, and 1794. It is 15 miles NW
of Antwerp, and 17 ne of Ghent. Lon.
4 6 E, lat. 51 i3 N.
Hum BE"!., a river of England, formed
by the Trent, Ouie, Derwent, and leveral
other (treami. It divides York/hire from
Lincolnshire, and falls into the Gennan
Ocean, at Spurn Head.
HuMMOCH, an illand of Afia, in the
Indian Ocean, about fix miles long.
Mere is a rajah, fupported in his autho-
rity by the Dutch E India Company.
'I'he iiland is exceedingly fertile, and
produces moit of the tropical fruits ; hut
the principal articles of trade with the
Dutch :u'e bees-wax and honey. It lies
five leagues s of Mindanao. Lon. 115
12 E, lat. 5 27 N.
HuND»FELD, a town of Silefia, feated
on the Wide, eight miles NE of Breflaw.
Lon. 17 18 E, lat. 51 9 N.
HtJNGARY, a kingdom of Europe,
bounded on the N by Poland ; on the w
by the circle of Auftria j on the s by the
Drave, which feparates it from Sola-
vonia, and by the Danube^ which parts it
from Turkey in Europe ; and on the e
by Walachia and Tranfylvania. It is di-
vided into Upper and Lower Hungary;
and to thel'e may be added the Bannat of
Tcraefwar, incorporated into the king-
dom of Hungary m 1778. Hungary for-
merly included Tranfylvania, Sclavonia,
Daimatia, Servia, and Wakichia. The
principal rivers are, the Danube, Save,
Drive, Trefle, Maros, Raab, and Waag.
The air is very unhealthy, occafiohed by
the hkes and bogs, infomuch that a fort
of plague vifits them every three or four
years. It abounds in all the rtecelfaries
of life, and the wine, elpecially thvit
c!^ed Tockay, is excellent. There are
mines of gold, filver, copper, and iron )
and they have fuch plenty of gjine, that
hunting is allowed to all. The inhabi-
tants are well-fhaped, brave, haughty,
and revengeful. Their horfemtn are
culled Hudars, and their foot Hcydukes.
Almolt all the towns of Hungary have
two names, the one German, and the
other Hung.nri m j and the language is a
dialeft of the Sclavonian. The govern-
ment is hereditary in the houfe of Aultria,
and the eltabliflied religion is popery,
though there are a great number of pro-
teltants. No country in the world it
better lupplied with mineral waters and
baths } and thole of Buda, wUen the Turks
were in pofTeiTion of it, were reckoned the
fincft in Europe. Buda is the capital
of Lower Hungary, and Prefburg of the
Upper.
HuNGERPORD, a town in Berkfhire,
with a market on Wednelday, leated on
the Kennet, and noted for the belt trout
and crawfiHi in England. It is 64 miles
w of London. Lon. i 16 w, lat. 51
a6 N.
HuNNiNOUEN, a fortified town of
France, in the department of Upper
Rhine and late province of Alface, feate4
on the Rhine, five miles N of Balle. Lon.
II 40 E, lat. 47 40 N.
HuNMANBV, a town in the E riding
of Yorkshire, with a market on TuciUay,
34 miles NE of York, and 209 n of
London. Lgn. o 12 w, lat. 54 12 N.
Huntingdon, the covmty-town of
Huntincfdonfhire, with a market on Satur-
day.' It is feated on a rifmg ground, oo
the river Oule, over which is a ftone
bridge to Godmanchelter ; and was once
a large place, having no lefs thin 15
churches, which are now reduced to
two. It fends two members to parlia-
ment, and is governed by a mayor.
Huntingdon is the birthplace of Oliver
Cromwell. It is x6 miles w by N of
Cambridge, and 65 N of London. Lon.
o 5 w, lat. 52 17 M.
Huntingdonshire, a county of
England, 25 miles in length, and 20 in
its broadert pait ; bounded on the N and
NW by Northamptonftiire, on the E by
Cambridge/hire, and on the sw by Bed-
fordfhire. It cont<tins four hundreds*
fix market-towns, and 79 parilhes. The
principal rivers are the Oule and Nen.
The SE part confifts of beautiful meadows.
The middle and weftern parts are fertile
in corn, and fprinkled with woods ; and
the uplnnd part was, anciently, a foreft,
peculiarly adapte.i for hunting. The nk
part (fonfi.'ls of fens, which join ihofe of
H U Y,
J A F
Ely; but they are drained, fo as to afford it till 1718, wher\ they demoliflicd the
xich pafturage, and even large crops of fortiiicationo, and iurreadered it to the
com. In the miJft of them are ibme bilhop of Liege. It is feated on the
ihallow pools, abounding with fini; and ivlaele, 12 miles wsw of Liege. Lon. 5
a lake of confiderable hre called Whit- aa £, lat. 50 31 N.
tlelea Mere. The air is good, except in
the fenny parts, which are aguilh. Its
chief commodities are com, malt, and
cheelej and it fattens abundance of
cattle. This covmty fends four mem-
bers to parliament ; and the flieritf, who
is choi'en alternately from Cambridge-
ihire, the ifle of Ely, and Huntingdon-
fliire, is iherifF of both counties.
HuNTSPiL, a fmall town in Somerfet-
ihire, at the mouth of the river Parret,
five miles N of Bridgewater, and 143
w by s of London. Lon. 3 12 w, lat.
51 II M.
HuRDWAR, a town of the province
of Delhi, where the Ganges firit enters
the plains of Hindooftan. It is 117 miles
K by E of Delhi. Lon. 78 15 K, lat. 29
35 I*'
Huron, a lake of N America, which
lies between 80 and 85" vv lon, and 42
and 46"^ N lat. It has a communication
Hydrabad, the capital of Gclcunda*
in the Deccun of Hindoodan, feated on
a river that falls into the Kiltna, 353
miles N by E of Madras. Lon. 78 51
£, lat. 17 12 N.
Hydrabad, a fort of Hindooftan
Proper, in liie province of Sindy. It is
the refidcnce of a Mahometan prince,
who is tributary to the king of Candahar.
It is fituate on the Indus, not far above
the head of the Delta, and in the neigh-
bourhood of Nufferpour. Lon. 69 30 E,
lat. 25 29 N.
Hypolite, St. a town of Fi'ance^
in the department of Curd and late pro-
vince of Languedoc. A canal crofles
the town, which turns, feveral miles, artd
fupplies many fountains with water. An
iniult, offered by the inhabllai^ts to a
prielt, who was carrying the viaticurti,
occafioned the revocation of the edift of
Nantes. This town has a good fort, and
12 miles sw of Alais. Lon. o 4 £, lat.
See HiTHE.
43 55 N.
Hythe.
I- J-
with Lake Michigan, by the ftraits -of is feated on the Vidourle, near its fource,
llHchillimackinac j with Lake Superior
to the Ni, by the ftraits ef St. Mary j and
with Lake Erie to the s, by the ftraits of
Detroit. Its ftiape is nearly triangular,
and its circumference about 1000 miles.
The Chipeway Indians live I'cattered
around this lake ; and 00 its banks are
found amazing quantities of fand cherries: T ABLUNK A, a town of SileHa, in th%
See Manataulin and Thunder Bay. J territoiy of Tefchen, 30 miles se of
Hurst Castle, a caftle in Hamp- Troppaw. Lon. 18 10 e, lat. 49 41 N.
(hire, near Lymington. It is feated on Jacca, an ar.cicnt town of Spain, in
the extreme ooint of a neck of land, Arragon, with a biftiop's fee, and a fort,
which ftioots mto the fea toward the ille It is ieated on a river of the fame name,
of Wight,, from which it is diftant two among the mountains ^' Jacca, wliich ar«
miles. In tliis caftle Charles 1 was con- a part of the Pyrenees, 22 miles N of Hu-
]6ned previoufly to his being brought to efca. Lon. o 9 w, lat. 42 36 n.
trial. Jaci-d'-Aguila, a fcaport of Sicily,
HussiNGABAD, 3 town of Hindoo- 10 miles N by e of Catania. Lon. 15
iba, in the province of Malwa, but on the 26 e, lat. 37 27 n.
S fide of the Nerbudda, and on the J.%en, a town of Spain, in Andalufia,
frontiers of Nagpour, the eaftern divifion with a bifl;op's fee, and a caftle. It i$
of the Mahratta empire. It is 140 miles feated in a country producing excellent
WW of Nagpour. Lon. 77 54 e, lat. 22
43 N.
HusuMi a town of Denmark, in the
duchy of Slefwick, with a ftrong citadel.
It is feated near the river Ow, on the
Oeroian Ocean, 20 miles w of Slefwick.
Lon. 9 o E, lat. ^4 45 N.
HuY, a town of the Netherlands, in the
biftioprjc of Liege. It has been often
taken and retaken ; and the confedera<tes
having reduced it in 1706, it was, left
fruits, and very fine filk, at the foot 'of
a mountain, 1 5 miles sw of Baeza. Lon^
3 22 w, lat. 37 38 N.
Jaffa, a town of Paleftine, formerly
called Joppa, and entirely fallen from its
ancient grandeur. It is 50 miles Nw of
Jerufalem. Lon. 35 c E, lat. 32 16 N.
Jafnapatan, a feaport of Ceylon, at
the N end of that iftand, and 100 miles
N of Candy. The Dutch took it froift
the Portuguefe in 16-58 j and it was taken
in poilbiKoo of the Dutch, who retai|ie|^ by the £ai|;lilb in OuolKr 17^^, Hepwc
loliflicd the
1 it to the
Lted on the
Lon. 5
e.
F Gclconda,
1, feated on
iiltna, 35s
Lcn. 78 51
Hindooftaa
ndy. It is
tan prince,
i' Candahar.
It far above
I the nelglv-
>n. 69 30 E,
of France,
nd late pro-
anal crofTes
1 miles, artd
water. An
)l:ants to a
le viaticum,
the edift of
>od fort, and
iv its iburce,
. O 4. £, Ut.
ilefia, in tht
miles SE of
t.4.9 4-1 N.
>f Spain, in
and a fort.
fame name,
a, wliich are
es N of Hu-
36 N.
rt of Sicily,
. Lon. 1 5
Andalufia.
ItlUe. It i$
kg excellent
juie foot of
laeza. Lon^
s, formerly
\en from its
liles NW of
32 16 N.
Ceylon, at:
100 miles
}k. it froiti
: was taken
)5, H«j^wc
,M
JAG
are exported great quantities of tobacco,
and fome elephants, vtrhich are accounted
the molt docile of any in the world. Lon.
80 45 B, lat. 9 47^ J. . . ,
Jaoarnaut, a famous pagoda, in the
pehinfula of Hindooftan, and province of
Oriffa. It is one of the firft objefts of
Hindoo veneration, and an excellent fea-
mark. It lies on the bajr of Bengal, a
few miles E of Lake Chilka, and 3x1
swof Calcutta. Lon. 85 40 £, lat. 19
35 N-
JaOERNDOHF, a town and caftle of
Silella, capital of a province of the fanre
name. It is feated oa the Oppa, 65
miles s by E of Breflaw. Lon. 17 24 £,
lat. 50 4 N.
Jaghire, {I traft of land, in the
Carnatic, fubjeft to the Englifh E India
Company. It extends along the bay of
Bengal, from Madias to Lake Pullicate
on the N, to Alemparve on the s, and to
Conjeveram on the Wj being io3 miles
along the ihoie, and 47 inland in the
wideft part. It contains 244P i'quare
mile!>, and its annual revenue, is about
150,000!.
Jago, St. the largeft and moft fertile
of the Cape de Verd lilands. It lies 13
miles w of the ifland of Mayo, and
abounds with high barren mountains j but
the air, in the •riny flafon, is unwhole-
fome to dangers. The animals are beeves,
hories, afles, mules, deer, goats, hogs,
civet-cats, and monkies. Here are fowls
and birds of almoft all forts; and Indian
corn, plantaii.a, bananas, pompions,
oranges, lemon*, tamarinds, pineapples,
cocoa nuts, guavas, tar, apples, and
fugar-canes. It iias alfo fome cedar-trees,
and plenty of cotton. Kibeira-Grionde i»
the capital.
Jago, St. the capital of Chili, with
a good harbour, a bilhop's fee, and a
royal ^adience. It i» I'eated in a beauti-
ful plain, abounding iu all the nece{faries
of life, at the foot of the Andes, on the
river Mapocho. Here are feveral canals,
and a dike, by means of which they water
the gardens and cool the ftreets. It is
fubjeil to earthquakes, and the inhabi-
tants are native Americans and Spani-
ards. Lon. 71 5 w, lat. 34 10 s.
Jago-db-Cuba, S-^ a town on the
s coaft of Cuba, with a good harbour, at
the bottom of a bay, and on a river of
the fame name. Lon. 76 10 w, lat. zo
5 N.
Jago-de-los-Cavalleros, St. a
town of Hifpaniola,on the river St. Jago,
in a fertile foil, but bad H^, Lon. 70
38 W, lat. 19 21 1^.
JAM
Jago-del-Enter.0, St. a town of
5 America, in Tucuman, and the ufuai
relidence of the inquifitor of the province.
It is feated on the Duke, 475 miles sss
of Potofi. Lon. 6x o \v, lat. aS ^5 s.
JaoodeGuatimalajSt. SeeGuA.
TiMALA, New.
Jago-de las-Valles, St. a town of'
New Spain, in the audience of Mexico,
feated on the river Panuco. Lon. 100
o w, lat. 13 o N.
Jago-de-la-Vega, St. or Spanish
Town, a town of Jamaica, where the
aflembly and the grand courts of juftite
are beld. It was once a populous place,
containing two churches, a monaltery,
and feveral chapels; but it isnowreuuced
to a fmall compai's, and has only one
church, and a chapel. It is feated in a
pleafant valley, on the Kio Colne, itven
miles NW of Port Palfage, on the bay
of Port Royal. I^n. 76 49 w, lat. xS
6 N.
Jago-de TtON, St. the capital of
the diftrift of Caraccas, in S iimerica.
Lon. 64 48 w, lat. 9 3x N.
Jagodna, a town of Turkey in Eu.
rope, in Servia, feated on the Morava,
70 miles SE of Belgrade.
Jaicza, a town of Turkey in Europe,
in Boihia, with a Itrong citadel, feated
on the Plena, 50 miles NE of Bofna-Se*
rago.
Jakutskoi. See Yakutsk.
Jamagorod, a town in the Rufllia
government of St. Peteiiburg, with a,
itrong foi t, feated on the Jama, 1 1 mile*
NE of Narva. Lon. z8 3 £, lac. 59
as N.
Jamaica, an ifland of the W ladies,
difcovered by Columbus, in 1494. It
lies in the Atlantic Ocean, 30 leagues w
of Hifpaniola ; nearly the fame diftance
s of Cuba, and 145 leagues N of Car*
thagena, on the continent of S America.
It is of an cval figure, 150 miles long,
and 40 broad in the middle. It contain*
upward of^4|000,ooo acres, and is di>
vidcd by a ridge of hills which run length-
wile from E to w. Here numerous fine
rivers take their rife from both fides, yet
none of them are navigable, even for
barges } but fome are fo large, that the
fugars are carried upon them ih canoes
from the remote plantations to the leafide :
fome of them run under ground for ai^
confiderable fpace, particularly the Rio^i
Cobre and the RioPedra. The moun-
tains, and great part of the illand, are
covered with woods, which iook green at
all times of the year } for here is an etcr>
nai faring. There are many different
i'iii
Mi;
if
JAM
kinds of trees adorning the luow of every
hill, and forming groves and cool retreats.
Among thefe are the lignum vita;, the'
cedar, and the mahogany- trees. In the
vailies are fiigar-canes, and I'ucb a variety
of fruit-trees, as to make the country
look like a paracVil'e. But to balance
this, there are alligators in the rivers j
guianoes and galliwaips in the iens and
niarflies ; and Ihakes and noxious ani-
mals in the mountains. The longeft day
is about 1 3 hours ; and about nine in the
morning it is lb intolerably hot, that it
would be dithcult to live, if the fea-
bree/es did not arile to cool the air.
Sometimes the nights are pretty cool, and
there ai'e great dews, which are deemed
unwholefome, efpecially to new comers.
The year is diftinguiflied into two lea-
fons, the wet and ury ; but the rains are
not fo frequent as formerly, which is I'up-
pofed to be owing to the cutting tlown of
the woods. The months of July, Au-
gult, and September, arc called the hur-
ricane months, bocauf>; then tht-y are the
molt frequent j and there is lightning al-
molt every night. There is not above a
third part of the idand inhabited, for the
plantations are all by the feafidc. Here
and there are favhnnas, or large plains,
where the original natives uled to plant
their Indian corn, and which the bnani-
ards made ufe of for breeding their cattle.
The belt houfes are generally built low,
being only one (lory, on account of the
hurricanes and earthquakes j and the ne-
groes huts are made of reeds, and wiii
hold only two or three perfons. The
common drink is Madeira wine, or rum
punch. The common bread, .or that
which ferves for it, is plantains, yams,
and caflava-roots : but, iii 1793, a great
mimber of the bread-fruit trees were
brought here from Otaheite, and intro-
duced into the different plantations. Hogs
and Iheep are plentiful; but the Icrvants
generally feed upon Irifh lalt-beef, and
the negroes have herriijigs and lalt-fifh.
The general produce of this ifland is lii-
gar, rum, ginger, cotton, indigo, pinun-
ta> chocolate, Icvcral.kin'is of woods, and
medicinal drugs. It has ibme tobacco,
but not good, and ul'td only by the ne-
groes, wh<),,c;^i fcarce live without it;
alio Indian corn, Guinea corn, and peas
of various kinds, with variety of roots.
Fruits ajc in.grcat plenty, fuch as oran-
ges, lemons, ihaddocks, citrons, pome-
granates, mammtes, fweet-l'ops, papaws,
piiieappKs, Ifaj apples, prickly pears,
meloiis, poiupioiis, guavas, and many
other lor IS. There are four mgtocs to a
J a:n
white man; and of the' former th«r« are
about 100,000, befide a mixed breed, be-
tween the blacks, whites, and mulattoes.
This llland was taken by the Englifh in
1655, and is now the moft valuable of
their W Jndia colonies. In June i795»
the Maroons, or original natives, who
inhabit the mountains, role againft the
Englifh, and wer« not (juelled till March
1796. The principal town- is Kinglton j
but St. Jago de la Vega, or Spaniih
Town, is the feat of government.
J AM AN A, the capital of a principality
,in Arabia Felix, feated on the river Allan,
1 50 miles \v of PJcatif.
Jambi, or Jambis, a feaport and
fmall kingdom, 0:1 the E coall of the
ifland of Sumatra. The Dutch have a
fort here, and export pepper hence, with
the bed fort of canes. It is 160 miles N
of Bencoolen. Lon. loa 35 E, lat. o
59 N.
James, St. an hofpital and burymg-
ground, near Bafil in Swilferland, cele-
bi atcd for a battle, fought by 3000 Swifs
againlt an army of 30,000 French, in
wliicii only 32 of the former remained
alive, del'perately wounded, on the field
of battle. Sixteen that efcaped from the
field, were branded with infamy, for not
having facrificed their lives in defence of
tlieir country; and the conquerors thtm-
ieive» were compelled to retire into Al-
face.
James Bay. See Hudson's Bay.
James Island, an ifland of Africa,
30 miles up the river Gambia, and three
miles from its neareft fliore. Here the
Engiirti have a fort and faftory. Lon. 1 (
o w, lat. 13 15 N.
. James Island, an ifland of S Caro-
lina, oppoilte Charlefton.
James Island, an ifland of N Ame-
rica, in Baffin's Bay, between Davis'
Straits and Baffin's Straits. Lon. 6t
35 w, lat. 70 o N.
Jami-s RiVEK, a fine river of Vir-
ginia, which enters the bay of Chefapcak,
near Hampton.
James Town, a town oi the United
States, once the capita] of Virginia, feat-
ed in a peninfula, on the N fide of Jame&
River. Lon. 76 39 w, lat. 37 3 N.
James Town, a borough of Ijeland,
in the county of Leitrim, ieated on the
Siicmnon, five miles s by e of Carrick,
and 73 N\v of Dublin. Lon. 8 29 w,
lat. 53 51 N.
Jamets, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Meufe and late province of
Barrois, iz miles s of Sttnay.
Jan»;a, a province of Turkdy in Eut
-^i-
l#
' 1
j A P
rope, bounded on' the N by Macectenhi,
.on the s by Livadia, oAthe w by AU
bani«» and on the e by the Archipelago.
It is the Theflaly oi tlie ancients, and
. Lariflk is the capital. . ■ •
- J ANN A, i town of Turkey in Europe,
in. a province of the fame name, Qi milva
W ot ifliiiifa. "Lon. 41 36 e, lat. 39
, Ja-NOWITZ, a town of Bohemia, inthe
. circle of Kauftiim, famous for a battle, in
164.5, between the Swedes and Auftrians,
when the latter were defeated. It i- 48
miles SE of Prague. Lon. 15 slfE, lat.
49 45 N-
Jao-tchieou-fou, a city of'China,
in the'provinccof-Kiang-fi, Itated on the
river Po, which, at a Imall diitancc, en-
teis the lake^Po-yang. It convraands levcn
. cities of the third clal's.
Japan, a large empire in the moft
•altern part of Alia, compoled of feveral
irtantt-s, theprincipaLof which is Niphon.
The whole' empire is divided into feven
principal countries; which ure fubdivided
. into 70 provinces. It is the richeft coun-
. try in the world ibr^gold, and the air and
water are very good. It produces a great
. deal of rice, which is reaped in Septem-
ber; millet,' whejit;f rmd barley, which is
got in in May. Gedaci-ane common, and
ib large that they arepfbpei* for the malts
: of fhips and coluinnsibr temples. Here
are large quantities of porceiain, filk, and
ikins, as alio red pearls, which are not in
; Icfs efteem -than the white. The Japa-
nefc are naturally Ingeniousj and have a
happy memory j but their manners are
diametrically oppofite to thole of the Eu-
ropeans. Their common drinks are all
hot ; they uncover the feet out of relpcft ,
are fond of black teeth, aiul get on horle-
back on the left fide. They have neither
tables, beds', nor chairs, but fit and lie on
carpets and, mats in the manner of the
Turks ; and ihey have a language fo pe-
culiar, that it i&f imderftood by no other
nation. The fciences ane highly efteemed
among-thein, and tiiey have levcral Ichools
at dilftrcnt places-, in' which, are taught
withmetic, rhetoricv poetry^ hiftory, and
altronomy; .Somsof their (ithcols at \fe-
aco have eadh above 3000 fcholars. They
.treat the women with gieat feverity, and
punifK adultery witlji death; 'yet a' man
may take as matiy -wives . as he ploafes.
The Japanefe are naturally good Ibldiers,
and flcilful at iHooting with a bow : how-
ever, aa they inliabit nothing but^'iilands,
they are fcldom at war with their neigh-
bours. They formei-ly carried on a trade
with the neighbouriaig countiies j but
JAR
now all communication is forbidden, exi
cept with the C! .nefeand Dutch. Their
emperor is called dairo ; and in the mi-
nority oi one of them, in 1 1 50, wlien they
had. civil wars, one of the competitors for
tlie crown aflumcd the ecclefiaitical go-
vernment, retaining the Cime title ; while
the other, who nilcd in civil alfairs, was
called Cuba ; and things have remained
on the fame footing to this day. The
dairo is the chief emperor, and confers
the dignity upon the other, as if he were
his valihl. The religion of the coimtry
is paganifm ; but there are two difFereot
lerts. There was once a great number
ot Chriftians in different parts of the
empire; but, in 1638, thev underweftt
great perlecutions, inlbmuch, that thty
were air extirpated. The only Euro,
peans that trade with Japan, are the
Dutch ; and whenever their ftiips arrive,
they take away their guns, fails, and
helms, and carry them on fliore till they
are reatiy to return back. In the abfcnta
of, the fhips, the failors aie fhut up in a
fmall peninlula, andr are not futfered io
much as to have a lighted candle in their
houlijs in the nighttime. The merchaA-
dife which the Dutch carry to Japan are
fpices, fugar, linen and woollen- cloth,
elephants teeth, and haberdaflieiy wares j
for which tlicy receive gold, fdver, cabi-
nets, and other japanned and lackered
wares. The capital of the empire is
Jedo. ■'.'.; , ■ ■."'•■; '
Japara, a fvaport on the N Coaft of
the illand of Java, with a good harboUr,
It was the capital of- a conliderable king-
dom, till the Dutch made them (elves maf-
ters of it ; sind now they hare a colony
here, and a confiderable trade. It Is 255
miles E by s of Batavia. Lon. 1 10 45 e,
lat. 6 20 s.
Jargeau, a town of France, in the
department of Loiret and late province
of Orleanois. It was taken by tne Eng-
lilh in 1438, and retaken by Joan of Arc
the next year. It is 10 miles SE of Or-
leans, and 70 sw of Paris.
Jarislau. See Yaroslaf.
Jarnac, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Charente and late province of
Angoumois. It is remarkable for a vic-
tory obtained by Henry m (then duke of
Anjou) over the Huguenots, in 1569. It
is ftated on the Ciiarcnte, ao miles w of
Angoultfme, and 235 s by w of Paris.
Lon. o 4 w, lat. 45 43 n.
Jaromitz, a.towm of Bohemia, feated
on the Elbe, 17 miles sw of Glatz, and
52 NE of Prague, hvn. »S 57 t, lat. 5*
--.^...utit uM^
fci!'
)?■
J A V
JAkostoW) a town of Auftrlan Po-
lind, in Red Ruflia» , with a ftrong cita-
^1. It is remarkable for its great fair,
and a battte gained by the Swedes, in
1656, after which they took thcrtown. It
IB O
eyes, ind large eyebrows . The men are
very robuft aid ftrong4imbed j but th«
women are ihull. The men wear a
piece of calico wrapt two or three time^
^ round their middle j and the women l»ear
Is fcated on the Sai'ne, 55 miles w of >hcm from their armpits down to their
I^emburg, and 100 e of Cracow. Lon. a» knees } but all other parts are bare. The
4} B, lat. 50 4 N. men have two or three wives, and fever&l
J ARROW, a village in the biihopric of concubines, according to their circum.
Purham, near S Shields. In 1763, a ftances. Thele that live near tlie iSea-
ftone was dug up in the church, import- fide are generally Mahometanti j but with-
ing that the foundation of that building in land they are Gentaoe, abftaining from
was begun in 6^74, in the reign of Egfrid, fleih of all kinds. This ifland has very
king of NorUiumberland, by Ceolfxid, its high mountains, particularly the Pepper
abbot. mountain on the s fide ; it has likewife
Jasenitz, a town of Pmflian Pome- impaffablc forelts and wildernefTes ; bwt
rania, in the duchy of Stetin, feated pn to the v^ between Batavia and Bantam,
the Oder, eight miles N of Stetin. is a very populous country, full of rice-
Jasque, a feaport of Perfla, on the fields,, and plenty of fait and pepper, be-
Eilf of Ormus, and in the province of fide moft forts of fruits proper to the cH-
erman. Lon. 5915 E, lat. 2610 N. mate. Here alfo is plenty of hogs,
Jassexmere, a town of Hindooftan beeves,, and iheep, with other tame ani
Proper, in a fmall territory of the fame
name, fubjeft to a petty rajah, in the pro-
■vince of Agimere. It is 680 miles N of
Bombay. Lon.yjoE, lat. 27 34 n.
Jassy, the capital of Moldavia, and
refidence of the hofpodai of that country,
who is a vaffal of tne grand fignior. In
*753» til* whole city was deitroyed by
mals ; and likewife fowl, both wild and
tame, in great abundance. In the woods
are large tigers, rhinocerofes, and other
wild heafts ; and in the rivers are croco.
diles. The air is as temperate and heal-
thy as in any part of the E Indies. The
ferene fealbn is from May till November {
and then the rains begin, which lay the
fire; but it is now a well-fortified place, low gi-ound« under water, kill the infefts.
defended by a caftle. It has been ieveral
times taken in the wars between the
Turks and the Ruffians or Aultrians*,
the I'aft time by the latter in 1788, who
reftorcd it by the peace of Keichinbach in
1790. It is feated on the Pruth, 125
miles w of Bender. Lon. 27 35 e, lat.
47 «H.
and continue till May. In March they
begin to low^ and in July the fugar and
rice begin to ripeh; but September and
Oflober are the beft months for all forts
of fruits. Java has a river which rifes
in the mountains, and, dividing itfelf into
many branches, waters the circumjacent
country : thefe afterward reunite, and
Jats, once a powerful Hindoo tribe, pafs through Batavia, dividing it into
in Hindooftan Proper, to whom all that two parts. This ifland is moftly under
now remains is the fmall territory of the dominion of the Dutch ; and, befide
£hartpour, 45. miles w of Agra. the native Javanefe, it is inhabited by
Java, an illand of the £ Indies, lying Chinefe, Malayans, Amboynefe, Topafles,
Jo the s of Borneo, and feparated at its BugafTes, Timoreans, and many other
w end from Sumatra, by the ftrait of people, brought iiromdiftant tountries by
Sunda. It is fometimes called Great the Dutch. In 1 740, the Dotcn pretended
Java, to diftinguilh it from Bali, by fome that the Cl^inefir were going to imakfb an
named Little Java ; and is 420 miles in infmtrefthm, and Vg m that account diC
length, and of various breadth, extending
from- 10 5 to 118° E lon. and 6 to S*' 8 lat.
The N coa(t has a great many commo-
dious creeks, bays, harbours, and to%vns,
armed them ; and yet, after that they
barbmiQufly mafiactied them, to the num-
ber m 10,000 men, women, and children,
and^ feizcd their efl^<. Batavia is the
with many little iflands near the fhore. capital.
In former times, it had as many petty Jawer, a ftrong toym of Sllelia, capi-
kings as there were large tovms ; but tal of a province of ^e fame name, with
now it has two kingdoms only ; one of a citadel, and a large fquare, furrounded
which is under the kin? of Mataram» and by piazzas. It is 12 miles 8 of Lignitz,
the other under the King of Bantam, and 88 e of Prague. Lon. 16 36 9,
The Javanefe are a barbarous, proud, lat. 50 58 N.
and fierce people, of a brown complexion, JayvouA. See jxtvovK.
fhoit coal-black hair* large f^9Jf^ igill toORC* «r IbirOx^ 4 town of Weft>
'1%
G U A
JT E A
ans 5 but vrith-
fi
phalia, in the biaiopric of Ofnaburg, to
miles siv of Oinaburgh, and 30 NE oi
Munlter. Lon. 8 20 e, lat. 5a i+N.
Iceland, a large ifland to the wot
Norway, 300 miles in length, and 1 50 in
breadth, lying between 64. and 66° N lat.
for two months together the fun never
lets ; and in the winttrr it never riles for
the lame fpace, at leaft not entirely. The
middle ot this illand is mountariious,
ftony, and barren; but in ibme places
there are excellent paftures. Mount Hecla
IS the molt noted mountain, and is a vol-
cano, which Ibmetimes throws out ful-
hureous torrents. The inhabitants be-
ieve that lome of the fouls of the damned
go to this mouiritain, and that others are
confined to the ice near tl.is illand. Their
houfes are at a diltance from each other,
and many of them Ueep in the ground ;
but they are all miferablc huts, covered
with fkins. Many of the inhabitants
profeft Chriftianity j but thofe that live
at a diltance are pagans. They are moft-
ly clothed with the Ikins of beafts. The
Panes trade with the natives for hides,
tallow, trainoil, whalebone, and feahorfes
teeth, which are as good as ivory. Ice-
land, which was coniidei-ed by the ancients
as the Ultima Thule, or the extremity of
tlie world, and byutas Icarcely habitable,
•nee abounded in learning and fcience, at
a time when great part ot Europe was in-
volved in darknefs. Their language was
the old Gothic or Teutonic, the verna-
cular tongue of the Swedes, Danes, and
Norwegians, before it branched into Che
leveral dialefts fince fpoken by the natives
of the.'e three kingdoms.
IcKWORTH, a town in Suffolk, with a
market on Friday. Here are the ruins of
»n ancient priory, and feveral Roman coins
have been dug up. It is 23 miles Nw
of Ipfwich, and 74 nne of London. Lon.
I o E, lut. 52 22 N.
IcOLMKiLL, fonnerly lONA, a famous
little ifland, one of the Hebrides, near the
<pw point of the Ille of Mull. It is only
three miles long and one broad j but is
veiy fertile. It has a mean village, and
the ruins of an auguft monaftery and ca-
thedral, faid to have been founded by St.
Columba, whei-e thei'c are three chapels,
or rather cemeteries, in which feveral an-
<;ient kings of Scotland, Ireland, and Nor-
way are buried. In former times, this
ifland was the place, where the archives
of Scotland, and many valuable and an-
cient Mss. were kept. Many of thefe,
it is faid, were carried to the Scotch Col-
lege at Douay in France. This once ce-
lebi-ated feat •f royalty and leaining is
tiow almoft deftitute of an Inftruflor, t^-
teach the people the cominoa duties of
religion.
Ida, Mount, a lofty and pointsl
-mountain, in the middle of the ifland of
Candia, famous in ancient times, as beine
the place on which Jupiter was brought
up, and where there was a temple dedi-
cated to Cybele. Whatever may have
been its former beauties, it now has ncM:
the leaft fhadow of a landfcape.
Ida, a mountain of Turkey in Afia, ia
Natolia Proper, famous, in ancient fable,
for the judgment of Paris, and for being
the refort of the gods during the Trojaa
war.
Idanha-la-Nueva, a tovmof Por-
tugal, in Beira, three miles sw of Idan-
ha-la-Vella.
Idanha-la-Vella, a town of Por-
tugal, in Beira. The French took it
by afliiwlt in 1 704. It is feated on th«
Ponful, 25 miles at of Caftel BraiKO'.
Lon. 6 14 w, lat. 39 39 N.
loRiA, a town of Germany, in the
duchy of Camiola, and county of Goritz,
with a caftle. Here are rich quickfilver
mines, difcovered in 1497. It is leated
amid mountains, in a deep valley, on thB
river Idria, 17 miles NE of Goritz, ana
»5 N of Trieft. Lon. 13 52 e, lat. 4$
20 N.
losTEiN, a town of Germany, in We*
teravia, which is the refidence of a brantU
of the houfe of Naffau. It is 12 miicf
NE of Mentz. Lon. 8 23 E, lat. 5P
2 N.
Jean, St. a town of France, in th«
depaitment of Mofelle and late province
of Lorrain, feated on the Sare, 12 miles
w of Deux-Ponts. Lon. 7 12 e, lat. 49
16 N.
Jean-d'Angely, a town of France,
in the department of" Lower Charente and
late province of Saintonge, with a late
fine Benediftine abbey It was takeu
from the Huguenots, i 1 1621, bv Lewis
xiii, who demolifhed the fortifications.
It is famous for its brandy^ and is feated
on the Boutonne, 15 miles NE of Saintes,
and 32 SE of Rochelle. Lon, o 20 \v,
lat. 45 59 N.
Jean-de-Lone, St. a town of France,
in the department of Cote d'Or and late
province of Burgundy, feated on the
Saone, 15 miles SE of Dijon, and 155
SE of Paris. Lon. 5 19 e, lat. 47
8 N.
Jean-de-Luz, St. a town of France,
in the department of the Lower Pyrenees
and late province of Bafques, the hft
next Spain, with a baibour. Tliis towa
Jl.il
Wf
i
JED
jtwes Its opulence to the cod and whale
fifheiy. It is ftated on a fmall river,
near the bay of Bifcay, lo miles ne ot
Fnntarabia, and ii 8W of Bayonne.
Lon. 40 E) lat. 43 23 N.
Jkan-de-Maurienne, a town of Sa-
voy, capital of the county of Maurienne,
with a biHiop's lee. It is feated in a
"'Hey, on the river Arc, 15 miles s by w
of Montier, and 25 ne of Grenoble.
Lon. 6 2o E, lat. 45 17 N.
Jean-Fied-de-Por.'i, St. a town of
France, in the department of the Lower
Pyrenees, and late province of Lower Na-
varre. It is feafcd on tlic river Nive, and
defended by a citadel, upon an eminence,
at theentranceof thole paffages, or defiles,
in the Pyi'enees, which, in this country,
are called Ports. It is zo miles SE of
Bayonne, and 30 ne of Pampeluna.
Lon. 1 33 E, lat. 43 II N.
Jed, a river in Roxburghfliire, which
joins the Teviot, a little below Jedburgh,
at a place where the marquis of Lothian
has a feat, called Mount Teviot j and
near this, on the w fjde of the river, are
ihe beautitul ruins of an abbey, founded
by king David} a part of which ancient
pile itill ferves for a parifh church. Qn
the banks of this river, are alio feveral
large caverns, which were the hiding
places of ancient border warriors.
Jedburgh, a borough in Roxburgh-
fliire, fituate on the Jed, near its conflu-
ence with the Teviot. It has a good
market for corn and cattle, and is the feat
of the courts of juftice toi' the county. It
is 36 miles SE of Edinburgh. Lon. z
25 w, lat. 55 35 N.
JedO, the capital of the empire of Ja-
pan, fituate in Niphon, the largelt of the
Japanefe illands. It is open on all fides,
having neither walls nor ramparts ; and
the houfes are built of earth, and boarded
on the ou'.fide, to prevent the rain from
deftroyin j; the walls. In every ftreet is
an iron gate, which is Ihut up in' the
right, a. id a kind of cultomhoul'e, or ma-
gazine, for merchandife. It is nine miles
in length, and fix in breadth, and con-
tains 1 ,000,000 inkabitants . A fire hap-
pened in 1658, which, in the fpace of 4S
hours, burnt down 100,000 houles, and
the empeior's palace ; but the whole is
rebuilt. The imperial palace is in the
.vile of the town, and is defended by
walls, ditches, towers, and baltions.
Where the emperor refides are three tow-
ers, nine Stories high, each covered with
plates of gold; and the hall of audience
IS jiippcrted by pillars of mafly gold.
Neax- the palace are feveral others, where
J E R
the relations of the emperor live. The
emprefs has a palace of her own, and
there are 20 fmall ones for the concubines.
Befiden, all the vaflal kings have each a
palace in the city, with a handfome gar-
den, and ftablcs for 2000 horfes. The
houfes of the common fort are nothing
but a ground-floor, the rooms parted by
folding Ikreens ; fo that they can be made
larger or fmallcr at pleafure. Jedo is feat-
ed in a plain, at the bottom of a fine bay j
and the river which crolfes it is divided
into feveral canals. Lon. 139 30 £, lat.
36 10 N. •
Jehud, or JoUD, mountains in the
NW part of Hindooftan Proper, extending
fiomAttock,ealtward to Bember. They
are part of the territory of the moun-
taineers, called Gickers, Gehker»,or Ka-
kares. After Timuv had pafled the In-
dus, in 1398, the chiefs ot thefe moun-
tains came to make their fubmiffion to
him, as Ambifares, the king of the fame
countiy, did to Alexander, about 1730
years before.
Jekyl, a fmall ifland of N America,
on the coall of Georgia, s of the iiland
of St. Simon's.
Jena, a ftrong town of Upper Saxony,
in Thuringia, with a univerfity, It h
feated on the Sala, 10 miles SE of Wei-
mar, and 25 SE of Ertbrt. .Lon. la
4 E, lat. 51 2 N. ,v
Jenaub. See Chunaub.:: , • ;■. .
Jenisa. See Yenisei. .") '
Jeniskoi. See Yeniseisk.
Jeno, a town of Upper Hungary, 20
miles s of Great Waradin, and 48
ne of Segedin. Lon. 21 5 E, lat. 46
40 N.
Jericho, an ancient and famous town
of Paleftine, built by the Jebufites. It
is now called Herubi by the Arabs, and
contains only a few wretched huts, where
fome beggarly Arabs refide. It is five
miles w of the river Jordan, and 20 E by
N of Jerufalem. Lon. 35 50 E, lat. 31
58 N.
Jerkin. See Ireken.
Jermah, a town of Africa, in Fezzan.
It is dillinguiflied by the numerous herds
of llieep and goats, that are feen around
it} by the various and abundant produce
of the adjacent fields j and by numerous
and majeftifi» ruins, that exhibit to the ig-
norant inhabitants of its clay-built cot-
tages, infcrlptions of which they know
not the meaning, and veftiges of greatnefs
to which they are perfectly indifferent.
Jermah is 60 miles SE of Mourzook.
Lon. 17 17 E, lat. 27 5 n.
Jersey, an ifland in the Englifli Chan-
k
J E R
nd, 1 8 mllei from the coaft of Normandy
in France, and H » of Portland in Dor-
letftiire. It is lubjeft to the Engjiftj
but is (till governed by the ancient Nor-
man laws. It is 30 miles in circumfer-
ence, and difficult of accels, on account
of the rocks, fands, and forts ertfted for
its defence. It contains la parifhes j
and the chief town is St. Helier, in the
s part of the ifland. It is well watered
with rivulets, well ftocked with fruit
trees, and ha* a noted manufafture for
woollen ftockines and caps. In 1781, a
body of French troops landed on this
illand, lurpriCed the lieutenant-governor,
made him pri loner, and compelled him to
iign a capitulation: but major Pierfon,
the commander of the Englifh troops,
refufed to abide by this forced capitula-
tion, and attacked the French in the
town of St. Helier. The French were
compelled to furrender prifoncrs of war 5
but the gallant major was killed in the
moment of victory. See Helier, St.
Jersey, New, one of the United
States of America, bounded on the E
by Hudlbn's River and the Atlantic Ocean,
on the s by Delaware Bay, on the w by
Pennfylvania, and on the N by a line
drawn from the mo«th of Mahakkamak
River in lat. 41 24 to a point in Hudi'on's
River in lat. 41. It is x6i miles long and
5% broad ; and is divided into 1 3 counties.
Its produce is much the fame as that of
the neighbouring ftates. Trenton is the
capital.
Jerusalem, an ancient and famous
city of Paleftine, capital of Judea, after
David had conquered the Jebuiites. It
was taken by Nebuchadnezzar in the
reign of Zedekiah, and the Jews were
led captives to Babylon. It was after-
ward taken by the Romans, and ruined,
together with the Temple, 70 years after
the birth of Chrift, as had been foretold
in the fcriptures. The emperor Adrian
built a new city, near the rums of ancient
Jerufalem. It was taken by the Perfians
in 6x4, and by the Saracens in 636. In
1099 it was retaken by the crufaders,
who founded a new kingdom which lafted
88 years, under nine kings. Saladin,
king of Egypt and Syria, got pofleffion
of it in 1 187. The Turks expelled the
Saracens in 11x7, have kept poflelfion of
it ever fince, and call it Heleods, that
is. The Holv City. It is now inhabited
by Turks, Arabs, Jews, and Chriftism$.
It ftands on a high rock, with Retp
afcents on every fide, except to the M.
It is almoft furrounded by valUet encom-
f>afled with moimuins, ro that it fecmi
JE R
to ftand !n the middle of an amphitheatre.
It is about three miles in cii'cumference*
and includes Mount Calvary, which was
formerly without the walls. What ren-
ders it confidcrable is the great refort of
pilgrims ; for the inhabitants accommo-
date them with lodgings and provlfions*
which is their chief bulmefs. A bafliaw,
with a guard of janiflaries, always refide^
here, to protcft them from the Arabs.
The church of the Holy Sepulchre, which
the pilgrims come to vitit, is a large
ftniciure, with a round nave, and has no
light but what comes through the top,
like the Pantheon at Rome. In the
middle of the nave, and direftly under
the opening of the dome. Is the Holy
Sepulchre, which is placed in a chape),
whole door is three feet high and two
broad. It is fo fmall, that it will hold
but three perlbns on their knees at a
time. At the entrance, on the right
hand, is the place where the body of our
Saviour was laid. The table on which
he was faid to have been laid at firft is
two feet and a half high from the pave-
ment, which is now covered with white
marble, becaule its vifitors were all for
carrying away a fmall bit. This chapd
is cut out of the rock, and there are three
holes in the roof, to let out the fmoku of
the lamps, which are 44 in number, and
always kept lighted. The whole is
covered with white marble, both within
and without; and on the outfide there
are 10 fine columns of the fame. It is
covered with a platform, the middle of
which is exactly above the three holes,
and forms a fmall dome, fix feet in height,
covered with lead, and fupported by i»
columns of porphyry, placed by pairs oa
the platform, and fo making fix arches,
having three lamps under each. Before
the gate of the fepulchre is a filver lamp,
fo large, that two men cannot fathom it.
Every year, on Good-Friday, all the parts
of our Saviour's paflion areu>lemnized and
afted here. They have firft a fermon,
and then every one takes a lighted taper
in his hand, with crucifixes, See. to begin
the proceflion. Among the crucifixes is
one as large as |^ife, being crovtmed with
thorns, and bfefmeared wiui blood. They
vifit firft the pilbr of flagellation; next
the prifon; afterward the altar of the di-
vifion of Chrift *s garments *. then th«y ad>
vance to the chapel of derifion, and thence
tb Mount Calvaiyi leaving their (hoes at
the bottom of the ftaii'S. Here are two
altars ; one where our Lord was fuppo(ed
to be nailed to the crofs; and another
"vvfaerc it wat er^atdt licre tb)^ fet up
i
4''
J 10
th« crucified image, then pull out the
nails, taRe down the body, and wrap it
in a windlng-flieet, which finiAies tlie
•ceremony, Jcruralem is 112 miles sw
of Damafcus, and 175 ne of Suez. Lon.
35 -5Ei l^t. 31 55 N.
Jesi, a town of Italy, in Ancona,
with a bifhop's fee. It is leated on a
mountain, near the riv?r Jefi, 17 miles
few of Ancona, and iia ne of Rome.
Lon. 13 16 E, lat. 43 30 N.
Jeso, a group of iflands on the E coaft
of Afia, lyinj between thole of Japan
aiid the Kuriles. The iouthermoft, called
Matmai, lies N of Niphon. It is governed
by a tributary prince, dependent on the
empire of Japnn, and fortified on the fide
toward the continent. It is full of woods ;
and the inhabitants, who live by firtiing
and hunting, are ftrong, robult, lavage,
and flovenly, when compared to the Ja-
panele. The two iflands to the ne of
Matmai, Kvnachir and Zellany, and
likewife the three ftill further to the ne,
called the Three Sifters, are perfefliy in-
elependent. The Japanefe give the name
•f Jefb to the whole chain of iflands be-
tween Japan an<l Kamtfchatka. See
Kuriles.
Jever, a town of Weftphalia, capital
©f Jeverland, with a citadel. It is 17
jnllcs ne of Aurick, and 28 ne of Emb-
den. Lon. 7 4.1 E, lat. 5333 n.
Jeverland, a territory of Germany,
in Weitphalia, belonging to the houfe of
Anhalt-Zerbft.
If, an ifland of France, the moft eaft-
eru of the three before the harbour of
"Marleilles. It is well fortified, and its
port is one of the beft in the Mediterranean.
Igis, a town of the countiy of the
Grifons, with a magnificent calUe, Ir
which is a cabinet of curiofities, and a li-
brary . 1 1 i s. 2 3 m i le s s w of Coire,' and 2 3
a of Glarus. Lon. 9 o e, lat. 46 33 n.
IcLAW, a town of Moravia, ' remai'k-
.able for a manufacture of govid cloth,
and excellent beer. It is feated on the
Iglaw, 40 miles wof Brinn, ajid 62 se
,ot Prague. Loa. 1542E, lat. 49 8 n.
Iglesias, a town in the s part of the
ifland of Sardinia,- with a bilhop's fee,
37 miles wsw of Cagliarl. .Lon. 8 35 e
iat.3918 n. ..\. _,. . ;^,j,
Ihor. See Johore.
JiONPOUR, , a city of Hindoollan
Proper, capital of a circar of, the'C^me
name, in Benqres. ', It ( is feated on
the Q6o)nty J and not'fai-f'^gmjfhpcQnflii-
.ence of that liver with the Gaiiges, is the
tort of Jionpour, a building orconfiderg^-
bk' t;xt£nt> on a hi^h ^an.kjgCjpi^^ipj;
I L F '
the bridge over the Goomty. It is now
c. J in ruins, although, formerly, it
commanded the country from the Gange*
'to Lucknow. This place was, at one
time, the feat of an empire. Chaja Je-
han. Vizier to fiiltan Mahummud Shah,
during the minority of his fon, Mamood
Shah, aflumed the title of fultan Shirki,
or king of the Eift, took pofleflion of
Bahar, and fixed his refidence at Jion-
pour, where he built the ^reat rnufjud,
or maufolcum, which is fttU remaining,
for himfelf and family . The (tone bridge
over the Gooraty confifts of 16 pointed
arches ; and on the top of it are many
little fliops on both fides. It was built
in 1567, upon fuch found principles, as
to have witbftooti, for fuch a length of
time, the force of the ftream, which, in
the time of the rains, is very gi«-at. The
inundations have been known to rile fre-
quently over the bridge, infomuch that
in 1774, a brigade of the Britifti army
pafled over it in beats. Jionpour is 49
miles Nw of Benares. Lon. 84 7 £, lat.
1545N.
Ila. See Islay.
IlanA, a town in the country of the
Gri/bns, capital of the Grey League.
It is partly furrounded by walls } being
the only walled town, except Coire,
among the Grifons. Here the general
diet of the three leagues aflembles every
third year. It is feated on the Rhine,
1 7 miles sw of Coire.
Ilc HE STER,a borough in Somerfetfhire,
with a market on Wednefday. It is of
great antiquity, as appears by the Ro-
man coins dug up, and once had fixteen
churches, but now only two. It fends
two members to parliament, and here the
county gaol is kept. It is feated on the
Ivel, 16 miles s of Wells, and 123 w by
s of London. Lon. 2 37 w, lat. 50 56 n.
Ildefonso, St. a village of Spain,
In New Caftile, five miles N of Uzeda,
on the river Cogolludo. Here is a mag-
nificent palace, built py Pl^ilip v, which
l^as veiy fine waterworks and gardens.
Ildefonso de los Zapotaco%
St. a town of New Spain, feated on a
a mountain, 50 miles N£ of Anteqyicra.
Lon. 27 30 w, lat. 1,7 5N.
Ilderton, a village in Northumber-
land, four miles s of Wooler. .On J^Jjill
near 4^ i^ a feinlcircylajr encampment,
defertded by two higH.rampire?, of, earth,
' fnd a, ^ttv (oRey ,w»th- An inner circle of
,.Ij;oaes[, wnich appear ungeip^nted. The
""ai'^ii; jTs aWut' ibo yar.4s diameter, and
<;ontainji many remains of build mgs.
.. Jlfjlacomb, af^|>gft and corporate
W".
r. .It i« now
, foimciJy> it
n\ the Ganges
was, at one
I. Chaja Je-
uinmud Shuh,
fon, Mamooci
fultan Sbirki,
: poflcffion of
ence at J ion -
cieat mufjud,
ill remaining,
te ftone bridge
oF 1 6 pointed
f it are many-
It was built
principles, as
h a length of
,m, which, in
ly girat . The
wn to rile fre-
infomuch that
Britifti army
Jionpour is 49
m. 84. 7 £, lat.
country of the
Grey League.
\f walls } being
except Coire,
ire the general
iflembles every
on the Rhine,
iSomerfetlhire,
fday. It is of
rs by the Ro-
[ice had fixteen
:wo. It fends
t, and here the
s fcated on the
and 123 w by
r, lat. 50 56 N.
lage of Spain,
s N of Uzeda,
lere is a mag-
^iiip V, which
nd gardens.
ZAPOTACOk
feated on a
if Anteqyicra.
i
•ft
I L ,5 ,
town In Dcvonfhire, with a market on
.Saturday. It is governed by a mayoi,
and has a fpacioiis bafin, formed by a
good pier proje^^ing into the Briftol
Channel. This port employs a number
of bfig? and (loops, chiefly in carrying
oi'e from CornNvall, coal from Wales,
and corn from Briftol ; nlfo a number of
filhing flciffs, which, with thole of Mine-
head,'^filh on a bank otf the coaft, and
take a number of foles, turbots, & . for
the Brlltol market. It is leated almolt
o])pofite Swansea, in Glamorganlhire, 49
milts NNW of Exeter, and 181 W by s
of London. Lon. 4 5 w, lat. 51 14 N.
Ii.HEOS, a feaport of Brafd, capital of
Rio los-Ilheos, 150 miles ssw of St. Sal-
vador. Lon. 41 20V, lat. 15 5 s.
Ii.KUCH, a town of Poland, in the pa-
latinate of Cracow, remarkable for its fil-
ver mines mixed with lead. It is feated
in a barren country, at the foot of feveral
mount-.'.ins, 15 miles NW of Cracow.
Lon. 19 40 E, lat. 50 20 N'.
Ille, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of the Eaftern Pyrenees and late
province of Roufdlon, 10 miles SE of Per-
pignan. Lon. 3 5 E, lat. 42 35 N.
Iller, a river of Germany, which rifes
in Tirol, runs N through Suabia, paffing
by Kempten, Memmingen, and Kirch-"
berg, and falls into the Danube, at Ulm.
Illinois, a river of N America,
which rifes in the Weftern Territory,
near the s end of Lake Michigan, and
taking a sw courfe, falls into the Mif-
fiJfippi. Between the Illinois and the
Ohio, is the country of a noted Indian
nation, called the Illinois.
Illock, a ftrong town of Sclavonia,
feated on the Danube, 15 miles from
Petei-waradin, and 55 N\v of Belgrade.
Lon. 20 6 E, lat. 45 36 N.
Il m e n, a lake of Rulfia, in the govern-
ment of Novosjorod, which has a communi-
cation with the lake Ladoga, by the river
Volkhof. Lon. 34 o e, lat. 58 o N.
I L minster, a town in Somerletfhire,
with a market on Satuarday. It i$ feated
in a dirty bottom, among the hills, 26
milts sw of Wells, and 137 w by s of
London. Lon. 2 54 w, lat. 50 55 N.
Ilsley, East, a town in Berkftilre,
with a market or. Wednelday. It is
feated in ^ pleafant valley, between two
hills, and exceHent downs for feeding
Iheep. It'is 14 miles NW of Reading,
am' ^3 w of Lohdon. Lon. i ix'w,
iat. 51 32 N. '
IlsTi atpwnof the United Provljices, in
Friefland, feated on the ^ytyiller, I2 rftlles
iB ot' Lewardjen. Lon. 5 24 JE, hi, 5 j 1 u.
I,M E,
Ilstadt, a town of Bavarla» feated
at the confluence ofthe Danube and IlJs,op- '
pofJttPaflau. Lon. 13 37 e, lat. 48 27 n.
Imenstadt, a town of Suabia, 20
miles E of of Lindau. Lon. 10 20 e,
lat. 47 35 N.
Imeritia, acotmtryof Afin, between
• the Black Sea and the Cafpian ; bounded
on the s by Turkey, on the w by Min-
grelia, on the N by Ofl'etin, and on th»
E by Gtorgia, of which it is, properly
I'peaking, a part. The revenues of the"
lovercign, vvho is ftyled czar, aiife from
a contribution of the peafapts in wine,
grain, and cattle^and from the tribute of
the neighbouring princes ; and among the '
extraordinaiy fources of revenue, coniifca-.
tions have a confiderable ftiare. But as all
this is infufficient for the fubfiltence of the
prince, he ufually travels from houfe to
houle, living on his vafTals, and nevet'
changing his quarters till he has con-
fumed every thing eatable. The court
of Imeritia is, therefore, not remarkable
for fplendour, nor the prince's table
fumptuoufly ferved. His ufual fare con-
filtsofgom (a fpeciesof millet, ground,
and boiled into a pafte) a piece ot roafted
meat, and fome prefled caviare. Thefe he
eats with his fingers; forks and fpoona
being unknown in Imeritia. At table he
is frequently employed in judging caufeS,
which he decides at his difcretion, there
being no law but his dwn will. He ufually
wears a coarl'e drefs of a brown colour,
with a muflcet on his flioulder j but upon
folemn occaiions, he puts on a robe of rich
gold brocade, and hangs rcrund his neck a
fdver. chain. He is diltinguilhed from his
fubjefts by riding ujv i an afs, perhaps
the only one in Imeritia, and by wearing
boots. He has no regular troops, but caa
colleft an undifciplined army of 6000 men ;
nor has he any artillery. His civil ordi-
nances are illlied every Friday, which is
the market day, when one ctf hi^ fefv'ahti
ai'cends a tree, and with a loud voice pro-
claims the etli6l, which is communicated
to the people, by each peribn, upon his
return to the place of his abode. The
inhabitants, eftimated at 26,009 families,
are not coUefted into towns or villap-es,
but Icattered over the country in fmall
hamlets. They lend yearly confiderable
quantities of wine to the neighbouring
parts of Georgia, in leathefn bags, car-
ried by horfes : but they are wlthotit ina-
rrafaftures, veryjpopr and miferable, and
cruelly opprefl'cdW their landlords'. TJfi
Imeritians are OT the Greek religioi^.
Their^^atriarch,' who i« generally 0? (he
Tojfat family, c^ii feldom read or wfltet
■ ■■.'J' ... '. ' *> ''T- i'- -•■''■ '-----
IN D
IN D
Jte:!'
ij: ■
:■ K
and the faint*.
and the infeiior clergy are not better in- between which are fevcral rew larga
ftrufled. Their churches are wretched ones» at Ceylon, Sunutra, Java, Borneo,
building!, fcarcely to be diftinguiflied and Celebes, befide many others of con«
from common cottages, but from a paper fiderable tntportanee at to riches^ though
srofs over the principal door, and fome much inferior in extent. Their produce
and other particulars, are dcfcribed under
their feveial heads.
Indies, West, the name given to a
great number of iilands- in the Atlantic
Ocean, which extend acrofa the entrance
of the gulf of Mexico, from the NW
extremity of the Bahama iHands* off the
coaft of Florida, in lat. 27 45 N, in a
SB direiHon, to the ifland of Tobago,,
izo miles from the coalt of T:rra Firma,
ia lat. IX 30 N. Cuba is the molt
weftern, and Batbadoes the moft eaftern
•f thele iflands. When Columbus dif
covered them i« 1491, he confidered them
paintings of the virgin
Cutais IS the capital.
Imola, a populous town of Italy, in
Romagna, with a bi(hop's fee ; feated on
the Santcmo, 45 miles n by e of Flo-
icnce. Li»n. 11 45 e, lat. 44 a8 N.
Inchcolm, an idand in the frith of
Forth, near the coaft of Fife, but within
the county of Edinburgh. Here arc the
fine ruins of a monaftery, founded in 1 123,
by Alexander I, in gratitude, it is faid,
/or his efcape, when driven on this idand
in a tempeit, and for the hol'pitable treat-
ment he received here, for three days,
from a hermit, who entertained him with
the milk of his cow, aivl a few (hellfiOi.
It was of the order of Auguftines and
dedicated to St. Columba.
Inchkeith, a defulate little ifland in
Edinburghlhire, in the frith of Forth,
as part of thole valt regions in Afia, com-
preliendcd wuder the general name of
Irulia, to reach wliich, by a w courfe
acrol's the Atlantic Ocean, had be'.-n the
grand objet^l of his voyage ; and this
opinion was fo general, that Ferdinand
lying midway between the ports- of Leith and IfabeUa, king and queen of Caftile
and Ktnghorn. Here is a iuinou* fort.
Inchmarnock, a beautiful little
ifland of Scotland, sw of the ifle of Bute»
It is one mile long ; and on the w fide
are vaft ilrataof coral and fliells. It had
a chapel dedicated to St. Marnoc, the
ruins of which are flill to be feen.
India, an extenfive region in Afia,
wluch lies between ^^ and 93° E Ion.
and 7 and 35° N lat. Under thi» name,
the Europeans have included all the
countries which lie s of Tartary, and
extend from the eaite^n frontiers of Perfia
to the eaftern coafta of China. But
the name of India can be applied, with
propriety, to ihat country only, which
IS diftinguiflied both in Alia and Europe,
by the name of Hindoottan^ The couo-
in theiv ratificatiua of an agreement,
granted to CoUunbus, upon his return,
gave them the name of Indies. Even
after the error which gave rili; to this
opinion was detefled, and the tiue po-
fition of the New World was afcer-
taincd, the name has remained, and tlie
appellation of the Weft Indies is given by
all the people of Europe to thefe iflands,
and that of Indians to the inhabitants,
not only of thefe iflands, but of the
continent of America. They are like-
wife called the Caribbee Iflands, from
the aborigines of the country; and the
fea in which they lie is called, the
Carribbean, Sea. By the French, they
are called the Antilles; and nautical
men diftiogruifli them, from the different
tries ta the B of the river Burampooter courfes taken by fhips, iirtd the Leewaid
(namely, Aracan, AfFam, Ava, Burmab, and Windward Iflands, which fee. The
Cambodia, Cochtn-China, Laos, Mat- name of Caribbee fhould properly be
lacca, Pegu, Siam, and Tonautn) which confined to the fmaller iflands, lying be*
geographert have hitherto diftinguiiked tween p<)rto Rico and Tobago. Thefe
by thenameof the Peninfulaof India be- were inhabited by the Caribs, a fierce
yond the Ganged, aie no more to be con- race of men, newife refemblinff their
ildered as belonging to India, than the timid neighbours in the larger ifhmds*
border! n&r countries of Perfia, Tartayy, Colttmbtts was a witnefy to their intrepid
and Thibet. See Hindoostan. valour. The fame charaftec they have
Indies, East, the name given by maintained invariably in all fubfequent
£iUY>pean3 to a great number of iflands contefts with the Eurapeans. The Britiflt
in the Indian Ocean^ extending from the iflands are Jamaica, Barbadoes, St.
^nihfula of Htndoofta^ as far e as New
Guinea, and from the ^y. of Bengal and
the China Sea as far a as New I&IIand.
The.m^ weftem of them., are the Maldi-
ves, ana the moft eaftcprn the Molluccat j
Chriftppher» Aaitigua, An^ada, Nevis,
Montfetlaty A^W'Huda, Anguilla, Domi-
nicia, St. Vincent, Granada, the Ba-
hama Iflands, and pOt^ iht Virgin
Iflands i with '^obago^^imUi^cea ^4
»m>M
ne given to a.
I the Atlantic
1 the entrance;
From the Nw
(lan^s, off the
7 45 N, in a
1 of Tobago,.
■ T:rra Firma,
L is the molt
,e raoft eaftern
(Jolumbuii dii*
lonfidered them
i in Afia, cora-
lecal name ot'
)y a w courfe
, had be'.'n the
age i and this
that Ferdinand
Liten of Caftjle,
an aereement,
pon his return,
Indies. Even
ive rile to this
idi the Uue po-
rid was afcer-
nainvd, and tlie
dies is given by
o thefe iAands,
he inhabitants,
s, but of the
'hey are like-
Iflands, from
intryj and the
lis called, the
French, they
and nautical
the different
;d the Lcewaid
hich fee. The
properly be
inds, lying be-
ibago. Theft
ibs, a fierce
liemblini^ their
larger ilhrn^s*
their intrepid
;er they have
all fubfequent
it. TheBritiflt
jarbadoes, - St.
i^ada, Nevis,
[guilla, Domi-
fada, the Ba-
the Virgin
^0, S&A
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and th« tnfe
ftrufled.
buildings^
from comm
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paintines d*
Cutais IS thi )
Imola, ||
Komagna, i\
the Santemi*
icnce. L«Q
iNCHCOli
Forth> near!
the county «,
fine ruins of j.
byAlexandil,,^
for his efcafi t
in a tempelt j
nent he rei;
iromahermj
the milk of [
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dedicated tc ' ,
iNCHKEf .
Edinburghi)
lying Tiiidw^
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inchma:
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It is one li >
are vaft ilra
a chapel dt;
ruins of wK I
India, :
wtuch lies,! vi
and 7 and j'
the Europr
countries y
extend froii
to the cad
the name t
pro^nety,)! ;
by the nan
tries t» tltt
(namely,^
Cambodia^
lacca* Pegi
geosraphef
by the nam
yond the G
lldered as .
bordering
and Thibel
Indi&s^
Europeaiis
in the Indii
j^rtitifula o
Guinea* ai
the China |
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1
I N D
I N D
fit. Lucitt eonqoered from the French>
the firft in t793> and the other two in
S794. Cuba, Porto ftico, Trinidad,
and Margarita, belong to the Spaniards,
who have the eaftem |xart of Uiipaniola.
The French have Guadaloupc, Mariga-
lante, Defeada, and the weuem part of
Hilpaniola, fome places of which laft,
however, have provifionally fubmitted to
the EnrrliOi. The Dutch have St. Eu-
ftatia, v.kira^ao, Saba, and St. Martin;
the. Danes, St. Thomas, St. Croix, and
part of the Virgin Iflaods } and the
Swedes, St. Bartholomew.
Indians of North and South
America, the original natives of theie
two vaft continents ; of whom It is ob-
servable, that there is a natural diltin^ion
between the inhabitants cf the temperate
zones and thofe of the torrid; and that
accordingly, they may be divided into two
great dalles. The one comprehends all
the N Americans, from the river St.
Lawrence to the gulf of Mexico, together
with the people of Chili, and a few fmall
t;:ibes towara the extremity of the fouthern
continent. To the other belong all the
inhabitants of the iflands, andthofe lettled
in the provinces, which extend from the
'ifthmus of Darien ^Imoft to the fouthein
confines of Brafil, along the e llde of the
Andes. In the former, which coospre-
hends all the regions of the temoerate
zone in America, that are inbaoited,
the human fpecies appears maaifeitly to
be more perfe£l. The natives are more
robuft, aaive, intelligent, and courageous ;
and have defended their liberty with \yef-
ievering fortitude aguinft the Europeans,
who iubdued the other rude nations of
America with the greateft eale. The
natives of the temperate zone are the
•only people in the new world who are
indebted for tlielr freedom to their own
valour. The N Americans, though long
encompaffed by three formidable Euro-
pean powers, retain part of their original
poiTellions. The people of Chili, though
xarly invaded, ftill maintain a gallant
contelt with the Spaniards, and have iet
bounds to their encroachments ; whereas,
in the warmer regions, men are more
feeble in their frame, lei's vigorous in the
efforts of their mind, of a gentle but
daliardly fpirit, more enflaved by plea-
fure, and inore funk in indolence. Ac-
cordingly, it is m the torrid zone that
the Europeans have moft effe£lually efta-
blifhed their Aomlnton over America;
and, if feveral tribes there ftill enjoy in-
dependence, it is either becaufe they have
fiever been attacked by sm enemy already
fatiated with conqueft, and poflelTcd of
larger territories than he was able to
occupy, or becaufi hey have been faved
from oppreflion by iieir remote and in-
accelfible Htuation. This diftinclion,
however, although fo confpicuous, is not
univerfal. Of the maimers of the N
American Indians, a general idea may
be formed, by an account of thofe who
inhabit the countries to the E of the
Miinifippi. Thefe confiil of a8 different
nations; the principal of whi.cb are
the Cherokiu:!:, Chickafaws, Choctaws»
Creeks, Delawares, the fix Nations, the
(hawaneie, Hurons, Illinois, &c. Allow-
ing about 700 to a nation or tribe, they
will contain, in all, zo,ooo fouls, and
may furnilh between 4 and 5000 war-
riors. Thefe Indians take a great deal
of pains to darken their complexion, by
anointing themfelves with greafe, aiui
lying in the fun. They alfo paiqt their
face, breaft, and fhoulders, of vai'iou«
colours, but generally red ; and in many
parts of their bodies they prick in gun-
powder in very pretty figures. Their
features are well formed, efpecially thoie
of the women. They are of a middle
ftature, their limbs clean and ilraight,
and fcarcely any crooked or deformed
perfon is to be found among them. They
fhave, or pluck the hair off their headf »
except a patch about the crown, which \a
ornamented with beautiful feathers, beads*
wampum, and fuch like baubles. Their
ears are bored, and ftretch^d by a thong
down to their fiioulders. They zvc
wound round with wire to expand thema
and adorned with filver pendants, rings*
and bells, which they Ukewiie wear in
their nofes. Some of them will have a
large feather through the earti^age of the
noie ; and thofe who can afford it, wear a,
collar of wampum, a filvcr breaftplate*
and bracelets on the anus and wrifts. A
bit of cloth about the middle, a fhirt qf
the Engli/h make, op. which they beftow
iniuimerable Ititches to adorn it, a fort of
cloth boots and mockafons, which are fhoes
of a make peculiar to the Indians, orna^
mented with porcupine quills, with a
blanket thrown over all, complete their
drefs at home ; but when they go to war*
they leave their trinkets behmd. There
is little difference between the drefs
of the men and women, excepting that a
fhort petticoat, and the hair, which is ex-
ceedingly black and long, and clubbed be-
hind, diftin^ifh fome of the latter.
Their warhke arms are guns, bows
and arrows, darts, fcalping knives, and
tomahawks: the laft is one of th(;ir
B'! :)1
ihoft ufeful pieces of field -fumltiire, fcrv-
ing all the offices of the hatchet, pipe, and
Iword. Tlicj^ are exceedingly expert in
throwing it, and will kill ataconfideiablt
diftance. The wovld has no better
markfrnen with r.ny weapon. They will
kill birds flying, fifties Iwimming, and
wild bealts i-unning. They are not fo ig-
norant as fome i'uppofe them, but arc a
very intelligent people, quick of appre-
henCon, fuaden in execution, fubtle in
bufinefs, exquifite in invention, and induf-
trious in aftion. They are of a veiy
gentle and amiable dilpofition to thole
they think their friends, but as implacable
in their enmity; tlieir revenge being
completed only by the entire deftnifticn
6f their enemies. They are veiy h?rdjr,
bparing heat, cold, hunger, and thirrt, in
a furprifmg manner j and yet no people
are more addi6ltd t6 exceis in ieatjng
and drinking, when it is in their
jjower. The follies, nay mifchief, they
commit, when inebriated, are entirely laid
to the liquor ; and no one will rtjvenge
any injtiry (murder excepted) received
from one who is no more himfelf . Among
the Indians ill men :irc equal, perfoniil
qualities bein^ moll elkemed- No diltinc-
iio;i of birth,' or rank, renders any man
capable of doing prejudice to the rights of
prrvate perlbnsj and there is no pre-emi-
nence' from merit, which begets pride,
and which makes others too fenfinle of
'their owjj Inftriority. Thpir public
conferences fliow them to b: men of
genius J and tjicy tave, in a high de-
gi'ee, the talent of natural eloquence.
They live difperfed in villages, either
in the woods, or on the banks of
ri\'ers, where they have little plantations
of Indian corn, and roots, not enough to
Aipply their families half the year; and
they fubfift, the remainderbfit,by hunting,
fiftiing, and fowling, and the fruit? of the
earth, which grow fpontaneoufly in great
plenty. Their buts are generally built of
ihnall logs, and covered with bark, each
having a chipiney, and a door, on which
they place a padlock. One of their
town?, called Old Chelicothe, is built in
the form of a parallelogram ; and fome of
their houfes are fhirgl.ed. A long council-
hdufe extends the whole length of the
town, wbere the king and chiefs of the
nation fregjuently meet, and cpnfulton all
matters of importance, whether of a civil
or military nature. Some huts are built by
letting up a frame on forks, and placing
bark againft it ; others of reeds, and fur-
i'fiuhded with clay. The fire is in the
middle of the wigwaijn, and the fmok?
'I N 6
palTes through 'a little hole. They join
reeds together, by cords run through
them, which lerve them for tables and
beds. They mbftly lie upon Ikins of wild
beafts, arid fit on the grourid. They have
brafs kettles and pots to boil their foud.
Gourds or calabalhes, cut afurider, fcrve
them for pails, cups, anddifiies. The ac-
counts of travellers, concerning their re-
ligion, are various ; and although it can-
not be abfolutely affirmed that they have
r>one, yet it mult be confeflTed very diffi-
cult to define what it is. All agree that
they acknowledge one Supreme Gpd, but
do not adore him. They have not fepn
him, they do not know him, believing him
to be too far exalted above them, and too
happy in himfelf to be concerned about
the trifling affairs of poor mortals. They
feem alfo to believe in a future Itate, and
' that after death they fhall be removed to
'their friends, who have gone before thern^
to an elyfium, or paradife. The Wyan-
dotts, near Detroit, and fome others, have
the Roman catholic religion introduced
among them by miffionaries. Thefe have
a church, a miniftei', and a regular bury-
ing-groulid. Many of them appear zea-
lous, and fay prayers in their families.
Thele, by their acquaintance with white
peopk', are a little civilized, which mull
of nectllity precede Chriftiaijjty. The
Shawanefe, Cherokees, Chickafaws, and
fome others, are little concerned about
religion. Others continue their former
fuperftitious worlhip of the obje6tr of
their love and fear, and eCpecially thofe
beings whom they moft dread; though,
at the fame time, it is allowed they
pray to the fun, and other inferior be-
nevolent deities, for fuccefs in their un-
dertakings, for plenty of food, and other-
nccefTaries of life. They have their feftj-
vals, and other rejoicing-days, on which
they fing and dance in a ring, taking
hands, having fo painted and difguifed
theinl'elves, that it is difficiilt to know any
of them ; and after enjoying this diver-
fion foi- a while, they retire to the place
where they have prepared a feaft of filh,
flefh, fowl, and fruit; to wliich all are
invited, and entertained vnt\\ their country
fongs. They believe that there is great
virtue in feaffs for the fick. For this
purpofe, a young buck m'lft be killed
and boihd, thtf friends and near neigh-
bours of the patient invited, and havnig
firft thrown tobacco on the* fife, and cq-
vered it up clofe, they all fit down in a
ring, and raife a lame"ntabje cry. They
then uncover the fire and kindle it; and
the he^ of th« buck is firft fcnt aboutj^
I N D
I N D
ereiy one taking a bit, and giv ing a loud
croak, in imitation of crows. They after-
ward proceed to eat all the buck, making
<■ molt harmonious, melancholy fone ; in
tvhich ftraln theii' mufic is particularly ex-
cellent. As they approach their towns,
when fome of their pepple are loft in war,
they make great lamentations fftr ' their
dead, and bear them long after in remem-
brance. Some nations abhor adulteiy, do
not approve of a plurality of wives, and
are not guilty of theft j but there are
other- tribe$ that are not (o fcnipulous.
Among the Chickafaws,ahufband may cut
»fF the nofe of his wife, if guilty of adul-
tery ;.but men are allowed greater liberty.
This nation defplfes a thief. Among the
Cherokees they cut olf the nofe and ears
of an adulrrels j afterward her hulband
gives her a difcharge; and from this time
(he is not permitted to refule any one
who prefents himfelf. Fornication is un-
noticed j for they allow perlbns in a fingle
(tate unbounded freedom. Their form of
marriage is Ihort: the man, before wit-
nefles, gives thfe bride a deer's foot, and
(he, in return, prefents him with an ear of
corn, as erabJems of their feveral du-
ties. The women are very flaves to the
men; which is a common cafe in rude,
unpolifhed nations, throughout the world.
Their king has no power to put any
one to death by .his own authority ;
but the murderer is generally delivered,
up to the friends of the deceafed,
to do as they pleafe. When one kills
another, his friend kills him, and fo they
continue until much blood is (hedj and at
lalt the quarrel is ended by mutual pre-
fents. Their kings are hereditary, but
their authority extremely limited. No
people are a more ftriking evidence of the
miferies of mankind in the want of govern-,
ment than they. Every chief, when of-
fended, breaks off with a party, fettles at
fome diftance, and then commences hofti-
lities acrainft his own people. They are
generally at war with each other. When
they take captives in var, they are ex-
ceedinly cruel, treating the nnhappy
prifoners in fuch a manner, that death
would be preferable to life. They load
them with burdens, and when they arrive
at their towns they mull run the gauntlet.
In this, the favages exercife fo much cru-
elty, that one would think It iinpofiible
theyihould furvive their fnfFerings. Ma-
ny are killed; but if one oiithves tlils
trial, he is adopted into a family as
a fon, and treated with paternal klnd-
nel's. But fometlme.'- heir prifoners
a/€ deftined to be u vired to di-.ith,
In order to fatiate the revenge of their
conquerors. While their lot is in fuf-
penfe, the prifoners appear altoj;ethel'
unconcerned about what may befal them ;
they talk, they eat, they (leep, as if there
were no danger impending ; and when the
fatal fentence is intimated to them, they
receive it with an unaltered countenance,
raife their death-fong, and prepare to fuffcr
like men. The viftors allemblc as to a
folemn feftival, refblved to put the forti-
tude of the captives to the utmoft proof.
A fcene cnfues, the bare defcription of
which is enough to chill the heart with
horror, wherever men have been accuf-
tomed, by mild inftitutions, to refpeft
their fpecies, and to melt into tendemefs
at the light of human fufferings. The
prifoners are tied naked to a Itake, butr
fo as to be at liberty to move round
it, Allprefent, men, women, and chil-
dren, ruui upon them like furies : (ome
burn their limbs with redhct irons,
fome mangle their bodies with knives,
others tear their fiefh from their bones,
pluckout their nails by the roots, and rend
and twift their finews ; and fucb is their
cruel ingenuity in torturing, that, by
avoiding to touch the vital parts, they often
prolong this fcene of anguifli for feveral
days. In fpite of all their fufferihgs, the
viiStims continue to chant their death-fong
with a firm voice, they boa/t of their own
exploits, they infult their tormentors £of
their want of (kill to avenge the death of
their friends and relations, they war^
them of the vengeance that awaits them
on account of what they are now doing,
and excite thdr ferocity by the moft pro-
voking reproaches and threats. To dif-
play luidaunted fortitude in fuch dreadful
fituations, is the nobleft triumph of a
warrior: to avoid the trial by a vo-
luntary death, or to (brink under it,
is deemed cowardly and infamous. Ani-
mated by thefe ideas, they endure, with-
out a groaji, what it Icems almoft im-
poflible that human nature fliould I'uftain.
Weary, at length, of contending with
men, whofe conihncy they cannot van-
quifli, fome chief, in a rage, puts a period
to their Ihtferings, by difpatching them
with Ills dagger or his club, The people
of S America gratify their revenge in a
manner Ibnicwhat different, but with the
fame unrelenting rancour. Their prifon-
ers, after meeting, at their firft entrance,
with the Himc i-ough reception as among
the N Americans, are not only exempt
from injury, u t treated with the greatest
kindnefs. They are feafted and carefled*
and fonw beautiful young wOmen al"c ftp-
T 4.
I- ^-'l
'H
1 N D
I N G
1! II
I
¥■ ' f
pi • !i:
r
i;ii
Mi \
olntcd to attend and folace them. Butf
y a refinement of cruelty, while they
feem ftudious to attach their captives to
life, their doom is irrevocably fixed. On
an appointed day, the victorious tribe af-
fembles, the priloner is brought forth with
great folemnity, he meets his fate with
undaunted firmnefs, and is difpatched by
a fmgle blow. The moment he falls, the
women feice the body, and drefs it for the
feaft. They befmear their children with
the blood, in order to kindle in their bo«
foms a hatred of their enemies, and all
join in feeding upon the flefh with amaz-
ing greedinefs and exultation. Wherever
this pra6lice prevails, captives never cfo
cape death) but they are not tortured
with the fame cruelty as among tribes
which are lefs accuCtomed to fuch honid
feafts. The Indians of S America, im-
mediately under the Spanifh government,
although the moft deprcfled order of men
in the country which belonged to their
inceftors, are now far from being treated
w ith that rigour and cruelty which wuk laid
to the charge of the firft conquerors of that
continent. They are no longer confidered
as flaves : on the contrary, they are re-
puted as freemen, and entitled to the
Erivileges of fubje^s. A certain tri-
ute is, indeed, tmpofed upon them, and
certain fervices required; but the fe are
all under the due regulations of policy
and humanity. The Indians who live in
the principal towns are entirely fubjeA to
the Spaniin laws and magiftrates ; but, in
their own villages, they are governed by
caziques, feme of whom are the defcend-
ants of their ancient lords; others are
named by the Spanifh viceroys. Thefe
regulate the petty affairs of the people
under them, according to maxims of
juftice, tranlmitted to them by tradition.
To the Indians, this jurifdiftion, lodged
in fuch friendly hands, affords Ibme con-
folation ; and fo littlt; formidable is this
dignity to their new mafters, that they
often allow it to defcend by hereditary
right. For their further relief, the
Spanifh court has appointed ati officer in
every dillricft, with the title of Protestor
of the Indians, whofe duty is to aflert
the rights of the Indians ; to, appear as
their defender in the courts of juftic^ ; and
to fet bounds to the exactions of his coun-
taymen. A portion of the annual tribute
is deftined for. the falaries of the caziques
and protectors ; another pait is appropri-
ated lo the payment of their tribute in years
'* famine, oi* when a particular diftri6l
is afhiCted by any extraordinaiy local cala-
mity. Provifion too is made> by various
laws, that hofpitals fhould be founded In
every new fettlement, for the reception
of Indians. Such hofpitals have accord-
ingly been ere^ed, both for the indigent
and infirm, in Lima, Cufco, and \Iexicoy
where the Indians are treated with ten-
dernefs and hummity. See £s(^imavx ;
Indies, West; Patagonia; and Vin-
cent, St.
Indrapore, a Dutch fettlement oq
the w coaft of Sumatra, in the £ Indies,
1 60 miles nw of Bencoolen.
iNDRb, a department of France, in-i
eluding the late province of Berry. It
has its name from a river, whicn rife$
in tliis departntent, and paffrng into that
of InJre and Loire, falls into the Loire,
between Ciiinon and Saumur. Chateau-
roux is the capital.
Indre and Loire, a department of
France, including the late province of
Touraine. Tours is the capital.
Indore, or Enpore, a modern city
of Hindoollan Proper, capital of a ter-
ritory in the province of Malwa, fubje£l
to one of the Poonah Mahratta chiefa.
It Is 30 miles s of Ougein. Lon. 76 5 £»
lat. 1^ 31 N.
Indus, a great river of HindooftaQ
Proper, called by the natives Sinde or
Sindeh. It is formed of about ten principal
ftreams, which defcend from the Peruaii
and Tartarian mountains. Froi^ the
city of Attock to Moultan, or to the
confiux of the Chunaub, it is commonly
named the river of Attock. Below the
city of Moultan, it proceeds in a sw
dire£lion, through the province of that
name, lind that of Sindy, and enters the
Arabian Sea, by feveral mouths, NW of
the gulf of Cutch. ' "
Inglesheim, a town of Geimany, in
the palatinate of the Kliine, remarkabiti
for liaving been the rcfidence of tlie em-
perors. It is feated on the river Salva, on
an eminence, five mile^ iw of Mentz.
Lon. 8 15 E, lat. 49 4.8 n.
Incolstadt, a Itrong town of Ba-
varia, with a famous univerfity, and a
fine church. The houfes are built of
ftone, and the Itreets are large. It was
taken by the Auftrians in 1 742 ; and
was bombarded by. the French, but re-
lieved by the Auilrians, Sep. 11, 1796.
It is feated 'on the Danube, five miles
NNE of Neuhurg^ and 45 n by w of
Munich. Lon. ir 10 e, lat. 48 46 n.
Ingria, a province of the Ruffian
empiie, which novr form:? the gevern-
nient of St. Peteriburgh. It is 130 miles
long and 50 broad ; bounded onthe n by
the river Neva and the gulf of Finland}
I N G
I N N
«yn the t and s by the goverament of
Novogorod, and on the w by that of
Livonia, The czar Peter the Great
wrefted it from the Swedes, and it
was confirmed to him by the treaty of
Nyrtadt in 17x1. At this time, the in-
habitants of the flat country were a Fin-
nifli people, but little different from the
Fins of Carelia as to their language and
manners. They were called Ilchorki, and
Ifchortzi, from the river Ifchora, which
runs into the Neva. Ingriadidnot retain
its ancient Swedilh privileges: on the
contrary, Peter made a prefent of one
part or the Ifchortzi to certain Rulfian
nobles ; who, on their fide, were obliged
to people the lefs-cultivated cantons of In-
gria, with colonies of Rulfians from their
eftates ; and thence it is, that a village
of Ruflians is often furrounded by vil-
lages of Fins. Thcfe Ifchortzi have
long followed agriculture. Their econo-
my is an iU-chcuen mean between that of
the Ruffians and that of the Fins. They
aifemble in fmall villages, of five or ten
farms each i and live miferably in fmall
dirty huts. Their inclination to idle-
nefs and drinking leads them often to fell
their ftock, and the very com they have
faved for fowing the nelds. Some of
them, however, imitate theRuifian vil-
lagers, who are better managers, more
at their eafe, and * abetter circumftauces.
The Ingrians are a ftupid, fufpicious,
thievifli race, and dangerous from their
phlegmatic and pilfering temperament.
They refemb^e the gypfies, are vaga-
bonds like them, calculate ' nativities,
and tell fortunes. The drefs of the men
15 exadly like that of the Fin boors ; but
the habit of the women betrays a vanity,
which, confidering the poverty of this peo-
ple, and the tyranny which their hulbands
and fathers exercife over them, may pals
for luxury. The lower part of their drefs
rcfcmbles that of the Fin country women.
Their ftifft reaches down to their knees,has
a neck and clofe wriftbands, both of them
pinked or wrought : the body and ileeves
are large } the latter whiinfically worked,
and the body puffed with numberlefs
plaits. Inftead of a petticoat, the In-
grian women tie on two aprons: thefe
are fbmetimes of cloth and fomctimes of
linen worked' with different colours.
That behind is much thr wiueft, and
the fraaHer one in front is generally adorned
^Arith glafs beads and little /hells. Se-
veral nrings of thefe beads are wore round
the neck, and fall upon the breath. They
carry, rather than wear* heavy ear-rings,
w*th the addition generally of firings of
beads. The girls wear their hair looie
and uncovered : the married women, on
the contrary, conceal. their hair, like the
Finnifh women, with a long piece of
linen, folded toward the middle int^
a kind of cap, while its extremities
fall upon the back, and are fupported
\jf the girdle in fuch a manner that
the whole nukes a kind of fpread fail
over the Ihoulders. When they drcis
themfelvcs to go to town, they conunonly
put on the Rul's cap, which is ornamcnte4
with a peak in front, is lined with fur,
and laced round the edges : with this ther
w«ar a long gown, made of ooarfe fhifl^
and fattened down the breaft with but-
tons. Before the Ruffians conquered this
country, the Ingrians had Luthei-an mi-
nifters for every canton ; but numbers of
them have been fmce converted to the
Greek faith. They are full of abfurd no-
tions and pagan fuperftitions, which thcf
mix with the ceremonials of Chriftianity.
They carry the figures of the faints inta
the woods in procefhon, and tl)er<: paj
them a formal worfhip. When a man
is inclined to many, ne buys himfelf 31
girl, and celebrates his nuptials. All the
way to the church they are accompanied
by two women in veils, who flng com-
pofitions. No fooner is the marriage
ceremony performed, than the hufband
begins to treat his wife with the utmcft
feverity, and thenceforward keeps her
under Itri^ difcipline, though not always
with the greatdt attention to juftlce.
She is often beaten for the faults of the
children, and fometimes for thofe of the
fervants. The dead are buried by the
Erieft of the profefTion to which they
elong. Their general opinion is, that
they continue to live in the fubterranean
world in the fame manner as they did on
the furface of the earth; and that the
nave is little more than a change of
habitation : for which reafon^ they bury
their money, that they may have it to
ufe in the other world.
Ingushi. See Kisti.
Inn, a river of Germany, which ha»
Its fource in the country of^ the Grifons,
at the foot of the mountain Septimer-
ber^. It runs ne through Tirol, by
Infpruc, and continuing its courfe ne
through Bavaria, paffes by Kufstein,
Vaffeburg, Braunaw, and other towns,
and falls into the Danube, between PafTau
and Inftrdt.
Innaconda, a fortrefs of the Deccan
of Hindooitan, in the Guntoor Circur»
• I'.'i
J'l
m
'1
m
i-» ill
■■*'
m
m
■^''it
m
n
Di
7,.*'
['■ , ' ' i
I!
i
I N V
ffruate on a MH, 46 miles nw «f
Oi;goie, and lubjcil to the ni/am of the
iX-ccan.
I' Innerkeithtnc, a village in Pceblef-
Iffiiit, on the n fide nf the river Tweed j
bear which is a medicinal Ipring, riling
into celebrity.
' iNNiSKiLtiNC, a town of Ireland, in
¥tte' county of Fcrmnnach, with a (hong
*fort,' it being a pafs of the grcafcft im-
^r^Unce from the N to the s of Ireland.
It made an obftinate defence againft
«jueen Elifabeth's army, in i595» and
eg:»in in 1689, againft James 11. It
is feated in the middle of Lough Earne,
wfhere that great lake is contrafted, tor
about fix miles, to the breadth of an
ordinary river. It is 20 miles E of
Ballyihannon. Lon. 6 50 w, lat^ 54.
•«^ N.
lNNTHAL,'a dIftriiJt of Germany, in
the Tirol, watered by the fiver Inn.
Infpruc.-is the capital.
iNOWSLADlsLOW, a town of Poland,
capital of Cujavl.^, with a fort, and a
palace where the hifhop of Cujavia refidcs.
It is 39 miles NE of Gr.efna, and 90 w
of Waifaw. Lon. 18 50 E, lat. 5a
' Ii^SPRUC, a populous town of Ger-
many, in the Tirol, capifal ofthe diilrift
of Innthal, with a ftroin^J caftlc It was
krmerly th^ place where the archdukes
of Anftrla refided 5 and is feated in a plea-
fant V3-Vy, on the river Inn, 17 miles
•NW of Brixen, and 60 s of Munich.
Lon. II Z7 E, Irtt. 4.7 10 N. /
■ 'In5Tai>t. Sce'PASsAU. -^ '. ■'■'■
^ ' Inve'rarv, a royal borough in Ar-
fjylefliire, feated on the nw fide of J.'och
Fync. In tfif nei^hbomhobd of this
place is a cortiult-nv' le iron work. It is
75 milts N\V of r.dinbm-gh and 4.5 of
Glafgow. Lon. 5 o w, lat. 56 16 Ji.
Inverbervie. See Bervie.
Imveresk, a village in ifedinburgh-
(hire, fituate on the E fiJe of the mouth
of the river Eflc, on the frith of Forth.
In 1783, the fv.bterraneous remains of a
Komun hypocauft, or hot bath, were dif-
covcred hej*e.
Invhrkeithino, a borough in Fife-
ihire, fituate in a beautiful bay of the
frith of Forth. ' It has a confiderable
trade in coal and other articles ; and is
J 8 miles NW of Edinburgh. Lon. 3 25
\v, lat. 57 6 N.
Inverness,' a royal borenagh of Stot-
lantl, capital of a county of the fam^hame,
fituate on the s bank of the river Nefs,
and overlooking the frith of Murray.
It haa a fafc and convenient harbour.
J OH
and a good deal of fhipplnsr. Several
larire buildings have been evcilcd on the
N fide of the town, in which.a confiderable
manufaijlure of ropes and canvafs is tar-
ried on. On art eminence above the
tmvn arc the ruins of the old cafUe, de-
moli/hccj by the rebels ih 1746 i and over
the Nefs is a bridge of leven arches.
The falmon fiflieiy in this river Is very
confiderable. Kear this town, on the
wide heath, called Cullodcn Muir, the
duke of Cumberland gained a decifive
viftory over the rebels in 174.6, To the
w of this town is the remarkable vitrified
fort called Craig Phadrick j the ftdne*',
compofing its walls, appear to have been
partly melted by fire. Invernels is 50
miles NE'of Foft William, and 106 N of
Edinburgh. Lon. 4 10 w, lat. 57 34 N.
Inverness-shire, the tuttft exten-
fiye coun'ty of Scotland, bounded on the
N by Rofsfliire} on the E by the counties
of Nairne, , Murray, and Aberdeen j on
the s by thofe of Perth and Argyle, and
on tht w by the channel called the Minlh.
Its extent, from N to s, is 50 miles,, and
from E to w, go. The N part is moun'-
tairtous and barren. The s part of the
Ihire is alfo very mountainous, and is
fuppofed to be the moil elevated ground
in Scotland. This county has leveral
confiderable lakes : being divided, in a
manner, into two eqtial parts, by Loch
Nel's, Loch Oich, Loch Lochy, and Loch
Eil ; all which might.be united by a canal,
th.it would form a communication be-
twec^i r'lri t\W iciis. Tlie e'xtenfive plains
whiciifurround tHc lakes, are, in general,
fertile; and the high groimds fetd many
ftecp and black,-tattle, the rearing and
/elling of which is the chief trade of the
inhabitants. Limeftone, iron-ore, and
fomc traces of different minerals have
been found in this county, with beauti-
fol rock cryftals of various tints ; but no
fnines have been worked hitherto with
much fucccfs. The principal river is
the Spey j but there are others of inferior
note, as the Nefs, Fyers, Glafs, Lcchy,
Sec. The common people in the high
parts of the country, and on the weftern
ihore, f^Tcak Gaelic ; but the people of
fafhion in Invernefs, and its neighbour-
hood, ufe the Englifh language, and pro-
nounce it with propriety. .
Inve'hurv, a boroygh in Aherdeen-
fhire, fituate on the fertile banks of the
Don,' jrift"abt3Vf it^ confltience with the
river called Uric Water. It is 15 miles
NW of Aberdeen. ' ' ' \ ['
Joanna. See His7uam. '*■'■'."'*''
Johannesburg, a towiicrf Eaftera
I
JON
I P ^
frunia, NvitTi n cltidfl, featec! on the river
Pvch, near the hkc Spirding, <;5 nulu:;
tE of KoningPoerg. Lon. 22 39 E, lut.
53 16 N. '
John-O-Groat's House, the re-
mains of a noted' houle, reckoned the
molt northerly dwelling In Scotlaad, and
fituate on Dungfbay Head, which forms
the NE point of Great Britain.
John's St. one of the Philippine Ifl-
ands, E of Mindanao. Lon. 126 32 e>
lat. 9 30 N.
John's, St. an ifland of N America,
in the bay of St. Lawrence, having New
Brunfwick on the W, and Cape Breton on
the E^ It was taken by the Engiifli in
John's, St. a river of N America,
in New Brunfwick, which, running from
N to s, enters the bay of Fnndy, at the
city of St. John's.
John's St. a city of N America, in
New Brunrwick, fonncrly called Pjiir
Town* It is fituate at the mouth of the
river St. John's, in the bay of iFundy.
Lon. 65 15 w, lat. 45 12 N.
John's, St. a town on the e fide of
the ifland of Newfoundland. It has a
good harbour, entirely landlocked, and
defended by feveral forts, in one of which
the governor of the ifland rcfides: Lon.
52 21 w, lat. 47 32 N.
John's, St. the capital of Antjgua.
It is one of the moft regullr towns in the
W Indies, and has the moft conjmodious
harbour in the Leeward Iflinds. Lon. 62
4 W, lat. 17 4 N.
JoHNquERA, a town of Spain, in Ca-
talonia, featcd at the foot of the Pyrenees,
20 miles s of Perpignan.
Johore, Jor, or Ihor, a town of
Malacca, in Afia. It was deftroyed by
tiie Portuguefe in 1603, ^"t ^^^ ^^^^ ^^'
built, and is In the poflcifion of the Dutch.
Lon. 93 55 e, lat. 1 15 N.
JoiGNY, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Yonne and late province of
Burgundy. Its red wines, though not of
tlie firlt quality, have a great demand.
Here Is a caftle, which would be a mag-
nificent one, where It finiflied. It is f'eated
on the Yonne, 1 7 miles s s e of Sens . Lon.
3 36 E, lat. 4.8 o N.
JoiNViLLE, an ancient town of France,
in the department cf Upper Marne and
late province of Champagne, with "a large
magnificent caftle. It is i'catcd on the
Marne, 25 miles sv/ of Bar-ie-Duc, :ind
125 SE of Paris. Lon. 5 20 e, lat. 48
20 N. , :
lONA, See ICOLMKILL.
JONKi6riNC, a town of Sweden, ca-
pital of the province of Smoland, atifl
lent of the parliament, or fiincrinr conrt
cf jiiltlce for Gothland. 'J'lie homes ait
chiifly of wood, covered with tuif or
mofs ; no thatching being ulcd, as botli
too dear, and too t'.angcroiit, in caie of fire.
In order to keep out the rain, large laver*
of birch baik ai? fprtad over the timbcr-
v.ork of the roof, \indcr the coveiing of
turf or niofs. The!"e tvirf root's nrake a
fingul;ir appearance, many cf tliem pro-
ducing herL:iee, which u occajionaiiy cut
for the ule ot the cattle j ancf a few ;ur
ornamented with flowers. The town is
featcd on the s fide of Lake Wetter, with
a ftrong citadel, 50 miles nw of Calmar.
Lon, 14 46 E, lat. 57 12 N.
Jordan, a river of Palcftinc, which
riles in Mount Libanus, and runs from
N to s, forming two lakes, the one for-
merly called the fea of Galilee, or the
Jake of Tiberias, and the other, the DeaA
Sra.
Josselik, a town of France, m thr!
department of Mcrblhan and late pro*
vince of Brctagne, 25 miles KEX)f Van-
ncs. Lon, 2 23 w, lat. 48 o N.
JouARE, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Seine and Marne and l-^te pro-
vince of the Ifle of France, with a late
magnificent Benediitine abbey, 10 milc«
SE of Meaux, and 35 E of Paiis, '
JouD., SeejEHUD.
JotJ!x, VaLley and Lake 'bp. See
Jura, Mount, '
JoYEUSi^, a. town of France, In the
department of Ajdeche and late province
cf t)ruphiny, feated on the Baune, 27
miles sw of Privas.
IpsALA, a town of Turkey in Eu-
rope, with a Greek archbilhop's fee.
Near it are mines of alum. It is feated
on the Larif'a, 20 miles sw of Trajano-
poli,and 118 w of Conftantinople. Lon.
26 10 E, lat. 40 57 N.
Ipsera, a linall ifland in the Archi-
pelago, in the form of a heart, 1 5 mile*
N\v of the illand of Scio. To the w^
is another fmall ifland, called Anti-Ip-
fera,
Ipswich, a borough and feaport in
Suffolk, with a market on Weduelclay,
Friday, and Saturday. It Is a place of
great antiquity, and was once furroundcd
by a Xvall, traces of which are yet to be
fcen. It contains la parifh churches, a
guildhall, two hofpitals, a freelchoel, and
a cuftomhonfe, with a good quay. It is
popidous and well- inhabited, though ir-
regularly built } but it has declined i'rom
its fcrnicr coniequcnce. Its maimfac-
tuies oi bioad cloth and canvas are at an
' X.
i .i^
f«l
ii
fh !i
I
K I''
W''i\
ij
"■■ '>■ ,
11 ^'--i:
1
t ,,''
1
I R £
mi ; apd its prefcnt commerce chiefly
depend* upon the malting and exporta-
tion of corn. It has a connderabit coaU-
ing traule, a fmaJl fliare of foreign com-
incrcc» and fends Ihips to Gu-enland.
VefleU of large btirdcn ai« obliged to
ftop at fome diAance below the town. It
is noted for being tlic biithulace of car-
dinal Wolleyi and is feateu on the Or-
vrtU, 26 miles SE of Bury St. Edmuxuls,
and 69 Nib of London. Lon. 1 16 £,
lat. 52 8 N.
Irac-Arabia, 01* Babylonian-
Irac (the ancient Chaldea) a province
«f Turkey in Afia ; bounded on the w
by the defert of Arabia, on the N by
Curdiftan and Diarbeck,on the E by Irac-
Agcmi and Kufiftan, and on the s by the
gulf of Peifta. It is watered by the Eu-
phrates and Tigi'is ; and is almoll uH un-
der the dominion of the Turks. Bagdad
is the capital.
Irac-Agemi, or Persian-Irac, a
province of Perfiaj bounded on the w
Dy Irac-Arabia and Kufiftan, on the N
by Aderbeillan and Ghilan, on the e by
Couhellan, and on the s by Farfiftaa.
Ifpahan is the capital.
Ire BY, a town in Cumberland, with
a market on Thurfday. It is feated in
a valley, at the fource of the river Elian ;
and many Roman antiquities have been
dug up here. It is 10 miles ne of
Cockerfnouth, and 299 nnw of London.
Lon. 3 iS w, lat. 54 50 N.
Ireken, Jerkin, or YarkaNi a rich
and populous town of Tartary, the ca-
pital of Bochaiia, with a caftie. It is
the ftaple town of all the trade carried on
between India and the N part of Afia.
The Kalmucks are matters of itj and
never dilturb any one on account of their
religion. It is eight miles N of Ca/hgur.
Lon. 73 25 E, lat. 4f 40 N.
Irelanp, one of the Britiih iHands,
lying to the w of that of Great Britain.
It is bounded on the E by .St. George's
Channel and the Irilh Sea, which feparate
it froTO' England and Wales} on the ne
by a channel, called the North Channel,
34 miles broad, which feparates it from
Scotland ; arid on every other , fide by the
ocean. It is 278 miles in length, and
X55 in breadth. It is divided into four
grovinces j namely, Ulfter to the N, Lein-
er to the e, Munfter to the s, and Con-
naught to the w; and thefe are fubdi-
vided into counties. The air is mild and
temperate, but more humid than in Eng>
land. In geneial, it is a level country,
well watered with lakes and rivers ; and
the foil, in molt parts, is very good and
1 R E
fertile : even in thofe places, where the
bogs and morailes have been drained,
there is good meadow ground. It pro-
duces corn, hemp, aind flax» in great
plenty { and there are fo many cattle, that
their beef and butter are exported irito
foreign parts ; and not only tbe Engliilh,
but other (hips, tiequently come to be
vii^ualled here. The other commodities
arc, hides, wool, tallow, wood, fait, ho-
ney, and wax. The principal manufac-
ture of (.reland is fine linen cloth, which
is brought to great pcrfc6lion, and the
trade in it is vaftly incre^fed. This
country is well fituate for foreign trade,
on account of its niany fecure and com-
modious harbours. The laws differ but
little from thole of England ; and the
eftabliOied religion i« the fame. The
members of parliament ufually fat foi-
life, unlefs upon the demife of the king i
but, in 1768, the parliaments were made
oAennial. Formerly, this kingdom was
entirely fubordinatc to that of Great
Britain, whofc parliament could jmke
laws to bind the pi.-ople of Ireland } and
an appeal might be made from their
courts .of jultice to the houfe of lords in
England ) but, in 1781^ it was declarec* .
that although Ireland was an imper'
crv-xvjt, infcjparubly annexed to tlxat
Great Britaui (on which connexion *.^^
intereit of both nations elfentiaily de-
pended) yet the kingdom of Ireland was
diltin^, with a parliament of its own,
and that no body of men were competent
to make laws for Ireland, except thi: king*
lords, and commons thereof. And, fome
time after, this declaration being thought
infufficicnt., tlxe Britifh legiflature, by an
exprefs ;i^ of parliament for that pur-
pole, relinquifhed all claim of right to in-
terfere with the judgment of the IriOi
courts, or to make laws to bind Ireland
in time to come. The lore, lieutenant of
Ireland, as well as the council, are ap-
pointed, from time to timi;, by the king.
There arc a great numbei of Roman ca-
tholics in this country, whofe religion is
tolerated, and to whom, in 1793* the
Irifh legidature granted many important
conceflion. The common people were
fo poor, and it y/is fo hard for them to
.get a livelihood, that they frequently
went into other countries.tofeek their
fortunes } and, particularly, great num-
bers went over to the plantations in Anie-
rlca. That part of the inhabitants, cal-
led the Wild Irifh, were formerly as'fa-
vage as the native Americans ; and, like
them, lived in huts, making a fire in the
middle of them i b\ft it is to be hoped*
.^S'SV
I R W
IS I
^t atl the i*udc and barbarous cuftomi ,
as wrll as every other trace of wrctched-
neis and degradation, will vaaint intimei
Ancc the emancipation of the country has
removed the ancient reftriftions on their
commerce and manuta^ures. Ireland
contains )t counties, four archbifhoprlcs,
and 1 8 bifhoprics. Its princiual rivers
are, the Shannon, Boyne, Liffey, Sure,
Blackwater, and Lee. Dublin is the
capital .
Ireland, New. See Britain, New.
Irkutsk, the largell and lead popu-
lous government of KufFia, coinprifing all
the E part of Siberia, from thi* Northern
Ocean to the frontiers of Chinefe Tar-
tar/, and from the boxmdaries of the go-
vernment of Tobollk to the Eaftern Ocean .
This large territory was gradually con-
4j^ered and appropriated by the Kullians
in their dcfultory cxcmfioni from To-
bollk. It is divided into the four pro-
vinces of Irkut/k, Nertfhiuik, Yakutfk,
and Okatlk.
Iron-acton, a village in Gloucef-
ter/hirc, at the conflux of the Staure and
Laden, which form the river Frome,
three miles from Briftol. Much iron
has formerly been dug up, and many iron
works and great heaps of cinders are to
be feen here.
Irromanco, an ifland, one of the
New Hebrides, in the S Pacific Ocean.
Lon. 169 10 £, lat. 18 48 s.
Irronam, one of the New Hebrides,
in the S Pacific Ocean, near Tanna.
Lon. 170 26 E, lat. 19 31 s.
Irtysh, a large river in Siberia, which
running from the s to NE falls into the
Oby, near Tobollk. The nw fhore is
low palture ground ; on the other fide,
are a prodigious number of black bears,
wolves, red and gray foxes, and gray
fquirrels. This nver abounds with fifh,
particularly ftiurgeons aixl delicate fal-
mons.
Irvine, or Irwin, a river of Scot-
land, in Ayrfhire, which defcent^ing from
the mountains on the e, paifes by Derval,
Ne'vmills, Galfton> and Riccarton, and
falls into the frith of Clyde, at the town
of Irvine.
iRviKiy dr Irwin, a royal boroueh
and feaport in AyrAtire, feated at the
movth of a river of the fame name» on
the frith of Clyde, 15 miles e of the
!fle of Arran, and 60 w by S of Edin-
burgh. Its chief trade is the exporting
of coal to Ireland. Lon. a 41 Wt lat.
55 38N.
Irwell, a river in Lancdhire, which
rlfcy above figlt«n, flows thence to Maa*
chefter, and falls into the MerCcr, below
Flixton. SeeCANAL, Dukeof^riocc-
water'8.
Isabella, Fort, a fort of Aufh-ian
Flanders, ftated on the w fide of the
Scheld, oppofite Antwerp. There is an-
other fort of the fame name, two miles
sw of Siuys, in Dutch Flanders.
I sc HI A, an ifland of Naples, 15 miles
in circuit, lying three miles off the coafl
of Terra-dj-Lavora. It is full of aRree-
abh: vallies, which produce excellent
fruits } mountains, on which grow vines
of an ex^uifite kind j rivers, and fine
gardens.
I sen I. \, a city of Naples, capital of an
ifland of the fame name, with a bifhop's
fee, and a ftrong fort. Both the city and
fortreCs ftand upon a rock, which is
joined to the illand by a briJgc : the
rock is about feven furlongs in circum-
ference. The city is like a pyramid of
houles pued one upon another, which
makes a veiy fingular appearance. At
the end of the bridge, next the city, are
iron gates, which open into a fubterra-
nean paflage, through which they enter
the city. They are always guarded by
foldiei-, who are natives of the ifland.
Lon. 14 a E, lat. 40 41 u.
Iselstein, a town of the United
Provinces, m that of Utrecht, feated on
the Iflel, four miles s\v of Utrecht.
Isenarts, or Eisenarts, a town of
Germany, in Stiria, famous for its iron
mmes, 30 miles nw of Gratz. Lon. le
4 E, lat. 47 15 N.
IsENBURc, a town of Germany, ca-
pital of a county of the fame name, in the
eleftorate of Treves, with a cattle { feat-
ed on a river, eight miles N by B of
Coblentz. Lon. 7 34 e, lat. 50 31 N.
isER, a river of Germany, which rife«
on the confines of Tirol and Bavaria, and
paffing by Munich and Landfchut, falls
into the Danube, between Straubina and
PafTau. "
Is ERE, a department of France, in-
cluding part of the late province of Dau-
phiny. It is fo named from a river
which rifes on the confines of Savoy, and
falls into the Rhone, above Valence.
Grenoble is the capital.
Is£RNiA, atowhof NapleSjinMolife,
with a bilhop's fee. It is feated at the
foot of the Appennines, 11 miles w of
Molife, and 46 n of Naples. Lon. 14
24 E» lat. 4t 36 N.
IsiGNi, a feaport of France, im the
department of Calvados and late province
of Normandy, noted for its fait works,
cider, and its butter. It i$ 15 miles w
l.;i
^^r^ip
IS L
I S N
M^-
ll ':
1;'^
m'
1^ N of Bayeu>. If^". o 59 w, lat.
49 zo N.
Isis. See TH.^^rl s.
Islands, IJav of, a bay of New
Zealand, 3f- the N extren-iity of the inoft
Bortheni ot the two illands that go under
that iijinc. In 1772, M. Dufrelne Ma-
rion, with two French floops, put into
tiiii bay, ami, v/ith 28 of his crew, was
murdeircd by the natives.
Is.'. AY, or Ila, an ifland of Scotland,
one of the Hebrides, to the sw of Jura.
Its great*. ft length is 25 miks ; its breadth
18 » The principal village is Bowniore,
which has a convenient harbour. The
f:ice of the country is hilly. Several
mines are wrought to great advantage,
particulaily iron and Itad ore. Here
likewife are copper, emery, native quick-
filver, and black-lead 5 with immtnfe
flores of limeftone, marl, coral, and flidi-
lUnd, for manure. Much corn and flax is
raifed here, and a great number of cattle
exported. Intuis. ard fome of the neigh-
bouring iflands, r.mltitudes of adders in-
feft the heath. On tl.e NW llde of the
ifland ic the cave of Sanegmcre, which is
a grotto, divided Into a iiuirber of far-
winding pafl'ages, fometimes opening into
fine expanles } again ciofmg, for a long
Ipace, into galleries, and forming a cu-
rions fubterraneous labyru; h. There
are alfo many other caverns, the haunts
of ninrerous wild pigeons, that lodge and
breed in them. The goats that feed
among the rocks are fo wild, that they
are obliged to be fliot like deer. Some
velfigis of aJitLquity are on this Khmd ;
particularly, the remains cf a circular
dry ftone building, on the hill of Lolfct,
aear the found of Iflay.
Isle-Adam, a town of France, in the
«Jepartment of Seine and Olle and late
province of the Iflc of France, with a
caftle, ftated on th; Oife, ao miles u
by w of Paris. J.on. 2 1 3 e, lat. 49 '/ n.
Isle of Beeves, an ifland of N
America, in the bay of Campeachvj 17
inlles long, and eight broad. It is
•fertile, ami abounds in cattle and fivilts.
IsLF-DlEt', a fmal! ifland of Franc-,
14 miles from the coait of Puitou. It
was taien by the Engllfh in 1795, but
i'ocn after evaciated. Lon. 215 W,
'iat. 46 45 N.
Isle-de-France. See France, Isle
OF. ■
IsLg'-JouRpAtN,' a town of France,
in the department of tJirs and late pro-
"vince of Armagnac. It is ieated in an
illand of tht river Savj, tlglit miles N of
Xon^^ez. Lon, t H, lat'i 43 40 n«
IsLE-RoussK, a tcvvn cf Coifiea, on
the feacoaft, 36 miles sw of Baftia.
IsLii AND Vii,;.:ne, a department
of T'-ance, containing part of the late
province of Bretagne. Kennes is the
capital. ' - ,
Isleben. SceFiSLEEEN.
Isle WORTH, a village »n rviiddlerex,
feated on the Thames, nine miles w of
London. Near it is Sion Houfe, the
magnllicent feat of the duke of Northum-
berland.
Islington, a large village, v of
L<Midon, to which it is now contiguous.
The New River is received at the sw end
of it, into a large refervoir, called the
New River Head, whence its water is
convtyed, in pipes, to all parts of the
metropolis. Near this, is a famous
ipring of Chalybeate water, called New
Tunbridge Wells ; apd alfo a noted place
for pantomimes, &c. called Sadler's
Wells. To the N of the White Conduit
HoiU'e Tea Gardens, are the remains of
a fortification, fuppofeJ to have been a
Roman camp ; and on l»^e E fide of the
town, *s an extenfive manufafture of
white lead.
Is LIP, a town in Oxford fiiire, four
miles N of Oxford. It is noted for the
birth and baptifm of Edward the Con-
ieflbr. The chapel in which the cere-
mony was performed, ftands a little N of
the church, and is ftlU called the King's
Chapel. It was entirely defecrated in
Cromwell's time, and has now a roof of
thatch. Here alfo are fome remains of
an ancient palace, faid to havo '-cen king
Ethelred's, Illlp was given byEdwaid
the Coiifcfibr to Weftmlnfter Abbey, t«
which it ftiil belongs.
Ismail, a Itrong town of Turkey in
Europe, in Bcfiarabia. The Ruflians
took it by ftonn, in 1 790 ; and it i&
ibid, that the long ficge, and the capture,
did not coft them lefs than 20,000 men .
The brave garrifon merited the highctt
honours ; but they were maffacred in cold
blood by the mcrcilefs Rulfians, to the
amount of 3^,000 menj and the place
was abandoned to the fury of the brutal
foldlcry. limall is feated on the N fide
of the Danube, 140 miles s by w of
Bender. Lon. 29 30 E, lat. 45 11 N.
IsNY, an imperial town of Suabia,
feated ou the Ifny, 14 miles ne of Lin-
dau, and Cz sw of Aug&urg. Loij. 10
3 E, lat. 47 42 N.
IsNic, a» town of Natolla, with a
Greek archbiflwp's fee. It is the ancieut
Nice, famoi^s for the firft general council
hvIJ he^-e in 325, Nothing remains of
■ 3
I s s
IT A
apture,
>o men .
;ighclt
in cold
to the
place
brutal
N fide
w of
its ancient fplendour but an aqueduft.
The Jews iiUiabit the greater part of it j
anJ it is (eatetl iii a country fertile in
corn and excellent wim-, 75 jnile> SE of
(^onftantinople. Lon. 30 9 u, lat. 40
13 N.
IsoLA, a feaportyof Naples, in Cala-
bria Ulteriore, with a bi(hop's lee, 18
miles SE of St. Severlno. Loh. 17 26 e,
ht. 39 i N.
Ispahan, a celebrated city, capit:}!
of Perfia, in the province of Irac-Agenii,
and thought, by fome, to be the fineft
city in the Eaft. It itands in the middle
of a pbin, furrounded on all iides by
mountains at eight miles difcan'^e, and
on a linall river, called Sandenit, which
fupplies almoft all the houles with water.
It is 20 miles in circumference, with weil-
built houfes and flat roots, on which
they walk, eat, and lie, in I'ummer, for
the fake of the cool air. Here are a
great number of magnificent palaces j
and that of the king is two miles and a
half in circumference. There are 160
molques, i8oolai"ge caravanfaiies, above
i6o public baths, a prodigious number of
coffeehoufes, and very Hne ftreets, in
which are canals, planted o^ each fide
with trees. The ftreets are not paved ;
but always clean, on account of the dry-
nels of the air: for it feldom rains or
fnows here. The inhabitants were com-
puted at above i,ooo,opo ; but this king-
dom baving been long dillraded by civil
wars, tlve principal towns are greatly de-
populated. Ispahan has three large iub-
urbs, called Juifa, Halenbath, and Ke-
brabath. Though at a diftance from the
fea, it carries on s great trade, people
of feveral nations reforting there for the
fake of traffic It is 265 miles UE of
Bulfarah, and 1400 sE of Conftautinople.
Lon. 52 55 E, lat. 3* z5 N.
IssEL, or Ys':el, a river of the
ITnlted Provinces, which branches off
fiom the Rhine, below Hueirtu j and
running by Doeibui-g, Zutphen, Deventcr,
and Campen, falls into the Zuider-Zee.
IssEL, or YssEL, Little, a riva
of the United It'rovinccs, which waters
YlTclftein, Montfort, and Goudaj and
falls into the Merwe, above Rotterdam.
IsSEL, or YsSEL^ PLP, a rivei- which
riles in the duchy of Ckves, and enters
the Iffel, at Doelbmg,
IsSEtyjiio, a flouriftiing fcttlemcnt of
tjie Dutcli in GuIa^lJ^i on a river of the
fame name \nd conUguous to tV 't of
'Dciiitfrary. It was <a^en by the Englifli
in 17551, reftored by, tl^c treaty' pf\pc«we
IssoiRE, an ancient town of France,
in the department of Puy de Dome anil
late province of Auvergne. At Vern«i
near this town, aie found amethyfts, of
a colour as beautiful as thoic of the Eaft^
but not fo hard. Iflbiie is feated on the
Couzc, n.-ar thij AUicr, 13 niijles s of
Clermont. Lon. 3 15 E; lat. 45 34 N.
IssouDUN, a town of France, in the
department of Indie and late province of
Berry, witli a caftle. Its trade is, im
wood, cattle, clotli, hats, and ftockinirs.
It is leated on the Theols, 17 milts aV
ot Bourges, and 1 35 s of Pari^. Lon. %
6 E, lat. 4^1 57 N.
Is-suR-TiLLE, a town of France,
in the department of Cote d'Or and ]at«
province of Burgundy. In its vicinity
are quarries of a white ftone, which i>
not affeded by the froft. It is feated on
the Ignon, near the Tille, i z miles N of
Dijon.
IsTRiA, a kind of peninfula of Italy,
lying on the NE part of the gulf of Venice.
It is bounded by Carnioia on the ne, and
on all other fides by the lea. The air is
imwholefome ; but the foil produceg
plenty of wine, oil, and pafture : theiT
are alio quarries of fine marble . One part
of it belongs to the Venetians, au''. the
reft to the houfe of Auftria. Capo difbia
is the capital.
Italy, one of the fineft countries of
Europe, lying between 7 and 1 9" e lon.
and 38 and 47° n lat. On the n and ne
it is bounded by Swlflerland and Ger-
many, on the e by the gulf of Venice,
on the s by the MediteiTanean, and oil
the vv by that lea and France. Its figure
bears fome referablance tq that of a boot i
its length, from Aoufta, in Savoy, to the
utmoft verge of Calabria, is 6co miles;
but its breadth is' very unequal, in fomo
places near 400 miles, in others not above
15, It is the moii celebrated country in
Europe, having been formerly the feat of
the Roiiian empire, and, afterward, of
that aftonifhiDjj univerfal uiurpation, tlie
Hnritual de'i^iniou iji the pope. Italy is
divided into a great number of Itjus,
which differ much in extent and impcr-
tancjp. Between the confines. of France
and Svvifierla^l, x;n the w and N are the
•continental dominions of the king of Sar-
dinia, nutneK-, Piedmont, Savoy, Mont-
terrat, part ' he'Milanefe, and OntgUij.
"To the NE ar. tne territories of Venio^,
which aie enumerated under that aiiicle.
Sduch of thefe, are the dojninions of the
eniperov of Gennany, namely, part of the
Milanele and the Mantuan j and s of
ii)s^y iU'i^ Madtu^4 Aliraod&ta,, and Ji^
i.
'J
rjf
V :^^
««^/ii!»i^iRPB!V'-i"»>vi»wtiH", i.i.j,",,]iyfii«-^pi
li i
Ir'l
IT A
viOt belonging to the duke of Kfodena.
Weftof thel« are the duchies of Panna,
Placentla, and Guaftalla, whofe fovereign
it of the hoiil'e of Bourbon. To the s of
Parma, lies the republic of Genoa ; and
SE of this, that of Lucca. Hence extends,
along the coaft of the Mediterranean, the
ffrand duchy of Tufcany. The Eccle-
Safticai State, or territory of the jpope, lies
WE and E of Tufcany, between the gulf of
Venice and the Mediten-anean ; and all s
of this, is the kingdom of Naples, with
its dependent iilands, of which Sicily is
the principal. The air of .Italy is very
different, according to the different fitua-
tions of the countries it contains : in
thofe on the N lide of the App«mines, it
as more temperate ; but on the ^ it is
•very Warm. The air of Campagna di
iRoraa, and of the Ferrarefe, is laid to be
rinwholefome } which is owing to the
lands not being duly cultivated, nor the
marlhes drained : that of the other parts
as generally pure, dry, and healthy. The
principal rivers arc the Po, Tiber, Amo,
Adige, and Yar ; and there are feveral
£ne lakes, as the Maggiore, Lugano,
Como, Garda, Perugia, Bracciano, and
Celano. The foil, in general, is very
fertile. It produces a great variety of
wines, anv\ the belt oil in Europe ; ex-
cellent filk in abundance ; com of all
Ibrts, but not in fuch plenty as in other
countries ; oranges, lemons, citrons, pome-
granates, almonds, raifins, fugar, figs,
peaches, apricots, pears, apples, filberts,
cheftnuts, «c. Moit of thele fruits were
at firft imported by the Romans, from
Afia Minor, Greece, Africa, and Syria,
and were not the natural produfls of the
foil. The tender plants are fheltcred, in
winter, on tlie N fide of the Appennines ;
but on the s fide, they have no n(:ed of
that precaution . This country alio yields
good paflure, and abounds with cattle,
tfheep, goats, buffaloes, wild boars, mules,
and horfes. The forefts are well ffored
with game ; and t\k mountains have, not
only mines of iron, lead, alum, fulphur,
marble of all forts, alabaflei', iafper, por-
phyry, Sec. but alfo gold and filvcr ; with
a great variety of aromatic herbs, trees,
ftirubs, and evergreens. Wine, oil, per-
fumes^ fruits, and filks, are the principal
articles of exportation; and great fums
of money are expended by travellers in
the purcnafe of piftures, curiofities, relics,
antiquities, &c. The Italians are gene-
rally well proportioned; but of their
complexion they cannot boa|l> With re-
fpeft to drefs, they follow the fafhions of
'ue countries on vtrhich they borderi or to
J U A
iwhich they are fubjev*l j namely thofe cf
France, Spain, and Germany. No country
has produced better politicians, hiftorians,
poets, muGcians, painters, and fculptors ;
that is, fmce the revival of the arts and
fciences, exclufive of thofe of ancient
times. The Italians are very affable,
courteous, ingenious, fober, and ready-
witted} but extremely jealous, vindiftive,
laicivious, ceremonious, and i'uperftitious.
In their temper they feem to be a good
medium between the French and Spani-
ards ; neither lb gay and volatile as the
one, nor fo grave and I'olenm as the other.
Boiled Inails, fervedup with oil and pep-
per, or fried in oil, and the hinder parts
of frogs, they reckon dainty diflies.
Kites, jackdaws, hawks, and magpies,
are alio eaten, not only by the common
people, but by the better fort, The
women aftt6t yellow hair, as did formerly
the Roman ladies and courtezans : they
alio ufe paints and waflies, both for their
hands and face. The cftablifhed religion
is the Roman catholic. Their language,
a corruj)tion of the Latin, is laid to be
fpoken in its grcateft purity at Florence.
See LOMBARDY.
ITCHEN, a river In Hants, which rifcs
in the centre of the county, arid watering
Winchcfter, enters the bay of Southamp-
ton, at the town of that name.
Itzehoa, an ancient town of Lower
Saxony, in the duchy of Holftein, feated
on the Stocr, 15 miles NE of Gluckftadt,
and 30 N\v of Hamburg. Lon. 9 30 E,
lat. 53 58 N.
Juan de la Frontera, St. a town
of Chili, in the province of Chiquito,
near the lake Guanacho. The territory
of this town is inhabited by 20,000 native
Americans, who are tributary to Spain.
It contains mines of gold, and a kind of
almonds that are very delicate. It is
feated at the foot of the Andes, 98 miles
NE of St. Jago. Lon. 65 55 w, lat. 33
25 s.
Juan de Puerto Rico, St. anifland
of the W Indies, 50 miles E of Hifpa-
niola, and ufually called Porto Rico.
It is 100 miles long and 50 broad, and
belongs to the Spaniards. It is full of
very high mountains, and extremely fer-
tile vallies, interftjerfed with woods, and
well watered by Iprings and rivulets. It
produces fugar, rum, ginger, com, and
fruits, partly proper to the climate, and
partly introduced from Spain i and there
are fo many cattle, that they often are
killed for the fake of the Ikins alone.
Here are a great number of uncommon
trees, and ther^ is a little gold in the fi
I'iMtWBw
} t
J U D
part of the ifland. It is commonly faid,
that the air is healthy, and yet, in the reign
of queen Elilabeth, the earl of Cumhcr-
Jand, when lie had taken this ifland, Io(t
jnoit of his men by fickncls, and, on that
account, was forced to abandon it. It is
fubjcft to ftorms and hurricanes, like
the reft of thefc iflands. The capital is
of the fame name. Lon. 67 4 w, lat. i S
J 7 N.
Juan de Puerto Ricq, St. the ca-
pital of an ifland of the fame name, with
a good harbour, defended by feverai forts.
It is a bifhop's fee, and leated on the N
coaft of the ifland. Lon. 69 i w, hit. 18
29 N.
Juan Fernandez, an ifland in the
S Pacific Ocean, lying in 83® \v lon. and
35" s lat. 300 miles w of Chili. It is
uninhabited, but having Igme good har-
bours, is found extremely convenient to
touch at, and water. Alexander Selkirk,
a Scotchman, having been left on fliore,
in this folitary place, by his captain,
lived here fome years, till he was dif-
covcred by captain Rogers, in ^1709-
When brought on board, he had for-
gotten his native language, and could
I'carcely be underftood. He was dreflfed
in goat fliins, would drink nothing but
water, and it was fome time before lie
could relifli the fliip's viftuals. During
his abode in this ifland, he had killed
500 goats, which he caught by running
them down. From this remarkable cir-
cumftance, Daniel dc Foe derived the
hints which gave rife to his celebrated
piodudion. The Adventures of Robinlbn
Cruibe.
Juan de Ulhua, St,, an ifland of
New Spain, lying in the gulf of Mexico,
near Vera Cruz. It was tiifcovercd in
1518, by Giijelva. Lon. 97 25 \v, lat.
19 iz N.
JucATAN, or Yucatan, a large pen-
inlula of New Spain, oppofite the ifland
of Cuba. It pioje6>s iiojn tl)c continent
100 leagues, but does not extend above
*5 in breadth. It contains a great quan-
tity of timber, proper for the build-
ing of ftiips, as ahb fugai-, taifia, and
Indian corn. It is an exicnfive plain,
not only without mountains, but almoll
without any inequality of ground. The
inhabitants are fupplied with water from
pits, and, wherever they dig them, find
it in abundance j but in all Jucatan, there
is not a river or ftrcam. Merida is the
capital; but fome give that appellation
t« the town of Camp<:achy. Sec Hon-
duras.
JvooA, » fcaport of Arabia f «lix,
JUL
with a fort, feated on the Red Sea, 54
miles sw of Mecca, to which it is the
port. Lon. 39 xi e, lat. xi 19 N.
Judenburo, a confiderable town of
Germany, the capital of Upper Stiria,
with a handfome caftle. 'J: he public
buildings, with the fquarc, are magnifi-
cent. It is leated on the Muehr, 45
miles w by-N of Gratr, and 100 sw of
Vienna. I.on. 14. 26 E, lat. 47 10 N.
Juooicne, a town of Auftrian Bra-
bant, near which the duke of Marlbo-
rough gained that fignal viftory, in 1706.
called the battle of Ramillies. It is feated
on the river Gecte, 13 miles si of Lou-
vain, and 16 N of Namur. Lon. 5 a E,
lat. 50 45 N.
IvEs, St. a feaport and borough in
Cornwall, with a market on Wednefday
and Saturday. It is feated on a bay of
the fame name, which being unfafe, is
frequented by fiflicrmen only, for the
taking of pilchards. It is governed by a
mayor, fends two n-smbers to parlia-
ment, and is eight miles NE of Penzance,
and 277 w by s of London. Lon. 5 3*
w, lat. 50 18 N.
IvES, St. a town in Huntingdon/hire*
with a market on Monday, confiderable
for cattle. Here was a priory, which is.
now in ruins. It is feated on the river
Oufe, over which is a ftone bridge, fix
miles NE of Huntingdon, and 59 M by w
of London. Lon. o 20 w, lat. 52 20 N.
JuGON, a town of Frnnce, in the de-
partment of the North Coall and late
province o*' Bietagne, feated on the rivu-
let Arqm 12 miles from the Engliih
Channel.
IviCA, an ifland of the Mediterranean,
56 miles sw of Majorca. It is about
60 miles in circumference. It is moni-
tainous, but fertile in com, wine, and
fruits; and is remarkable for tht great
quantity of fait made here. The c pital,
of the fame name, has a good h. ^jour.
Lon. I 25 £, lat. 38 52 N.
I viNcHO, a town in Buckinghamfliire,
with a market on Friday, fix miles sw
of Dunltable, and 32 NW of Lc''id< .,
Lnn. o 35 W, lat. 51 54 n.
Julian, Port St. a harbour of Pa-
tagonia, where fliips ufualiy touch that
arc bound for the Pacific Ocean. Lon. 62
44 w, lat. 49 los.
JuLiEN, St. a town of France, in the
department of Upper Vicnne and late
province of Limonn, 1 3 miles w of Li-
iTMgci. Lon. I 4E, lat. 45 50 N.
JuLiEN Du Saultj St. a town of
France, in the department of Yonne and
Utf pr«vi(icfi of Burgundyi iipatf^ ¥c-
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tween two mountains covticd with vines,
fiear the river Yonne, live miles from
Joigny.
JuLiERS, a duchy of Weftphali.n, 68
miles in length, and 30 in hreadtli j
bounded on the N by Guelderland, on
the E by the archbimopiic ot Cologne,
on the s by lAixembiu'g and I'reves, and
pn the w by I^inibtng. It is lubjeiSl to
the eleflor palatine, and is remarkable
for the quantity of wood it produces.
JULIERS, a town of Gennany, capital
•f a duchy of the fame name, with a
ftrong citadel. It was taken by the
French in 1 794. It is flated on the Roer,
15 miles E of Aix-la-Chapellc, and 18 v/
of Cologne, Lon. 6 40 e, lat. 50 56 n.
JULPHA, once the capital of Armenia,
in Afia, now in ruins, the inhabitants
having been tranfjilanted to a fubxuh of
Ifpahan, called New Julpha, wh».re they
have fcveral churches. This colony was
fo flourifliing, that, before the civil wars,
which have defolated Perfia during this
centuiy, they were fuppofed to be the
molt confiderable merchants in the world.
• JuMiEGE, a town of France, in the
department of Lower Seine and late pro-
vince of Normandy, with a late celebrated
Benediftine abbey. It is feated on the
Seine, 12 miles sw of Rouen, and 77 Nvv
of Paris. Lon. o 55 E, lat. 49 24 n.
Jumna, a river of Hindooftan Proper,
which rifes to the NW of Deliii, waters
that capital and the city of Agra, and
joins the Ganges, 100 miles below Be-
nares.
JuNSALAM, a fcaport of Siam, to the
N of a large ifland of the fame name.
Lon. 98 30 E, lat. 8 56 n.
Jura, one of the Weftern Ifles of
Scc'and, NE of Irtay, 10 miles long-
anu feven broad. Here aix three moun-
tains of a conic form and ftup>;nilous
height, called the Paps of Jura. The
Jcrt of the illand is flat, and generally
covered with heath.
Jura, a department of France, in-
cluding part of the late province of
Franclie Comte. It contains miins of
iron of a fiqierior quality, mines of cop-
per and lead, and many quarries of black
marble, jafper, and alabaiter. It takes
}ts name from Mo\mt Jura.
Jura, Mount, a chain of m()"ii-
tains, which begins in the canton of Zu-
Tic, in Swiflerfand, extends along the
Rhine into the canton of Soleure and the
]'rincipality of Neuchatel," branches out
^toward the Pays (le Vaud^ feparates that
country from France, and continues be-
Vouii tJ.e fronticis of the Gcnsvois us far
z ■
IX w
as the Rhone. In various parts of the
Pays de Vaud, this chain forms many
elevated vallies j j>articularly the valley
of the lake of Joux, upon the top of that
part called Mount Joux. This valley
is beautifully checkered with Wood, ara-
ble, and palture ; and is watered by two
pifturel'que lakes j the largeft of which
is called the lake of Joux, and the other,
lake Brenet. This vale is very populous,
containing 3000 inhabitants ; fome em-
ployed in making watches, but the greater
part in poliftiing cryftals, r ranites, and
marcafites. Thefe parts aic much in-
felted with bears and wolves. The def-
cent froni this delightf\d vale, through a
variety of hill, valley, wood, and lawn,
affords a very extenfive profpcft of great
part of the Pays de Vaud, the lake of
Geneva, with its mountains, and tli«
lake of Neuchatel.
IVREA, a ftrong town of Piedmont,
capital of Canavez, with a bilhop's fee,
a fort, and an ancient cattle. It is
feated on the Doria, between two hills,
20 miles N of Turin, and 32 E by N of
Sula. Lon. 7 48 E, lat. 45 22 N.
IvRY, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Eure and late province of Nor-
mandy, with a late Benediftine abbey.
It is feated on the Eure, 10 miles N by
W of Dreux. Lon. i 28 E, lat. 48 54 N.
Jutland, a peninfula, the principal
part of the kingdom of Denmark, i8«
miles in kngth, and 50 in breadth j
bounded on the SE by the duchy of Hoi-
ftein, and on the other fides by the Ger-
man Ocean and the Baltic. The air it
very cold, but wholefome. The (oil is
fertile in corn and paftures, and feeds a
great number of horles and beeves, which
are lint to Gvrmany, Holland, &c. It
\yas anciently called Cimbrica Cherfone-
fu9, and is fuppoied to be the countjy
whtnte the Saxons came, that conquered
England. It is divided into two parts,
called N and S Jutland 5 the laitev being
the duchy of SltlWick.
I\^ Bridge, a village in Dcvonfhire,
1 1 miks NE of Plymouth. It is remark-
able for its nw-J and pi61urefque I'cenery;
having, on tiie .\ the rude barren moun-
tain:', of Dai'tmot)r, and on the s one of
the belt cultivated countries in the king-
dom 5 while the river Arme, which runs
tlirough the vill.^,e, forces its way through
hu^e ma (lea 01 granite, with great noWii
and impeluofit , and, when fwelled with
heavy rains, ixhibits a very romantic
appearance. A little above the. bridge,
is a cohfideiLihlo paper minufaflure.'
UwORTH, » t«NVtt in SMffoUc^ withl
^^''.ym.'-.-jsimsmmaasatSiaiiui
K A L
K A L
m ukct on Friday. Several Roman coins Kalkas, a tribe of the Mogul Tar«
have been dug up here. It is i'even miles tars, in Chinefe Taitaiy. They inhabit
NK of Bury St. Edmunds, and 79 nne the countiy N of the Mogul Tartars.
ot London. Lon. o 51 E, iat. 52 10 N. properly fo called, which Itretches as far
Jyepour, a city of Hindooftan as the kingdom of the Eleuthes ; ahd i«
Proper, in Agra, capital of a teiritory of near 300 leagues in extent from e to W.
the lume name, and iubjeft to one of the They live in tents, on the banks of their
J<:»jj)oot princes. It was built by the numerous rivers. Tliey adore a lama of
celebrated rajah Jefllng, who alio creeled the fecond order, who is held in fuch ve-
an oblervatory here, in 1734-. It is a neration, that bonzes fi' ti China, Hin-
place of great wealth and confcqiience, dooftan, Pegu, &c. come to pay their d<-
bcing the Itaplc for goods that are brought vorions at his refidence in Ibcn Pira.
fioni evtry quarter of India. It is 136
iiilks w by s of Agra. Lou. 76 9 e, Iat.
26 56 N.
I/.QUINTENANGO, a town of New
Spain, in the province of Chi:ipa. The
countiy about it protUices cotton and a
great number of pineapples. Lon. 93 45
w, lut. 16 o N.
K.
^ Words that fometimes begin ivith K,
and are not found under that lifttr, may
he fought J or under the letter C.
AFFUNGEN, a town and monaf-
tcry of Germany, in Hefl'e, near
Caflel. Lon. 9 30 E, Iat. 51 15 N.
Kafiua. See HuA.
Kalmucs, a nation of Tartars, in-
habiting that part of the Ruffian govern-
ment of Caucalus, which lies between
the Volga and the Yaick, toward the
Cafpian Sea. In all this immenfe traft
there is not one houfe to be leen, as they
all live in tents, and remove from place
to place In queft of pafturage for theiir
numerous catti?, confiding of horiiJs,
camels, cows, and flieep. They neithek-
low nor reap, nor make hay lor their
cattle, fo that they live withotit bread,
or any Icrt of vegetable j and, in winter,
their cattle fare like the wild beafts.
Their food is flefh (efpecially that ot*
horfes) fifli, wild fowl, andvenifon; ahd
K AFFUNGEN, a town and monal- they have great plenty of milk, butter,
tcry of Germany, in Hefl'e, near and chetfe; bx' mare's milk is the moft
erteemed among chem, and from it they
make a ftrong ipirit, of which they are
KairvaN, a city of Africa, in Tunis, very f&nd. They are divided into a num-
•apital of a government of tlie lame ber of hordes or clans, each imdcr their
name. It is the fecond city in the king- own particular khan, and all acknow-
(lom for trade and population j is ccle- ledging the authority of one principal
brated for the ino(t magnificent and lacred khan, who is called orchicurtikhanj or
molque in Barbary j and Is 20 miles w the king of kings, who derives his pedi-
ct'.Sufa. Lon. 10 25 E, Iat. 35 40 N. gree from the great Tamerlane. All of
Kalaar, a town of Perfia, in Chilan, them, however, have fubmittedto the go-
with a coniiderable maiiu1a.i\ure of filk. vcinment of Ruffia, or to live tinder its "
Lon. 58 45 E, Iat. 36 23 N. proteflion. They are pagans. In perfon
Kalimburc;, a town of Denmark, they are of a low ftature, and bow-legged,
in the Ifie of Zealand, the capital of a occufioned by their being lb continually
coniiderable bailiwic. Lon. 11 11 E, on horfeback, or fitting with theii* legs
Iat. 55 47 N. below them. Their faces are broad and
IVAMR, a town of Suabia, in the du- flat, with a flat nofe and little black:
chyof Wirtemburg, with acaltle. Lon. eyes, dittant from each other like the
9 45 E, Iat. 48 38 N. Chinefe. They are of an olive colour,
Kalisch, a palatinate of Poland, and their faces full of wrinkles, with
ho\mcled on the W by that of Pofnia, oa very little bcai'd : they (have their heads,
fhc E by Slradia, on the N l>y VVettern leaving only a tuft of hair on the crown.
Prui'lia, and on the s by Silefia. It wps The better fort wear coatsof (tuflfor filk,
forcibly ftized by the king of PruHia, in witii a wide fuicoat of Iheep-fkins, and a
1793. cap of the fame. Their only weapons ai*
Kamsch, a town of Poland, capital the ciiTiitar, lance, and bow and arrow j
of a palatinate of the fame name, where but they are coming into thf ufe of fire-
the Jefulti had a magnificent college. It atins; vvhich, in time, will make them more
is idated on tl« river Profna, in a itiorafs,
which renders it difficult (.f acccfs* 110
miles w 6f Wwfaw, t*)a, i^" 5 W, Ut.
.v-$t ON,.
formidable. In wirrtelf ihey ' le" bbligt J
to crofs the rlvei*, arid live on the bare
plaihs oV Aftfadan, whcie their quiy
firing is the dried dung ©I' ihc tiiitlc,
U %
' i\'i
' i>
,: ^
I <
ma
K A L
K A M
; !
ihiii
I'r : m
hi"' -t
i'li
ml
amd the cattle themfdves ftai vlng on the
icanty produce of a bam-n deieit. Here
they remain rill i'pi'ing, when their former
habitation, on the ealt Hde uf the river,
IS overflowed, for near a month, to a vaft
extent, by the melting of the (how, and
th^r countiy appears one continued I'ta.
overgrown with trees. As ibon as this
fublulet, they return with great joy,
fwimming their loaded camels and cuttle
•vcr the river, where the intervening
idands make their pafiage eafieft. When
they go upon an expedition, eveiy one
takes a flieep with him for his provifion,
and three borfes, which he lides alter-
nately } and when any one of them fails,
they kill it and divide the fleOi, putting
pieces of it under their faddle, and after
riding fome time upon it, they eat it with-
eut any further preparation. They ge-
ticrally return from their excurfions with
only one horfe, having eat all the reft.
Their kibbets, or tents, are both warm
and large, having a fire in the middle,
and a hole at the top to let out the fiuoke.
They are *4 feet diameter, and capable
•f being enlarged or contra^kd at plea-
Ture : they are all round, the fides being
made of a kind of checkered wicker-
work} and the crolis fticks neatly jointed
for folding together or extending. When
they ereft a kibbet, they join as many of
them together as will make a circle, of
the diraeniion they choofe j and having
fixed the outfide, which is fix feet high,
they raifc, with their lances, a round board ,
three feet diameter, with a hole in the
middle of it, and fmall holes all round the
edge. The large hole ferves for the chim-
ney ; the fraall holes receive tlic ends of fo
wany ftraight ratters j and the other ends
being fixed to the fides, the roof is formed,
whicn is both ingenious and pretty. Hav-
ing thus erefted the frame ot the kibbet,
they cover it over with thick felt, more or
iefs, according as the fcafon is cold or
%varm, beginning at the bottom and pro-
ceeding to the top, where they place a
Jcrine, which they can turn at pleafurc
againft the wind, to prevent (hioke.
Kalnick, a ftrong town' of Poland,
in the palatinate of Bracklaw, izo miles
fe of Kaminiech. Lon. 29 18 e, lat. 4.S
57 N.
Kalo, or Kaloo, a town of Upper
Jlimgary, feated in a lake, zt miles se
of Tockay. Lon. zi 54. E, lat. 47 56 N.
Kaluga, a government of the RufTian
empire, formerly a province in the go-
vernment of MoicoW. Its principal
town, of the hmt name/ U fcatcd on the
Kamakuaa, aft ifland of Japan, threi
miles in circumference, lying on the »
eoaft of Niphon. It is here they con*
fine their great men, v*^n they have
committed any fault ; and the coail is f»
fteep, that they are forced to be lifted up
by cranes.
Kambaua, Mount, a ridge of moun«
tains in Thibet, between Lake Pake and
the Burramp'H>ter. From the top of this
rtdee may be feen, to the N, a n.'nge of
ftill higher mountains, covered with
fnow. Tlie foot of Mount Kambala k
31 miles s of Lafla.
K a M I N I E c K , a (trong town of Poland v
capital of Pedolia, with a caftle and a
bilhop's fee. It was taken by the Turks
in J 671, who reftored it« in 1690.
When the Ruffians feized part of th«
Polilh territories in 1793, this forti-efs
held out a long time, but at laft furren-
dered to their arms. The caftle is feated
on a craggy rock, S5 miles w of Brack-
law, and 100 SE of Lembvirg. Lon. si
30 E, lat. 4S 58 N.
Kamtschatka, a peniafula on the
E coalt of Afia, extending from 5a to 61*
N lat. The ifthmus, joining it to the
continent on the N, lies between the gulfs
of Olutorfk and Penihink ; and its ex-
tremity to the s is Cape Lopatka. Tlw
greateft breadth is 240 miles, being from
the mouth of the river Tigril to that df
the river Kamtfcbatka ; and toward each
extremity it gradually becomes nar-
rower. On the N it is bounded by the
country of the Koriacsy on the B and s
by the N Pacific Ocean, and on the w
by the Tea ©f Okotfk. A chain of high
mountains from N to s exteiids the whole
length of the peninfula, and almoft
equally divides it } whence feveral rivets
take theii' rife, and purfue their courfe
into the ocean and the fea of Okotik,
The foil, in general, is barren and
(leathy, with ftunted trees thinly fcat-
tered over the whole face of the country ;
but fome parts are faid to prodtice tolera-
bly good hav. The feverity of the cli-
mate is equal to the fterility of the foil j
for in computing the I'eafons here, fpring
ihould certainly be omitted. Summer
may be faid to extend from the middle
of June till the middle of September.
OAober may be confidered as an autumn j
from which period to the nuddle-of June,
it is all dreary winter. Some whelefome
vegetables grow here in a wild ftate» fuch
as chervil, garlic, onionSf angelica, and
wild celery. Here are alfo lome excel-
lent turnips, and tumip-i'adilhes, upon
n few ipoi* of gr«uii4 ia tb( vaiUcs} a%
KAN
KAY
ihU IS tbe ntinoft extent of tlieir garden
cultivation. They have a variety of
wild berries, which are gathered at proper
reafi)ns» and prefe'^ed by mafhrng titem
into a thick jam : thefe conftitute a con-
fiderable part of the winter provifions,
ferving i^s a geai-ral fauce to tneir dried
Afli. Tbe inhabitants may be faid to
confift of three forts, the Kamtfchadales,
the Ru/Eans and Coflacc, and a mixture
produced by their intermarriages. Their
habitatioDs are of t\u*c dif&rent forts,
which they caU jourte, balagans, and
lo^houlet. They iahabit the Srlt in the
wmter, and the fecond in the fummer:
tn the third, introduced by the Rufllans,
•nly the more wealthy people reftde.
The external appearance of a jourt refem-
bles a round fquat hillocic ; a hole, ferving
for a chimney, window, and door, is
left in the centre; and the inhabitants
go in and out by the alilftance of a long
pole, having notches ydeep enough to afford
a little feicurity for the toee. The upper
garment of thie Kamtfehadales refembks
a waggoner's frock. If for I'ummer
wear, it is made of nankin ; if intended
ibr winter, it is made of a ikin, having
one fide tanned, and the hair preferved
on the other, which is worn mnermoft.
A clofe jacket of »ankin, oi- other cotton
ItufF, is tlie next under this ; and beneath
that a (hitt made of thin Perllan lilk, t^
any colour. They wear long breeches,
ana boots, made of flcjns, with the hair
innermoft. They havf alfo a far cap,
with two flaps that are utually tied up
clol^ to the h^, but ar^ permitted to
fall round the (houldqrs in bad weather.
They are lubjefl to tke RulHatts, and
their trade confiUs In furs and ikins.
Kanem, a city of Africa, in the em-
fire of Bomou, capital of a fertile pro-
vince of the fara^ name. The inhabi-
tants wh«ar« composed of muffuhnans and
pagans, bivaed multitudes of cattle, and
raile inniunei'abje horfes for the fervice
pf the king. Jt is 156 miles NW Of
Bornou,
Kaniow, a ftrong tswn of Poland, in
the palatinate of Kiow, feated near the
Dnieper, 6z miles s by E of Kiow, and
100 NE of Bracklaw.
Kanisca, a ftrong town of Lower
Hungary, capital of tbe county of Sala-
war. It was taken by the Auitrians in
7690, and is feated on the Drave, 100
miles s by E of Vienna. Lon. 17 40 E,
iat. 46 43 N.
Kan-tcheou-fov, a city of China,
in the province of Kiang-fi, celebrated
*«r its river8> poiti riches« and pupula-
tlon. Its diftria contains 11 cities of
the third clafsj and it is Z50 miles N by
£ of Canton.
Kao-tcheou-foU, a city of China,
in the province of Quang-tong. In its
vicinity is found a kind of marble, that
repreients, naturally, rivers, mountains,
landl'cupes, and trees: it is cut into flabs,
and made into tables, &c. Kao-tcheou-
fou has one city of the fecond clafs, and
five of the third, under its jurifdi^flion.
K^foswar, a fort of Lower Hungary,
on the river Kapos, which waflies its
walls. It is 55 miles w of Tolna. Lon,
iS 13 E, lat. 46 31 N.
Kareck, an iHand in the Perfian
GuU; lying nearly in the middle of it,
about feven leagues from each fide, and .
30 from Bulfarah River, where all the'
fljips bottnd for that port muft call for
pilots. It is five miles long, and two
broad. Here baron Kniphaufen, about
the middle of this century, formed a'
Dutch fettlement} but on his quitting
their fervice, it became fubjeft to its
former matter, the fheick of Bundaric.
Karlscruhe, a city of Suabia, in
the niiirgravate of BadT»i Darlach, with
a magnlfKcnt palace. The city is built
on a regular plan, and the houfes are all
a« uniform as tii? ftreets. It is tz miley
N b y E of Baden,
Ka«an, a country of the Ruflian em-
pire, lying on both fides of the Volga.
It was formeriy an independent kingdom,
fayelonging to the Kalmucs, to whom the
great dukes of Mofcow, with other
f>etty principalities of Ruffia, were tri-
)utaiy. But in 1552, Ivan yafTilievItch
II, conquered Kaian, which now forms
the three Rufilian governments of Kafan,
Simbirik, and Fenza.
Kasan, the capital of the Ruflian
government of the fame name, feated on
the rivulet Cafanka, where it falls into
the Volga, 414 miles E by N of Mofcow.
Lon. 49 8 E, lat. 55 43 N.
KAt;FFBEUREN, a free imperial towa
of Suabia, in the territoiry of K^pten,
feated on the Wardech, 18 miles NE of
Kempton, and 30 s by w of AugA>urg«
Lon. 10 43 E, lat. 47 58 N.
Kaye's Islanp, an ifland ta the
N Pacific Ocean, difcovered by captun
Cook, in 1778. Its NE poiqt is % naked
rock^ confiderably elevated above the land
within it. Some parts of the fhore arie
interrupted by fmall yallies, filled vritb
pine-trees. Thefe alfb abound in other
parts of thft ifland, which is covered, in
a manner, with a broad girdle rf woods
but the tre«9 «U€ far from being of % 1 extra*
U3
I
• 1 ,:.J
till
III
i 1':i!l
I? I M.
i! ' ;;f !
^ ■
'i
li 211'' :
'i ;.
Elf
K E M
ordinary grovvth. Lon. tji 48 w, lat.
39 51 N-
Kaysersbero, a town of France, in
the department of Uj)per Rhine amt hite
province of Alface, five miles nw of
Cplma-, and 25 nw of Bafil. Lon. 7
23 £, lat. 4.8 10 N*.
Kayserslautern, a town of Oer-
manv, in t'le palatinate of the Rhine. .
I» the picfent war it was taken by the this catavaft, is the only port of Well
French, then by the Prufllans, and again morland.
by the French. It is featcd on the Ken, a riy^r in Kirkcudbrlght/hire,
Lauter, ai miles $w of Worms, and 38 that flows to New Galloway, below
s by w of Meniz. Lon. 7 51 £, lat. 4.9 which it expands into a lake, lour milc»
ab N. long and one broad. The Itream that
Kayseivstuhl, a tovm of Swifter- ilFues from this lake, falls into the river
lapd, in the county of Baden, with a Dee, and their united waters meet the
bfidge ov^r the Rhine, and a caftie. It Iriili Sea, at Kirkcudbright.
KEN
The inhabitants are protcftants. It la
leafed on the Illcr, 45 miles s by w of
Auglburg. Lon. 10 a i E, lat. 47 49 N.
Ken, a river in Weltmorland, which
flows by Kendal, and empties itl'elf into
the faixly wafli of Lancaihire, called
Morcambe Bay. It has a cataraft Bear
its mouth, which obftrufti* th? naviga-
tion j to that Mikhorp, fituate below
belongs to the bifliop of Condance, and
i& eight miles se of Zurzach. Lon. 8 24
r^ lat. 47 8 N.
Kayserverd, or Keisewert, a
to^vn of. Wcftphalia, in the duchy of
Berg, feated on the Rhine, eight miles
N or DiiflTeldoiT), and a» NW of Cologne.
Xon. 6 45 E, lat. 51 14 N.
', KEiiL, a ftrong fortrefs of Suabia,
feated on the Rhine, over which is a
liridge to Strafljurg, and to that city, when
an imperial one, it belonged. It was
Kendal, a corporate town In Well-
morland, with a market on Saturday.
It is feated on thp Ken, over which are
two ftone bridges, and one of' wood,
which leads to the caftie, now in ruins.
It has a fpacious church, with 12 ichaptls
of cafe ; and a freelchool well endowed,-
having exhibitions tp Queen's College in
Oxford. Kendal has be^n long noted for
its woollen manufa^lures } particularly,
woven and knit Itockingsj a thick (tuff,
calleil' cottons, for failors jackets, and
^ongly fortified by the French, who took liniey-woolfey. There is likewife a con-
jiofltffisn of it in 1684. . Being ceded to '' ' • ' , m i t „
the empire, at the peace of RyTwick, in
1697, the emperor configned it to the
lioufe of Baden. Some of the ancient
forti^cations are in ruins, but it is flill
an important pafs, between France and
fuierable tannery ; ' and iiOi-hooks, wafte
fillc, and wtiol-cards are manufaftured
here. It is governed by a mayor, and
has feven trading ^ampanies, who have
each a hall. So early as the reigns of
Richard 11 and enry iv, fpecial laws
Oermany. It was taken by the French were «na6led for the better regulation of
in June 1796 j retaken by the Auftrians the Kendal cloths, &c. and fuch has been
W Sept. 18 following J but t'le bridge the induftry of tlic inhabitants, that they
Bot being deftroycd, the Fr<>nch regained have continued to flourifli ever fnice,
pblTeirion of it the fame day. Lon. 7 notwithftanding the difadvantage of its
15^ St lat. 48 34 N. river for wa'.cr carriage. Ker»dal is 46
JCjLSO, a populous town in Roxburgh- milts 9 ot Carlifle, and 259 NNW of
^we,t with a good market for corn, and London. Lon. 25 2 w, lat. 54 15 N.
a bridge of fix arches over the Tweed, Kennebek, a river, which rifes in the
jiear ita confluence with the leviot. The diftriot of Main, in New England, and
^bey, magnificent ruins of which Itill
fe^in».ri'M founded by David i, in
il^i' Much wheat is raifed in this
neigbl^oiu'hood, and the fleeces of the flieep
arc rennarkably fine. K^Ub is zr miles'
|\ir oi Berwick, and 338 nnw of Lon-
don. ^ J:^n. 51 1 8 w, lat. 55 ^6 n.
falls into the Atlantic Ocean, between
thf bays of CnTco and Penobfcot.
Ken NET, a river," which riles among
the chalky hills in Wilt^, and flows to
Newbury, in Berks, where it becomes
navi;j;;ibie ; it is then augi'.Tented by the
Laiiihorn, and runs to Readinf^, below
^e^MT^Ni s^■town of Germany, in the which it niiitglcii with the Thames
^£^oia^e of Cpilogne, 'Icatcd on the N vrs, ^' • n • » ,. <
%Q miJ(e8'N\y cif C^Vis^ne, L^n. 6 36 t,
m- s\ ;8 s,. .i:.:-.' 'A-y. :
.' |CEMrTEK, ai fvc^ ^njpcrisl town of
Su^bua, in the terriKi; y of the abbot of
EiwiptcPi viho i« a |uince vf the «nipiiie.
Kensington, a village in Middlefex,
two miles w of Lontltth- Here is Ken-
fiiiigton palace, foitmerly a 'feat of the
lord chancellor Finch, afterward eail of
Nortiiampton, but purchafert of that no-'
i)ki|ia(^ bv WiUiaan iii. The extciilivo
i;LL
KEN
KEN
gaidins, of late years, have become a
vi'iy iiifhionable walk, particularly on
Sunday.
Kent, a county of England, bounded
on the N by the Thames and the German
Ocean, oti the e and se l)y th:it ocean
and the ftraits of Dover, on the s by
Sudbx artd the Kngltfh Channel, and on
the w by Swrry. From E to w it is 58
miles, and irom N to s 36. It is di-
vided into five lathes, containing 6t
hundreds, two cities, 29 market-towns,
and 408 parilhes ; and fends 1 8 members
to parliament. In the foil and face of
the country, there is great diverfity.
The banks of the Thames are low and
marfhy, but backed by a range of chalky
eminences, Ibmetimes riling to a mode-
rate height. This kind of hard chalky
foil, inclining to barrennefs, extends to
the NE extrtmity of the coimty, and
thence round t« Dover, exhibitmg its
nature in the lofty white cliffs, which
here bound the idand, and produce that
ftriking appearance at fea which gave it
the name of Albion. The s part of
Kent, called the Weald, is a flat, woody
tra6l, of a clayey foil} fertile, but un-
wholefome on account of its moifture.
The midland and weftern diftri6ls are
a mixture of hill and vale, arable and
pafture, equal in pleafantnefs to any part
of England. This county produces,
befide the ufual objefts of agriculture,
large quantities of hops j fruit of va-
rious kinds, efpecially cherries and apples,
of which there aic large orchards for the
London markets; madder for dying;
timber in the wootly j^arts j and birch
twigs, for brooms, which form no incon-
fidcral)le article of commerce for the me-
ti-opolis. The country inland from Dover,
confining chiefly of open downs, is excel-
lent for the feeding of fheep j and many
bullocks are fattened to an extraordinary
fize in Romney Marfh. The mincipal
rivers, befide the Thames, are tnc Med-
way, Darent, Stour, Ciay, and Rother.
Maidllune is the county town.
Kentaiffe, Mount, a ridge of
mountains, in the s part of Thibet,
bordering on Hindoofl;m Proper. On the
w fide of this ridge are the two heads cf
the Ganges, and trom its e fide itfues the
Bunampooter.
Kentsinguen, a town of Siiabia, in
the Brifgaw, feated on the river Elz.
Lon. 7 57 E, lat. ^S 18 N.
Ken'Tucky, one of the Unitetl States
of America, bounded by Great Sandy
Creek on the N, by the Ohio on the NW,
ky N Carolina on the s, and by the Cum-
berland mountain on the e. It is upward
of 250 miles in K-'trth, and 200 in
brcidf h J and is divided . te feven counties,
Lincoln, Fayette, Bourbon, Mercer, Jef-
ferlbn, Nellbn, and Maddilian. The prin-
cipal rivers are the Ohio, Kentucky,
LickingRiver,KedKivcr,Elkhcrn,Dick''8
River, Green River, Cifinberhnd River,
and Great Kenhaway or New River. Thefe
are all navigable for boats almott to their
fources, without rapids, for the grcateft
part of the year. The foil is amazingly
fertile, and fcarceiy any luch thing as a
marfli or fwamp is t6 be found. The air
is more temperate and healthy than the
other fettled parts of America ; and fnow
fcldom falls deep or lies long. The
country, in general, may be confidered
as well-timbered, producing large trees
of many kinds, and to be exceeded by
no country in variety. Thole which are
peculiar to Kentucky are the fugar-tree,
which grows in great plenty, and fur-
nifties excellent liigarj and the honey-
locuft, which is lurrounded by large
thorny fpikes, bearing broad and long
poils in form of peas, has a fweet tafte,
and makes excellent beer. Here are alio
the coflpee-trce, the papwa, cucumber,
black mulberry, wild cherry, buck-eye,
and fbme other kinds of trees not common
elfewhere. Here is great plenty of fine
cane, on which the cattle feed, and grow
fat : it grows from three to twelve feet
high, with joints at eight or ten inches
dillance along the ftalk, from which pro-
ceed leaves refembling thole of the wilU)w.
Where no cane grows, there is abun-
dance of wild rye, clover, and butfalo-
grufs, covering valt trafls of country, and
aflbrding excellent food for cattle. The
fields are covered with abundance of wild
herbage not common to other countries j
and all the year, excepting the winter
months, the plains and vallies aie adorned
with variety of flpwers. Iron ore and
lead are found in abundance; and there
are many large caves, fome of which,
extend leveral miles under a fine lime-
ftone rock, fupported by curious archeSi
and pillars. The waters produce plenty
of fiili and fowl, anfl efpecially on the
Ohio, the geele and ducks are ama7ingly
numerous. The land fowls are turkies;
a Ipecies of ^roufe, which the inhalntants
call pheafants; and quails, to which they
give the name of partridg^fs. Serpents
are ho«^ numerous, and are fuch as are to
be found in other parts if the ccmti-
nent, except the bull, the horned, and
the mockalbn Inakes''. Amoiig the native
aninuls is tiic buffalo, whole flefti is
U 4
■r¥rh
'i^l
K E R
K E S
excellent meit } and there are ftill to be
found many deer, elks, and bears. Htre
are alfo panthers, wild cats, wolves,
beavers, otters, minks, foxes, rabbits,
fquirrels, racoons, ground-hoes, pole-
cats, and opoHums. Mod of t^e fpecies
of the domeftic quadrupeds have been
introduced fmce the fettlement, fuch as
horfeSy cows, fheep, and hogs. Ken-
tucky, in 1784, was computed to contain
30,000 fouls, and has been fmce rapidly
iiicreafing in population. Lexington is
the capital.
Kentucky, a river of N America,
which rifes with three heads from a
mountainous part of the count 17 of the
fame name. Its N branch, which inter-
locks with Cumberland River, falls into
the Ohio in lat. 38 27 N. It is ama-
zingly crooked for upward of 100 miles
in length j and its banks may rather be
called precipices, for, • almolt every
where, they confift of three or four hvm-
dred feet of a folid perpendicular lime-
ftone rock.} in fome parts of a fine white
marble, curioufly arched, pillared, or
blocked up into fine building ftones.
It is on!y at particular places that this
river can be croflcd, the beft of which is
near Leeftown.
KERCpLANG, an ifland in the Indian
Ocean, between 80 and 100 miles in cir-
cumference. The face of the country
ieems to be fteep hills and extenfive
vallies, and every part to be covered
with trees and verdure, with fome pleafant
cultivated grounds. The houiies ftand
on polls, and appear to be well-built,
and neatly thatched. The inhabitants
are Malays, and are a mild and appa-
rently quiet people. Their clothing,
in general, is made of a coarfe kind of ca-
lico, though fome wear filk, and moft of
them have a kind of turban round their
head ; and a few have been feen with a
Chinefe pointed hat. Lon. ia6 31 e,
lat. 4 28 N. '
Kercuelen's Land, an iiland in
the Southern Ocean, vifited by captain
Cook, in 1779. ^^0^ its fterility, it
might properly have been called the Ifland
of Defolation; but captain Cook was un-
willing to rob M. Kerguelen of the ho-
nour of its bearinghis name. The appear-
ance of verdure upon it, when at a Imall
diftance from the ftiore, was occafioned
by one fmall plant, refembling faxifrage,
which grew upon the hills in large
fpreading tufcs, on a kind of rotten
turf, which, iC dried, might ferve for
faely and was the only thing feen here
that could be applied to that purpoiSr*
Lon. 69 37 E, lat. 49 3 8.
Kerman, a prdvince of Perfta, lying
on the gulf of rerfia. Here are iheep,
which, after grazing from January to
May, caft their fleeces and become as
naked as fucking pigs ; and the inhabi-
tants drive a great trade in their wool.
Kerman, a town of Perfia, capital of
a province of the fame name. It is 110
miles NNW of Gombroon. Lon. 55 15
£, lat. 29 zo N.
Kerpen, a town of Weftphalia, in
the duchy of Julicrs, 14 miles sE^of
Juliers. Lon. 6 56 e, lat. 50 o N.
Kerry, a county of Ireland, in the
province of Muptter, 57 miles long and
45 broad; bounded on the e by the
counties of Limerick and Cork, on
the w by the Atlantic Ocean, on the N
by the Shannon, which feparates it from
'I"homond, and on the & by Defmond and
the ocean. It is a mountainous country,
hut in many places are good corn-fields.
It contains S4 pariHies, and fends eight
members to pailTam^nt. Ardfert is the
capital.
Kertsch, a forlrefs, fitiiate on the
F. coaft of the Crimea, nejr the N en-
trance of the Itraits of Cafta. This,
fortrefs, and that of Vemkale, aire of the
greateft importance, a$ they command the
paffage which forms the communication
between the lea of Afoph and the Hlack
Sea.
Kesroan, a chain of mountains, on
the coalt of Syria, which makes a part
of Mount Lihanus.
Kessel, a town of Pruflian Guelder-
land, with a handfome caftle, feated 011
the Maefe, between Rureinond and Venlo.
Lon. 5 49 E, lat. 51 16 N.
Klsseldorf, a village of Germany,
in the ciicle of Upper Saxony, three miles
below DreRlen, remarkable for a vi6lory
fained by the king of PrulRa, over the
axons in 1745.
Kesteven, one of the three divifions
of Lincoln fliire, containing the w part
of the county, from the middle to tbft
s extremity. Part of the fens of Lin-
colnfhire are in this diftriftj the air of
whichj however, is more falubrious than
that of thedirtria of Holland} and the
foil is more fruitful.
Keston, a village in Kent, eight
miles NW of Wefterham, and 14 se of
London. On Helwood Hill, • in this
parifh, is Holwood Houfe, and in its
grounds are the remains of a large fortifi-
cation (probably a Roman one) of an ob«
KEY
K I D
lon^ form; the area of which ii partly in<
doled by rampires and double ditches of a
great height and depth. It is two miles
in circumference, inclofingficar loo acres
of ground. A path delcends from the
camp to the fprinehead of the river Ra-
vcnfbourn. Of tnis Ibring aa excellent
cold bath was formed, iurrounded by pales
and trees} but it has been long neglc£led.
This river flows hence through Bromley
and Lewi(ham> and falls into the Thames,
at Deptford.
Keswick, a town in Cumberland,
with a market on Saturday. It is I'eated
in a vale furrounded by hills, near the
rapid river Greeta, %$ miles NW of
Kendal, and 287 nnw of London. Lon.
3 16 \v, lat. 58 35 N.
Keswick, Vale of, a diftrlA in the
8 part of Cumberland, lately much
vifited by the admirers of nature. Here
is the lake of Keiwick, or, more pro-
perly, the lake of Derwent-water. To
the N of this romantic piece of water,
ibars the lofty mountain Skiddaw, one
of the molt diftinguifhed in England;
and to the s is the dreary region of
Borrowdale. See Borrowdale, Der-
went-water, and Skiddaw.
Kettering, a town in Northampton*
/hire, wjth a market on Friday. It is
feated oq an afcent| iz miles N£ of
Northampton, and 75 nw of London.
Lon. o 59 E, lat. 52 ao N.
Kew, a village in Surry, feveq miles
w by s of London. It is I'eated on the
Thames, over which is a ftone bridge
of feven arches ta Brentford. Here is
Kew Houfe, a royal palace, celebrated for
its fine gardens, and his maje(ly''s exotic
garden. The laft has been brought to
|;reat perfection by the introduftion of
many new plants from Africa and New
S Wales. Kew gardens are open to the
public, every Monday, from midfummer
to the end of autumn.
Kexholm, a town of the RuflHan
government of Wiburgh, feated on two
iflands of the river Woxen, which here
falls into Lake Ladoga. It is well
fortified, and has a flrong caftle. The
houfes are built of wood. Near it is a
confiderable falmon fifhery. It is 60
miles NE of Wiburg, and 67 n of Pe-
terfburgh. Lon. 30 15 E, lat. 6i 3 n.
Keynsham, a town in Somerletihire,
with a market on Thurfday. It has
fome trade in malt, and is feated on the
Avon, five miles se of Briftol, and 115
vv of Londgn. Lon, z 34. Vf, lat. 51
HN ,..
Kiiarkof, a government of the Ruf-
fian empire, formerly comprifed in tho.
government of Ukrania-Slovodfkaia. It»
capital, of the fame name, is I'eated oa
the Uda, which falls into the Donetz.
KiA-KiNG-FQV, a city of China, ia
the province of Tche-kiang, remarkable
for its ftreets, ornamented by beautiful
piazzas, that fhelter pafTengers from the
fun and rain. Seven cities of the third
claCs are dependant upon it.
Ki A NO- NAN, a province of China,
bounded on the w by Honan and Hou-
miang, on the s by Tche-kiai^ aui
Kian-fi, on the e by the gulf ot Nan-
king, and on the n byChan-tong. It it
of vaft extent, and contains 14 cities of the
firft rank, and 93 of the fecond and third,
which are very populous, and of tho
greateft note for trade in the empire. It
is full of lakes, rivers, and canals ; and
their fdks, japanned goods, ink, and paper,
are in high efteem. Nan-king 1$ the
capital.
Ki A N G- SI, a province of China, bounded
on the N by ICiang-nan, on the w by
Hou-quang, on the s by Quang-tong,
and on tile e by Fo-kien and Tche-
kiang. The mountains that lie to the s
are almolt InaccefTible ; but there are fine
vailies among them. It is watered by
lakes and rivers, and there are mines of
gold, filver, lead, iron, and tin. It con-
tains 1 3 cities of the iirft rank, and 7S
of the lecoud and <hird. The arrack is
this province is excellent j and its porce-
lain is the fineft and moft valuable of
the empire. Nan>tdhang-fou is the ca-
pital.
KiBURc, a town of Swifferland, in th;
canton of Zuric, with a caftle, feated on
the Theoff, 14 miles ne of the town of
Zuric. Lon. 8 46 e, lat. 47 28 N.
Ki DD E R M I N ST E R , a corporate town In
Worceflerfhire, with a market on Thuif-
day. It is feated under a hill, on the
river Stour, and is the principal manu-
fafturing place in the county. Its former
trade of Ituffs is much declined, on ac-
count of tlic general ufe of cotton goods j
but its carpet manufa^ure has greatly
increafed. It is the firft market in Eng-
land for pile or plufh carpets, which, for
beauty ot colour and patterns, exceed any
other. Thele are frequently called Wilton,
fVom having been firft made at that town.
The worfted fhag trade has alfo been in-
troduced here, and employs many looms.
It is 14 miles SE of Bridgenorth, and
125 NwofLondont Lon. z 18 w, lat,
5* z8 N,
i;^'^.-.
.l'^)
■ < ■!',
\
w
«l ''.
1'
1
i
i
s;
:\
iii
M '
h't ■■ ^
.W'
t '
K I L
KiBWiLLY, a town in Cannartlicn-
#[iii» with a inarkct on Tuelciny. It is
icuted on a creek of the Briftul ChaniicI,
mar the month of the To<vy. From
rhi» to\yn> a canal has been cut to lome
coUieiics, whence coal is broneht down
ami cxjporttil. It is eight miles s of
Carmarthen, and xi4 W by N of London.
X,on. 4. 20 W, lat. 56 44 N.
KiEl',, a' ftrong town of Germany,
capital of Holftcin, with a ca(t!c, and a
univerfity* It (tands on a peninAila, in
a bay or the Baltic, and has a commo-
dious harbour for fliips of the largeft
file. It is already one of the moft com-
mercial'places in HoUtein; and its trade
will be further augmented, when the
inland navl^tion acrofs the peninfulu is
finifhed. This navigation is to unite
the Northern Sea witli the Baltic i and
is to he foimed acrofs Holftein, by the
canal of Kiel, and the river Eyder,
which palTes by Rendfburg, and falls
into the German Ocean at Tonningci.
This c.iu«ii was btjgun in i777» and is
almoft finilhed. Kiel is 37 miles NW of
Lubec, and 46 N by E of Hamburg. Lon.
xo o £, lat. 54 »o N. See Holstein.
KtEMA, a promontory of Swiflerland,
on the W ihore of the lake ©f Zug. It
is remarkable, that the ground belongs
tQ the canton of Lucern, the timber to
that of Zug, and the leaves to that of
$chweitz.
K EN-ning-f6u, a city of China,
in tliv- province of Fp-kien. At the time
of the conqueft of China by the Tartars,
it fuftained two fieges, in the laft of
which it was takeii, and all the inha-
bltaoits were put to the I'word. It was
afterward ie-eftabliflied by the fame
Tartars that de(troyed it, and has ^'i^ht
cities of the third clafs under its ju-
riulit^ion. It is 260 miles se of Nan-
king.
KiLBARCHAN, a village in Renfiew-
fliire, NW of Loch Winnoch. It is a
manufaciuring place, and has extenfive
bleaching grounds. It ia five miles sw
of ReuiVew.
KiLBEGGAW, a borough of Ireland,
in WefL Meath, feated on the Bofna, 44
miles vv of Dublin.
KiLBURN, a village in Middlefcx,
^wo miles NW of London} famous for a
fine well of mineral water.
KiLDA, St. a fmall iflrnd of Sc^t
land, one of the Hebridc, 18 leagi.io
to the w of N Uiit. A ^reat number
of the poor people in this ifland live
chleHy by fifhing and catching wild fowls.
In the latter employment, they are
. K I L
Incredibly adventurous; being often let
clown by a ro^e from the lumtnit of
high prcclpitoiis rocks, where they clam-
ber among the Jugged cliffs, in fcarch of
the eggs and nefts 6f viuiouii birds. But
the more fafe and common methcd of
catching tbefe fowls is, by lpre;u)ing i
large ntt over the face of tlie rock where
they lodge, in which great numbers are at
once entangled, ami lowered down into a
boat. St. Kilda is the molt wefterly illand
of Great Britain.
KiLPARE, a county of Ireland, in tht
piovince of Lcinlter, 37 miles long and
24 broad ; hounded on the E by Diiblin
and Wicklow, on the w by King's
Comity anil Queen's County, on the N
by E Meath, and on the s by Caither-
loiigh. It is a fertile country, contains
100 pariflies, and fends lo'members' to
parliament.
KiLDARE, a town of Ireland, capital
of a county of the fame name, with a bi-
fliop's fee. It is 27 miles sw of Dublin.
Lon. 6 37 w, lat. 53 9 n.
Kii.GARRFN, a town in Pembroke-
/hire, with a market on '.Vednefday. It
had formerly a caitle, now in ruins j and
near it i^i a remarkable falmon-leap,
where thatnfli is caught in great 'abun->
ifancc. Above this place, arie large
W9rks for fabricating tin plates. I: is
feated on the Tyvy, 30 miles N of Pem-
broke, and 227 WNw of London. Lon.
4 40 w, lat. 52 4 N.
KiLHAM, a town in the E riding of
Yorkfhire, with a marVet on Saturday,
36 miles NE ''f Vork, and 200 N of
London. Lon. o j.<> w, lat. 54 5 N.
KiLiA., a fortified town of Turkey in
Europe, in Bcifarabia j feated in an Uland,
at the mouth of the Danube. It was
taken by the Ruffians in 1790, but
reftored at the fubfequent peace. It is
86 miles sw of Bialogorod, and 290 NE
of Condantinople. Loh. z^ 46 £, lat.
45 a^ N"
Kilkenny, a county of Ireland, In the
province of Leindcr, 40 miles long and
20 broad ; bountled on the E by Cather-
lough ami Wexford; on the w by Tip-
perary, on the N by Queen's County,
and on the s by Waterford. It is one
of the heft counties in Ireland, contains
96 parities, and fends 16 members tu
parliament.
Kilkenny, a town of Ireland, capital
of a county of the fame name. It is one
of the moft populous and commercial
towns of Ireland ; and confifts of the
Irifh and Entrlifli Town, the laft of which
is the principal. It once had a bifliop,
mmmmmt
K I L
K I L
:apital
is one
icrcial
)f the
which
ifliup,
^itd thr cathedral i« yet ftanding. It !i
»6 miles N of Watcrtord, and 54 sw of
Dviblin. Len. 6 55 w, Int. ji -^6 N.
KiLLALA, a feapoit of Ireland, in the
county of Mayo, with a bifliop's fee. It
is 21 miles N of Caltlcbar. Lon. 9 11
w, lat. 5^ 15 E.
KiLLALOE, a city of Ireland, in the
county of Clare, with a bifhop's fee,
It'Htcd on the Shannon, over which in a
bridge of 19 afclies. here is a • on-
fiderable falinon and eel Aihtry, It is
10 miles NNE of Limerick. Lup. 8 17
W, lat. 5« 50 N.
KiLLARNEY, a town of Ireland, in
file county of Kerry, on the fide of a
Jake of the fame name. Within half a
mile of this place are the ruins of the
cathedral of A^hadoie, an ancient bi(hopric
united to Ai'dtert. It is 14.3 miles sw
of Dublin.
Kill ARNEY,abeautifullake of Ireland,
in the county of Kerry, otherwife called
Lough Lean, from its being fuirounded
by high mountains. It is divided into
three parts, called the Lower, Middle,
and Upper Lake. The noythein, or
lower lake, is fix miles in length, and
from three to four in breadth. On the
fide of one of the mountains, is O'Sul-
livan's Cafcade, which falls into the lake
with a roar that ftrikes the timid with
awe. The view of this flieet of water
is uncommonly fine, appearing as if it
were defcending from an arch of wood,
which overhang? it above 70 feet in
Jieight f|;om th». |:».»nt of view. The
i (lands are not lb numerous in this as in
the upper lake } but there is one of un-
common beauty, called Innisfallen, nearly
oppofite O'SuIHvan's Cafcade. It con-
tains 18 Irifli acres; and the coaft is
formed into a variety of bays and promon-
tories, fkirted and crowned with arbutus,
hoUyj and other /hrubs and trees. The
promontory of Mucrufs, which divides
the upper from the lower lake, is a
perfeft land of enchantment^ and a
road is cairied through the centre 6i' this
promontory J which unfolds all the interior
beauties of the place. Among the diftaiit
piountains, Turk appears anobjefl of mag-
nificence; and Mangerton's more lofty,
though lefs interefting funinnt, Ibars above
the whole. The palTage to the upper
take is round the extremity of Mucrufs,
which confines it on one fide, and the ap-
proaching mountains on the other. Here
is a celebrated rocki called the Eagle's
Nelt,\vhich produces wonderful echoes : the
le^'irt of a fui^le canaou is anfwercd bj
a fuccefTion of peals refcmbling the loudeft
thunder, which feems to travel the fur-
roimtling I'ccncry, and dio arvay among
the diltant mountains. The upper l:i':e
i» four miles in length, and from two to
three in breadth, ft is almolt lurroundeil
by mountains, from which defccnd'a num-
ber of beautiful cafcades. The iflands in
this lake are numerous, and afford an
amazing variety of pidturefque views.
The centre lake, which communicate^
with the upjKr, is fmall in comparifbn
with the other two, and cannot boatt of
equal variety} but the Hiores are, in
many places, indented with beautitu!
bays, iurrounded by dark groves of
tree?- The E boundary is formed by the
bafe of Mangdrton, down the fteep fide
of whichdefcends a cafcade, vifible for 1 50
yards. This fall of water is liipplied by
a circular lake near the fummit of the
mountain, called the Devil's Punch
Bowl ; which, on account of its immenlis
depth, and the continual overflow of water,
is confidered as one of the greateft curio-,
fities in Killamey. One of the belt pro-
fpoAs which this admired lake affords, it
frpm a rifing ground near the ruined ca-
thedral pf Aghadoe.
KiLLEVAN, a town of Ireland, in the
county of Monhagan, eight miles sw of
Monaghan. Lon. 7 a6 w, lat. 54 10 n,
KlLLiCRANKiE, a noted pafs in Perth-
fhire, near the junftion of the Tumel
with the Garry. It is the giand en-
trance into the Highlands in thole
parts, and is formed by the lofty moun-
tains impending over the Garry, which
lufhes thioiigh in a deep, darkfome, and
rocky channel, overhung with trees. In
Lhe laft century, this was a pafs of much
difficulty and danger: a path hanging
over a tremendous precipice threatened
de(tni6lion to the leaft falle ftep of the
traveller. At prefent, a fine road gives
an eafy accefs to the remote liighlands j
and the two fides are joined by a fine
arch. Near the N end of this pafs, in
its open and unimproved ftate, king
William's army, un.ier general Mackey,
w-is defeated, in 1689, by the High-
landeis, coBimnnded by vifcount Dundee,
who WIS killed in the moment of vi6lcry.
KiLLiLEAGH, a borough of Ireland,
in the county of Down, leated on an arm
ot Strangfbid Lough, where Hiips may
be /heltered t'rom ail winds. It ftifftred
much in the war of 1641 ; but it is now
a thriving place, with a linen and thread
lUHnufuclure Here is a caltte, ibrmerly
the leat of the fanjlly of Hamilton, iipw
m
■.•■•■■I-
1 ;i.. f:
' >'
i^
iivii'
iii
I":
K i M
«arl« of Clanbraflil } and the celebrated
fir Hans Sbane was born in this town.
It is 80 miles N by E of Dublin.
Killinat;le» a town of Ireland, in
the covnty of Tipperary, 14 miles n of .
Clonmell. Lon. 7 z6 w, lat. 52 17 n.
KiLLOMY> a town of Ireland, in the
county of Sligo, fix miles s of SUgo.
Lon. 8 Z5 w, lat. 54. 11 N.
KiLLoycH, or Pojit St. Ann, a
feaport of Iixland, in the county of Down,
fituate on the N of St. John's Point, in
the Irifti Sea. A rock ftands in the
middlp p( the entrance of its harbour,
covered ,at half flood} to the E or w of
which is a iecure paffage, the injlet lying,
s by E, and N by W. Here is a ruafiu-
fafture pf fait. It is 76 mUes N^ by e of
Dublin.
KiLLYBEGS, a borough of Ireland, in
the coijnty of jponegaj, with a fpacious
harbonr op the N iule of DontgAl Bay.
It is 12 miles N w of B^llyihannon. Lon.
8 6w, lat, 54. 4.0 N.
Kilmac-Thomas, a town pf Ire-
land, in the county of Waterford, 1 z miles
sE of Waterford, Loi^. 7 ipw, la^ 5Z
J4.N.
KiLMAiNHAM, a town of Ireland,
about half a mile from Dublin. It has a
feflion-houfe and 3 gaolj and here the
quarter feflions are held for the county of
Dublin, and the knights for the ihirp
defied. It was fometimes the feat of
government, before the CalHe at Dublin
was appropriated to that purpofe.
KiLMALLOCK, a borough «t Ireland,
in the county of Limerick, |8 miles s
of Limerick. Lon. 8 34. w, lat, 52 24 N.
Kilmarnock, a populous town in
Ayrfhire, noted for its manufadure of
gloves, carpets, (lockings, nightcaps,
bonnets, and other woollen good*. It is
J 5 miles sw of Giafgow.
KiLMCRE, s. town of Ireland, Jn the
county of Cavan, with a bifliop's lee, three
miks sw of Cavan. Lon. 7 1 1 w, lat.
54 2 N. ■ ^
KiLWORTH, a town of Ireland, In the
covnty of Cork, at the fost of Kilworth
mountains. L^'low the town runs the
river Funcbeon, on which ftands the
cjftle of Cbugh-leagh, which has llo:,a
ftven fie^es. Kilworth is loS miles sw
ef Dublin.
Kim BOLTON, a town in Hvmtingdon-
ffiire, with a market on Friday. The
caftle (the feat of the duke of Manchefter)
has been nxuch improved. Queen Catha-
rine, after her divorce from Henry viii,
rtfided fome time in this caftle. It is
eight miles nw of St, Ncct's, and 64 n
K 1 N
by w of London. Lon. 0 tS w, lat. 5^
13 N.
KiMi, a town of Sweden, capital of a
province of the fame name, in £ Bothnia,
at the mouth of the Kimi, which here
falls into the gulf of Bothnia, 10 miles
SE of Tornea.
KiNBURV, a fcrtrcfs of the RulHaQ
empire, at the mouth of tlie Dnieper, op»
ppnte Oczakow. In the laft war with
kuflia, the Turks mace feveral attack^
upon it by land and fea, but \yerc finally
repulfedf
Kincardine -0-NiELj a village In
Aberdeenfliire, feated 9n tht; rlyer Dee»
13 miles w of Aberdeen.
Kincardineshire, or Mearns, a
county of Scotland, bouqd^ on the n and
NW by Abeixleenflii|-|, on the e by the
Germafi Ocean, and on. the sw by An-
gusHure. Its 4ength along the coait i$
30 miles J its great? ft breadth 20, The
oiily borough in it is Inverbt:rvie.
Kin ETON, a tow|^ in Waj-wifkfhire,
MVtth a market pn Tucfday. King Johji
kept his court in a caftle We. It is 10
mijes SSE of Warwicl^, and i$ NW of
I^ondoi). Loo. I ?4- w, lat, 52 11 N.
King George's Sound, the name
given by captain Cook, in 1778, to the
harbpujr which he difcovcred on the W
coaft of N Amprica, at the mouth of a
great river, in lop. 126 48 w, and lat. 49
33 N, But the natives call it Nootka j
the name now generally adopted by the
EngUft), The woods are compofed of the
Canadian pine» white cyprels, and two
or three other foj-ts of pine ; and, in ge-
neral, they are of a large fize. About
the rocks and borders of the woods, were
iepn Ibme ftrawberry plants, and rafp-
beiry, currant, and goofeberry bufties,
all in a flourifhing ftate. The principal
animals feen here wei*e racoons, martens,
and fquirrels. Birds are fai* frpm being
numerous, and thole that ai-e to be feen
are remrukably fhy, owing, perhaps, to
their being continually harraifed by tba
natives, either to eat them, or tP wear
their feathers as ornaments. The que-
brantahueftbs, ihags, and gulls, were ieen
off the coaft j and the laft two were alfo
frequent in tlie Sound. Thr ftature of
the natives is, in general, below the
common -ftandard ; but their perfons are
not proportionably ^nder, bemg ufually
prt" tty plump, though not mufcular. The
women are of the Tame ftze and form as
the men; nor is it eafy to diftinguilh
them, as they poflefs no natural femmine
graces. Their bodies are always covered
with red paint } but tktfir fac«8 »*£ ora^-
1,1,^
K 1 M
K I N
>, were
ral'p.
)ufties,
incipal
artens,
being
>e feen
. to
y the
wear
que-
(ecn
re alfo
lire of
the
B)s are
fually
The
rm as
i^ui/h
■iinine
verecj
orftSk-
mented with a vaiicty of colours, a black,
a bright red, or a white colou.. j the laft
of which gives them a ghaftly appearance.
They arc docile, coutteoiu, atid good-
jjatured } but quick in relenting injuries,
and, like moft other palUonate people, as
quickly forgetting them. A rattle nnd a
Imall whiftle are the only inftruinents of
mufic that were feen among them. Their
houles csnfift of very long broad planks,
tefting upon the edges of each other, tied,
in different parts, with withes of pine-
bark. Their furniture conlifts principally
•f chefts and boxes of various fizes, piled
upon each other, at the fides or ends of
their houfes, in which are dtpofited their
garments, and whatever they deem valu-
able: they have alfo fquare and oblong
pails, bowls to eat their food out of, &c.
The irregularity and cpnfufion of their
hoafes is far exceeded by their naftinefs
and ttench. Every thing about the houfe
Itinks of trainoil, H(h, and Imoke ; and
every part ot it is as filthy as can be ima-
gined. In 1786, a fmall affociatinn of
Sriti/h merchants, refident in the E In-
dies, fonnc-d the projeft of opening a
trade to this place, tor fupplying the Chi-
oefe market with furs, and took meafures,
in 1788, to iecure themfelves a permanent
fettlemcnt ; but the Spaniards being jea-
lous of the intrufion of the Englifh into a
part of the world, which they had long
regarded as their exclufive property, fent
a frigat«i from Mexico to put an end to
this commerce. The frigate arrived in
Nootka Sound in May 1789, and, in July
following, captured two Englilh veflels,
at the fame time taking porfeflion of the
iJettlement that had been formed upon the
coaft. The BritHh miniftry, on receiving
intelligence of this tranl'a^ion, imme-
diately ordered a powerful armament tv>
jive weight to their demand of repara-
tion ; but the affair was amicably termi-
;Qatcd by a convention, in 1790.
KiNCHORN, a feaport in Fifcftiire, .
on the fritl f Forth, nine miles N of
Leith, on the oppofite fide of the frith.
KiNCSBRiTiGE, a town in Devonftiire,
with a market 0.1 Saturday. It is feated
at the head of a fmall inlet of the EngliHi
Channel, 34. miles s by w of Exeter, and
118 wsw of London. Lou. 3 48 w lat.
50 zo N.
Kingsbury, a village in Herts, to
the N of St. Alban's, once famous for a
palace of the Saxon kings.
KiNCSCLEAR, a town in Hampfbiie,
with a market on Tuefday. It was the
refidtnce of fome of our Snxon kings, and
uomexmlc} nw of fiafinglloktf, aod ^6
W by s of London. Lon. i 9 W, lat. 53
to N.
King's County, a county of Ireland,
in the province of Leinfter, 38 miles long
and 30 broad ; Ipunded on the N by W
Meath, on the E by Kildare, on the s by
Queen's-County and Tipperary, and on
the w by the Shannon, which divides it
fi'oni Rofcommon, Galway, and anotlier
part of Tipperary. It contains 56
pariAies, and fends fix members to parlia-
ment. It is not fo rich as fome of the
other counties, nor is it fo well inhabited.
The capital is Philipftown.
King's LanclY, a village In Herts*
five miles w of St. Alban's. It received
its name from a royal palace built by
Henry iii, the ruins of which are to be
feen. Richard n was buried in its mo-
naltcry, but removed, by Henry v, tit
Wcltminfter.
King STEIN, a ftrong fortrefs of Noi-
way. See Fredericstadt.
Kingston, the county-town of Ulfter,
in the (tate of New York, feated on the
Eulbpus Kill, or creek, the mouth of
which is nearly two miles w of Hudfon's
River.
Kingston, a town of Jamaica, on
the N fide of the bay of Port-Royal. It
was buUt after the great earthquake in
1692, is a place of good trade, and is
much relorted to by merchants and iea-
men, motl of the fliips coming to load and
unload their cargoes here. Lon. 76 5*
W, lat. 17 50 N.
Kingston UPON Hull. See Hull.
Kingston upon Thames, a corpo-
rate town in Surry, with a market on
Saturday. A great national council was
held here in the year 838, at which Eg-
bert, the filft king of all England, and
his fon AtheKvolf, were prelent j uid
fevcral of the Saxon monarchs were
crowned here. This town lent members
to parliament in the reigns of the fecond
and third Edward ; but it ceaffd after-
ward, in conliquence of a pet: ..; from
the corporation praying to be releafed
from the burden. Queen Elifabeth
founded here a frecfchooi ; and the Lent
aflizds are coultantly held at this place.
The wooden bridge, over the Thames,
is the moft ancient on that river, except
London Bridge ; and the corporation have
a revenue for its fuppoit. It is 1 1 miles
sw of London. Lon. o iz w, lat. ft
47 N.
Kii,g-TE-tchinc, a town of China,
in the province of Kiang-(i and diftriii
of Jrio-tchcou' fou. It is famous fcr iti
bcautitiil porqciaift, i« computed to cwr
- ' "I'
: ,; jtv^ s
^m
-.
«■■ m'i
:.x
ilt*
^•t1
K I O
KtK
ClM
.€11
,H I
^'^l :
ka'n a mlUicn of inhabitants, and extfhda In 1664, the natives, difcontented with
» league and a half along the banks of a John Cafimir, king of Poland, fubmittcd
river, which here forms a kind of har- to Ruflia, and have ever fmce remained
bour, about a league in circumference. fubjeft to that impire. The vail privi-
KiNROSS, a borough in Kinrofsfhire, leges that they enjoyed have been gradually
feated on a plain Ikreeried on the N by the aboliflicd, and they are novsr reduced to
Ochil Hills, and not far w of Loch the fame (tate as the other provinces of the
Leven. Its manufaftures are Ijnen, and Rulfian empire. This government con-
fome cutlery ware 5 and it is zonules N tains eleven diftrifts ; and its principal
of Edinburgh. Lon. 3 ax vv, lat. 56
15 N.
K1NROSS-8HIRE, a coimty of Scotland,
furroundcd by the fhircs of Perth and
I'ile. It is about 30 miles in circuit,
its length and breadth being nearly equal j
,, and lends one. member to parliament, al-
rivers are the Dnieper, Deiha, Oltcr,
Udai, Sula, Pfol, and Trubefli.
KiOF, or Kiow, a palatinate of Po-
land, in that part of the Ukraine whick
lies on the w fide of the Dnieper. It
contains only two diflri<fls, and j'eveial
fmall towns Icarcely worthy of notice i its
ternately with the county of Clackman- capital, Kiof, being fubjeft to Ruliia.
nm. Kio-FEOU, a city of Cliina, in the
KiNsALE, a feaport and borough of province of Chang-tong and dilliiit oi
Ireland, in the county of Cork. It is a '
populous trading place, and hns an ex-
cellent harbour, 14 miles s of Cork.
Lon. 8 26 vv, lat. 51 41 N.
KiNTAlL, a peninfula in Rofsfliire,
between Loch Gairon and Lech Duich.
It forms the sw corner of the county.
KiN-TCHEOU-FOu, a city of China,
in the province of Hou-c^uang. Its dil-
trift contains two cities ot the lecond, and
IT of the third clai's.
KiN-TCHiNG, the capital of the iftand
cf Lieou-kieou, in the China Sea, and of
Ven-tcheou-fou. It is celebrated as the
birthplace of Confucius, feveral monu-
ments to whole memory are Hill to be
fecn here.
KiOGE, orKoGE, a feaport of Den-
mark, in the ille of Zealand, 10 miles s
of Copenhagen. Lon. 12 40 E, lat. 59
31 N.
KiOPiNG, a town of Sweden, in Wer-
meland, feated on a fmall ftieam, that
falls at a liltle diftance into the lake
M.aeler. Lon. 16 40 E, lat. 59 38 N.
KiRBY-LoNSDALE, a town in Weft-
all the iiands under that appellation. The morland, with a market on Thurfday
king's palace, reckoned to be four leagues
in circumference, is built on a neighbour-
ing mountain. Kin-tching is I'eated in
Cheonli, the s part of the ifland. Lon.
127 30 E, lat. 26 2 N.
KiNTORE, aborough in Aberdeenfhire,
JO miles w by N of Aberdeen. Lon. 2
5 w, lat. 57 8 N.
KiOF, a town of Poland, in a palati-
nate of the fame name, wjth an arch-
biOiop's fee, and a calHe. It is tlu:
capital of the Ruflian government of
Kiof, and carries en a confideial)le trade.
It is divided into the Old and New Town,
and feated on the w lide of the Dnieper,
180 miles HE of Kaninicck, and 335 E
by s of Waii'aw. Lcn. 31 51 E, lat. 50
30 N.
Kiof, or Kiow, a government of the
It is feated on the Lon, over which is
a ftone bridge, 10 miles se of Kendal,
and 253 NW of London. Lon. 2 57 w,
lat. 54 3 N.
KiRBY-MoORSiDE, a town in the N
riding of Yorkfliire, with a market on
Wednefday. It is feated on the edge of
the moors, near the river Dow, 25 miles
N of York, and 225 N by w of London.
Lon. 1 3 w, lat. 54 20 N.
Kirby-Stephen, a town in Weft-
morland, with a tnarket on Monday. It
is feated near the flclrts of the hills,
which feparate this county from Ycik-
rtiirt', and has a miinufa^'hirc of fiock-
ings. It is nine miles s of Appleby,
and 281 NNW of London. Lon. 2 30 w,
lat. 54 26 N.
KiRCHBi'RG, a town of the circle cf
Ruffian einpiie, being part of the Ukraine, Suabia, capital of a territory of the fame
or Liltle Ruliia. It lies on the E fjde of
the Dnieper, although Kiof, the capital,
is on the w fide. It was once a duchy,
fcclonging to the great dukes of Ruifia,
and Kiot was their capital. This country
Whs conquered by the Tartars, and came
again into the polfciiionof the great dukes.
name, fubjeit to the houlc of Auftria.
It is feated on the Danube, nine miles s
ct Uim. Lon. 10 12 E, lat. 4.8 t6 N.
KiRiN, one of the three departments
of E Chinefe Tartary, bounded on the N
by the river Saghalien, on th« e by the
IJea of Japan, on the s by Corea,- and on
but was overrun and poflelfcd by the the w by Leaotong. This countryj which
('w(r««k«j umtkr tU«^,i«t«<^ivn&f ^^vlftiid* U vxti'cu).iily c«U; frvm the number ef
i^Ui^
'"»- Ji ...Kigrrrs
K I R
K I T
forefts by which it is covered, is fcarcely
Inhabited. It contains only tw6 or three
ill built citits, i'urrounded by mud walls.
The valuable plant ginfeng grows here j
and the emperor 'ends hither the criminals
banifhed by the laws.
KiRiN, the capital of the province of
Kirin, in E Chinefc Tartary, ikuatc on
tlie river Sungari, which is here called
Kirin. It is t!ie refidence of a Mantchew
general, who is iuvelted with the autho-
rity of a viceroy.
Kirkcaldy, a feaport in Fifeflilre,
*n the frith of Forth, v/ith a dockyard
f ( r fmall veifcls, and a Hlk. rnanufafture.
It is lo miles N of Leith. Lon. 3 S w,
lar. 56 8 N.
Kirkcudbright, a ieaport in Kirk-
cudbrightihire, at the mouth of the river
Dee. It has a fine harbour, with deptli
of water fufficicnt to admit flnps of any
burden to come up to the town, and ytt
has but an inconfiderable trade. It is 60
miles w of Carlisle, and 83 sw of Edin-
burgh. Lon. 4 8 w, lat. 55 o N.
KiRKCUDBRHJHTSMiRE, a county or
ftewartry of Scotland, which once formed,
with Wigtonfliire, the ancient province
of Galloway. It is bounded on the ke
by Ayrihiie and Dumfriesflsiie, on tin.- s
by Solway Frith and the Irirti Sta, and
on the w by WigtonOiire and Ayrlliire.
Its extent from N to s is 30 miles, from
fi to W45.
KiRKHAM, a town in Lancafliire, with
a market on Tuefday. It has a coufidcr-
able manufafture of failcloth, and is
ieated at the mouth of the Ribble, 18
miles s ot' Lancafter,, and 223 nnw of
London. Lon. 1 5S w, lat. 53 46 N.
KiRKLEES, a village in the W riding
of Yorkfhiie, fituate on the Calder, three
miles from Hudderstield. In the paik
iu.ar it, is the monument of the famous
Robin Hood ; and on the adjacent moor
are two hills, called Robin Hood's Butts.
KiRKOsvvAi,D, a town in Cumber-
land, with a market on Thurfday. It is
it lied on a hill, near tlie river E(kn, nine
miles N by E of Penrith, and 192 NW
©f London. Lon. 2 48 w, Jat. 54 48 N.
KiRKPATRiCK, a town in Dumbar-
tonftiire, lying E of Dumbarton. It is
laid to be the birthplace of the tutelary
faint of Ireland. The veftigcs of sht
Roman wall, built by Antoninus, extend
from the frith of Clyde af this place, to
the frith of Forth.' It is called, by thir
country people, G;i'al)am''s Dike.
KiRKW.^Li,, a borotigh of Seothrtd,
capital of Mainland, the principal of
thp Orkney idands. It is built «a an
inlet of the fea on the E fide of the iHiuad j
and the mo(t ftriking objeil is the ftattiy
cathedral of St. Magnus. It is 30 miles
NEofThurfo, in Caitlmcsfliire. Lon. »
57 w, lat. 5854N.
KiRTON, a town in Lincolnfliire, with
a market on Saturday, 20 miles n of
Lincoln, and 151 n by vv of London.
Lon. o »8 w, lat. 53 33 n.
KlSMiSH, an ilhnd of Afia, at tbe
entrance of the gulf of Perfia, 50 miles in
length and five in breadth. It is fertile
ana well-inhabited, and has been remark-
able for its pearl fjfhery. Its E end is ix
miles s of (jonihrcx)n.
KiSTl, one of the feven Cancafian na-
tions, that inhabit the countries between
the Black Sea and the Caipiun. This na-
tion extends from the higheft rido-e of
Caucafus, along the Sundfliti rivulets.
TlK'y are bounded on the \v by Little
Cabarda, to the E by the Tartars and
Lclguis, and to the p by the Lefguis
and Georgians. They confift of iixuen
different diftrl<5fs or tribes, which arc
genendly at variance with each other, and
with their neiglihours. Thofe bclonginir
to the diftrias of Wapi, Anguflit, and
Shalka, fubmitted to Ruilla in 1770.
The Tlhetfhen tribe is lb numerous and
warlike, and has given the Rullians fo
much trouble, that its name is ufually given
by, them to the whole Kilti nation. The
Ingufhi, who are capable of arming above
5600 men, live in villages near each
others they are diligent hufbandmen,
and rich in cattle. Many of their vil-
lages have a /tone tower, which lerves in
time of war, as a retreat to their Women
and children, and a magaxine for their
efleols. Thele people are all armed, and
have the cuitom of wearing iliields. Their
religion is ve;y fnnple, but has Jbme traces
of Chriitianity. They believe in one
God, whom they call Daile, but have no
faints or religious perfons. Thty cele-
brate Sunday, not by any religious cere-
mony, but by retting from labour. They
have a fult in fpring, and another in lum'*
m«:r; but oblervc no ceremonies eifhet
at births or deaths. They allov/ of poly-
gamy, and cat pork.
KiSTNA, a river of liindooftan, which
rifcs on the k fide of the G i,u , forms
th*; boundary between the Dece ,m and thi-
Peniniula, und fails into thf? bay of Beu-
gal, s of Mal'ulipatam.
KjTTERy, a tovvrt of the Unked hUtr.s
of Arwfrica, in th« dUtrift of Main. I'
is famotts for Ihip-bulk^ing, and is feaf<«i
on the F. fide of the motith of Pifcataipi«
River. • ; ■
N m
t
t^
^^
f
i
P'
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r
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t
J
k
S-*
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SJf' 3
il'' • f' '1
K O B
Kiuif-TCHEOU-FOU, the capital of
the ifland of Hainan> feated on its n coaft,
oppofite to the nrovince of Qu4i)fe-tong,
in China. It ftands on a promontory,
and fhips often anchor at the bottom of
its walls. Its diftrift contains three cities
of the lecond, and jo of the third clafs.
Klattaw, a town of Bohemia, 4.6
miles sw of Prague. Lon. 14. 6 E, lat.
50 30 N.
Klettenberg, a town of Swiffer-
land, feated on the Aar, three miles from
"Waldfchut. The fpiritual jurifdiaion
belongs to the biftiop of Conftance ; the
fovereignty to the cantons. Lon. S iz E>
iat.47 35 N.
Klundert, a ftrong fortrefs of the
United Provinces, in Holland, near the
arm of the fea, called Hollands Diep. It
was taken by the French, in 1793, afteK
a gallant re'Cftance j but they were obliged
to evacuate it Toon after. It is nine miles
SE of Williamftadt.
Knapdale, a mountainous diftrifl in
Argylefliire, adjoining to Argj'le Proper,
and connefted on the s by a narrow neck
of land, to the peninfula of Cantyre.
Knaresborough, a borougn in the
W riding of Yorklhire, with a mai'ket on
Wednefday. It is feated on a rugged
rock, where there was a caftle, and almoii
cncompalTed by the river Nid. Here is a
famous fpring, called the Dropping Well,
which falls In drops from the top ot a rock«
and the water is of a very ftrong petrifying
<)uallty. Knarciboi'ough fends two mem-
bers to parliament, and is 18 miles w by
» of York, and an N by w of London.
Lon. I 26 w, lat. 54. 5 N.
Knighton, a commercial town in
Radnorfljire, with a market on Thurfday,
ieated on the Tend, 14 miles w of Here-
ford, and 135 Nw of London. Lon. z
46 W, lat. 5z 13 N.,
KnichtsbridgEj a village in Mid-
dlefex, the firft from London on the great
weftern road. Here is an infirmary for
the fick and wounded, called St. George's
Hofpital J and a confiderabie manufafture
4)f painted floor-cloths.
Knotsford, a tovyn in Chefliire,
with a market on Saturday. Thete are
two towns of this name pretty near toge-
ther, called the Higher aiul Lower. In
the higher is the parifli church, and in the
lower a chapel of eafe. They are ft. yen
mites NE of Northwich, and 173 NNW
fof London. Lon. x z8 w, ht. 53 20 n.
K.OANG-nN-FOXl» a city ofChina, in
the province of Kiang-fi. Its juiifdiftion
f owtains fe^'cn cities of the third clafs.
|CoD), calkd by Ui« Qmtk ChamO}
K O N
a vaft defert of Chiuefe Tartary, which
occupies alrnoft all the s extremity of the
counti-y of the Kalkas. It is more than
100 leagues from E to w, and almolt as
much from N to s.
KOKI-TCHEOU, one of the fmalleft
provinces in China, bounded on the s by
Quang-fi, on the E by Hon-quaHg, on
the N by Se-tchuen, and on the w by
Yun-nan. It contains lo cities of the
firft rank, and 38 of the fecond and third,
and is full of inaccelfible mountains. It
is almoft a defert: and may juftly be
called the Siberia of China. The inhabi-
tants are mountaineers, accuftomed to in-
dependence, and who fecm to form a fepa-
rate nation : they are no lefs ferocious than
the favagc animals among which they
live. This province produces the belt
horfes In China. Befide Koei-yang, the
capital, it contains nine cities of the lirll,
and 38 of the fecond and third clafs.
KoEi-TCHEOU-FOr, a commercial
cityof China, in the provinceofSe-tchucn.
Its diftri6l contains one city of the fecond
clafs, and nine of the third.
KoEi-YANG, the capital of the pro-
vince of Koei-tcheou, in China. The
remains of temples and palaces ftlU an*
nounce its former magnificence. It is
420 miles Nw of Canton.
Kola, a town of the Ruffian govern-
ment of Archangel, capital of Ruflian
Lapland. It has a good harbour on the
river Kola, near a bay of the fame name
in the Frozen Ocean. Lon. 32 26 e, lat.
68 34 N.
KoLYVAN, a government of the Ruf-
fian, empire, comprehending a part of
Welicrn Siberia, and formerly included
in the government of Tobollk . Its capital,
of the fame name, is feated on the Oby,
near the mouth of the Berda, and was
known, before the in(Htution of this go-
vernment, under the name of Berdlkoi
Oftrog. This country has very produc-
tive ulver mines, wliith have been called
the Potofi of Ruflia. They lie between
the Oby and Irtylh, near the mountains
which foim tiie frontiers of Siberia,
and feparate that country from Chinefe
Tartary.
KoNGSBERG, a town of Southern
Norway, celebrated for its filver nines.
It lies on both fides of the river Lowe,
and contains, including the miners, 6000
inhabitants. Thefc mines, which lie
about two miles from the town, were firft
difcovercd and worked, during the ireign
of Chriftian IV. Kongftcrg is 45 miles
sw of CtuilUwia. L^a,^ 50 e^ lat. 59
4«N,
•y^tl'JTJtyjSCTKSlS^gS
K O N
K O R
KoNGSWiKcER, a town of Norway,
on the frontiers oi* Sweden. It is feated
near the river Glomme, at the foot of a
iteep rock, on which ftands an impregna-
ble citadel; at lead, Charles xii, who
reconnoitred it, thought it prudent to
decline the attempt.
KoNC-TCHANC-FOU, a city of China,
in the province of Chcn-fi, It is fur-
ruunded by iiiacceHible mountains, where
a tomb i« feen, which the Chtnefc pre-
tend to be that of Fo-hi. Its diitri^l
contains three cities of the fecond, and
leven of the third clafs. It is 700 miles
sw of Pekin.
KoMNGSBERC, a town of Franconia,
biilonging to the houfe of Saxe- Weimar^
tliree miles NE of Schweinfurt. Lon. lo
4+£, lat. 50 5 N.
KONINGSBERC, a town of upper
Saxony, in the marquifate of Branden-
burg, 47 miles s of Stetin. Lon. 14. 40
jE, lat. 5* 50 N.
KoNiNcsBERG, the capital of PrufHa,
with a univcrfity, and a magnificent
palace, in which is a hall 274 reet long,
and 59 broad, without pillars to fupport
it, and a handfome library. The town-
houle, the exchange, and the cathedral,
are fine ftruftures. The tower of the
ctiltle is very high, and has 184 fteps to
the top, whence there is an extenfive
profpeft. Here are 18 churches, of which
14 belong to the Lutherans, three to the
Calvinifts, and one to the papifts. The
town is five miles in circumference, and,
including the garrifon of 7000 nr;cn, con-
tains 60,000 inhabitants. It (tands on
the Pregel, which here falls into the
Frifche Haf, an inlet of the Baltic. No
(hips drawing more than leven feet water
can pais the bar, and come up to the
town J lb that the large velTels anchor at
i'illau, a fmall town on the Baltic, which
is the port of Koninglberg ; and tlit mer-
chandile is fent in Imaller veflels to this
place. The trade of Koningfberg is
very confiderable. It is 6i miles KE of
Eibing, and 115 N of Warfaw. Lon. 20
55 E, lat. 544.1 N.
KoNiNGSCRATZ, a town of Bohe-
mia, with a biihop's fee, feated on the
Elbe, 35 miles sw of Glatz, and 1x5 n
by w of Vienna. Lon. 16 8 e, lat. 50
«N.
KoNiNCSHOFEN, a ftroDg town of
Franconia, with a biihop''s fee, 25 miles
NNw of Bamberg. Lon. 10 46 s, lat. 50
24 N.
KONiNGSTEiM, a town of Upper Sax-
ony, in the territory of MiCnia, with an
impregnable fort. It is a place of con^
finement for ftate prlfoners, and is feated
en the Elbe, 10 miles se of Pyma, and
10 sw of Drefden. Lon. 13 43 e, lat,
51 IN.
KoNiNGSTEiN, a town of Germany,
in the circle of Uie Lower Rhine, and
archbifhopric of Mentz, with a ftrong
fort, 12 miles NK of Mentz. It furren-
dered to the French, July 22, 1796. Lon.
8 25 w, lat. 50 5N.
KoNiNGSTUTER, a town of Ger-
many, with a celebrated abbey, in the
territory of Brunfwick - Wolfenbuttle.
Lon. II 7 E, lat. 52 25 N.
KoNiTz, a town of Weftem Pruflia,
10 miles NW of Culm, and 50 sw o£
Dantzic. Lon. 18 16 e, lat. 53 36 n.
KoPYS, a fortified town of Lithuania,
feated on the Dnieper, i8 miles N of Mo-
hilef. Lon. 31 2 e, lat. 54 32 N.
KoRiACS, a nation of Aiia, tributary
to the Ruflians. There are two forts of
Koriacs. Thole who are properly called
by that name have a fixed reudence : the
others are wanderers, and are known by
the appellation of Raindcer Koriacs.
Their flocks are numerous, and they
maintain them by conducing them to
thofe cantons that abound with mofs.
When thefe paflures are exhaufted, they
feek for others. In this manner they
wander about, encamping under tents of
flcin, and fupporting themfelves with the
produce of their deer, which arc as fer-
viceable for draught to the Koriacs, as
the dogs are to the Kamtfchadales. There
is, in many refpei^s, a great refemblance
between the fixed and the wandering Ko-
riacs : yet the little cordiality, or rather
the mifimderftanding, that fubfifts among
them,' caufcs them to be confidered as
two different people. Their country,
however, is the fame, and tak?8 in a vaft
extent, teniiinated to the s by Kamtf-
chatka and the gulf of Pengina, to the B
by the country of the 01uterlan«, to the
N by that of the Tehcukchis, and to the
w by the Tongoufes, the Lamouts, and
the Yakouts. The number of fixed
Koriacs fcarcely exceeds nr .; hundred ;
and though it is not eafy to calculate
that of the wandering Koriacs, it is ima-
g^ed that they do not much furpafs this
amount. The manners of the former are
a mixture of duplicity, miftrult, and
avarice. They have all the vices of the
northern nations of Afia, without their
virtue^. Robbers by nature, they are
fufpicious, cruel, incapable either of bene-
volence or pity. Nothing but prefents can
excite their attention, or roul'e their ac-
tivity. From this perfidi6ui» a^4 favage
4 k^
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t r'
\ ■>*:
"•p^""*?!**!;"
VWfFfiaS'
•^f
Jii'V
S'f
m\
K O R.
dlfpofition, it would not be cafy for tliem
td live in peace, oi* form any durable ties
With their neighbour** Hence their con-
tinual, infune^iion^ againft the Rullians,
their atrocious robberies, their daily in-
cnHtons on the people >^ho furround them i
%*nce the refpeflive animofitie» and re-
venge that inceHantly fpring up. Thru
ftate of war foments in every individual a
fer^ieus fpirit. The praf^ice of attack-
ing, and of defending themfelves, creates
in them an inflexible courage, that de-
lights in perpetual combats, and glories
in a contempt of life. Superftition lends
its aid to ennoble in their eyes this thirll:
of blood, by impofmg a law that obliges
them to conquer or to die. Neither the
bravery, nor the nwmber of their adver-
faries, can at'uli intimidate them: it is
then they fwear to Uejhoy the fun. They
difcharge this terrible oath by cutting the
throats of their wives and children, burn-
ing all their jwfleffions, and ruftiing madly
Into the midft of their enemies. The
combat cannot' terminate but by the total
*le(truftion of one of the parties ; for the
vanquifhfd never feek their fafety by
flight, and not a Koriac will furvive the
ilaughter of his countrymen.* Their re-
gular occupation is hunting and fifliing ;
bdt every Icafon will not permit them to
follow it. During thefe intei^vals, Ihut
up in their de&p habitations, they fleep,
fmokt, and get drunk. Thoughtlels of
the future, without regret for the paft,
they come not out of their yourts till.the
Kioft urgent nccelfity compels them. Thefe
yourts are larger than thofe of the Kamtl'-
, chadales, and arc diftributcd nearly in the
fame manner; but thtir "filthinefs is more
difgulting, for there is neither door, nor
▼ent-hole for the fmokc. They live,
like the Kamtfchadales, upon dried fifh,
and the flelh and fa( of th; whale and
feawolt^ The whale is commonly eaten
raw, and the feawolf dried and cooked in
the lame maimer as their fifli, except the
fnicws, the marrow, the bmin, and now
and then a flice of the flefh, which they
devour raw with extreme aviiiity. Rain-
deer is their favourite difJ».. Vegetables
alfo fonn a part of their iood : they ga-
ther in autwinn various fort of berries,
oi a part of which they make a rcfrefting
bevei-age, and the reft is bruifed to powder,
and kneaded with the ©il of the whale or
feawolf. Their paiiiun for itirattg liquors,
increafed by the ditficult)r;^ 'procuring
brandy, has led thein to invent a drink
equally potent, which they extrafl from
a red mufhroom, knbvtrit in Rlifllia as a
ilrong poifon by thi nttraeof moukham«n-.
K O R
The features «f the majoritv of the Ka-
riacs are not Afiatie ; and tney might be
confidered as Europeans, but for their
low ftature, their ill fhape, and the co-
lour of their flcin. The other Koriae»
have the fame charaflerifUc ovtlines as
the Kamtfchadaks. Among the women,
particularly, there are very few who have
not funk ey^&, flat nofes, and prominent
cheeks. The men are almoft entirely
beardlefs, and have fliort hair. The
women carry their children in a kind of
neft or balket arclied over, in which th«
infant is placed in a fitting polture, and
ftiekercd from the weather. Amot^ their
ftrange cuftoms, i» the probation to which
a young man fubjeft* himfolf when he is
dirfirous of marrying.- As foon.as he has
fixed his choice, he waits upon the rela-
tions of his miitrefs, and offers to drudge
for them. The woman is. immediately
enveloped in a multiplicity of garments,
which conceal her to I'uch a degree, that
the face itlclf is fcaroely vifibk. She is
not left alone for a fingle inftant ; her
mother, and a number of old matrons.,
accompany her wherever fhe goes. The
aim of tlu^ lover, is to touch her naked
body, the only way by which he ©an ob-
tain her. In the mean time, he executea,
with real and fubmiifion, all the funftiona
that the relations ihipele upon him. Be-
come, as it were, the Have of the family,
he-is employed in all the domeftic labours^^
to cut wood, fetch water, provide ice,
&c. In his leifure moments, at liberty
to fee and approach his miflreJs, he en-
deavours to merit her afFeftion by fome
fly attempt to obtain a touch; but, from
the number and thitknefs of her. garments,
and the refiftance of her relations, it i&
frequently not till after the expiratton of
two or three years, that lie obtains his
end. Elate with his victory, he flies to
inform the relations of his I'ucccl's. The
witnelTes are fuinmoned, r. d the young
lady interrogated. Her confeilion is ne-
ceflhvy, as well as fome proof that flit
was taken by furprife, and made fruitleis
efforts to defenil herlelf. The conqueror
being now freed from his labours, he
makes his court without reftraint to his fu-
ture wife, who. is not perhaps forry to find
^herlelf delivered from her cumberfome
atttre. This fecond ftage of courtfhip is
feldom very long; the damfel, in the
prefence of the family, foon gives her
confent, and nothing more i$ tequifite t«
entitle him to all the claims of 9. nufband.
A plurality of wives is not allowed among
the ICbriacs ; although there have bc^«
iuftancefi of its being pia:ftiV«d %vlthuut
Jt>m
K O R
(kruple. Their funeral rites have a ftrik-
iiu; fimilarity to the ancient inUitutions
ot pagan if m, ftill oblcrvod by various
uncivilized people of the new hemifphere.
When a Koriac dies, his relations .and
neighbours aflemble to pay bim their hit
refpcfts. They ere^l a funeral pile, upon
which they place a port^ion of the wealth
of the deceafed, and a llock of provifi-
ons, confifiing of raindcer, H/h, brandy,
in fhort, whatever they conceive he will
want for his great journay, and to keep
him from (tarving in the other world. If
it be a wandering Koriac, his deef con-
duit him to the pilej if a rtfident Ko-
riac, he in drawn by his dogs, or carried by
liis relations. The body is exhibited,
clothed in his beft attire, and lying iu a
kind of coffin. There it receives the
adieu of the attendants, who, with torches
in their bands, conHder it as an honour
fpeedily to reduce their relation or friend
to aflics. They feel only tlie regret of
a fliort abfence, and not of an eternal
feparation. They wear no mourning; and
the funeral pomp terminates in a fcene
of intemperance, where the fumes of their
liquor and tobacco gradually efiace the
remembrance of death. Tiiey a<;know-
ledge a fupreftie being, the creator of all
things. He inhabits the fun, whole
burning orb they conlldei as the throne
or palace of the Lord of Nature, whom
they probably confound with that celeftial
£re, which is fuppoied to be \ih dwel-
ling. They neither fear nor worftiip
him : goodnefs, they fay, is his? eflence j
all the good that exifts in the world pro-
ceeds from him; and it ts impodlble he
ftiould do an injury. The principle of
evil they condder as a malignant ipirit,
who divides with the good being the em-
pire of nature. As the one is intent on
the happinefs of mankind, the other en-
deavours to render them unhappy. Di;'-
cafes, tempefts, fiimine, calamities of every
kind, ai-e his work, and the inftruments of
his vengeance. It is to pacify his wrath,
that they facrifice their perfonal intereft,
and have recourfe to devotion. They
offer to him various animals, the firft-
fruits of their hunting and fifhing, and
whatever they poffefs that is moft valu-
able i but there is no terople fet apart for
his votaries, who conceive that they ren-
dered him propitious by pioufly getting
Ui-unk ia their yourts j for drunkennelji
is become with thefe people a religious
praflicc, and the baiis of all their folem*
nities.
KoRSiyw, or Kosoa, a town of
Denmark, m the iflf of Zeal^d^ witb a
K R E
fort, 4s »n>le» w by 3 of Copfrfiagen.
Lon. II 10 E, lat. 55 19 n.
KoSAL, or KosTA, a fortified town
of Silefia, near the river Oder, 17 miles
N of Ratilbon. Lon. 17 54.' k, lat. 5^
26 N.
Kostroma, a government of the Ruf^
fian empire, formerly included in that of
Mol'cow. It is divided into the pro-
vinces of Koftroma and Unlha. Th«
capital of the former is Koftroma, featetf
at the mouth of the Volga ; the capital of
the lecond is Makarief, fituate on the
Unfha.
KouBi-TE-FOV, a city of China, in
the province of Ho-nan. The inhabi-
tants are remarkably mild, and treat
ftrangers with uncommon fcofpitality.
This city is feated between two larg^
rivers.
KowNO, a town of Lithuania, feated
on the Wilna and Niemen, 40 miles w
of Wilna. Lon. 24. 12 e, lat. 54. 5/i N.
Kraanenberg, a town of the duchy
of Cleves, feated on the declivity of a
hill, bet^ween Nimeguen and Cleves. Its
name, which fignihes Crane-hill, is de-
rived from the number of cranes that
ufed to alfemble round the caftle, when
the adjacent plain was a morafs. It is
celebrated for an image of the Virgin,
pretended to b^e miiT^cuTous.
KRAiiNBURG, a town of Bavariajf
feated on the Inn, 35 miles E of Munich.
Krainburg, a town of Germany,
in the duchy of Camiola, feated on th^
Save, 18 miles NW of Laubach.
Krai NO WIT z, a town of Upper Sllefia,
between Ratibor and Troppaw. Lon. 17
49 E, lat. 50 7 N.
Krainslaw, a town of Poland, i|^
the province of Red Ruflla and palatinate .
of Chelm, no miles SE of Waj-faw.
Lon. 23 oE, lat. 51 15 N.
Krekith, a corporate town in Car-
narvonfhire, with a market on Wednef-
day. It is feated on the Irifh Sea, near
Traeth-Amawer Bay, where a caiUs
formerly ftood, now in ruins. It is ij
miles s by E of Carnarvon, and 237
NW of London. Lon. 4 t8 Wt lat. 5:^
57N.
Krempen, a ftrong town of Pen-
mark, in Holftein, with a caftle. It is
five mile^i N of Gluckftadt, apd 30 nvf
of Hamburg. Lon. 9 15 E, lat. 53 5S n<
Kr£M3, a town of Auftria, feated
on the Danube, 35 i^ilet wof Visnna.
Lon. 154^2, 1^1.481811/ ,
KR9UZEIIACH, a tovtm of Germany,, ,
in the circle of the Lower Rhine, with^»
ciifiJe. on an eminence. Jt rf^i owt M
X %
iul
B*i
^I'InJ
1 '
r^' H;
i^pllll
i« ■iiui I »;>'■•, •||M^»»|)1 ni«.4i«^,'pn
> :
. ■: 1
jjti j
I '^3i!
■i'-, '
Uii
1
1
:|
■V
' i
1
W^
Ji
Kwi 1
K U B
imperial city, and is feated on the Nahe,
ao miles sw ot'Mentz.
KrumlaWi a tpwn of Germany, in
Moravia, 50 miles sw of Olmutx. Lon.
i6 49 E, lat. 48 4.6 N.
Krut/ow, a itrong town of Lithu-
ania, feattd on the Sotz, 30 miles sw of
MozdHaw. Lon. 33 4 R, lat. 54 8 N.
Krylow, a Itrong town of Poland^
in the palatinate of Kiof, feated on the
Dnieper, 140 miles se of Kiof. Lon. 33
50 E, lat. 48 5« N.
KvBESHA,' aftrongtown of AHa, in
the country of the Lefgiiis, fituate on a
hill, between high mountains. Its inha-
bitants call themfelvrs Frank! (Frank;),
a ngine common in the e to all Euro-
peans) and relate, that their anceftors
were brought hiflier by Ibme accident,
the particulars .>.f which are forgotten.
The common conjeclure is, that they
were caft away upon the coalt ; but others
fay, that the Greeks and the Oenocfe
carried on, durnig feveral centuries, a
t onfiderable trade, itot only on the Black
i5ea, but on the Cafpian, and were ac-
*]uainted with the mines contained in
tilde mountain?, from whicli they di'ew,
by their trade with the inhabitants, great
quantities of filvcr, copper, and other
metals. In order to work thefc upon the
Ipct, they fcnt hither a number of work-
men, to cftablini maniifaftures. I'he
lubftquent invafioh of the Arabs, Turks,
and Moguls, durinz which the mines
were tilled up, and the manufactures
ubanduned, prevented the ftrangers froia
cfitfting their return ; lb that they Con-
tinued here, and foimed arepnblic. VVIiat
renders this account tlieinore probable is,
that they aie ftill excellent artilts, and
make \xvy good firc-aims, fabres, coats
of mail, and feveral arricles in gold and
iilver, for exportation. They have, like-
wife, for their'own defence, fniall copper
cannons, of' three pounds calibre, caft
by themjfelves- They coin Turkilh and
Perfiaa filver money, and even rubles,
which readily pafs turrent, becauie.they
are of the .full, weight and value. In
their vallies, tliey have pafturc and arable
landf as well as gardens ; but they pur-
<:hafe the greater part of their corn,
trufting chiefly for fupport io the fale
•f their manvti^wesv^ which are much
admired in Turkfey, rPerfia, and the Cri-
4tiea> They are 'generally in good cir-
icumftances, and are .a quiet inofFenfive'
M«ple, buthi{(h-f{nrited aiid independent .~
rheir town is canfidercd as a' neutral
fjtoti vvhcre the neighbouring princes ^air
^pofit their t^pafure with SuKty, They
K U R
eleft yearly twelve maglftrates, to whom
they pay unlimited obedience ; and, a* aU"
the inhabitants are on a footing of the
moft perfc(l equality, each individual it
fure to ha e, in his turn, a (hare in the
government. In ijiSt their magiftratesr
acknowledged the fovereignty of RtiiTia,
but without paying any tribute. Lon.
67 59 E, lat. 41 30 N.
KuFSTEiN, a ftrone town of Ger-
many, in the Tirol, with a caftle, on a
rock. It is leated on the Inn, 46 miles
s by E of Munich. Lon. iz 5 £, lat. 47
a6 N.
KUNACHIR. See JesO.
KuR, a river df Perfia, which rifcs in
mount Caucafus, and, pading by TeifliS)
falls into the Cafpian Sea.
Ku RILES, a chain of illands, extend-
ing from lat 51 to 45° N, running from
Cape Lopatka, the s promontory of
Kamtfchacka, to Japan, in a sw direc-
tion. The inhabitants of the neighbotu'-
hood of Cape Lopatka, who were called
Kuriles, gave theie iflands the fame namej
as foon as they became acquainted with
them. They are zi in number, exclu-
fire of the very fmall ones. The noithern-
moft, called Shoomfka, is three leagues
from Cape Lopatka. The next, named
Paramouiic, is confiderably larger th?.n
ShooniJka. Thofe two iflands were firlt
vifited by the Ruffians in 171 3» and at
the fame time brought under their domi-
nion. The others, in order, are alf»
made tributary down to Oolhefheer, in-
clufivc. The natives are all reprefented
as hofpitable, generous, and humane;
excelling their Kamtfchadale neighbours
in the formation of their bodies, and in
docility and quicknels of underftanding.
Though Oolhefheer is the fouthemmoft
ifland that the Ruffians have yet brought
under their dominiot: they trade to Oo-
rdop, which is the eighteenth, and the
only one where there is a good harbour
/or fhips of burden. Beyond this, to the
s, lies Nadeegfda, which was reprefented
by the JRulfians, as inhabited by a race
of men remarkably haiiy, and who, like
thofe of Ooroop, live in a ftate of entire^
independence. Spanberg places this ifland
in 43 50 N lat. In the fame direftion,
but Inclining fomewhat more to the w.
He the illands of Jxso ; a name which
the Japanefe give to the whole chain of
iflands between Kamtfchatka and lapaa.
KvR5ic» a government of the R<ifBaft
empire, formerly part of that of Sidga-
rocl. Its capital, of the fam'; name, is'
felled on the Tukw, which feU* into Ac.
Seme or Sem; • • :- • ^ *-'"••- ^
LAB
Ku stSTAN, aprovinceof Perfiaybouiided
on the N and e by Irac-Agemi» on the s
by Farfiftan, ^.nd on the v/ by Irac- Arabia.
Siifter is thw capital.
KuTTENBERC, a town of Bohemia,
feated near a mountain* remarkable for
its filver mines, 35 miles SE of Prague.
Lon. 15 37 E, lat. 49 56 N.
Kylburg, a town of Germany, in the
cle6toi-ate of Treves, feated on the Kyll,
16 miles ^fw of Treves. Lon. 6 37 e,
]at< 50 I N.
Kvneton, a town in Herefordshire,
with a good trade in narrow cj»th, and
a market on Wednefday. It is 15 miles
NW of Hereford* and 149 WNW of
London. Lon. i 50 w, lat. 51 it n.
Kyneton, a village in Somerfetfhire,
>)E of SomertoR. It is -naturally paved,
for half a mile, with one fniooth lock,
which looks like iffe«
L. ■ ;
LAA, Laab, or Lahab, a town of
Auftria, feated on the Teya, *7
miles NW of Vienna. Lon. 16 9 e, lat.
4S 48 N.
Labadia, a ftrong town of Italy, in
polefmo dl Rovigo, lubjeSl to the Ve-
netians. It is featfd <xi the Adige, to
miles vxv of Ferrara. Lon. 11 54 £,
lat. 45 39 N,
Labia, a town of Turkey In Furope,
in Servi4> ^t miles sw of Nida.
Labiau, a town of Weftern Pruflla,
at the mouth of the Deime, near the
CuriichhaiF, with a itrong cafUe, 30
miles NE of Koningfberg, Lon^ zi 40
E, lat. 54 57 N.
L4BOURD, a late territory of France,
sari of that of BaTqiies. It abotinds in
iruit, and t))e inhabitants are faid to be
the Rrii that went to fi(K for wbaies. It
Is ndw included in the department of the
Lower Pyreiises.
Labhaoor, a countj:y on ihe e fide
of Hudfon's Bay, in N America. The
climate, in only lat. 57° N, is exceifivcly
cold during winter. Wine free7ts in a
folid mafb; brandy coagulates j and the
vtry breath falls on the blankets of a
bed, in the form of a hoar-froft. The
Ice begins to dirapi>ear in May ; and
about the middle ot' June, commences
hot weather, which, at times, is fo violent,
as ts) fcorch the faces of the hunters.
Mock funs and halos are not unfrequent :
they are very bright, and richly tinged
with all the colours of the rainbow.
I
A D
The fiin rifes ind fets with a larffc
cone of yellowii.i light; and the night
is enlivened by the aurora boreuUsy
which fpreads many different lights and
colours over the whole Iky. The ani-
mals are moofedeers, ftags, rainnieers,
bears, tigers, buffaloes, vuolvet, foxes,
beavers, otters, lynxes, maitens, fquir-
rels, ermines, wild cats, and hares. The
feathered kinds arcgeele,buftards, ducks,
partridges, and all kinds of wild fowls.
The ftfli arc, whales, morfes, iieals,
cod/jfh, and a white fifli preferable to
herrings} and in their rivers and fi-elh
waters are pike, perch, carp, and trout.
In fummer, there it here, as in other
places, a variety in the colour of the fe-
veral animals: when that feafon is over,
which holds only for three months, the/
all afTume the livery of winter, and every
fort of bealls, and moft of their fowls,
W of the colour of the fnow: every
thing animate and inanimate is white.
But one of the moft ftrikin^ things, that
draws the moft inattentive to an admi.
ration of the wifdom and goodnefs of
Providence,' is, that the dogs and cats
from Great Britain, that have been car-
ried to Hudfon's Bay, on the approach
of winter, have changed their appear-
ance, and acquired a much longer, Ibfter*
and thicker coat of hair than they origi-
nally had. See New Britain, Es^i-
MAux, and Hudson's Bay,
Lack, or Bischofs-Lack, a rownof
Germany, in Camiola. Here is not only
a great deal of iron, fteel, quickfdver,
and corn j but a large quantity of linen
is made here, and lent to Fiume and
Trieft. It is x6 miles w by n of
Laubach, and 35 n of Trieft. Lon. 14
7 E, lat. 46 31 N.
Ladenburch, a town of Germany,
In the palatinate of the Rhlne^ feated on
the Neckar, eight miles NW of Heidel-
berg. Lon. 8 4% E, lat. 49 30 N.
Ladoga, a lake in Ruflia, between
the gulf of Finland an^ the lake of
Onega, It is 150 miles long, and 99
broad } and is efteeined to be the lai^eft
lake in Europe. Among the fifli with
which it abounds, are Icals. It is full
of quickfands, which, being moved from
place to place, by the frequent ftorms,
caufe ieveral fhelves whjeh often prove
fatal to the flat-bottomod veflelg of the
RufTians. This induced Peter the Great
cut a canal 67 miles in length, from
th ts w extremity of this lake to the river
weva, by which, it has a communicatloq
Nilhthe gulf of Finland.
Ladoca» Niw, a town in the RttfTm
X3
m
m
(!' .1
t A H
!
Ion., and
They were
1 521. He
government of St. Peter(buigh, feate«l on
the Volkhof, between the lake ami canal
of Ladoga. It is 70 miles e of St. Pcterf-
bmgh. Lon. 30 jz e, lat. 60 o n. Old
Ladoga, an inconfiderable place, is higher
tip the Volkhof.
Ladogna, or Lacedoona, a town
of Naples, in Capitanata, with a bifhop's
fee, 60 miles E of Naples. Lon. 15 46
E, ht. 41 I N.
Ladrone Islands, lAands of the N
Pacific Ocean. They are 1 1 in number,
exclufiv; of the fmall iflcts and rocks,
and lie in about 140^^ e
between 11 ind 28° n lat.
difcovered by Magellan, in
touched firft at the ifland of Guam, where
•the natives ftole fome of his goods, which
cauled him to name thefe idmds' the
Ladrones, or Iflands of Thieves. Befide
the other fruits natural to the foil and cli-
"mate, here is tht bread-fniit tree in abun-
dance. The names of the principal rflands
are Jaypan, Tinlan, Guarti, and Rota.
Lagny, a town of France, in the de-
■partment of Seine and Nfarne and late
^province of the Ifle of France, with a late
nmous Bcnediftine abbey. It is feated
on the Marne, 15 miles e of Paris. Lon.
•3. 45 E, iat. 48 50 N.
Lagos, a feaport of Portugal, in Al-
■parva,. with a caltle. Here the Engli/h
fleets bound to the Straits ufually take in
frelh water. Nejfr this town is Cape La-
gos, off which, in 1759, admiral Bof-
cawen defeated a French fle«;t. It is 120
=niiles SE of Lifbcn. Lon. 8 33 W, lat.
37 *■ N. '
Lacuna, a town of the ifland of
Teneriff, one of 'tne Canaries. The
governor has a palace here, but generally
j-efides at Santa Cruz. The lake from
ivhich it has been fuppofed to derive its
name, is now a ve)y inconfiderable piece
of water. Xon. 16 13 w, hat. 28 30 N.
LaguiNe* ot' Venice, the marflies or
lakes in Italy, on which Venice is fcated.
They commonltate with the lea, ?.nd are
the i'ecurlty cif the city. There are about
60 iftands in thefe Laguncs, whicii toge-
ther majce a bifhop's Ice. E\irano is the
moft confiderable, next to thofe on which
Venice ftand's. "
Lahn, a riyct- of Germany, which
rifes in Hefle Caffel, and flowing by
Marpurg, W^tzlar, and Nkflau, falls into
the Rhine, above Coblefttz.
Lahom, a' feaport of Sweden, in the
province of Halland, feated near the Bal-
tic, with a caltle, 50 mjles N of Copen-
hagen. Lon. 12 40 E, l^t. 56 31 N.
Xahcre, a mavjnce tf Hindooftan
4
LAM
Proper, bounded on the w by Candahir,
on the N by Caflimere, on the e by
Sirinagur and Delhi, and on the s by
Moultan. It is often called Panjab, or
the country of Five Rivers. It is very
extenfive and re^naikably fertile ; afford-
ing, in addition to all the neceflaries of
lite, wine, fugar, and cotton wood. In
the traft between the Indus and the
Chelum are fait mines, wonderfully prd-
du6live, and affording fragments of rock
fait, hard enough to be formed into
veffels, &c. See Panjah.
Lahore, a city, the capital of a pro-
vince of the lame name, in Hindooftan
Proper, fituate on the s bank of the
RauV' .. It is a place of high antiquity,
and was the refidence of the Mahometan
conquerors of Hindooftan, before they
had eftabliflied themfelves in the central
parts of the country. It owed its modern
improvements, however, to Humaioon, the
father of Acbar, who made it his refidence
during a part of his troublelbme reign.
Lahore is now the capital of the Seiks,
a new power, whofe name, even as .a
fefl, was hardly known till the rapid
decline the Mogul empire, in the
prefent t^.itury. Here they have manu-
fa6hires of cotton cloths and fluffs of all
kinds, and of veiy curious carpets. It
is 210 miles s of Caflimeie, and igfe NW
of Delhi. Lon. 73 45 E, lat. 31 15 N.
Laino, a town of Naples, in Calabria
Citeriore, near a river of the fame napie.
Lon. 16 II £, lat. 40 4 N.
LAi-TCHEqu-FOU, a city of Chinai,
in the province of Chan-tong, with a
convenient harbour on the Yellow Sea.
Its jurifdiftion contains two cities of the
firft, ai^d five of the third' clafs.
Laland, a fmall illand of Denmark,
in the Baltic, lying S of Zeiland, from
which it is feparated by a narrow channel.
It is fertile in corn, with which it fupplies
Copenhagen. Naxkow is the capital.
Lambale, a town of France, in the
department of the North Coaft and late
province of Bretagne. h is the chief town
of the late duchy of Pcnthievre, and gave
the title of princefs to the unfortunate
lady, who \Vas mafiacred at Paris, in
September i/ 92, for her inviolable at-
tachment to her unhappy mjftrefs, the
late queen of France. Lambale has a
good trade in cattle, linen, and parch-
ment, and is 37 miles NW of Renne§,
Lon. i ai w, lat. 48 27 N.
Lambesc, a town of Fr»r.cc, !n tliie
department of the Mouths of the Rhone
and late province of Provence, nine milea
N of Aix. Lgn, $ ji £, lat. 43 40 n.'
tl
i.'V'wMfc»
LAM
L A K
"Lambeth, a village in Sxirry, dh the
Thames, oppofite Weftminder. Here
the iirchbifliops of Canterbury have an
ancient palac«. By the valt incrcafe of
buildings, Lambeth ik now joined to the
metropolis, in a dire^ion to each of the
three bridges. Here i» a manufacture
of artificiu (tone, which an.'vvers every
furpole of Itoiie carving, and extends,
not only to ftatues from the lineft models,
but to overy kind of architectural orna-
menitii. Here likcwifearc extenfivc works
for vinegar and horue-made wine, a patent
ihot raaaufaChire, and numerous timber
yard«, Aipplied with almoft incredible
Itores of foreign timber.
Lambo«N, a town in fierks, with a
markgt on Friday, leated on a river of
the lame name, wluch falls into the
Kennet, bdiow Newbury. It is fevrn
jniles ^ by w of Hungerford, and 6i w
•of London. Lon. i z6 w, lat. 51 30 N.
Lam£co, a town of Portugal, inBtira,
with a bifhop's fee, and a ftrong citadel,
50 miles N of Liibon. Lon. 7 30 w,
iat. 41 12 N.
Lammermuir, a motmtainous ridge
in Scotland, which divides the county of
JBerwick from that of Haddington for
above 20 miles. Thefe mountains are,
in general, very bleak and barren, afford-
ing but I'canty |)afture for the Hieep tliat
&ed on them. Scoutra Hill is the moft
elevated of this ridge.
Lamo« a kingdom and ifland of Africa,
on the coall of Mellnda, between tl^
iHand of Pate and Cape Fermol'a. Its
-capital of the fame name, is well fortified.
The king and government, being Maho-
metans, are frequently at wai- with the
relt of the inliabitants, who are pagans.
In 1589, the king of this illand, being
accuied by the Portuguefe of having
ivetraycd the governor of tl»e coalt, was
feized, with four of his fiibjcfts, in his
own capital, and carried to Pat^, vVhere
they were publickly executed, in the
pixl'ence of the king of that ilLand, and
of leveral kings of the neighbouring
illandsj «ver Imce which, Lamo has
been tj ibutary to the Portuguefe.
Lampedosa, a delert illand on the
coaft of Tunis, iz miles in circum-
feritnce. It is 50 miles from Tunis,
and III from Malta; .and has a good
harbour, w^iere fhjps water, Lon. 11
o E, lat. 36 20 N<
Lampsaco^ an aiQcient town of Na-
tolia, with a Greek archbishop's fee. It
is now an inconfiderable place, feated on
the fea of Marmora, fix miles from the
DardanelleSt itW* %719£» iatt 4.0 ii N*
Lancashire, a covmty of England,
bounded on the K by Cumberland and
Weltmorland, on the E by Yorkshire,
on tke s by CheHiire, and on the w by
the Irifh Sea. It is 74 miles irom N to
s (including a detached hundred «n the
Nw, called Furnel's, which is feparatcd
from the reit by a creek, at the head of
Morecambe Bay) and its greateft bi-eadth
is 4.2 miles. It is divided into fix hun-
dreds, containing 27 market-towns, and
63 p-trifhes} and lends 14. members (o
parliament. It is a coiinty-palatim:,
ujider the title of the Duchy of Laii-
calter j the only duchy of England (that
of Cornwall excepted) which is not
merely titular. The air, in general, is
very healthful. This county ooiapril^^
a variety of foil and face ofcoutttryj
but, upon the whole, is onC' of thole
which are the leaft favoured by nature.
The hundred of Furnels is a wild arid
rugged region, ftored with quantilies of
iron ore and ilate, and covered with a
growth of underwood, which is cut in
luccelTion, and made into charcoal. The
£ part, between the Ribble and the
Merfey, comprifing th» ancient forefte
of Wyreidale and Bowland, is moun-
tainous and generally barren; but the 's
part of the traft between theie two
rivers is flat, quite from the iea to tKe
commencement of the ridge called Black-
ifon-edge, that feparates the county from
Yorkfhire. Much of this is a fertSe
country, though occafionally deformed
by the black turf bogs, here cttHed
mofifes ; fome of which - are of large ex-
tent, and inipatrable in wet feafoifs.
In the NE pait of this divifionare {bine
lofty hilLs, the moft noted of wkich is
Pendie Hill. The remaining part is
varied with hill, dale, and moor. ARiotig
its produ6ls is a fpecies of coal, called
cannel, far exceeding all other, not only
in making a clear fire, but for^J>eiBg
capable of being raanufa^ured into can-
dteiUcks, cups, ftandifhcs, ihuflf-boxes^
&c. and of being poliflied, fo as to k.
prefcnt a beautiful black marble. Lah.
cafhire is little adapted for a corn country,
not only from the nature of its •foil, bat
from the remarkable wetnefs of it« cli-
mate; the land, however, is fingulatly
fitted to the growth of the potato^.
As a commercial and raanufa^uring
county, it is diltingui(hed beyond arty
other in the kingdom. Its principal ma-
nufaclures are linen, filk, and cotton
goods; fuiUans, founterpanes, fhaloons,
bays, ferges, tapes, fniall ware, hate,
iaikbU)* facku4> pins, iion goods,
X4.
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$
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li
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I
III
.1;.
LAN
<aft pUte-glafi, &c. Of the commerce of
thi* county, it nuy fuSce to obferve, that
Liverpool is the iecoxui port in the king-
dom. The principal rtvcrt arc the Mcr
fey, Irwell, Kibble, Lcn, Levern, Wyre,
Hodder, Roche, Duddon, Winder, lyc^n,
and Calder ; and it h i» two confidcrable
litkeK, Winajider-mcreand Conifton-mere.
Lancafter is the county-town. ,
Lancaster, thccounty-tovtnof Lan-
caHiire, with a n^arkct on Saturday.. It
is governed by a mayor; fendii two
members to parliament ) and is leatcd on
the Lon, which here forms a port for
veflfcls of moderate burden, and-ovtr which
is a Itone bridge of five arches. It has
but one church, on the fide of a hill, on
the fummit of which is the caitle, ferving
both as the fliire-houfe and the county^
fraol. On the top of this caftlv is a
quare tower, called John of Gaunt's
iCnair, whence there is a fine profpe^l of
the monntains of Cumberland, and the
view toward the fea, extending to the
Ille of Man. Five miles from this place
as Dunald-Mill-Hole, a cave at the foot
of a mountain, into which a large brook
runs, after it has driven a mill near its
entrance. Some of its vaults are fo
high, that they reiemble the roof of a
church, and in other paits lb low, that
they can be pailed only by creeping on
the hands and feet. Lancafter carries on
la confidcrable trade, eipecially to the W
Indies; and is noted for the making of
inahogany cabinet ware. It is 68 miles
8 of CarliOe, and 235 nnw of London.
Lon. z 56 w, lat. 54. 4 n.
Lancaster, a county of Pennfyl-
vania, 41 miles long and 40 broad. In
9790, in contained 36,147 inhabitants.
Lancaster, the capital of a county
of the fame name, in Pennfylvania. Its
trade is already large, and mufl increafe
In proportion as the furrounding country
populates. Befide iti^ churches, and other
public building, it contains a college
xbunded in 1 787, aiui named Franklin
College^ after the late Dr. Franklin.
It is leated on tbe Coj^eftogo Creek, near
the river Suiiquchannah; 6^ miles w by
V of Philadelphia. Loa. 76 17 W« ^^t.
40 z N.
L ANC E ROT A, ORC of t^ panary Ides .
It is very high, andlhay be difcovered at
a great distance. It is about 15 miles
long and 10 brQad. Lon. 13 »6 w, \»u
%g 14 N.
LANCrANO, a town of Naples, in
Abruzzd Citeriore, with an archbiihop's
iee. It is famous for its fairs in July
«nd Augu/t} and is featcd on the Feltrinoj
LAN
87 miles NB of Naples. Lcn. 14 50 t,
lut. 42 18 N.
Landakf, a fmall place in Olaraor-
ganlhire, but honoured with the appel-
lation of a city, on account of its being
an epilcopul lee. It is feated on an
afcent, on the river Taafe, near Cardiff}
but the cath«(hral, a large Itatcly building,
itands on low ground. It ii> 30 miles
Nw of Briftol, and 166 w of Liondon.
Lon. 3 10 w, lat. 51 24 N.
Land AW, a ftrong town of Germany,
in the palatinate of the Rhine. It was
formerly imperial, but was ceded to the
French in 1648. It fuftained a fevere
bombardment by the allies, in 1793} but
they were compelled to raife the fiege.
It is feated on the Queich, nine miles s
of Ncwftndt, and 270 E of Paris. Lon.
S |2 E, Int. 49 12 N.
Landen, a town of Auftrian Brabant,
famous fur a battle gained by the French,
over the allies, July 29, 1693, and for
a battle fought March 18, 1793, between
the Auftrians and French, by which the
latter were compelled to evacuate the
Aullrlan Netherlands. Landen is feated
on the Becke, 17 miles NW of Huy, and
18 NE of Namur. Lon. 5 5 £» lat. 52
41 N. See Neerwinden.
Landernau, a town of France, In
the department of Finifterrc and late pro-
vince of Bretagne, feated on the Slhorn,
20 miles N£ of Breft. Lon. 4 20 w,
Jat. 48 28 N.
Landes, a department of France, in-
cluding the late territory of Marfan. It
takes its name from a di(lri£t, called
Landes, extending along the coaft of the
bay of Bifcay. It is a barren fandy
country, covered with fern, pines, and
the holm-tree, of the bark of which
corks are made. Mont-de-Marian is the
capital of this department, and Dax the
epifcopal fee,.
Languard Fort» a fort on the
Su*Folk fide of the harbour of Harwich,
l-Jt within the limits of ElTex. It was
erefted for tbe defence of the port of Har-
wich, the entrance of which it com-
mands.
Landrepy,, a town of France, in the
department of the North and late province
of Hainault. It was befif ged in vain by
pfince Eugene in 171a. It was taken by
the allies, in Apci) 1794; but retaken in
July following. It is feated on the
3ambre,i8 miles swo£Maubeuge,and 100
N by E of Paris. Lon. 3 47 E, lat. 50 7 N.
Landscroon, a fort of France, in the
department of Uppec Rhine and late pro-
vince of All'ace, leated on an emii^ncei
LAN
LAO
t}irce nllet n of Bafil. Lon. 7 ]i i,
iM. 4.7 36 N.
Landscroon, or Landscrona, a
fciiport of Sweden, in Schonen, fctted on
the Baltic, within the Sound, ix milet
N of Copenhagen. Lon. i» 51 E, lat.
55 5* N.
Land's ICnd, a promontoiy of Corn-
wall, the muft wt'tttrly point of Great
Britain, and a vaft aggregate of moqr-
(tone. Lon. 5 40 w, lat. 50 6 n.
Landschut, a town of Silcfta, In the
duchy of Schweidnit7, fcated on the
Zelder, la miles w of Schweidnitz.
LANDSCHtxT, a town of Lower Ba-
varia, with a ftrong cafile, on an adjacent
hill. It is feated on the Her, 35 miles
NB of Munich. Lon. la 10 E, lat. 48
30 N.
Landschut, a tuwn of Moravia,
feated on the Morava, on the couHues
of Hungary and Auftria.
LANDSPERG,a town of Uppcj' Saxony,
in the marche of Brandenbur?, feated on
the Warta, 31 miles KB of Francfort on
the Oder. Lon. 15 10 E, lat. 5* 50 N.
Lanosperg, a town of Bavaria, near
the river Lech, 43 miles s of Augfburg.
Lanerk, a borough in Lanerklhire,
feated on the Clyde, «o miles se of
Glafgow. Lon. 3 49 w, lat. 55 40 w.
Lanerkshire, a county of Scotland,
bounded on the N by Dumbarton/hire;
en the e by the counties of Stirling, Lin-
lithgow, Edinburgh, and Peebles } on the
s by Dumfriesfhire 5 and on the w by
the fliires of Ayr and Renfrew. Its ex-
tent from N to 8 is 40 miles, and from
E to w 36. The fouthern part of this
county is generally called Clydefdale. See
Clydesdale.
Langeac, a town of Fiance, in the
Je{)artment of Cantal and late province
of Auvergne, feated near the Allier,
among mountains, 1 7 m'les E of St. Flour.
Lon. 3 35 E, lat. 45 5 n.
Lanceais, an ancienttov^n of France,
in the department of Indre and Loire and
late province of Touraine, feated on the
Loire, ji miles w of Tows. Lon. o ^x
E, Jat. 47 26 N.
Langeland, an ifli id of Dehmark,
in the ftrait called the Great Beit. It ia
33 miles long, but fcarcely five in
breadth, and produces plenty of cor*.
The principal town is Rutcoping. Lon!
II o E, lat. 55 4 N.
Langione, a city of Afia, capital of
the kingdom of Laos, with a magnifkerit
royal palace, i'eated on a fmall river, 140
miles SE of Ava* Lon. iqi 15 E; Ut.
La NO ON, a town of Prance, in the 4p-
rartmrnt of Gironde and late province of
Uuienne. It it noted for excclienc wine,
and feated on the Gar«nnc, 1 5 miles n of
fiaras. Lon. o 10 w, lat. 44 33 n.
LaNOPOUT, a town in Somerietfliire,
with a market on Saturday, It is feated
on a hill, by the river Parret, which is
navigable for barges (0 Biidgewater. It
is 10 miles SK of Biidgewater, and xiS
w by s of London. Lon. 3 o w, lat.
51 o N.
Lanores, an ancient town of France,
in the department of Upper Maine and
late provmcc of Champagne, with a
bifhop's iee. It is feated on r\ mountain,
near the Iburces of the Mame, and its cut-
lery wares art in high cfteem. This town
is thought to itand the higheft of any in
France J and the prolpeft trom the towers
of the principal churcli is beyond con-
ception. It is 35 miles NE of Dijon,
and 100 t by E of Kheiras. Lon. 5 24.
E, lat. 47 51 N.
LANGUSDOC,a late province of France,
bounded on the N by Qg^enri, Rouergue,
Auvergne, and Lyonis; on the E by
Dauphiny and Provence j on the w by
Gai'cony ; and on the s by the Mediter-
ranean and Rouflillon. It is 2.1 5 mites
in length, and 100 where broadeft.
It now forms the departments of Aude*
Gard, Upper Garonne, and Henralt.
Lanion, a town of France, in tHe
department of the North Coaft and late
province of Bretagne. Its trade confiits
in wine and hemp, and it has fome mineral
waters. The inhabitants of Lanion, Guin-
gamp, and the environs, fpeak the Welfti
language, which was probably brought
hither by the Britons, who took refuge in
theft parts, in the fifth cehtmy. Lanion
is X 5 miles w of Treguier.
Lannoy, a town of France, in" the
depaitmait of the North and late province
of Fr^hf h Flandei-s, five miles se of Lifle.
LaN5;nbvrgh, a to\vfi in the ftate of
York, formerly calleil the Nevr
New
City; it' ftandson the E fide of H\idfon't
River, oppofite the 6 bran<5h of Mohawk
River, nine milek N of Alljany."
LaNzVo, a^ town of Piedmont, on the
river Sture,,i2 miles NW of Turin. Lon.
7 28 E, lat. 45 9 N. "
• Lao'n, a town of France, iii the de-
partment of Ailiie and late province of
Stfiflbhnois, r/lth a caftk^ " and lately a
bifliop's fee. . Its principal trade'conOfti
in corn ami winej and it is noted for ex-
cellent artichokt/s. It is feated on a
mountain, 77 miles NE of Fai'i»* Lon. ;,
43 f , lat, 49 'J4 N.
r!„n
i-;l
1^
i '
■■ i.U
f
hi
■ 0
■ ' M
ri|i
It
ii':'^
I
m '
LAP
' Laos, a kingdom of Afia, bounded cm
the N by Cliin^, on the £ by Tonquin
and Cochin Cbina> on the s by Cambo-
idia, and on the w by Bnnnah. It is
full uf foreits, and abounds in rice and
fruits. The inhabitants are, well made,
rohuft, of an olive complexion, and mild;
but very fuperftitious, and much addiv^ed
to women. Their principal occ .pation
is tilling the ground and fiftiing. The
king is abfolute, and has no other law
than his own wilj : he fhows himfelf but
twice a year, and has a Lrge revenue
from elepharts"' teeth found in his domi-
nions. Their religion is much the fame
as in China. Xangione is the capital.
Lapland, acountry ot Europe bound-
ed on the N by the N Sea and the Frozen
Ocean, on tlie E by the White Sea, on
ti.^ s by Sweden and the gulf of Bothnia,
and on the w by Norway. It. is fituate
between 69 and 75^ of N lat. comprehend-
ing, on tlic moft northern lide of it, the
Frozen Alps, or Alps of Snow. Thel'e
Alps compole the lummit of that chain
of mountains called Severnoi, whole de-
clivity toward the E and s confilts of
lower mountains, deferts, forefts, fens,
and lakes. Swcdilh Lapbnd occupies
die s divifion of this country, which is
the largeft j Ruffian Lapland is fituate in
the E part J and Danifh Lapland, which
is the linalleft, extends the whole length
of the Severnoi, on their northern fide.
The Laplanders are of a middling ftature.
They have generally a iiatti^ face, fallen
cheeks, dark gray eyes, thin beard, brown
hair, areftout, ftraight, andofayellowiih
complexion, occafioned by the weather,
the fmoke of their habitations, and their
habitual filthinefs. Their manner of life
renders them hardy, agile, and fupplc,
but, at the fame time, much inclined to
lazineis. They are peaceable, obedient
to their fuperiors, cheerful in company,
but miftruftful, cheats in commerce, and
fo proud of their country and conltitution,
that, when removed from the place of
their nativity, they uiuuUy die of the
noftalgia, or longing to return. Their
women ar^e fliort, often well made, com-
pbifant, chafte, and of weak nerves j
which is alfo ohfcrvable fomctimes among
the men. The language of the Laplanders
comprehends 10 many dialefts, that it is
with difHculty they underltand eacli other.
Tl .. men arc divided intoFiihers andMoun-
taineers. The fomicr make their habita-
tions in the neighbourhood of fome lake,
whence they draw their I'ubfiftenre. The
ethers feek their fupport upon tiie moun-
tains, poflefling herds of raindecr^ which
LAP
they ufe according to the ftaion ; h^
they go generally on foot. They are
very induftrious herdfmea, and are rich
in comparifon of the Fiihers. Some of
them poflefs fix b^mdred ov a thou land
raindeer ; and they callrate the fuperflivo^is
mules by crufliing the tefticle with their
teeth. The Lapland fiihers, who ave
alio called Laplanders of the woods (be-
caufe in fimuner they dwell upon the bor-
ders of the lakes, and in winter in the
forefts) live by fifliing and hunting, and
choofe their fituation from its convenience
for .either. Befide looking after tlitir
raindeer, the fifhery, and the chafe, the
men einploy themfelves in the confliruc-
tion o( their canoes, which are little, light,
and compa^. They alio make lledgej>,
to which they giye the form of a canot. ;
harnefs foi" the raindeer ; all forts of
utenfils in wood, fuch as cups, bowk,
Sec. which are Ibmctimes prettily carved,
fonetimes ornamented with bones, bralk,
or horn : it is the man's bulinefs, like-
wiie, to Look after the kitchen. The
employment of the women confifls in
making nets for the fifnery, drying fifh
and meat, n.ilking the raindeer, making
cheefe, ^nd tanning hides. They prepare
the nerves of th^ raindeer in fuch a man-
ner as to make them lerve for thread;
and draw brafs wire by the help of the
horns of the raiiideer pierced, initead of
a drawing iron. They embroider theij:
clothes with brafs wire, filver, fliam gold,
or wool, which they have the art of dying
in all forts of colours. Th«fe people
live in huts in the foiTn of tents, covered
with briars, bark, linen, turf, coarfe
cloth, felt, or raind«;er flcins j and the
door is of felt, made like two curtains,
which open afunder. They are not able
to ftand upright in thefc nuts, but con-
ftantly fit upon their heels round the fire.
At night they lie down quite naked ; and,
to feparate the apartments, place upriglit
flicks at imall diflances. They cover
themfelves with their clothes, and in win-
ter put their feet into a f»U' bag. Their
houfiiold furniture conflfts of iron or cop-
per kettk's, wooden cups, bowlsj Ipoons,
and fbmetimes tin, or even filver bsfinsi :
to thefe may be added their implements of
fifhing and hunting. That they may not
be ob]i;-cd to carry fuch a number of
things with them in their excuilioi^,
they build, at certain distances, in the fo-
refts, little huts made like pigcon-houiis?,
and placed upon the trunk of a tree cut
otf'at about the height oi fix feet from, the
root. In thel'e elevated huts they ke«p
theu' goods and provifitinsj and, thou jj;h
m
LAP
LAS
tliey are never Ihut, yet are they never
plundered. In their drels they ufe no
linen. The men wear dole breeches,
reaching down to their flioed, wliich are
made et untanned fltin, pointed, and tu. ned
up before; and, in whiter, they put a little
hay in them. Their doublet is made to
fit their fhape, and open at the breaft;
over this they wear a clol'e coat, whole
jkirts reach down to the knees, and it is
faftened round them by a leathern girdle,
ornamented with plates of tin or brafs.
To this gii-dfc they tie their knives, their
inftiuments for getting; fire, and their
fmoking apparatus. *l''heir clothes ai'c
made of fiU', leather, or cloth ; always
boidered with fur, or cloth of different
colours. Their caps are edged with fur,
pointed at top, and the four i'tams adomed
with lifts of a different colour. The Ruf-
fian Laplanders generally border their
caps with rat-lkins. The women wear
breeches, (hoes, doublets, and clofe coats,
like the men; but their girdle 's com-
monly embroidered with brafs wire. Be-
fide thefe, they wear kerchiefs, and lit-
tls aprons, made of Ruflian painted cloth,
rings on their fingers, and ear-rings, to
which they fometimes hang chains of fil-
rer, which pafs two or three times round
the neck. They fometimes wear caps
folded after the manner of turbans \ and
fometimes caps to the Ihape of the head ;
but all are ornamented with the em-
broidery of brafs wire, or with lift; of dif-
ferent colour.;-. The raindeer lupply the
Laplanders with the greateft part of their
provificus ; the chafe and the fifhcry fur-
nilh the reft : but the flefti of the beai- is
their moft delicate meat. Their common
drink is water, fometiraes mixed with
milk : brandy Is fcarce with them j but
they are very fond of it. Their moft con-
(iderable traffic is with the Norwegians,
and the balance is always in favour of
the Laplanders ; becaufc they tan furnilh
more lli;vi and furs, than they buy flour,
tloth, and hardware goods. All the
money, which they have not immediate
occafion for, they bury in the earth, as
Well as thei-. plate, and whatever they
think of value. Nor even at the point of
death do they declare the fpot where it Is
hidden, imagining that they ftiall want it
in the other world. Sterility is a reproach
among the women. They are generally
delivered without difficulty ; the huft)and
afTifts at the labour, and affords his wife
the neceflary help. Their cradle is Irnail,
light, and made in the fliape of a canoe ;
and, in their journies, the women carry
it at their bucks* Theiv wcddino;* are
kept at the bride's houfe, who appear*
v/ith her head quite uncovered, which,
at other times, is never the cultom with
either women or maidens : the feaft is a
kind of club-mefs, to which each of the
guefts brings meat and drink. Their
diverfion, at weddings and other mejry.
makings, is the game of fox and geele :
t'ley wrettle and jump over a hick ; and
are fond of giving grotefque accounts of
different adventiues. They likewlfe dance
and ling, or rather howl in dilagreeable
mealures. All the Swedifti and Norwe-
gian, as well as the greateft number o£
the I^uflian Laplanders, bear the came of
Chriftians ; but their religion is a com-
pound of Chriftian and pagan cei-emonles.
L.\R, a town of Perfia, in the province
of Lariltan, with a caltie. It carries on a
great trade in filk. Lon. 52 45 e, lat. 17
30 N.
Laracha, a ftrong town in the king-
dom of Fez, featcd at the mouth of a
river of the lame name, with a good har-
bour. It was once in poflclfion of the
Spaniards, but the Moors took it from
them. Lon. j 59 w, lat. 35 40 N.
Laredo, a Icaport of Spain, on the
bay of Bilcay, with a larf^c lafe harbour.
It is 30 miles w of Biiboa. Lon. 3 53
W, lat. 43 23 N.
Larino, a tov/n of Naples, in the
Molile, with a bifliop's fee, 60 miles nk
ofNaples. Lon. 15 oe, lat. 41 33 n.
Larissa, an ancient town of Turkey
in Europe, in the province of Janna, with
a Greek archbifliop's fee, a palace, and
fome handfome molques. It was famous
as the reiidence of Achilles, and retain*
Its ancient name. It carries on a large
trade, and is leated on the Peneus, ^
miles s of Salonichi, and 120 N by v/
of Athens. Lon. 22 47 e, lat. 39 48 N.
Laristan, aprovinceotPei-fia, which
lies N of the gulf of Perfia. It abounds
in oranges, lemons, and x^ery large tama-
ruids. La'" is tlis capital.
Larrybundar, a Import of Hin-
dooftan Proper, at the mouth of a branch
of the Indus called the Larrybundar, with
a harbour capabie of receiving (hips of
200 tons burden. Lon. 67 37 e, lat. 24.
44 N.
Larta. See Arta.
Lassa, or Lahassa, a city, the
capital of Great Thibet. It Is not large,
but the houfes are ot ttone, fpacious and
lofty. Seven miles on the E fide of the
city, is the mountain of Putala, on the
fummlt of which is the palace of the
grand lama, the high prieft and fovereign
of Thibet. LaiTa is 850 miles n by s
■ ■ 1
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il
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4
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LAV
L>f C^alcutta, Lon. jj 40 E, lat. 50
34 N.
Latakia, formerly Laodicea, an
ancient and confiderable town of Syria,
with a harbour, a bifliop's Ice, aiicl beau-
tiful remains of antiquity. It is 75 miles
swof Aieppo, and 24.<; n of Jciui'aii.m.
Lon. 34 30 L, lat. 35 40 N.
Latton, a village in EfTcx, between
Epping and Hailow. It ha<l once a priory
cf Auguftine monks, whole church is
now ul'ed for a barn.
Laval, aconfiderable town of France,
in the department of Maine and late pro-
vince of the fame name, with two caltles.
Since the revolution it has been ereiSled
into a bifhopric ; and the inhabitants are
computed at a4.,ooo. Linen of all kinds
and qualities is manufaflured here ; and
the neighbouring quarries produce green
marble, or black, veined with whitf. It
is feated on the Maine, 1 5 miles s of the
•own of that name, and 40 w of Mans.
Lon. 0 42 w, lat. 48 7 N.
Lavamund, or Lavant Minde, a
town of Carinthia, with a caftle, and a
biftop's fee. It belongs to the archbifliop
of Saltzburg, and is feated on the Drave,
40 miles E of Clagenfuit. Lon. 15 iS e,
lat. 46 44 N.
Lavaur, a town of France, in the
department of Tarn and late province of
Languedoc. Before the revolution it was
a biftiop's fee J and it is feated on the
Agout, zo miles ne of Touloufe. Lon.
I 52 £, lat. 43 40 N.
Lattbach, a ftrong town, capital of
Camiola, with a bifhop's fee, and a cattle.
It is feated on a river of the fame name,
in which are the largeft crawfifh in Eu-
rope, 32 miles s of Clagenfurt, and 155
s by w of Vienna. Lon. 14 25 E, lat.
45 24 N.
Lauda, a town of Germany, in the
bifhopric of Wurtzburg, 18 miles sw of
Wurtzburg. Lon. 9 45 E, lat. 49 28 N-
Lauder, a borough in Berwickfiiire,
with a caftle, 22 miles s of Edinburgh.
Lon. 3 5 w, lat. 55 36 N.
Lavkm.o, an ancient town of Naples,
in Bafilicata, with a bi(hop"s lee, 30
miles E by N of Naples. Lon. 15 53^,
lat. 41 5 N.
Lavki.t, or Lafelt, a vlll.ige in the
biftiopric of Lieg<', near Miieftricht, re-
markable Tor a buttle gained here by the
French -in 1747.
Lavenham, a town in Suffolk, with a
nmrket on TuCfday, Its church is one
of the fincft in the county j and it has
ronfiderable mannfao'lures in ferges, Iha-
Joons, fiivs', ftuffi, and tine yarn. It js
LAV
feated. on a branch of ihc Bret, 1 * tnilcs
s by E of St. Edmund's Bury, and 6j nc
of London. Lon. o 51 e, lat, 52 39 n.
Lauffln, a town of Germany, in the
duchy of Wirtcmburg, ieated on the
Neckar, 10 miles s of Hailbron. I,on. 9
25 E, lat. 49 3 N.
L/.tJr TEN', u town of SwifTrrlaud, iti
the canton of Baile, feated near the rlvcj
Birs, t2 miles sw of Balle.
Lauffen, a village of SwifTerland, in
the canton of Zuric, throe miles S by w
of Schatfbaul'cn. Here is a cekbiated
cataraft of the Rhine ; the perpendicular
height of which is 50 or 60 feet, and the
breadth 300.
Lauffenburg, a ftrong town of Sua-
bia, and one of the four Foieit-TowTis,
with a ruined caftle. it belongs to the
hoult' of Auftria, and Is feated on a rock,
on the Rhine, which divides it in two
parts. Here is a fmall cataract, noted
for the beauty of the fcenery. It Is 17
miles E of Bafil. Lon. 8 2 f, lat. 4,7
35 t •
Laughton, avillacc In the w riding
of Yorkftiiie, on a high hill, fix miles
ESE of Rotherham. It is noted for its.
church, whofe tower and fpire are not
excelled by any Gothic piece of the kind ;,
and it Is feen, in Ibme places, at the
diftance of 60 miles.
Lavigna, a town of Italy, in the
territory of Genoa, at the mouth of
a river of the fame name, eight mill s
from Rapallo.
Lavington, a town in Wilts, with
a market on Wednefday, 20 miles Nw
of Sali/bury, and 88 w by s of London.
Lon. 2 3 w, lat. 51 13 n.
Launceston, a borough In Cornwall,
with a market an Saturday. It is the
county-town, governed by a mayor, and
fends twd men\bers to parliament. It
had a caftle, which is now in ruins : and
a little without the town, ftands the old
priory. It is feated on a hill, inar the
river Tamar, 28 miles N of Plymouth,
and 214 w by s of London. Lon. 435
w, laf. 50 40 N.
Launu, a town of Bohemia, near the
river Eger, 27 miles NW of Prague.
Lon. 14 20 E, lat. 50 21 N.
Lavora, Terra di, a province oi
Naples, 63 miles in length, and 31; i«
breadth; bounded on the W by ("ain-
pagna di Roma, on the N by Abiuxzo
Ulteriore and Citeriore, on the £ by the
Molife and Principato Ulteriore, and on
the s by Pimcipato Citsriore. It is
proper fnf tillage, whence it took its
namf} and it is fertile in excellwit vines
Ipri
iith
L
ferh
with
It co|
en i
place
(litBcJ
pafleil
town!
r!ie n\
niaiiidl
deV|
Ills.
otlierl
It is
.-.-H 01
Lon.
LaI
Pvuiil
;niles
La
la th
•it VV
LaI
•n thi:
;hi elt
in lenj
La^
Lower
liime n
It is
St Ha
:/i N.
L.\y
mevju
liinit T
La'
LAX
L E B
, and 61 Njr
' 52 39 N-
lany, in the
ted on the
Ju. I,on. 5
tTrrlaad, in
ir the rivci
fierland, In
iles s by w
cekbiiitcd
ijundicular
et, and the
wn of Sua-
ert-Towns,
ngs to the
on a rockj
it in two
•a6t, Kottd
It Is 17
F, lat. 4.7
J W riding
, fix miles
ted for its,
■e are not
■ the kind ;,
:s, at the
y» in the
mouth of
ht miKs
|ilts, with
iles Nw
London.
'omwall.
It is the
[yor, and
ient. It
lins: and
the old
ntai- the
lymeuth,
)n.4 35
Inear the
iPiugue.
Mnce 0!
3 5 in
Cam-
ibruzzo
by the
land on
It i$
>k its
"ine$
and fruits. There are alfo i"nineral
imings, and mines of fulphur. Naples
is the capital.
Laus.^nne, an ancient town of Swif-
ferlmd, capital of the Pays de Vavid,
with a famous college, and a bifhop's fee.
ft contains 7000 inhabitants. It is built
on i'lch a lUep aicent, that, in fonie
places, the horles cannot, without great
(jirticnlty, draw up a carriage; and toot-
pafTengers alcend to the upper part of the
(own by ft'ps. Its lofty fituation affords
the molt fubliinc \iews in nature, com-
nianiJlng th<" lake of Geneva, the Pays
de Vaud, and '^he rugged coalt of Chab-
lals. The chuivh, the townhoufe, and
other public build'ngs, are magnificent.
It is I'eated between three hilis, 50 miles
.sF of Geneva, and 50 sw of Ban.
Ion. 6 s^. E, lat. 46 3T \-.
Lauterburg, h t)wn of Wtftern
Pniifia, in the palatinivte of Culm, 50
jniles NE of 'I'horn.
Lauterburg, a. town of (3eim:iuy,
in the circle of the Uppvi Rhine, but
fubjtft to the French. It is to miles 5e
of VVeilTc:nburg, Lon, 8 :.6 F, lat. 4S
4? s.
Lawenburg, z duchy of Germany,
Ml the circle of I.owti Saxony, Aibjeci to
thi elector of Hanover. It Is 35 miles
in length, and lo in bitAdth.
LaweSBUrGj a conUderable town of
Lower Saxony, capital of a duchy of the
laiTie name, with a caltle on an eminence.
It is kated on the Elbe, 40 miles se
<if Hamburij. I,on. 10 50 E, lat. 55
Lawenburg, a town of Pn^JHan Po-
mennia, capital of a territory of the
I'amt name. Lun. 17 39 E, )at. 54 33 n.
Lawingen, a town of Suabia,foiTn(..rly
imperials but now fubjecl: to the duke of
Ncuburg. It Si. featcd on the Danube,
•^a miles NW of Auglburg, Lon. 1025
g, lat. 48 38 N.
Lawrence, St. the largeft river In
N America, proceeding from Lake On-
tario, from which it runs 700 mile> 10
the Atlantic. It is navigable for Inrge
Ihips of war, as far as Ouebec, which
is above 4C50 miles ; but beyond Monuej.i,
it is fo full of fhoals and rocks, that it
ni!l not admit large veflels without
danger. It is hora called the Iroquois.
Lawrence Kirk, a to\%'n in Kincar -
dinefnire, with A flourifliing manufacture
of lawn, cambric, linen, arid other ivO-
ticles. It is fix miles W of Inverbervie.
Laxenburg, atoAvn of Auftria, with
a palace, where the ;"incps of the houlc
f f A»ritria go for pi -alu.re , It i^ f';.'*t^d «n
afmallriver, 10 miles s of Vienna. Loa.
16 2R E, lat. 48 3 N.
Laytonstonh. See Low Layton,
Lba, a river, which rites near Luton,
in Bedfordlhire, flows to Hertford and
Ware, and dividing Efiex from Hertford-
flure and Middleiex, falls into the
Thames, below Blackwall.' By this
river laige quautltles of corn and mak ari*
brought out of Hertfordlhire to London.
Leaohills, a village in Lanerklhire,
fituatc among the monntuins of Clydtj-
dale, and iiiid to be the higheft huraaji
habitation in Great Britain. Here reWc*
many hundreds of miners, with their
families. Theie miners, thoughi in a
great meafure, excluded from I'ociety by
their fituation, pay great attention to tijc
cultivation of the mind, and have pro-
vided a circulating library for the in-
ihudHon and amufement of the little com
muuity belonging to the village.
Lhao-tong, or Chen-yang, ona of
tilt three departments of E Chinefe Tai'
tary, or coimtry of the Mantch^^^*
Tartars, who hence entered and cun-
tjuered China. It is bounded on the s
l^y the great wall of China and the gulf
of Lea-tongi imd inclofed on the £^ n,
and w, b) a palliade, conftrucled of
Itakes feven feci high, without cither,
bank of earth or ditch. Chcn-yang, or
Mougden, is the* capital.
Leather. he AT), a town In Sun-y,
which had formerly a matket. Here is a
bridge of many arciies over thcr rivet
Mole. It it; 18 miles,; ssw of London.
LeaTHXS water, called J!l(<)\VVTJ,l..
BURN, or IKlRLMEKE WATER, d fine
lake oi Cumberland, which iie> s by j.
of Kefwick., Ir. begins at the foot of
Mount HeUvellyn, which it .(kirrs for the
lp.ice of foiir miless, receiving numerous
!:orreuf.s that d(;fcend from ~f he moun-
tains. The fmgular beauty of this bk-c .
is its being almoll interleaved in tli;; mid-
dle by two peninfula*., that are joined by
a bridge. Its outlet joins the rapid river
Greela. at New Bridge, ar;d thus has a.
co.mmunicat ion with the lake uf I^rwent-
water. '
LtAV/AVA, a. feapovi- an tl.u» E ccafl
of ths ill.md of Ceylou, whii^h yields a
great deal of fait. Lcn. .Sj 15 E, lat. 6.
40 N.
^ Ll^IDa,^, i^n ancient feaport cf the.
kingdom of Tripoli, wiih a gooti har-
bour, .rid aa old caftle. It Is featcd oa
tlic Meuiterr.anean, 85 miles E of Tripoli, ,
Lon. 14 50 B, lat. 51 JO N.
LEBRJ..TCA, aft aiickinr. towm of Spain,
Jn AlAJr/iu?;.'*, ft^ttjd In » tmitory ab(.ui;\4-^
rWm
ir^- n
:' \
.1- -
■*!
1
>
t
If
H
■ i
:.fc,^
X« K £
LEE
Si
f
II ' r\
^^' '
' ' ■ m
J! I' V fji' it
:i '^'1
ing in corn, wine, and olive-trees, which
produce th« bed oil in Spain. It is .f%
miles NE of St. Lucar. Lon. 5 44 w>
lat. 37 8 N.
LsBVs, a tovm of tJpper Saxony in
tine marquifate of Brandenburg, with a
bifliop's fee, fecularized ixi favour of the
houfe of Brandenburg. It is feated on
the Oder, 10 milts N of Francfort, and
4.% £ of Berlin. Lon. 14. 37 k, lat. 5s
Lecce, a popuioiis town of Naples,
in Otranto, with a bKhop's fee, 10 miles
w of the gulf of Venice, and X95 ese
of Naples. Lon, 18 20 k, lat. 4.0 36 n.
LkC'CO, a town of Ttiily, in fhe
Miiatiefe, feated on the lake Como, z6
rnlles N of Milan. Lon- 9 ti jE, lat, 45
Lkch, a river oi Gei'many, which
nfes in Tirol, dividv;s Siiabia irorn
B-ivaria, and falls into thi- Danube, below
Donawcrt-
Lechlade, a town in Gloucefterthlre,
with a market on Tuefdny, feated at the
coafliif-nce of the L.ch with ihi.; Thau^cs,
ii miles E by sot Gioucclier, and 77
w by N of London. Lou. j 35 w, lat.
51 4.0 N.
Lechnich> a town of Germany, In
the cltiSktrafe of Cologne;, 10 miles sw
of Cologne. Lon. 7 8 t, lat. 50 46 n.
Leck, a river of ihe United Provinces,
which brancjhes off from the Khinc at
Wyck." by-Deuritcde, and enters the
Merve, 10 milei e of Rottcvhrn.
LEX:TOURt, an ancient ami itrcng
t»wn of France, in tlie department of Gtrs
and iate province of Annagnac, with a
c-jkllh. It was lately an epifcopal fee, and
is fituate on a n)0untain, at the loot of
which runs the river Gtrs, 12 miles K of
Condom. Lon. o 4.2 E, lat, 4.3 56 N.
Ledburv, a town in Heieforclfnirc,
with a market on Tueiday. h is inha-
bited by many clothiers, who carry on a
great trade,. It is 13 miles e of Hereford,
and 11 6 WNW of London. Lon, a 17
W, lat,, 52 3 N.
Levesma, a ilrong town of Spain., in
Leon, I'eated on the Tome, 20 nfiies
5w of Salamanca. Lon. 531 vv, lar.
41 o N.
Lee, a river of Ireland, whlcl^ rifes
eft the confines of Kerry, and flows E to
Cor,k, below which city it forms a fine
fc'Arbour,ancl enters St. George's Channel,.
Lee, a village in .Kent, in the church-
yard of which Dr., Halley, the great
attronomei", is interred. It is (ix miles
98 of London.
L&atis, % corporate town In th<: w
riding of Yorkfhlre, with a market 09
Tuclday and Saturday, It is fituate in
a vale, winch trade has rendered one of
the mo(t populous fpots in England, and
is the principal of the clothing towns in
Yorkfliire, Jit is particularly the mart for
the coloured and white broad cloths, of
whith vaft Cjuantities are fold in its cloth-
halls. Th.at called the Mixed-Cloth-
Hall is a building of anrizing extent, in
which the cloth i,s pl.iced on benches, for
fale, every market-day ; and the whjik
bnfmels is tranfaeied within the fpace of
an hour, without the leruT; confufion.
The Wliite-CIoth-Hall is a fimilar build-
ing. TliL' manufafturcM that liipply tlwfe
two hall.s extend about ten miles to the
s, 1 5 to the .-iw, and eight to tlie N and
Wj the mixed cloths being molUy madt;
in the ntighb urhood of the river Aire,
aiul the white cloths in that of the CaUttr..
Leeds has a majiufai'^ure of candei's,
which hu.s declined, and a flouriHiIng
one of carpets reicml^ling thoit.' oi' Wilts
and Scotland. Here are alio lome mills
for the cutting of tobacco, and a great
pottery. Within three miles of the
town are numerous collieries. Leeds has
a magnihcent itone bridge over the Aire,
which is navigabls for boats, that carry
much coal from hence to York, and Hull.
Itis 11 miles wsw of York, and 192. n by
w ot London. Lon. i 49 av, lat, 53 48 n.
Leefoogia, one of the Friendly
Illands, in the' S Pacific Ocean, vifited
by taprain Cook in 1776. Many parts
of the country, near the fea, are landy
an J b.arrcn ; but in the internal parts,
the marks of coniiderahle population,
and of an improved itate of cultivation,
are confpicucws. Many of the pLTntattons
are indoied In fuch a manner, that the
fences, running parallel to each other,
form ipacious pviblic loads. Large fpots,
covered with the paper mulberry-tree,
were obferved, and the plantations in ge-
neral were abundantly ftccked witli plants
and fruit-trees. To ihcl'e captain Cook
made; lome addition, by fowing the iceds
of melons, Indian corn, ^c. rhe ilhmd
is fi'ven miles in length, and its breadth,
in {bnie placsi, not above three,,
Leek, a town in Slaffoaifhire, with a
ma.'-ket on Wednefday, 18 miles K of
Statfoi'd, and 1 54 tiKw oi London. Lon.
155 w, lat. 53 16 N.
Leerdam, a town of tht. United
Provinces, in Holland, feated on the
Lingiie, 17 miles ne of Dort. Lon. 5
.13 E, lat. 5r 56 N.
LfEROT, a fortrefs of Germany, InE
FiiciduAd, liAiiiX »t the confii^Qce of 'ki
I iM
> "-r.liL.,
LEI
LEI
tc« with the Embsj lo miles E by s of
Embclen.
Leestown, a flour I/hing town of
the Itate of Kentucky, in the county of
Fayette, leated oii the B b:mk of the
livor Kentucky. As the banks of the
river are remarkably high, there are few
croKing places ; and the belt being at
Lcfltown, is a circumftance which con-
tributes to its increale. It is a few
miies w of Lexington. See Kentucky
River.
Leeward Islands, that part of the
Caribbee Iflaiuls, in the W Indies, coin-
ineiicing at Dominica, and extending to
Foito Rico.
Lee WE, a fortified town of Auftrian
Brabant, leated on the Geete, la miles
M of Lou vain. Lon, 5 7 H, lat. 50 53 N.
Lkcuorn, a ftrong and conliderable
city of Italy, in Tufcany. It has one
«r the molt famous harbours in the Me-
ilKerrancan; and, being a firee porV, its
tommerce is prodigious. The Jews have
■A. h;ii\<llbme I'ynagogue and fchools, the
Cheeks and AriMcnians have ciuirches
ui' their own, and no religion is dilturbed.
Tiic inhabitants are conjputed at 4.0,000.
The Itrtets are wide and Itraight, and
alinoft all the houJes of the lame height,
i iiKre arc lb mauy caisals, that Ibme have
jgiven it the title of New Venice. Near
the harbour is a large building, in which
they (hut up eveiy night the Turkilh
and the galley flavcs. At a little diftance
is a lighthoufc, oa a fmall ifland. In
i;4i, this city I'uffcred greatly by an
earthquake. On June 27, 1796, it was
entered by a French arrnyj but the
BriiiJh lubjciSts here, witli their mer-
cliandi.'e, and all their vellels in the
harbour, previoully departed. It is to
jiiilcs s of Pilii, 45 sw of Floreni^e, and
145 N\v of Rome. Lon. 10 ij £, lat.
43 34 N- ■
Legkago, a fortified town of Italy,
in the Veronefe. It iurrendered to tiie
French September 13, 1796. It is
leated on the Adige, zf uiiles ss£ of
V»:ona.
Leicester, a borouj^h, au^ the
couhly-lown of Leiceitermiie, with a
market on Saturday. Tf js a place of
jrreat r.Dtiijuity, but numh n^oMJUfd in
magnitude and importrince. It was
v/alled in formerlv, but in the civil wars
the walls were in a great meafure de-
iiiolillied ; the calttc vvn gljb dilinantled,
llu: hall and kitchen lieing the t nly parts
that are Iflt Ifitlrl,, and tht afHzes are
held 1.1 the hmitr, It h;u five chuicUc»i
fends two members to parliament, and
is governed by a mayor. The combing
and fpinning of wool into worited, an<i
manufaifturing it into (lockings and other
articles, is the chief bufiners of this
town and neighbourhood. At a parlia-
metit hel4 here, in the reign of Henry v,
was made the firlt law for the burning
of heretics. In the meadows near the
town, arc the ruins of an abbey, where
cardinal WoU'ey di«d. Leieeller is leated
on the Soar, one of th* bridges over
which, called Bow Bridge, was long
viiited by the lovers of antiquity, oa
account of its having been the accidental
moivument over the grave of Richard ixi j
b\it this bridge fell in 1791. Leicefler
is Z4 miles s by e of Derby, and 99
NNW of London. Lon. i 3 w, lat. 5*
38 N.
Leicestershire, a county of Eng-
land, bounded on tho: N by Nottinghatu-
fliire, on the E by t)ie counties of Lin-
coln and Rutland, on the s by Northamp-
tonfliire, on the sw by Warwickfhite»
and on the nw by Derbyfhire. It ex-
tends 35 miles from E to w, and 30 from
N to s J contains fix hundreds, 12 market-
towns, and 200 parilhes ; and fends tour
members to pailiaraent. The air is ex-
tremely healthful. Its chief rivers ar«
the Avon, Soar, Wreke, Anker, and
Welland. The foil, in general, affords,
great quantities of rich gi*azing land*
and is peculiarly fitted for the culture ot'
beans, for which it is proverbially noted.
Toward the nw, the Bardon Hills rifc
to a great height ; and, in their ueighbouc-
hood, lies Charnwood, or Charley Foreft,
a rough and open traft. Further to the
NW are valuable coal mines. The SB
parts feed great numbers of (heep, which
are of a very large fize, without lioms,
and clothed with thick long flakes of foft
wool. The E and SE part of the count jr
is a rich grazing trait. This county
is famous for its laige black horfes and
horned cattle, as well as for its fheep j ■
and for having bred every fpecies of
doineftic quadruped to the utmolt per-
feilion of form and 5ze. The manufac-
ture ot llockings is tlje principal on;- la
the county,
Leich, 0. feaport in EflTex, on t
crtek at the mouth of the Thames, op*
polite the e extremity of Canvey lUaiMl.'
It is noted for oylters, and has a good
road for /hipping. It is ig miles ss«
of Chelmsford, and 40 E of London.
Lon. & 42 E, lat. 51 31 N.
LiiQU, '* t0wn lA JLaucallifirei 'iA-mCc
, Ma
I hv\ if
!
i '•
*"^!*
m- )
»V •>
LEI
aasrket is now difufed. It is feven miles
MNE of Warrington* and 191 nw of
London.
Leichton-Buzzard, a town in Bed-
fordftiire» with a market on Tuefday,
confiderable for fat cattle. It is fcated
«n a branch of the Oufe, 18 miles s of
Bedford) and 41 NW of London. Lon.
« 35 w, lat. 51 55 N.
Leiningen, a town of Germany, in
the palatinate of the Rhine, I'even miles
sw of Worms. Lon. 8 %z E, lat. 49
30 N.
Leima, a river of Germany, which
flaws through Brunfwick-Limcnffurgh,
and palling by Heiligenftadt, Gottingen,
Caieuberg, and Hanover} falls into the
AUer.
Leinster, a province of Ireland,
112 miles Lung and 70 broad; bounded
en the E and s by St. George's Channel,
on the w by Connaught and Munfter,
and on the n by UHter. It contains 12
counties and 858 pariflits. The counties
are Carlow, Dublin, Kildare, Kilkenny,
King's County, Longford, Louth, E
Meath, Queen's County, W Meath,
Wexford, and Wicklow. The chief
rivers are, the Barrow, Bovne, LifFey,
Neuc, Urrin or Slane, and the Inny.
The air is temperate, and the foil fruitlul
in com and paltures. It is the inoft level
and bed cultivated province in the king-
dom. Dublin is the capital.
Leipsick, a ftrong city in the elec-
torate of Saxony, with a caftle, and a
tamous univerfity. It carries on a great
trade J and has three great fairs every
year, which are celebrated throughout
all Germany, and lalt a fortnight each.
There are fix handlbme colleges belonging
to the univerfity, befide the private col-
leges } and the exchange is a fine firu6lure.
Lelpfick wa$ taken oy the Auftrians in
163a, and in 1641 by the Swedes. In
1745 and 1756, it was taken by the
Pruilians. The Auftrians in 1756 be-
iieged it in vain ; they took it two years
afterward, but were loon obliged to give
it up. It was reftored to the eleftor by
the peace of 1763. It is feated in a
plain, between the rivers Saale and
Alulde, near the confluence of the Pleyfle,
the ElAcr, and the Barde, 40 miles nw
9f Drelden. Lon. ii 25 £, lat. 51 19 n.
LsiTH, a feaport in Edlnburgihire^ on
tke frith of Forth, two miles N of
Edinburghi of which it is the port. It
{• large and populous, and being fituate
«n both fido <A' the harbour, is divided
lAit N IMI0 S Lcith. Tk h^-bour U
LE M
feeured by a noble ftone pier, at thr
n;outh oC a tittle river, called the Water
of Leith ; and is accommodated with an
elegaat draw bri'* x and .a good quay.
The commerce 0. x.eith is very confider*
able; and the veflfels employed in the
London trade are, ip general, of a large
fiz^ ; but the largeft (hips are thofe em-
ployed in the Greenland whale fifliery.
To Germany, Holland, and the Baltic,
are exported lead, glafs ware, linen,
woollen ftuffs, and a variety of other
goods i as alio to the other countries of
Europe, the W Indies, and America.
Ships of great Hze are built at this port ;
and here are feveral extenfive rope-walks.
There are alfo flouriihing manufactures
of bottle-glafs, window-glafs, and cryftal ;
a great carpet manufafture, a Ibap-work,
and fome iron *x)rges. There are three
churches in Leith, and an ancient hof-
pital for difabled fcamen, Lon. 3 7 w,
lat. 56 o N.
Leitrim, a county of Ireland, in the
province of Connaught, bounded on the
N by Donegal Bay, on the NE by Fer-
managh, on the E by Cavan ; by Long-
ford on the SE, Rofcommon on the sw,
and Sligo on the w. It is 42 miles
long, and 1 7 broad ; is a fertile country,
and, thotigh mountainous, produces great,
herds of black-cattle. It contains 21
f)ari(hes, and lends fix members to par-
iament.
Leitrim, the county-town of Leitrim,
In Ireland; formerly a place of fome
note, of which St. Liegus was bifh«p.
It is feated on the Shannon, five miles N
of Carrick, and- 80 nw of Dublin. Lon.
8 30 w, lat. 53 57 N.
Leixsljp, a town of Ireland, in the
county of Kildare, feated on the Liffey,
It has a noble caftle, with large gardens,
on one fide of which is a fine waterfall,
called the Salmon leap. Near it are the
ruins of the church and caltle of Confy.
Lcixflip is eight miles w of Dublin.
Lemburg, or Leopold, a large
commercial city of Poland, capital of
the palatinate of Red RufTia, and now
of the Auftrian kingdoms of Galacia and
Lodomcria. It is well fortified, and
defended by two citadels, one of which
is on an eminence without the city.
The fquare, churches, and public build-
ings, are magnificent. It has a Roman
catholic archbilhop, and an Arm^
nian and Rullian bifliop. In 167%, it
was befieged in vain by the Turks; but
in 1 704 was taken by ftorni, by Charles
xii| of Swedeni It is feated on the
i f
'* Wjfc.i'll*--
3 7 W,
Oman
s, it
i but
harles
n the
L E N
P»ltu, 90 miles NW of Kamlnieck, and
150 E of Cracow. Lon. 24. 26 £, lit. 41;
51 N.
LEMBRO,the ancient Imbros, an i/land
oF the Archipelago, on tlie coalt ot" Ro-
niimia, 22 miles in circnrntlience, with
a town of the lame name and a harbour.
Lon. 26 o E, lat, 40 25 N.
Lemgow, a town of \Vcftp!,:ilia, in
the county of Llppe, 17 miles n of Pa-
derborn. Lon, y o t, lat. 5:1 5 K.
Lemnos, a cclebrutid illand of the
Archipelago, now c;ilkd Sialimene,
fituate near the (trait of Gallipoli. It
ii above 112 miles in circumference ac-
cording to Pliny, who fays that it is often
fliadowcd by Mount Athos, though at the
ililtance of 87 miles. The poets made it
f'.icred to Vnlcan, who was hence called
Lemnius Pater. Lemnos was alio cele-
brated for its labyrinth, of which, not
a trace remains j and what hiftorians
relate of it lierves only to excite, but not
to gratify, cmiofity. The modern Greeks
entertain the lame opinion of that earth
of Lemnos, which is faid to have cured
Philocletes, and which Galen went to
examine. It is never dug up but on one
particular day of the year, and then with
all the pomp of ceremony. This earth,
called Terra Sigillata, formed into fmall
loaves, and fealed with the grand fignior's
feal, is then difperfed over all Europe.
The greateit virtues are attributed to it j
and yet a chymift can dii'cover nothing
but a mere clayey earth, incapable of
producing the effefts that have been at-
tributed to it. Lemnos is iubject to the
Turks J but the inhabitants are almoft
all Greeks, and vtry indulirioMS. Its
capital IS of the fame name, and the fee
of a Gi'eek archblftiop. Lon. 25 28 e,
lat. 40 3 N.
Lena, a large river of Siberia, which
flowing in a northerly direftion, receives
16 other rivers, and falls into the Frozen
Ocean, by feveral mouths.
Lencicia, a ftrong town of Poland,
capital of a palatinate of the fame name,
with a fort, on a rock. It (lands in a
moral's, on the river Blura, 37 miles se
of Gnelna, and no N by w of Cracow.
Lon.- 1)5 20 E, lat, 52 10 N.
Lenham, a town in Kent, with a
market on Tuefday, feated >>n ah emi-
nence, 10 miles E of Maid(tohe, and
47 ESE of Ltndon. Lort. o. 45 £, lat.
51 18 N. ■■;■ ' • ■ ■
Lennox. See Dumbartonshire.
Lens, a town of France, in tlie de-
jpartmeut of the Straits of Cal.-iis and
LEO
late province of ' rtois, eight miles Ng
of Arras aud 95 < . Paris.
Lentini, or Leontini, an ancient
town of Sicily- in the valley of Nolo. It
V. as greatly damaged by an earthquake in
1693, and is (eatcd on a river of the fame
naii'u, 17 miks sw of Caranii.
Li'NZBURG, a town of SwilTerland,
in the canton of Bern, feated on a (h)aH
rivi.r, eight miks w ot Baden.
laiocANE, a town and fort of the W
Indiis, with a gootl harbour, on the wr
(idt. of St. Domingo. It was taken by
the Englifh and the French royalilts in
January 1794, but retaken by the repub-
licans in October following ; and it wa»
unfuccefs fully attacked by the Englifli in
March 1796. Lon. 72 37 w, lat. 1838 n.
Leominster, a borough in Hereford-
fliire, with a market on Friday. It is
famous for its (ine woci, fends two mem-
bers to parliament, and is feated on the
Lug, 35 uiiles \v by N of Worcelter, and
137 WNVV of London. Lon. 2 35 w, lat,
52 20 N.
Luc, St. a (trong town of Italy, in
the duchy of Urbino, with a bifhop'«
fee. It is leated on a mountain, near
the river Marrechia, eight miles sw of
San Marino, and 15 NW of Urbino-
Lon. 12 25 E, lat. 43 55 N.
Leon, a fertile province of Spain,
form.erly a kingdom, bounded on the tt
by the Afturias, on the w by Galicla
and Portugal, on the s by Eltramadura,
and on the e by Old Caltile. It is 125
miles in length, and 100 in breadth, and
is divided into almoft two equal parts by
the river Douero.
Leon, a city of Spain, capital of a
province of that name, built by the
Romans in the time of Galba.' It is a
biftiop's fee, and has the fineft cathedral
in all Spain. It was' formerly richer and
more populous than at prefent 5 and boa(ts
the honour of being the capital of the
firfl: Chrillian kingdom in Spain.' " It is
leated between two fources of the rivet
ElVa, 50 miks se of Ovicdo, and 165
N by \v of Madrid. Lon. 5 13 \y, lat,
42 4-^ N. •' • ' ■
Leon, New, a kingdom of N Atne-
rica, lying between l^evf iVfexico on the
n, the gulf of Mexico vi\ the'fe, Pafuico
on the s, and New Bifcay on the W.
Leon de Nicaragu;l, a town of
New Spain, in Nicaragua; the rifideixce
of the governor, and a bifhop's. ft'e. It
was taken by the buccaneers \n 1^85, iu
fight of a SpaniiTi army, w'ho j^efe fix t^
one. It is feateA vt the' foof of a vcfjl
Y
1 1:-!
It ■ .
-•i
il.f
i r
ii»i.u..|yt.^irniifT j»iiiT.'»<»'ii, i^ji||wi|jy I \\,i^im'pfrTnm\'.v*'i '" yiMf
'i
m f
l: !
I
'i
:l'l
w
L E R
if
fsne, »t tht NW extremity of the lake
Kicaragu;r, 30 milca from the Paciiic
Ocean, and 104 NW of Niajjura. Ion.
8S 10 w, lat. II 25 N.
Leonard le Noblet, St. an an-
cient town of France, in the Hepartnunt
of Upper Vienna and late lenitory of
Limoiin, with a coniidcrable inanufatture
<)f paper, and another of cloth for clothing
the army. It Is ftattd on the Vienna,
12 milts NE of Limoges, and 195 s of
Paris. Lon. 1 yz E, lat. 4.S 5+ n.
LeONHART, 3 town of GerinuHy, in
Carinthiai 42 miles- £ of Clagenlurt.
l^on. 15 33 £, lat. 46 57 n.
Leon-tini. S«e Lenhni.
Leopold. SccLemuurg.
LEOroLD'STADT, a Hrong town of
Upper HungiJry, built by the emperor
Leopold' in 1665. It is leated on the
Waag, 36 miles NW of Neuhaulll, and
$z E of Viitnna. Lon, 186 1:, lat. 48
35 N.
LfiPANTO, a eonllilerable feaport of
Livadla, with arv archbilhop's lee. It
is- built on a mountain* in the form of a
fugar-Ioaf!, and is divided into four towRs»
furruunded by as many walls, and com-
Sianded by a ealtle. The harbour is
Irnajl, and maybe fhut up by a chain;
ihc entrance beino; but fifty feet wide.
It was tttken by the Venetians from the
Turlts, in 1687, bur was evacuated, in
j6()9, in confcquei^ct: of the treaty c<f
Carlowitz. Near this town, don John
cf Auftria obtained a lamous victory
over the Turkilh fleet, in 1571. The
produce of tt»r adjacent country is wine,
oil, com, rii-c, Turkey leatiitr, and
tobacco. The Turks; have lix or leveu
niofqucs here, and tlie Gi-eeks two
thurches. It is featcd on the gulf of
Ltpanto, 100 miles vvhw of Athens, and
350 s\v ot Conltaatinople. Lon. 2a o e,
lat. 3SJ 50 s.
Lepers, Isle of, one of the Ntw
Hebrides, in the S Pacific Ocean. Lon»
j68 o E, lat. 15 13 s.
Lpria, or Leiria, a town of Por-
tugal, in Eltramadura, with a caitle,
and a bifhop s fee* It was formerly the
refidence of the kings of Portugal; and is
30 miles s of Coimbra> and 60 N of Lif-
Jbon. Lon. 8 46 w, lat. 39 37 n.
Lerici, a feaport of Ita on the
E coaft of the gulf of Specia, n the
tcj-ritory of Genoa. Lon. 9 55 l. lat.
44 5 N.
Lerida, an ancient and iftrong town
of Spain, in Catalonia, with a biAiop's
^t a vnivg:£ty, an^ % ca&k* This
L E S
plaee declared for Charles 11 1, after th<r
reduftion of Barcelona, in 1705, but it
was retaken by the duke of Orleans in
J707, after the battle of Almanza. It is
leated on a hill, on the river- Segra, i6
miles sw of lialaguer, and 200 NW of
Madrid, Lon. 0 45 E, lat. 41 44 N.
Lhrins, the name of two illands in the
Mediterranean, on the coalt of Fiance,
five milts from Antibes. Thrit nearcft
the ccalt, called St. Margaret, was
gwi'.rdtd by invalids, rtate-prilon«rs havinif
rbrnieriy been Hut here. li was taken
by the Eng'iifli in 1-4-6, but retaken in
1747. I'he othsr is called St. Honmat,
and had lately a BtJiedicline abbey.
LEiiMA, a town in Spain, in Old Caf-
tile, fbaicd en the Arlanra, with a
p:ri.ic'; nnd a park. Lon. 3 25 w, lat.
42 16 N.
Lermca, a town of Cyprus, formerly
a large city, as appears from its ruins.
It is litu,\tc on the S «oaft of the illand,
where there is a geod road, and a iinall
foit for its defense .
LeRO, or Leros, anciently Lcria,.
an illand cf the Archipelago, on ihe coall
of Natolia. Lon. 27 o t, lat. 37 o N.
Lerwick, the chief town of the
Slut land ribnds, fituate en the E fuie
ot Mainland, th« principal illand. Ir.
is the rendezvous of the fifliing bufltri
from Britain, Holland, Denmark, and
other parts. Lon. i 30 w, lat. 60
20 N.
Lescar, a town of France, in the lI^--'
paiiment ot the Lower Pyrenees and lat«
territory of Beam. It was lately a
bifhops fee; and is it:ated on a hill, thuc
miles K\v of Pau, and 42 se of Bayonue.
Lon. o 7 w, lat. 43 17 N.
Lesguis, one of the feven Caucafian
n.uions, between the Black Sea and th«
Calpiwn. Their country i.s inditferently
called by the Georgians, Lefguiltan, ur
Daghe(t:ui. It ia bounded on the s and
e by Perfia and the Cafpian ; on ths sw
and W by Georgia, t!ie Oifi, and Kiili^;
and on the n by the Kilti and Tartar
tribes. It is divided into a variety of dlf-
trifts, generally independent, and governed
by chiefs eleded by the people. Thi?
Lefguls are Itrppoled to be defcendtd
from the tribes of mountaineers, known
to ancient geographers under the name of
lefgas or Ligyes. The ftrength of their
country, which is a region of mountains
whofe paffes ai*e known only to thcm-
fclves, has probably, at all times, fe-
cured them from foreign invafion. They
fubfift by raifing cattle, and by ^rc.
11
LEV
datory expeditions info the countries of
their more wealthy neiglibours. During
the troubles in Ptrfia, toward the begin-
ning ot" this century, they repeatedly
lacked the towns of Shamachie and
Ardebil) and ravaged the neighbouring
diftrifts. In their perlons and drefs,
and general habits of life, as far as
thefe are known to us, they greatly re-
iemble the Circnilians.
Ll'SKhARD, a boroujrh in Cornwall,
with a market on Saturday. It had
formerly a calile, now in ruins, and is
one of the coinage towns for tin. It
iendtf two members to parliament, is
goveined by a mayor, and has a con-
iiderable manufacture of ynrn. It is 31
miles £NE ol Truro, and 221 W by s of
London. Lon. 4 36 \v, lat. 50 27 N.
Lespare, a town of I'lante, in the
department of Gironde and late province
of Guienne. In its environs are found
tranCparent pebbles, refcmbling the ftlfe
diamonds of Alen^on, and known iy
the name of Mejoc itones. It is 30
miles NNW of Bourdeaux.
Lessines, a town of Auftrian Hai-
liault, famous for its linen manufacture.
It is l«;ated on the Dender, fix miles ne
of Ath, and 28 svv of Bruffels. Lon.
3 4-6 W, lat. 51 40 N. ■
Lestwithiel, a borough in •Corn-
wall, with a market on'Friday. It is
featcd in a vale, on the Fowey, not far
from its fall into Fowey Haven. Formerly
fliips came as far as the town; but the
channel is now flopped up. Here is a
woollen manufacture} and it is one of
the tin coinage towns. It is governed
by a mayor, and lends two members to
parliament. Near it, on the edge of a
hill, is Lellonnal-CaJtle, formerly the re-
fidence of the dukes of Cornwall ; it is
furrovmded by a ditch, which v/as for-
merly filled with water, brought by
pipes from an adjoining hill ; and on the
higher fide, leading to the principal gate,
traces of buildings 4re to be found.
Leftwithiel is 19 miles WNW of Plymouth,
and 230 w by s of London. Lon. 4 48
W, lat. 50 27 N.
Lettere, a commercial to\vn of
Naples, in Principato Citeriore, with a
bifliop's fee. It is feated at the back of
a mountain, 12 miles Nw of Salerno, and
ao SE of Naples.
Levant. This word properly figni-
fies the East} but it is generally ufed,
when fpeaking of trade, for Turkey in
Asia; comprehending Natolia, Syria»
Paleftine, the Mland of Candia, &c. Th«
1 E tr
Levant Sea means the e part of tfi«
Mediterranean Sea.
Levantine Valley, a valley of
Swid'erland, on the confines of Italy,
lying between Mount St. Gothard and
the lake Maggiore. It is divided into
two parts by the river Tefino; and i»
eight leas^ucs long, but the breadth Ih-
confiderahle. The lower part is popu-
lous, rich in parturage, and produces
much hemp and flax. The houfes ara
entirely of wood, and have externally the
appearance of Swil's cottages, but a
neglcCt of cleanllnefs proves the vicinity
and greater fimilarity to the Italians.
It is a baillwic, I'ubieCl to the canton
of Uri ; and Oilbjjna', the reildence cf
the bailiff, confifts only of a few hoiiies.
Leuca-te, a town of France, in the
department of Aude and late province of
Languedoc, 18 miles s of Narbonne.
Lon. 3 9 E, Lit. 43 o N.
Leuchstenberg, a town of Ger-
rnany, in the upper palatinate of Bavaria,
feated on a mountain, near the river
Efreimpt, 50 miles nw of Ratilbcn.
Lon. 12 26 E, lat. 49 40 N.
Leven, Loch, a beautiful lake In
Kinrofsfhire, li miles in circumference,
and Ibmewhat of a circular form. It has
feveral (inall iflands, on one of which is
a ruinous caftle. Here the unfortunate
Mary queen of Scots was confined by the
confederate lords, after the murder of
her luifband lord Darnley, and her mar-
riage with Bothwell ; but fhe efcaped in
1568, by the afiiltance of the brother of
the governor of the caftle. Another
ifland, named St. Serf's Ifle, is iaid to
have been a refidence of the P'iCliih
priefts: it was afterwaM the feat of a
priory, of which fome remains are to be
leen. This lake produces trout of pe-
culiar excellence ; of which great quan-
tities, at certain feafons, are fent to the
Edingburgh 1 -arkets. In autumn, a litv-
gular fpecies, called the gully trout, i«
here ialted and dried for winter provifion*
Leven, a river in Dumbartonlhirf,
which ifTues from Loch Lomond; and, after
a meandering courfe thiough a delightful
vale, enters the eftuary of the Clyde*
below Dumbarton. This river is th«
fubjeCt of a beautiful ode by Dr. Smollet«
and on the w fide of it is a pillar ere6le(|
to his meihory.
LEucNIEt a village of France, in the
depaitraent of Upper Saone and late pre
vince of Fi'anche Comt^, lying to the e
of Vefoul, Here is a cavern, 35 paces
deep, and 60 wide, which ferves as a ba-
Y a
1,1* ■
m
■■■'■ r\
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if . '!.>,
t
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% Am
■if
-»'+.- I»JII1
.
LEW
LEX
Ml
n
!1
•*j
|i r
n
-!,,
fometcr to all the country people. A fog,
at the entrahci; of tli'u glacier, is an in-
fallible fign oi' rain the next day. From
the roof, which is 50 feet liigh, defccnds
columns of ice, of a prodigious fize.
The brook, which runs through a part
^f this grotto, is frozen in fuinmer, but
flows in winter.
Leuk, a town of Swiflerland, in the
Upper Vallais, fcated on an eminence,
near the Rhone. It is one of the inde-
pendent commonwealths of the Upper
Vallais, and is re iarkubie for its fprings,
whofe water is fo hot, that it will boil
«n egg. Leuk is much frequented in the
fummer, on account of thcle fpritigs,
which nearly relemble thofe of Bath;
"but the accommodationii are inconve-
nient ; formerly they were tolerably good ;
but, in 17 1 9, a vaft body of Ihow fell
with fuch inipetuofity from a neighbour-
ing glacier, as to overwhelm the greateft
part of the houfes and the baths, and to
dcftroy a number of the inliabitants.
Lon. 7 39 E, lat. 46 IS N.
Levroux, a town of France, in the
department of Indrc and hte province of
Berry, with a caltle, 35 miles sw of
Bourges. Lon. i 40 £, lat. 47 o n.
Leuse, a town of Auftrian Hainault,
feated on the Dender, ^4 miles Nw of
Mons. Lon. 3 45 e, lat. 50 35 n.
L?utkirk, a free imperial town of
Suabia, feated on a rivulet that falls into
the Iller, aa miles ne of Lindau. Lon.
JO 11 E, lat. 47 S3 N.
Leutmeritz, a town of Bohemia,
capital Of a circle of the fame name,
*vith a bifliop's fee. It U feated on the
Elbe, 3.0 miles NW of Prague, and 40
se of Drefden. Lon. 14 30 e, lat. 50
31 N.
LewardeN; a populous and ftrong
fown of the United Provinces, capital of
'Friefland. The buildings, as well public
as private, are magnificent. It has fe-
'Veral canals in the ftreets, which are a
great afliftance to its trade; el'pecially
as they are continued not only to the fea,
but to the moft confiderable towns in the
province. It is 27 miles w of Gro-
ningen, and 65 N by E of Amilerdam.
Lon. 5 33 E, lat. 53 II N.
Lrw en STEIN, a town of Franconia,
capital of a county of the fame name,
with a fortrefs, 10 miles E of Hallbron,
and 30 NNE of Stutgard. Lon. 9 38 e,
lat. 49' 18 N. '~
Lewentz, a town of Uppe^- Hungary,
in the coilhty of Gran, and on a river of
the fame namci whec^ the Turks were
defeated in 1644. It is 15 miles ne of
Gran. Lon. :8 31 E, lat. 48 21 N.
Lewes, a borough in Suflfex, with a
market on Saturday. It contains fix
parifh churches, and is fcated on the
Oufe, which is navigable here for barges.
The a/Iizes are fometiines held here ; and
it lends two members to pai-liament.
Near this town was fought a battle in
1263, when Heaiy iii, and his fon prince
F.dward (afterward Edward 1) were
made prilbners by the earl of Leiccfter.
Lewes is fituate at the edge of the South
Downs, on the declivity of a hill, on
which are the remains of an ancient
caftle. It is 30 miles E of Chichelter,
and 49 s of London. Lon. o 5 £, lat.
50 55 N.
Lewis, one of the moft confiderable of
the Weftern Iflands of Scotland, which
being connected by a narrow ilthmus
with Harris, forms but one ifland,
which is about 60 miles in length, and
of confiderable breadth toward the middle
and north end. It is greatly interfered
by arms of the fea, by which it may be
faid to be divided into five peninfulas.
7^he country, in general, is wild, bleak,
barren of wood, and little fitted for cul-
tivation : the hills are covered with heath,
which aflTords ftielter for various forts of
game. The lakes and ftreams abound
with falmon, large red trout, &c. and
there are good fifiieries on the coaft.
Stornaway is the only town in Lewis.
This illand belongs to Rofsfliire. There
are feveral inferior illes and rocks, com-
prehended under Invernefsfhire. The
whole lies 10 miles nw of the ifle of
Skye.
Lewisburgh, the county-town of
Mifilin, in Pennfylvania, feated on tlie
Juniata, Lon. 77 39 w, lat. 40 35 N.
Lewisham, a village in Kent, on
the river Ravenfbourn, five miles se of
London. The church is an elegant nevr
edifice.
Lexington, the capital of the ftate
of Kentucky, and county of Fayette.
Near this town are to be feen curious
Icpulchres, full of human fkeletons, which
were thus fabricated : firlt on the ground
were laid large broad ftones; on thefe
were placed the bodies, feparated from
each other by broad ftones, covered with
others, which ferved as a bafis for the
next an-angement of bodies. In this order
thev are built, without mortar, growing
ftill narrower to the height of a man.
This method of burying appears to be to-
tally different from that now praftiled by
LEY
L I G
I com-
The
ifle of
tlie Indians. In the neighbourhood tlfo,
are the remains of two ancient fortifi-
cations, with ditches and haftions ; one
containing about fix acres of land, and
the other nearly three. Pieces of earthen
veflels have alfo been ploughed up near
Lexington ; a maufaflure with which the
Indians were never acquainted. Thefc,
with the fortifications, and tlic Icpulclires,
have been urged as an argument, that
this country was formerly inhabited by a
people different from the prelent Indians,
and further advanced than tliey in the
arts of fife ; and Mr. Fillon, in his ac-
count of this country, has advanced
arguments to prove, tliat thefe people
were, in all prohabiiiry, an ancient
colony from Wales. Lcxinn;ton (tands
at the head of the river lUkhorn, 470
miles w of Walhington. Lon. 85 10 \v,
lat. 38 20 N.
Leyden, a city of the United Pro-
vinces, in Holland, four miles and a half
in circumference. It has eight gates,
and contains 50 iflands, and 145 bridges,
l^e greatelt part built of freeltone. The
. I- iicipal church is a fuperb Itrufture,
>nofe high roof is fupported by thiee
rows of columns j and the reft of the
public buildings are very handfome.
There are feveral large holpltals, and a
univerfity, which has generally 200 Itu-
dents, though there are but two colleges ;
for the fcholars board in the town, and
have no drefs to diftinguilh them. The
fchool confifts of a large pile of brick
building, three ftories high ; in the up-
permoft of which the famous Elzevir had
his printing-office. Adjoining to the
fchool is the nhyfic-garden, where ^he
profeflbr reads Iei5lures in botany. The
library contains curious manufcripts ;
and the theatre for anatomy is one ot the
fineft in Europe. Here are manufaftures
of the beft cloths and ftuffs in Holland.
Leyden is famous for the long fiege it
fuftained in 1573, againft the Spaniards.
It is leated near the ancient bed of the
Rhine, four miles e of the German Ocean,
and 20 sw of Amfterdam. Lon. 4. 33
jE, lat. 51 10 N.
Leyte, one of the Philippine Iflands,
about 40 leagues in length, and 95 in
circumfen nee. its foil, on the E fide,
is very ; trtile ; but there are high
mountains iir.\t cut it almoft through the
middle from e to w, and occahon fo
great an alteration in the climate, that
when the inhabitants of one part of the
ifland reap, the others few j and they have
two plentiful baiveils la tl^e yeara to
whicli the rivers defcending from the
mountains not a little contribute. The
idand contains 9000 inhabitants, who
pay tribute to the Spaniards, in ric«,
wax, and quilts. Lon. 125 o e, lat.
II o N.
Lkzina, a town of Naples, in Capi-
tnnata, Anted on a bay of the gulf of
Venice, 75 miles ne of Naples. Lon.
15 14 E, lat. 41 44 N.
LlBANUS, mountains of Turkey iij
Afia, which lie between Syria and Palef-
tine, extending from vv to e from the Medi-
ttrnuiean Sea as far as Arabia. Thefum-
niits ot thefe mountains are always covered
with Ihovv; but below are very fruitful
yallies. They were formerly famous
lor cedar-trees 5 but now fcarccly any
remain. Geographers diltinguifh them
into Libanus and Anti-Libanus : the
latter lies on the s fide of the valley,
rlfing near the ruins of Sidon, and ter-
minates at others in Arabia, in lat. 34.
They are fcparated from each other at
an equal diftunce throughout, and form a
country, called by the ancients Coelofyria.
LiBAU, a feaport of Courland, on th#
Baltic, 45 miles N of Memel. Lon. 21
40 E, lat. 56 31 N.
LiBOURNE, a populous townofFrance,
in the department of Gironde and late
province of Guienne. It is One of the
Itaples of the commerce of Bourdeaux^
and is feated on the Dordogne, 20 miles
NE of Bourdeaux, and 205 s by w of
Paris. Lon. o 12 w, lat. 44 58 N.
LisH, or LiCHA, a town of Germany,
in the landgravate of Hefle, and county of
Solms, 21 miles n of Francfort. Lon. 8
42 E, lat. 50 15 N.
Lichfield, a city in Staffordfliire,
with a market on Tuefday and Saturday,
It is a county of itfelf, and unites with
Coventry in forming one epifcopai fee.
It has three parilh-churches, befide the
cathedral, a freefchool, and two hofpitals^
Lichfield fends two members to par-
liament, and is feated in a fine champaign
country, 14 miles SE of Stafford, and
119 Nw of London. Lon. i 44 w, lat*
52 54 N.
LiCHTALLEN, Or LlESTAL, a tOWll
of SwilTerland, in the county of Bafil*
feated on the Ergetz, eight miles SE of
of Bafil. Lon. 7 39 E, lat. 47 29 N.
LiCHTENBERG, a caftle of France, in
the department of Lower Rhii^e and late
province of Alface, feated on a rock, near
the Vofges mountains, and confidered as
impregnable, li is 12 miles NNW 0i
Haguenau
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^ Ljchtinburo, a town of Franconia,
in^ the inargravate ot' CuUembach, to
miles NE of Cullcmbach. Lcn. ii a E.
ht. 50 25 N.
_ tiCHTENFELS, a town of Franconia,
in the hjftiopric of Bamberg, leatcd on
the Maine, 15 miles^NE of Bamberg.
Lon. 11 la E, lat. 50 16 N.
LiCHTENSTEiG, a town of Swifftr-
land, capital of the county of Tock-
enburg, fcated on the Thur, 31 miles E
of Zuric. Lon. 9 8 e, lat. 47 1 5 n.
LiCOLA, a lake in the kingdom of
Naples, formerly famous for excellent
fiih; but, in 153S, an earthquake hap
the fatloe name, with a caAle. Here tht
river Maefe is divided into three branches,
which, after having paflfed through tht
city, under feveral bridges, unite again.
Liege is four miles in circximterence, anJ
has 150 (Irccts, and 16 gates t it has al'.o
10 large fuburbs, in which are a great
number of religious houfes and churcnes j
which lait, with thoie in the city, makjf
10 in all. The cathedral contains fnany
relics ; and the other public ftruflures are
the bidiop's palace, the townhoufe, and
the arfcnal : here is alfo a famous nniver*
fity, and a convent of EngliHi nuns. At
this pbce is made a great quantity of
pened, which changed one part of it into fire-arms, which are exported to diHiercnt
a mountain of aihes, and the other into countries. It was bombarded in 1691,
a morafs. It was anciently Jtnown by the and delivered up to the French in 1701.
name nf the Lucrine Lake. The allies retook it in 1701, and the
LiDA, a town of Lithuania, in the pa- French hefieged it again in 1705, but
latinate of Wilna, 56 miles s of Wilna. were obliged to raife tlie fiege, on the ap-
Lon. 25 34. E, lat. 53 50 N. prouch ot the duke of Marlborough. In
LidPord, -.. village in Devonlhire, 1734, a fire happened here, which con-
on the river Lid, i«;ven miles N of Ta- fumed the bilhop's palace, with all the
Viftock. It was once a borough, with furniture and writings. In 1789, the
a caftle ; and its parifli may now compare inhahiiants having complained of the op«
for lands and liberties with any in the preiTion which they experienced under tnc
kingdom, the whole foreft of Dartmoor govcmmeut of their bifhop,at lait infifted
being in the verge of it. The bridge upon a cliarirer of privileges. As the
is thrown over a part of the river that is bifhop and chapter did not comply with
pent between two high rocks i and near their demands, they had recourfe to arms ;
It is a fine^catarafl. and the bilhop, apprehenfive for his fafe-
LiDOEL, a river in Roxburghshire, ty, left the city, and appealed to the im-
sffiA the only one in that county that perial chamber of Wetzlar. That cham-
£ows fouthward. It falls into Solway ber ilfued decrees in his favour : the king
Frith, n- r the mouth of the £(k. of Pruflia, in 1790, feemed to aft as a
L1DDISDAI.E, a difti'ift in Roxburgh- mediator for the citizens : the fentences,
Aire, comprehending the ibuthern angle however, ilTued by the imperial chamber
of that county. It admits of little ag^aintt the infurgents, were followed by
cultivation, and is chiefly employed in requifitorial letters, addrefTed to the go-
|>afture. ' vernment of the Auftrian Netherlands,
LiECHTENAU, a town of Franconia, defiring that his imperial iiiajefty's troopr
in the margravate of Anl'patch, 17 miles would aOlft thole ot the ele6to;al princtSi
8 of Neuremburg, and fvrtyeft to that in enforcing their decrees: in confequence
city. Lon. 11 12 E, lat. 49 10 n. of which, the Auftriuns 'entered Liege in
LiEGE, a bifliopric of Weftphalia, i79i,r'eftored theold magiitracy that had
|>ounded on tlie N by Brabant and Gutl- been expelled, to their tunrtions, and re-
derland, on the E by the duchiv-s of inftated the bifhop and chapter. In
jLimburg and Jiuliers, on the s by Lux- 1792, the French took the city, and cf-
jamburg and the Ardennes, and on the fefted another revolution ; but being dri-
W by Brabunt and the county of Namur. ven thence, in 1793, ^^e citizens were
Xt is fruitful in corn an^ fruits, and
contains mines of iron, lead, and coal,
Ijefide quarries of marble. The bifljop
/5s defied by the chapter, compofed of
60 canons; he is one of the moil con-
£derable ecclefiaftical princes of Ger-
xnany, tuul ba» an annual revenue of
jocjopp Uvcats. . -
LiEOE« an ancient igid jMpufous city
l^f'ftpiulia, capital of a biihopric of
once niore abliged to iubmit. Liege is
15 miles sw of Maeftricht, and 62
sw of Cologne. Lon. 5 40 £, lat. 50
37 N.
LiEN-TCHEOU-FOU, a city and fea-
port of China, in the province of Quang-
tong. Its territories border on the king-
dom of Tonquin, f.om which it is fepa-
rated by inaccdfible snountaint. It w
325imte» aw of Camoa.
LI G
LiEOU-KiEOVt the general name of 36
jflands lying between Corea, Pormofa,and
Japan. They t'onn a poweitul empire,
the inhabitants of which are civilized,
and ought not to be confounded with the
other i'avage nations dii'perfed throughout
the illandt of A£a. Each idand has a
particular name j the largclt and principal,
called Lieou-kieou, extends 146 miles
fr'>m N to s, and 38 from E to w. They
hare a fcinjj, who is tributary to China.
Kint-ching, the capital, inCheciili, the s
jiartof Lieuu-kieou, lies in ion. 127 30 £,
Jat. z6 ^ -N-
Lie KB-, a town of Auftririn Brabant,
at the jun&ion of the Great and Little
Nethc, nine miles nne of Meclilin, and
i£ 8E of Antwerp. Lou. 4. 16 E, lat. 51
9 N.
Lie SIN A, an illand of Venetian Dal-
matia, in the gulf of Venice. It is 58
miles long and 1 2 broad, and abounds in
corn, olives, faft-on, and wine.
LIE6INA, a leajwrt of Dalnaatia, capi-
tal of an illand of the lame name, with a
hifhop's fee, and a fort on an inacceffibie
mountain. It was attacked by the Turks
in 1 500, but they were defeated. Lon.
16 23 E, lat« 43 30 N.
LiESKENSHOECK, a (ortrefs of Dutch
iFlanders, on the w fide of the Scheld,
opjiofite Fort Lillo, and feven miles aw
m Antwerp.
LiESsE, a town of France, in the dt-
pajrtmer.t of Ailhe and Jate province of
Picardy, famous for aa image of the vir-
jgin Mary, to which a great number of
pilgrims ul'ed to refort. It is fix miles E
•of Laon. Loa. 3 51 E, iat. 49 35 n.
LlESTALfOrLlECHST^VL. iifieLlCH-
TALLEN.
LiFFEy, a river of Ireland, which
aifcs in the county of Wicklow, runs vv
tikence into Kiidare, and then turning ne
paH'cs through the county of Dublin, and
by rlie city of that name, below which it
julls into the Irilh Sea.
LiFFORJ), a town of Ireland, in the
county of Donegal, 24 miles ne of Do-
uefal. Lon. 5 45 w, lat. 54 47 n.
LiGNE, a town of Aul^rian Uainault,
on the river Dender, 12 miles nw of
Mons. Lon. 3 45 e, lat. 50 35 n.
LloNiE»ES, a town of France, in the
department oi Jber asd late province of
JBeny, with a cnJJiegiate church aud a
caftk, t2 milos c&w of Bourges. Lon.
% %4ttt iat. 4< 47 N.
JLiONiTC, a town of Silefia, capital of
• principality of the fame name, witli
» saftifi feated 00 tb« mulct Cct| jo
L I M
miles s of Glogaw. Lon. 16 36 s, lat. 51
to N.
Lie NY, a town of France, in the de-
Eartment of Meufe and late duchy of
>ai', with a caitle, a collegiate church, and
a handibme pai'k. It is feated on the
Orney, eight miles se of Bar- le- Due and
125 of Paris. Lon. 5 26 E, lat. 48 39 n.
LiGON, a feaport in the peninfula of
MaL-icca, capital of a finall territoiy of
the fame name, with a magazine belung-
ing to the Dutch E India Company. It
is i'eated on ihe E coatt. Lon. 100 5 £,
lat. 7 40 N.
LicuEjL, a town of France, -n the
department of Indre nnd Loire and late
province of Tourainc, leated on a brook,
25 miles SSE of Tours. Lon. • 52 e,
lat. 47 3 N.
LiLLERs, a town of France, in the
department of the Straits of Calais and
late province of Artois, feated on the Na-
v«z, 17 miles nw of Arras. Lon. x
35 E, lat. 50 30 N.
LiLLO, a fort of Dutch Brabant, on
the E fide oi the Scheld, Heven miles N of
Antwerp. It was taken, in 1793, by
tlie French, who foon after evacuated it,
retaking it, however, in X794. Lon. 4.
18 E, lat. 50 30 N.
Lima, a city, capital of Peru, with an
archbifhop's lee, and a univerfity. In
»5J4» Pizarro, marching through the
country, was ftruck with the beauty and
fertility of the extenfive vaHey of Rimac.
There, on a fmall river of the iame name
with the valley, at the diltance of five
miles from Callao, the molt commodiout
harbour in the Pacific Ocean, he founded
a city, and gave it the name of Ciudad de
Icxs Kcycs. This name it retains among
the Spaniarxls in all legal deeds, but is
belter known to foreigners by that of
Lima, a corruption of tne ancient ftppeU
lation of the valley in which it is leated.
Lima gives its name to the principal
audience of Peru, and is furrounded by
brick walls, with ramparts and baltioos.
The Ifrects are handfome and ftraight:
the houifj art generally only one Itoiy
high, en account of ihe eaithquakcs.
One part of the ro»ft is covered with
coarle linen cloth, and the o.thvrs only
with reeds, which is not inconvenient,
becauie it never rains here ; but the rich
inhabitants cover theirs with fine mats,
or beautitul cotton clo;hs. There arc
trees planted all rcund their houfes, to
keep off the heat ot the fun. What the
houfes want in height they have in lenc^U
and depth ; Ibr f<Mne of tiicm are 200 teet
Y +
f
I
; >* , f
« I
,« ><
;» kti.
n
L I M
LI M
.I*
.longi and proportionably broad, Co that
they have jo or iz large apartments on
the ground floor. The river forms canals
in the itreets, which run to moft of the
)ioufes> and ierve to water their gardens,
Sec. The churches and convents are e;c-
tremely rich ; and many images of the
faints are of gold, adorned with jewels.
The city is four miles in length, and two
an breadth, and is divided into eight pa-
rifhes. It is the feat of the viceroy, and
contains feveral courts, as that of the
viceroy, of the archbi(hop, of the inqui-
fition, of the crufado, and of the wills.
£arthquukes are very Irtquent, and fome
have done the city much damage, parti-
cularly that in 1746, by which it was al-
moft deftroyed. The inhabitants are fo
rich, that when the viceroy, fent fiom
Spain in 1682, made his public entrance
ii)to this city, they paved the llreets he
was to pafs through with ingots of filver.
They aie alfo very debauched, but, at the
fame time, extremely fuperftitiousj and
they have a ftrong belief in the power of
charms. Lima is^o miles s oi' Quito.
Ion. 76 44 w, lat. 1;. I s.
Lima, an audience of Peru, lying on
the Pacific Ocean, bounded on the N by
* the audience of Quito, on the E by th^
Andes, on the S by the audience of Los
Charcos, and on the w by the Pacific
Ocean.
LiMALE, a town»*of Auftrian Brabant,
feated on the Dyle, 13 miles se of Bruf-
fels. Lon. 4. 42 E, lat. 50 42 N.
LiMAVADY, a town of Ireland. See
Newtown Limavady.
LiMBOVRG, orLiwPURG, a town of
Germany, in the eleftorate of Treves.
The Auftrians defeated the French on the
heights near this place, September 16,
3796. It is Icated on the Lahn, 10
miles E of Naflfau, and 20 N of Mentz.
Lon. 7 5» £» laf* 50 *4 5^- ,
LlMBVRO, a fertile province of the
Netherlands, fubjcft paiily to the Auf
trians, and partly to the Dutch. It is
bounded on the N by the duchy of Ju-
liers, on the E by that duchy and the ter-
ritory of Aix-la-Chapelle, and on the s
and w by the biflioprjc of Liege, from
which it is feparattd by the Maefe. It
is 42 miles long and 30 broad, and con-
tains fome of tns beft iron mines in the
Netherlands.
LiMBiJftG, the capital of Auftrian
Limburg, It was taken by the French
in KS75, and by the allies in 1702, but
afterward cedca to the Auftrians, the
fortifications having been fiift demoli/hed .
Here is a maouiaiSiure cf wQolIen cloths>
and it is famous forexcellent cheefe. It is
feated op a mountain, near the river Verle,
15 miles s^ of Liege. Lon. 6 5 e, lat.
50 38 N.
Lime, a town in Dorfetflii.e. See
Lyme Regis.
Lime, or Limen, a village in Kent,
three miles w of Hitlie. It was for.
merly a port, till choked up by the fands,
and is now a poor town, but it has the
horn and mace, and other tokens left of
its ancient grandeur. It ufed to be the
place where th» lord warden of the Cinque
Ports was Iworn, at his entrance upon his
office. The Roman road from Canter-
bury, called Stane-ftreet, ended here ; and
from the brow of its hill may be fc«n the
niins of the lioman wall*. |Iere was
formerly a caftle, now converted into a
farm-houfe.
Limerick, a county of Ireland, in
the province of Munfter, 48. miles long
and 2 3 broad j bo^mded on the N by
Tipperary and Clare, from which laft it
is feparated by the Shannon j on the w by
Kerry ; on the s by Cork, and on the e
by Tipperary. It contains 1 30 pariflies,
and fends eight members to parliament.
It is a fertile country^ and well inhabited,
though the w parts are mountainous.
Limerick, or Lough Meath, a city
of Ireland, in the county of Limerick,
and the metropolis of the province of
Munfter. Within a century, it wasteck*
oned the fecond city in the kingdom; at
prefent it has loft its rank j not becaufe
It flouriflies lei's, but becaule Cork flou-
riflus more. It is flill a commercial and
populous place j :tnd confifts of the Irifh
and Englifti Town ; the latter fituate on
an ifiand, formed by the Shannon, and
called King's Iftand. Limerick is thrcfc
miles in circumference, and has a market
on Wednefday and Saturday. The liren,
woollen, and paper mantifaftures are car-
ried on here to a great extent ; and the
export of provifions is confiderable. Be-
fidethe cathedral and other churches, here
are many hofpitalsi and feme handfome
public ftrui^ures. Ardfert and Affhadoe,
in the county of Kerr^-, are united to the
ice of Limerick. King William was
obliged to laife the fiege of this city in
1690; but, in 1691, the garrifon furren^
dcred on a very honorable capitulation^
It is 40 miles s of Galway, and 94
s»v of Dublin. ' Lon. 9 34 w, lat. 5*
42 N. ■
LiMMAT, a river of Swiflerlandi form-
ed by the jun£lion of the Mtit and |he
Linth i th^ former ifluing. (^^v^ ^^^ ^^
extremity of the lake ^ W((llenftadt|
• > 6
L I N
L I N
jkod the latter flowing from th« 8. The
Lintima^ continuing its courfe Nw, flows
through the lake ot Zuric, and falls into
the Aar, below Baden.
Limoges, an an'cient town of France,
in the department of Upper Vienne and
late territory of Limofm, with a biOiop's
fee. It is a trading place, the capital of
the deparment, and its horfes are in great
elteem. Ii is ieated on the Vienne, 50
miles NE of Perigueux, and no E of
Bourdcaux. Lon. i 10 a, lat. 4.5 50 N.
LlMOSiN, a late pn«vince of France,
bounded on the N by Marche, on the e
by Auvergnc, on the s by Querci.and on
the w by Perigord and Angoumois. It
has forelts of cheitnut-trecs, and contains
mines of lead, copper, tin, and'ironj but
the principal trade confifts in cattle and
horles. ft is now the department of
Upper Vienne.
Li M o u X , a commercial town of France,
in the department of Aude and late pro-
vince of Languedoc. It has a manufac-
ture of cloth ; and its enviroriS produce
an excellent white wine, called the Perry
of Limoiix. It is Ieated on the Aude,
37 miles w by s of Narbonne, and 50
SE of Touloufe. Lon. z 16 E> lat. 43
4 N.
LiMPURG. See Limbourg.
LiNCHE, or LiNiCE, a Itrong town of
France, in the department of the North
and late province of French Flanders,
feated on a river, 10 miles sw of Dun-
kirk. Lon. 2 20 E, lat. 51 o N.
Lincoln, a city, the capital of Lin-
colnihire, with a market on Friday. It
is feated on the lide of a fteep hill, on the
Witham, which here divides into three
ftreams. It had formerly' 50 churches,
now reduced to 1 3, befide the cathedral ,*
and is a bilhop's lee, the laigefl diocefe in
England. The cathedre' is admired for
its interior architeflure, which is in the
richeft and lighteft Gothic Ityle; nnd its
great bell, called Tom o(, Lincoln, re-
quires la men to ring it. Lincoln is a
county of itfelf, governed by a mayor,
and fends two members to parliament.
The chief trade is in coal brought by the
Trent and FolTdike ; and oats and wool,
which are fent by the Witham. Here Is
a fmall manufacture of camlets. It is 32
miles NE of Nottingham, and 133 N of
London. Lon. o 25 w, lat. 53 1 5 N.
' Lincolnshire, a county of England,
f>ounded on the N by the Humber, which
divides it from Yorkfliire } on the e by
the German Ocean ; on the se by the
Waih and part of Norfolk; on the 8 by
CarnVridgolurc and ^orthMnptonflurc |
on the sw by Rutland/hi w; and on the
W by the counties of Leicefter and Not-
tingham. It is 77 miles from N to s,
and 45 in breadth, where wideft. It is
divided into tlu-ee parts ; namely, Hol-
land on the SE, Kefteven on the sw, and
Lindl'e^' on the N. It contains 30 hun-
dreds, one city, 31 market-towns, amd
630 pariihes; and fends 12 members to
parliament. Its principal rivers are the
Humber, Trent, Witham, and Welland.
The air is various, according to its three
grand divifiohs, which fee. The foil, in
many places, is very rich, the inland part
producing corn in great pLnty, and the
tens cole-leed, and very rich paftures j
whence their breed of cattle is larger
than that of any other county in Eng-
land, except Sbmerfetfhire ; their hor^a
are alfo excellent, and very large j their
humting hounds and hares are noted for
their fwiftnefs; and their fheep are not
only of the largeft breed, but are clothed
with a long thick wool, peculiarly fitted
for the worfted and coarfe woollen manu-
ractures.
LlNDENFEI,S,OrLlNDENFELD,atOYm
of Germany, in the palatinate of the
Rhine, 1 7 miles N of Heidelberg. Lon,
8 47 E, lat. 49 42 N.
LliNDISFARNE. See HoLY ISLAND.
Linokofing, a town of Sweden, ca-
pital of W Gothland, with a biftiop'a
iee. It is l£ated on the lake Weimer,
12 miles NW of Skar, and 178 sw of
Stockholm. Lon. 13 5 E, lat. 58 25 N,
LiNDAU, a free imperial town of Sua-
ble:. Here is a celebrated abbey of ca-
nonefles, whofe abbefs is a princefs of the
empire, and a Roman catnolic, though
the inhabirants of the town are protef-
tants. The French' to»k poflelHon of
this town in July 1796. It is a trading
place, feated on an ifland of the lake of
Condanice, 12 miles SB of Buchom, and
75 s by w of Auglburg. Lon. 9 50 E,
lat. 47 38 N.
LiNDSEY, the largeft of the three
principal divIfiohS' of Lincolnfhlre, in-
cluding all the county that lies N of
Lincoln, and the FolTdike, which (lenr}- i
cut between the Witl^am and the Trenc.
It 18 the moft elevateil part of the coun-
ty ; and the air is generally efteemed
healthy, efpecially on the w fide. To
the VE is a large trafl df heathy land,
called the Wolds, the s piart of which is
well inhabited^ but the n is thin of peo-
ple : eieat flocks of iheep are bred
throughout this traft. See Axholm.
■ LiNGEN, aftrongtown ofWeftphalia.
capital of a county of the fame name. It
i'lft'
i , ft". **.
il^ 'I
L I N
belongs to the king of Pnifllia, and is
fcattvi rn the Emhs, 30 m.ies w of Oiha-
burgh, and 37 N of Munfter.
LiN-KiANG-FOU, a City of China, in
the province o( Kiang-fi, fcated on the
tiver Yn-ho. It has only four cities of
the third clafs in its diltrif^ } but is of
fomc not«| on account of one of its vil-
Iz^cs being the eeneral mart for all the
drugs fold in the empire. It is 410
miles N by E of Canton.
LiW-rciN-TCHEOir, a city of China,
in the province of Chan-tong, feated on
the Great Canal. Among the edifices
admired here, is an o5lagonal tower, di-
vided into eight ftorics, the walls of
vrhich are covered on the outfide with
porcelain ; and near tliis are fome temples
of beautiful architeflure. It is 225 miles
S of Pekin.
Linlithgow, a borough, the county-
towB'Cf Linlithgownure. It ftands on a
rift g ground, overlooking a lake at its
S end. Here the kings of Scotland had
tone of their nobleft pahces,now in ruins;
but here is ftill Hiown the room in which
iMary queen of Scots was born. Lin-
lithgow is 16 miles w of Edinburgh.
Ion. 3 34 w, lat. 56 o N.
Linlithgowshire, or Wtsr Lo-
thian, a county of Scotland, bounded
on the N by the frith of Forth, on the £
by Edinburghfhirc, on the sw by La-
nerkfhire, and on the w by Stirlingshire.
It extends near zo miles from ne t(j sw,
and its breadth does not exceed 1 2, ex-
cept on the fliore of the Forth.
Linos A, an iiland of the Mediterra-
hean, on the coaft of Africa, 1-- miles
from Lampedcn : it is 12 miles in cir-
cumference. Lon. 12 31 E, lat. 36 50 N.
LiN-TCHEOu-FOTT, a city of China,
in the province of Ki.ing-nan ; including,
in its juriiai5tic>n, two cities of the le-
cond, and fix of the third clafs.
LiNTz, a town of Germany, capital of
Upper Auftria, with two caftles, the one
upon ahill, and the other below it. Here is
a hall, in which the ftates affemblc, a
bridge over the" Danube, and fevcral ma-
nufadures. The French became matters
ff it in 1 741, but the Auftrians retook
it in 174-i. Jt is feated at the confluence
of the Eanube and Traen, 42 miles e af
PaHau, and 100 w of Vienna. Lon. 14.
3 E, iat. 48 16 N.
LiNTZ, a town of Germany, tn the
deflorate of Cologne, feated on the
Rhine, 1 5 miles nw of Coblentt, and iS
8 of Cologne. Lon. 7 10 e, lat. 50 37 N.
Linton, a town in Cambridgeftiire)
with a marJcct on Thurfday, tz miles
LIP
8E of Cambridge, and 46 n by c of Loa-
don. ' Lon. o 22 £, lat. 52 8 n.
LiPARl, the largeft, mott fertile, ana
populous of tlie Lip:ui Illands, about 1 5
miles in circiunftrence. It was cele-
brated among the ancients ; and, by the
delcription or Ariftotlc, it appears to
have been confidered by the lailors in hi»
time, what Stroinbolo is in ours, as a
lighthoule, as its fires were never extin.
guifiied. ft has not fuffered Irom ftibter-
rtneous fires for ages paft, though it every
where bears the marks oi' its former ftatc.
The form of this iliaud is reiy irregular;
and in this volcanic fpot Inch a number
of fjiiracles have been opened, that the
grcatelt part of them are confounded with
each other. It .ibounds with the currant
grape j cotton alfo grows here ; and
great quantities of pumice aie gathered.
LiPARi, an ancient town, capital of
the iHand of Lipari, with a bilhop's fee.
It viras ruined in 1 544, by Barbaroffa,
who canitd the inhabitants into flavery,
and demolifhed the place j but it was re-
built by the emperor Chaihs v. The
principal trade of the inhabitants is iu
the exportation of the products of the
iiland ; but the chief neceffaries of life
are imported from Sicily- This town
has a garrifon, nnd ftands" on the s fide of
the ifland. Lon. 15 30 e, lat. 38 35 n.
Lipari Islanbs, iflands in the Me-
diterranean, which lie to the N of SjciJy,
and formerly called ^olian Iflands.
They are r j. in number ; and nearly as
follijws, in the ofder of their fize j name-
ly, Lipari, Strombolo, Volcano, Salini,
Ftliculi, Aliciidi, Panari, Volcanello,
Vachelufe, Lifca, Dattolo. and Tila Navi.
They are fubjeft to the king of Naples,
and bring in a good revenue. They pro-
duce great quantities of alum, fulpnur,
nitre, cinnabar, and moft kinds of fruits,
particularly raifins, currants, and figs in
great perteftion. Some of their wines
arc .much eiteemed ; jiarticularly the
Malvafia, well known ail over Europe.
The(e iflands are of volcanic origin. See
Strombolo, Volcano, &c.
LiPPA, a town of Hungary, in the
bannat of T«mefwar, with a caftle. It
was taken by the Turks in 1552, by the
Auftrians in 1688, and by the Turks
again in 1^91, who abandoned it in
1695, ai'ter having demoliihed the forti.
^cations. It is feated on a mountain^
22 miles NEof Temefwar and 75 of BcU
grade. Lon. 22 45 1, lat. 45 51 n.
LiPPB, a river of Weftphalia, which
wafties Paderbom, Lipftadt^ahd Hani} and
falls into the RhiM* above Weiei.
L rs
LI T
LiriTADT, a confiderable town of
Weftpballa, capital of the county of
l^ippe. It was once free and intperial j
afterward fubjc£l to its own counts, and
now to the king of i'luina. It rairies on
a good trade in preparing timber for
building veflels on the Rhine, with which
it has a communication by the river
Lippe. It is ieated in a moraft, 17
miles wsw of Paderboru, and 30 se of
Munfter. Lon. i 30 e, lat. 51 41 n.
Lk^US) a town of Prance, in the de-
partment of the Straits df Calais and late
province of Artois, 12 miles W cH' St.
Omer. LoA. a o E, lat. 50 4.5 N.
Li(^EO or LiKEO Islands. See
iJEO-f-KIEOU.
LiS} a river of the Netherlands, which
has its iburce in Artois, and running ne
into (landers, pailes by Aire, Si. Venanf,
ArmcniiereS) Menin, Courtray, and
Pcyni'e, and then falls into the Scheld, at
Ghent.
Lisbon, a confiderable city, the capi-
tal of Portugal, with an archbifhop's
&e, a univerfity, a tribunal of the inqui-
fition, and a Arong caftle. It was almost
totally deftroyed by an earthquake, Nov,
I, 1755. The harbour will contain
ic,Ov.o fail of ihips, which ride in the
greateft fafety ; and the city, being view-
e«i from the fouthem fhorc of the river,
atfords a beautiful profpe^l, as the build-
ings gradually rife above each other. It
is lea'ted on the Tajo, 10 miles from its
mouth, 178 w by N of Seville, and 255
s by w of Madrid. Lon. 9 5 w, lat.
38 42 N.
LiSBVRjf, a borough of Ireland, in the
county of Antrim. It has a large ma-
niifadure of linen cloth, and is ftated on
the Liggan, eight miles sw of Belfalt.
Lon. 6 o w, lat. 54 41 N.
Lis'^A, one of the Llpari lAands, three
miles sw of Strombolo. It is a I'mall
delert fpot.
LisiER, St. a town of France, in the
department of Arriege, lately an epif-
copal fee in the province of Couferans.
It has a chapel, which has been famous
for the refort of pilgrims. It is feated
on the Satat, 50 miles se of Auch, and
390 s by w of Paris. Lon. i 15 e, lat.
42 56 N.
LisiEVX, an ancient town of France,
in the department of Calvados, and lately
an epifcopal fee in Normandy. The
churches, and the late epifcopal palace and
convents, are handfome ftniftures. It
Kas a good trade, particularly in linen
cloth, aid is ftat<ed at the confinence of
tiw Touque and OHko^ la iniies fnm the
iea, and 40 8\v of Rouen. Lon. o 10
E, lat. 49 II N.
Lisle, a ftrong city of France, in the
department of the North and late pro-
vince of French Flanders, of which it
was the capital. It is one of the richeff:
and moit commercial towns in France;
and the inhabitants are computed to be
65,000. It is is called LiOe (that it
Jrijle, The Iflandj) l>ecaufe it was for-
meily furrounded by marihes, which arj
now drained. I''s citadel is luppofed to
be the fineft in Eurone next to that of
Turim The ftreets, particularly thole
of the New Town, are adorned with
noble buildings. 7'he Great Square and
the Little Square, are both dii^inguiflied
i^ this refpeft; and among the public
Itrudures are the exchange, a magazine
of vail extent, and a general hoipilal very
lately built. Here are manufac*^liirc8 of
all ibrts; but the principal ti*ade is In
camlets. Liile was taken by the allies,
after three months fiege,. in 1708 j but
was reftored by the treaty of Utrecht,
in 1713, in confideration of the demo.
litlon of the fortifications of Dunkirk.
In 1792, it lulKi.ined a bombardment
from the Auftrians. It is feated on ih«
Deule, 14 miles w of Tournay, and 130)
N of P.iris. Lon. 3 9 e, lat. 50 38 N.
Li SMC RE, one of the Weftern lilandr
of Scotland, in a fpacious bay, between.
Mull and the coalt of Argyieftiiie. It
is a fertile iAand, nine miles long and
two broad ; and was the refidence of tht
biftiops of Argyle.
Li soNzo, a river, which rifes in Ca-
rinthia, nnis through part of the re-
public of Venice, and falls into the gulf
of Venice, at the harbour of the iame
name.
LiRSA, an iflaml in the gulf of Venice,
on the coalt of Dalmatia, belonging to the
Venetians, wlio have here a iiihery of
pilchards and anchovies. It produces
excellent wine, and'is 70 miles w of Ra-
guia. Lon. 17 0 E, lat. 42 52 N.
Lissa, a town of Poland, in thepala^
tinate of Pofnia, 50 milts w of KaUich.
Lon. 16 50 E, lat. 52 o N.
Lissa, a village of Silefia, fix miles
NW of Breflaw. It is feated on the
Weiftritr, and remarkable for a great
vi6lory gained by the PrufTians over the
Auftrians, in 1757.
Lithuania, a large country of Eu-
rope, anciently governed by its grand
dukes, but, in 1569, united to Poland,
under one elective king. It is bounded
on the s by Volhlnia j on the w by Lltde
Pohuidj Polachia, Frufna, a;^d Saincgltlaj
J :■
■■'
*ti
Mi
i'''.. ■ !P^
L I V
L I V
>i
ilii
«p the N by Livonia and RulHa, which lail;
bounds it on the E. It is 300 miles lon^
a^ £50 broad. lis principal rivers arc,
tbc Dnieper, Dvvinii, Nitsinan, Prioecz^
atfid Bog. It is A flat country ; and the
toil is not only fertile in (Corn, but it
produces honey, wood, pitch, and valt
quantities ot' wool: licit are alio ex-
cellent little hori'cs, which are never ihod,
their hoofs being very hard. There are
yaA forelts, in which are bears, wolves,
dies, wild oxen, Ivnxes, beavers, wild
cati, Sic. and candles and vultures are
very common. In the forefts, .large
pieces of yellow amber are frequently
dug up. The country fwarms with
Jews, who, though numerous in every
other part of Poland, leem to have fixed
their headquarters in this duchy j and
this, perhaps, is the only country in
£urope, where Jews cultivate the ground.
The peafants are in a ftate of the inoft
■bjeel vafTalage. In 1771, the emprefs
Catharine compelled the Poles to cede to
ber all that part of Lithuania bordering
upon Ruliia, and including at leaft one
third of the country. This ihe erefVed
into ^he two governinents of Polotlk and
lUohilef. In 1793, in conjun£lion with
the king of Prulfia, (he eife^led another
partition o^ Poland, in confequence of
which (he extended her dominion over
almott the whole of Lithuania.
LiTiz, a town of the Itate of Penn-
iylvania. Here is a flourifliing lettlcment
of the Moravians, begun in 1757. It is
eight milf s from Lancalter, and 70 w of
Philadt^lp.liia.
I.IVADIA, a province of Turkey in
Europe, boiuidtcl on the ,«i by Janna, on
the E by the Archipelago, on th'; s by the
Morea, and on the \v by the Mtditer-
vanean. It includes ancient Grtece pro-
perly fo called, and its capital is Sctines,
the once celebrated Athens.
LiVADiAj an ancient town of Turkey
in Europe, in a province of the fame
same. It carries on a tiade in wool,
com, and rice, and is 58 milts nw of
Athens. Lon. 23 26 e, lat. 3?? 40 n.
LiVADOS TA, a to\Vn of Livadia, feated
on the gulf of Lepanto, in the ifthinus of
Corinth, to the N of the city of that
nume, with a bifhop's fee.
LiVENZA, a river of Italy, in the ter-
ritory of Venice, which runs on the con-
fines of Trevii'ano and Friuli, and falls
into the gulf of Venice, between the
mouth of the Piava and the town of
Caurlo.
LivERDUN, a town of France, in the
de^nrtiiKnt of Meurthe and late province
<^f Lorratn,' leated oa a mountain, near
the river Mofelle, eight miles NE of
Toul. Lon. 6 5 E, lat. 48 45 N.
LivpapooL, a confiderable borough
aiKl fcaport in Lancafliire, with a maiket
on Saturday. At the commtncemtnt of
this century, it was only a hamlet of the
parifii of Walton, a village three miltj
off. Its rife and incrcitle was principally
owing to the falt-works ; and it is row
become, with rdpeft to commerce, the
fecond port in the kingdom. It is leattd
on the Merfey, and hat an excellent liar,
hour, formed with great labour and ex-
pence, fhlps being admitted into noble
wet docks, fecured by large flood gates.
Since the completion of the duke of
Bridgewater's canals, a new dock has
been I'ormed by the duke, above tlie
town. Cne very confiderable branch of
its trade, is that of procuring (laves on
the coaft of Africa, and difpoling of
them in the W Indies and America,
The trade to Ireland is very confiderable ;
many (hips are fent to the Greenland
whale-fi(hery ; the coafting trade to
London employs a great number of Hiips ;
and many good (hips are built here.
Liverpool communieates, by the Merfey,
with Warrington, and with a canal,
called the Sankcy Canal, running to (bme
coal-pits and other works, a little way
up the country; by the Irwell and the
Duke of Bridgewater's Canal, with
Manchefter; by the Weaver, with the
Cheniire lalt-works; and by the Duke
of Bridgewater's Canal, wi(h the Staf.
ford(hire Grand Trunk and all its com-
munications. The exchange, a handfome
edifice of (tone, was burnt down, Jan.
%2, 1795. Here is an alTembly room,
an elegant theatre, and a large borough
gaol on Mr. Howard's plan. Befide the
two parochial churches, there are ten
other churche s for the e(tabli(hed religion ;
there are alfo Roman catholic chapels
and dilTenting meeting-houfes. Among
the charitable foundations, are almshoufes
for the widows of mariners killed or loll
at fea, or decayed feamen, and a new
afylum for lunatics. Liverpool is iS
miles w of Warrington, and ioj NW
of Londoti. Lon. % 54 Wt lat. 5^
23 N.
Livonia, a province of the Ruflian
empire, which, with that of Elthoniaj
has been reciprocally claimed and pofleffed
by RulTia, Sweden, and Poland, and, foe
more than two ^entufies, l^as been ^
perpetual ffene pf the taoA bloody wars^
It was finally wrefted front the Swedes
by Pet.r the Creat, and coi^finned t? ik'i
LLA
to A
RuflUmi by tlie peac« of ^lyftadt| In
1791* It now forms the srov^mment of
Kiga» or Livonia, oH which Riga is the
capital. It is bounded on the N by the
government of Ellhonia^ on the e by
that of Pflcof, on the s by that of
Polotflc and part of Poland, and on the
w by the gulf of Livonia. It is 250
miles from n to s, and 150 from e
to w. The land is fo fertile in corn, that
it is called the Granai-y of the North ; and
it would produce a great deal more if it
were not (o full of lakes and forells.
In the forefts are wolves, bears, elks,
raindeer, ftags, and hares. The Ao-
sicltic animals are numerous ; but the
fteep bear very bad wool. The houfes
«t' the inhabitants are built with wood.
The principal articles of export arc flax,
heini^, huney, wax, leatlier, (kins, and
potafli. The czar Peter, perceiving the
inhabitants did not like the change of
forereigns, compelled them to' abandon
their country, and drove many of them as
iar as the Cafpian Sea: but being per-
fuaded to recill them, moll of them
perifhcd before the edicl was pnblifhed j
ib that he- was obliged to repeople their
untry with other nations.
Lizard, the moft ibuthem 'promon-
tory of England, whence ihipi< ufually
take their departure, -wh'tin bound to the
westward. Lon. 5 10 w, lat, 49^ 57 n.
Llanarth, a town in Cardiganshire,
with -a -market ' on Tuefday, I7 miles
E by N of Cardigan, artd 212 w by n
of London .> Lon. 4 20 w, lat. ja 13 n.
. Llanbbder, a town in Cardigan/hire,
with a market on TuelUay. It. is feated
on the Tyvy, over which is a bridgfe
into. Carmarthenftiire, 24 miles E of
Cardigan, and 197 v(r by Nof Lonuon.
LoQ. 48 w, lat. 52 9 N.
Llandilovawr, a town in Carmar-
thenfliire, with a market on TuefUay
and Saturday. It is feated on an afcent,
on the river Towy, over which is a
bridge, ij milea E by N 'of Carmarthen,
and 194 w by N of London. Lon. 3 58
w, lat. 51 i55 N.
Llanelly, a town in Carmarthen-
fliire, with a market on Tuefday. It
trades much in coat, and is feated on a
creek of the Brifiol Channel, 1 3 miles s
by B of Carmarthen, and 216 w by N
of London. Lon. 4 10 W, lat. 51 43 N.
Llangadoc, a town in Caimarthen-
lliire, with a market on Thurlday. It is
feated between the rivers Brane and
Sawthy, which foon join the Towy, li
miles JB by N of Carmarthen, and 135 w
by N of London. Lon; 3 4S w, lat* jk
54- N.
Llanqollbn, 1 town in D^blgh-
Ihire, with a beautiful bridge of four
arches over the river Dec, feven miles s w of
Wrexham, and 184 nw of London.
LlangunnKR, a village in Carmar.
thenftiire, a mile and a half from Car-
marthen, noted for being the urivate leat
of fir Richard Steele, who died here ily
1729- ;
LlaNROOST, a town in Denbishfhire,
with a market on Tuefday, feated on the
Conway, 15 miles svy of^ Denbigh, and
222 N\v of London. Lon. 3 58 W, lat.
53 6 N.
Llantrissent, a town In Glamor.
^anfliire, with a market on Friday. It
IS an ancient place, governed by a pw--
trceve, who is Iwom by the deputy
condable of the caftk that (lands near it.
It is 10 miles NW of Landaff, and 166
w of London. Lon. 3 22 w, lat. 51 28 N^
Llanwilling, a town in Montgo-
mery/hire, with a market On Tuelday.
It is feated in a f!at, among the hills,
nrur the river Cane, 1 5 miles N by vf
of Montgomery, and 179 NW of London.
Lon. 3 8 w, lat. 52 40 n,
LtANYDLOS, a town in Montgomety-
fhire, with a great market on Saturday,
fur woolleii yarn. It is 18 miles sw of
Montgomery, and 180 WNW of London.
Lon. 3 28 w, lat. 53 1 9 N.
Llanvmddovry, a town in Car-
marthenlhire,with a market on Wednefday
and Saturday. It had once a caftle, novr
in ruins ; and is feated near the Towy,
26 miles ENE of Carmarthen, and 181
W by N of London. Lon. 3 4a w, lat.
51 56 N.
Llaugharn, a town In Carmarthen-
ftiire, with a market oft Friday. It is
feated at the mdutli of the Towy, tiear
the ruins of two cafties, fcven miles sw
of Carmarthen, and 233 w by N of
London. Lon. 4 28 w, lat. 51 48 N.
Lo, St. a town of France, in the de-
partment of the Channel and late pro-
vince of Normandy, with a good citadel.
It has confiderable manufaftuies of fcrges,
fhaloons, ribands, and gold and filver
lace. It is feated on the Vire, 12 miles
E of Coutances, and 125 w by N of
Paris. Lon. o 53 w, lat. 49 6 N.
LoANDA, a town of Congo, capital
of Angola, with a good harbour, a fort,
and a biftiop's fee. It is lj(rgc and band-
fonie, confidering the coimtry,' containing
3000 houfes, hyilt of ftone, artd covered
with tiles. Belide thcfe, there are a vail:
If/*
m
fs
ml
I
^iii
Ml
!
iW
I!
i:
V
LOG
of necroet* hut« roadt of draw
and earth. It belongs to the Porttiguele.
Lob. 13 15 i» Ut. 8 30 s:
LOAKGO, a kingilom of Africa, in
Coi^, 150 miles in length, and 188 in
Ibreaidth ; bounded on the N by Benin, on
the E by. parts unknown, on the s by
Congo Proper, and vn the w by the
Atbntic Ocean. The land is i'o fruitiul,
that it yiekls three crops of millet in a
year; and there are a great number of
trees, whence palm>wine is drawn. The
women cultivate the giound, low, and
fet in the harveft. The inhabitants are
lack, well-made, mild, and tra(5lable.
LOANGO, a town of Congo, capital
«if a kingdom of the fame name, with a
lurbour, at the mouth of the Quiila.
The principal trade confifts in eleplTantv
teeth, copper, tin, lead, iron, and Uavei>.
Lon. II 45 E, lat. 415 s.
LOBAW, a towfl of Weftem Pruflia,
with a caftle, where the bifliop of Culm
reiides. It is 25 miles £ «f Culm. Lon.
19 o E, lat. 53 X5 N.
LoBOA, a town of Spain, in Eftra-
paadura, feated on the Guadiana, ii
miles B of Badayoz. Lon. 6 ax w, lat.
38 32 N.
Locarno, a town of Swiflerland, ca-
pital of a diftricl of the fame name, which
M one of the four tranfalpine bailiwics.
It ■"' 'ns 1 500 inhabitants. Part of
the ' is built ' on, piazzas, in the
foil. V ^ crefcent, witit v."o wings; and,
in tlie front, is a row of trees, and the
public walk. The old part of the town
IS dirty, and the ih'eets are narrow. It
Contains three convents, and a iinall
Francifcan monaliery, perched on a
rock overhanging the valley, and com-
manding a view of the lake of Locarno
and its magnificent boundaries. The
canopy, in tne church of the Capuchins,
dffeives to be mentioned for its beautiful
execution ; it is of ftraw work, and almoft
rivals velvet or gold fringe. Locarno
^as once fituate on the lake, and had a
port capable of receiving large barks:
at prei'ent it (lands at the diftance of a
quarter of a mile, which is owing to the
accumulation of fand brought down by
the torrent Maggia. It is 46 miles N of
No vara, and 55 N by w of Milan. Lon.
8 31 E, lat. 46 10 N.
Locarno, Lake of. See Magci-
ORE.
LocHABER, a bleak, barren, moun-
tainous, and rugged dillri^l, in the svr
part of Invernefsmire.
Loch EM, a town of Dutch Guelder--
land, in the county of Zutphen. It was
LOG
taken by the French ia 167a, who aban-
doned it in 1674, ^^ter having demoliihtil
the fortifications. It is feated on the
Borrel, 10 miles E oi Zutphen. Lon. 6
13 E, lat. 52 IX N.
LocHLR Moss, a morafs in Dum-
friesHiire, 10 miles in length, and three
in breadth. Here vaft oak trees, and
alfo canoes and anchors have, been fre-
quenUy dug up.
LocHEs, a town of Franc?, in the de-
partir.cnt of Indre and Loire and late pro,
viiicc of Touraine. It has a (trong
caitle, the prolpeft from whivh is very
extcnfive. Here was one of thole horrid
dungeons, built by the cruel Lewis x»,
the walls, rtoors, cielings, and doors of
which were lined with plates of iron
faittned to bars of the fame metal. The
unfortunate Ludovic Sforia* duke of
Milan, taken inbaitle, under Lewis xii,
ended hi« days in one of th; m. In the
choir of the late collegiate church, is the
tomb of the celebrated Agnes Sorcl,
miltrefs of Charles vir, to whofe pa-
triotic exhortations that monarch owtd
ahnoft all his glory. Loches is feated otv,
the river Ir.dre, near a foreft, 15 miles
s of Amboife, and xo sE of Tours,
Lon. o>5i E, lat« 47 10 n.
LocHMABEN, a bprough in pum>
fi-iesfl)ire, fituate on the w fide of the
Annan, nearly oppofite the place where
it receives the united ftreams of Yei
and Kianel, 1.0 miles ME of Dumfries.
Lon. 3 ^9 w, lat. 55 19 N.
LocHRiDA, or OcRiDA, a larpetoui
of Turkey in Europe, in Albania, feated
on a hill, near a lake of its iovvn tnme,
with a Greek anchbilhop's , lee. It. is
well fortified ( and is 6x miles SB^ of
Durazzo. Lon. 20 40 E, lat. 41 4» N.
LocHTA, a feaport of Sweden, in E
Bothnia, feated on xiit gulf of Bothnia,
J'o miles s of Tornea. Lon. x4 16 c,
at. 64 xo N.
LocHWiNNOCH, a lake in Renfirew.
fiilre, called alfo Cattle Semple Loch,
near three miles in length. On an ifianii
in this lake, is an old fortrefs, called
the Peel ; a name frequently given to old
fortreflies in Scotland. From this lake
iffues the river Black Cart.
LocHY, LocH, a lake in the sw
part of Invemefsftiire, 10 miles in length,
and from one to two in breadth. From
the NW the waters of Loch Arkek defcend
into this lake. Out of it runs the river
Lo^hy, which, about a nile below, re-
ceives the Spean, and after flowing through
the diftriA of Lochaber» falls into Loch
£il, at Fort William.
L O I
L O M
LODDON, a town in Norfolkt with a
market on FiiJay, eight miles 5£ of
Norwich, onii 113 NE ot Loudon. Lon.
1 18 E, lilt. 5* 36 N.
Lode:. AN, a diltii£l of Italy, in the
tlie duchy of Milan. It is very fertile
and populous, and its chcc-lc* axe in high
iltccm. Lodi is the c:\pit;iU
LouEVE, a town of Frahcc, in the
department of Hcniult and liite province
of Laiii^'.iedvC. It was lately a bllhop's
ftcj and has nvinu.'acUnc.; uf hats and
of cloth for tht anny. It is I'cated In u
dry baricn country, tu the river Logue,
at die fnot of tlw Ccvcmics, a; nnks NW
of MontpelUer. Lon. 3 30 K, lat. 4s
47 N.
Lo&i, a ftrcng town of Italy, In the
Milaucfe, aitd caplcil of the Loilefan.
The French defeated the Aultrlana near
this place May 11, i7</6. It Is feated
cfl the Adda, 15 miles NW of Placentia,
and 20 SL of iViilon. Lon. 9 x6 £, lat.
45 »5 N.
LoDOMERiA. See Galicia.
LoDRONK, a town of Italy, in the
bifliopric of Trent, feated on the fmall
lake Idro, at the place where it receives
the river Chieie, 31 miles nw of Trent.
Lon. 10 4.6 E, lat. 4.6 o N.
LocowocOROD, a town of Poland,
in Volhinia, leated on the w bank of the
Dnieper, 25 miles Nw of Kiof. Lon.
31 7 E, lat. 50 46 N.
LoGRONNO, an ancient town of Spain,
In Old Caftilc, in a country abounding
with excellent bruits and good wines. It
is feated on the Ebro, 52 miles e of
Burgos, and 115 N by e of Madiid.
Lon. 2 20 w, lat. 42 29 N.
Loir and Chzir, a department of
France, including the late province of
Blaibis. It takes its name from the
rivers Loir and Cher j the firit of which
falls Into the Sarte, above Angers ; and
the lalt empties itfelf into the Loire,
five miles above the confluence of the
latter with the Indre. Biols is the ca-
pital.
Loire, the principal river of France,
wh'ch rifes in the mountains of the Ce-
▼ennes, in Languedoc. It begins to be
navigaijle at Roanne } and watering Ne-
vers, Orleans, Blois, Toms, Saumur, and
Kantes, falls into the bay of Blfcay, be-
low Paimboeuf.
Loire, Lower, a department of
France, containing part of the late pro-
vince of Bretagii^, It has its name from
the river Loire, vrhich form$ its s boun-
dary, and then falls into the bay of
Slfcay. Nantes is the capital.
Loire, Upper, a Uenartioent of
France, late the province of Vclay. It
takes its name trom the river Loire,
which riles near its i> bounchry. Puy is
the capital.
LoiRET, a department of France, htt
the province of Orleanuis. It hu« its
nnmc from a fmall river that falls into th«
Loire. Oikauii is the capital.
LoMOARDv, a part of Italy, whidi
comprehends almoit all the ancient CilaU
pine Gaul. It lies towiu'd the N, an4
IS divliied into the Upper and Lower,
Upuer Loinburdy> the weftem part, com-
prehends Piedmont, with its depeiidcii«
cies, and the duchies of Montferrot ami
Milan. Lower Lombardy, the eaftera
pait, contains Parma, Modena, Mantua,
Ferrara, the Bolognele, the territories of
the Church, the Paduan, Vicentino, Ve-
ronefe, Brefclano, Cremafco, and Ber«
gamo. In the prefent war, nearly th«
whole of tbefe provinces were overni*
by the French republicans, who not only
levied exorbitant contributions on tM
inhabitants, but alfo demandsd many of
their finelt piAures~ and Itatues, whidb
they tranfported to Pai'is.
LoMBEZ, a town of France, ,in th«
department of Gers and late province of
Gafcony, lately a bifhop^s lee. It U
feated on the Save, 27 miles sw of Tou<»
loufe. Lon. i o £, lat. 43 29 n.
Lomond, Ben, a great mountain, iiy
the N of Stirlingflure, about 3200 feet
above the level oi the lake, at its bottom.
It ftrctches along the £ iidc of Loch
Lomond 'i:veral miles } and its broad
bale extends fo far into the country, that
the afcent of this mountain, though Aeep,
is computed to be fix miles. Ptarmi-
gans, and other heath-fowls, frequent its
upper regions: its lower arc the haunts
of the roebuck j and herds of cattle fieed
in the irrieuous vallies at its baie.
From this ^fty mountain are ieen Loch
Lomond, the Clyde, the Forth, Edin-
burgh, the ealtcrn coall as far as the
Cheviot Fells, the Iflcs of Bute and
Arran, the rock of Allfa, Ireland, the
niount&in of Plynlimmon in Wales, the
Skiddaw in Cuiuberland, and the lulls far
beyond it.
Lomond, Loch, a beautiful lake iu
Dumbartonfhire, 28 miles long, and its.
breadth, from tht^e quarters of a mile,
incteafing to fcven miles. It contains 33
iflands j feveral of which are inhabite4,
and adorned with antique ruins, concealed
among ancient yews ; and others rife Into
high rocky clins, the habitation of the
ofprey, oi- fea eagle. The duke of
(•«
«.:(
!i:'M
li''<J
LO N
L O N
■T >
I
\\\
Montrofe hat a feat on the se corner of
it, where terminate the Grampian moun-
tain! j and on the w fidet where it is
broa<ie(t, is a Teat of the family of Luis,
Ikrccncd by mountains and ancient womis.
In 1755, when Lifbon was deftroyed by
an earthquake, this luke was exceedingly
agitated.
LoN, or LvNE. a river which rifes
in Wettmorland, and flowing by Kuby
LoniHale in that co\mty, falls into tlie
Iriih Sea, below Lancaller. Its banks
are beautiful and romantic.
London, the metropolis of Great
Britain, one of the largelt and mod opu-
knt cities in the work], mentioned by
Tacitus as a confidcrable commercial
place in the reign of Nero. In its molt
cxtenfive view, as the metroivilis, it
confifts of the City, properly lo called,
the city of Weftminller, and* the borough
of Southwark, befide the fubxirbs in
Middlefex and Surry, within what are
called the Bills of Mortality. London
and Weftminfter are in Middlefex, on the
H fide of the river Thames ; and South-
wark is on the oppofite bank, in Surry.
The extent of the whole, from Limehoufe
and Deptford to Milbank and Vauxliall,
it above feven miles; but the greateft
breadth docs not exceed threc^ The city
it divided into 26 wards, each govemed
by an alderman j and from the aldermen,
the lord mayor is annually cholcn.
There are likewife 236 common-council-
men, a recorder, a common-ferjeant, two
IherifFs (who are alio flieriffs of Mid-
dlefex) a chamberlain, a townclerk, a
city-nemembrancer, a water bailiiF, and
many inferior officers. Weftminfter, once
a mile from London, but now united to
it, is governed by a high fteward, who is
generally a nobleman, chofen by the dean
and chapter ; and he has an under fteward
who officiates for him. Next to him is
the high bailiff, chofen alfo by the dean
and chapter, whofe power refenibles that
of a (heriff. The luburbs are under the
jurifdi^tion of the magiftrates ; and thofe
«f Middlefex, befide the county-hall, on
Clerkenwell Green, have an office in
Bow-ftreet, long diftinguftied for public
fpirit and a£livity, and ievcn other public
offices. Southwark was long independent
of London, but Edward 111 granted it to
the city. It was then called the village
of Southwark j and afterward named the
bailiwic. In the reign of Edward vi, it
was formed into a twenty-fixth ward, by
the name of Bridge Ward Without.
On the death of the alderman of this
wd, hi is Succeeded by the next in lie-
nlority, to whatever ward he may belong ;
this ward being confidered at a fmecuic,
and confequently the molt nropcr t'or
«« the father of the city." The city has
likewife a high bailiff and (teward neic
Among the churches in the metropolis,
the cathedral of St. Paul, is the molt
conl'picuouii, and inferior to none in
Europe, except St. Peter's at Rome.
This noble fabric is now deftined to be
the receptablc of the monuments of fuch
illuftrious men, '\s may do honour to
their country by their talents and their
virtues. Two are already ereftedj the
firft, for that great philanthropiit Mr.
John Howard, and the fecond, for Dr.
Samuel Johnfbn. Weftminfter Abbey,
the collegiate church of St. Peter, is a
noble fpecimen of Gothic archite^ure.
Here moft of the Englifh fovtrcigns have
been crowned, and many of them interred.
It contains alfo a grrat number of monu*
ments of kings, ftarefmen, heroes, poets,
and perfons diftinguifhed by genius, learn-
ing, and fcience. The chapel of Henry
VII, adjoining, Leland calls The Wonder
of the World. St. Stephen's, in Walbrook,
is a church of exquifite interior beauty,
the malterpiece of fir Chrlftopher Wren.
Bow Church, in Cheapfide j St. Bride's,
in Fleet-ltreet } St. Dunftan's in the Eaft ;
and St. Martin's in the Fields, are
among the other churches moft diftin-
guifhed for fine architefture. The parifh
churches, in the Bills of Mortality,
amount to 14C ; namely, 97 within tne
walls, t6 without the walls, 23 out
parifhes in Middlefex and Surry, and 10
in the city and ilberties of Vyeftminfter.
Befide thele churches, is one belonging
to the Temple, a celebrated feat of law.
It was founded by the Knights Templars
in the reign of Henry ii, upon the model
of that of the Holy Sepulchre at Jcru-
falem. There are likewife a great num-
ber of chapels for the eftablifhed. church,
foreign proteltant churches, iioman ca-
tholic chapels, meetings for diilenters of
all perfuafions, and three lynagcgues for
the Jews. The royal palace of St. James'
is an ancient building, on the N fide of
a fmall park, mean in external appear-
ance } but the apartments are laid to be
the beft calculated for regal parade of any
In Europe. The royal town refidence is a
houfe at the w fide of St. James' park,
built by the duke of Buckingham, and
purchafed by the king in 1761, when it
received the appellation of the Queen's
Palace, but is ftill frequently called
Buckingham Houfe. Carltor /:!o4fe|the
lefiUence of the prince of ^^ u'.a, to the
L O N
J. O N
E of St. James' palace, is a ftatcly buIM-
ing, on which valt Turns have been tx-
pciided, but i! h not yet coinpletcel. The
Banqueting Houfe, at Whitehall, begun
in 16 1^, h only a i'mall pait of the vu(t
plan of a palace, inteivleil to bf wor tliy
of the refiaenc( of the Biitifli n;onaichs,
hut left incomplete. Jii-fide »he royal
palaces, there are many fine hu. k» of tlie
princes of the blood, ami of the iioiiiliry
aUkl gentry. Among the public build-
ings, which c:'n merely be enumerated
hiTe, arc Weftininitcr Hall, containing
the Aipiemc courts of julticc, ;md ad-
joining to which are the hou'e^ of loids
anil commons j the GuiUlhill oi the cityj
the Sertions Houfe in the Old B.uky ; the
Tower of London, an ancient forticls,
once a royal palace, now containing
fonie public onices, a niajrazine and
arelcnal, the regalia of the kingdom, the
mint, and a menagerie ; the Horfe
Guards, the Treafury, and the Admi-
ralty, at Whitehall j the noble collec!-] ion
of public offices which form that inagni-
rtcent Itrufhire called Somerlet I'late;
the Royal Exchange, in Cornhill ; the
Bank of England, in Threadneedle-lireet;
the Cullomhoul'e, in Thames-ltrcttj the
Excii'c OHice, in Broad-ftreet; the Ealf
India Houfe, in Lcadenhall-ltrcet ; the
South Sea Houl'c, in I'hroj^morton-Itreet}
the Manfion Houle for tue lord ijiayor;
the Montment, in commemoration of the
j^reat fire in 1666 j the ancient bridge,
called London bridge j and the two mag-
nificent modern bridges of Black-friars and
VVeltminfter. The Britilh Mulirum in
Great Ruflel-ftreet, Bloomfbury j and the
Leverian Mufeum, in Great Suny-Ureet,
are, perhaps, the noblelt of their kind
in Europe. The Inns of Court for the
ftudy of the law; the colleges, learned
focieties, and public leminaries ; the halls
of the different trading companies ; the
noble holpitais and other charitable in-
iHtutions; thepriibns; the public places
of diveriion ; with its fine fquares and
Itreets, are all too numerovs to be here
particularly mentioned. Such, on a
curloiy view of it, is the metropolis of
Great Britain, to tlie extent and opu-
lence of which many cauies have contri-
buted. From the opennel's of the
country round, efpeciaily on the Lon-
don fide, and a gravelly foil, it is
kept tolerably dry in all fcalcns, and
alfords no lodgment for Itagnant air or
water. Its ckanlinefs, as well as its
fupply of water, are greatly aided by its
fituation on the banks of the Thames;
*iii th« New River, with many gucd
fpringj within the city itfclf, further
tyntnbutfs to the abundance of th:it ne-
ctllaiy element. All f.hefe arc advantages,
with relpecl tc health, in which this
metropolis is exceeded by few. With
legard to the circumltance of navigation,
it is lb placed on the Thames, as to
pollifs every advantage that can be de-
rived fiom a leaport, without its dangers ;
and, at the lame time, by uieans of it*
noble river, enjoys a very cxlenfive com-
muiiica'.ion with the internal parts of
the country, which fupply it with ail
forts of necefiliries, and, in return, rtr-
ccive from it luch comnioditles as they
require. London is the ieat of many
confiderable manufactures ; Ibme almolt
peculiar to itlelf, otiieru in which it
participates with the manufafluring
towns u\ general. The moil important
of its peculiar manufaflures is the filk-
weaving, edabUdRd in Spitaliiclds by rc-
higtes iioni France. A variety of works
in gold, lii/er, and jewellery; the en-
graving- of prints; the making of op-
tical and mathematical inftrumcnts, a»e
likcwile principally 01 folely executed
here, and lome of them in greater pcr-
fci'^ion than in any other country. U'he
porter- brewery, a bufinels of very great
exttn*, IS alio chiefly carried on in London.
T:, its port are likcwi.e confined fome
branches of foreign commerce, as the
yalt Eaft India trade, and thole to
Turkey and Hudi'on's Bay. Thus
London has rilien to its prefent rank of
the firft city in Europe, with refpeil to
opulence ; and nearly, if not entirely fo,
as to number of inhabitants. Paris and
Conilantinople may diipute the latter
with it. Irs population, like that of all
other tf,wns, has been greatly overrated,
and is not yet exaftly determined ; but it
is probable, that the refidents in London,
Wcltminfter, and Soxithwark, and all the
out parifiies, fall fhort of 700,000.
London is a bifhop's fee, and fends four
njcmbers to parliament. To enumerate all
the events by which this great capital has
been difting^i filed, would greatly exceed
our limits: we fhallonly mention,therefore,
the great plague, in 1665, which cut off
90,000 people, and the dreadful conflagra-
tion, in 1666, by which 13,000 luiufes
were deltroyed. London is 165 miles
Nw of Paris, 180 W by s of Amfterdam,
and 264. SE of Dublin. Lat. 51 31 N.
London, New, a feaport in the ftate
of Coniicfticut, and county of New Lon-
don. Its haibour is the bcft in Connec-
ticut, and as c;ood as any in the United
States. It is oefended by tw« forts, and
1 <\
u ^t'm
'^' m
L O N
LOO
ftated on the Thames, near its entrance
into the Sound, 80 miles NE of New
York. Lon. 7a 45 w, lat. 4.1 15 N.
London, New, a town of the United
States, in Virginia, on James River.
LONDONDERRy, a enmity of Ireland,
in the province of Ulftcr, 32 miles long
and 30 broad } bounded on the w by
Donegal, on the N by the ocean, on the s
and s\v by Tyrone, and on the e by An-
trim. It contains 31 pariflies, and fends
eight members to parliament. It is a
fruitful champaign country ; and the
greater part of it was given by James i,
to an incorporated company of London
merchants. The linen mamifiClure tiou-
rifhes through evei*y part of it.
Londonderry, a handiome town of
Ireland, capital of a county of the fame
name. It is ftill furroundtd by walls,
and is remarkable for a long fiege it luf-
tained againft James 11, in 1689, till a
naval force from Englana, with fome
troops under general Kirke, broke the
boom acrols the harbour, and brought a
feafonablc . relief ; by which the enemy
were lb difpirlted, as to raife the ficge.
It is a modern place, built by a company
of London adventurers in the reign, of
iames I. The principal commerce of
.ondonderry is with America and the
Weft Indies. It contains 10,000 inha-
bitants, and is feated on the river Foyle,
over which a wooden bridge, 1068 feet
in length, and of fmgular and excellent
conftruftion, was ere£led in 1791. Lon-
donderry is four miles s of Lough Foyle,
and 104 NW of Dublin. Lon. 7 5 w,
lat. 55 4 N.
Longford, a coimty of Ireland, in
the province of Leinltcr, 25 miles long
and 1 6 broad ; bounded on the e md s
by W Meath, on the NW by Ltitrim,
i)n the NE by Cavjgi, and on the w by
the Shannon, which parts it from Rol"-
common. It is a rich and plenHmt coun-
try, contains 24 parifhes, and fends 10
members to parliament.
Longford, a borough of Ireland,
capitr.1 of a county of the fame name, 70
miles WNW of Dub'-n. Lon. 7 40 w,
lat. 53 48 N.
Long Island, an ifland of the ftate
of New York, Icparated from Conneiti-
cut by Long Ifland Sound, and divided
into three counties. It extends from the
city of New York e 140 miles, but is
not more than 10 broad on a mpdium.
Hence ai-e exported to the W Indies, &c.
whale oil, pitch, pine boards, horfes, cat-
tic, fl;ix-fced, btef, &C., The protluce of
the middle and weilcrn part^of tUc ifland«
particularly com, is carried to New
York. This ifland, in 179Z, contained
upward of 30,000 inhabitants.
Long Island Sound* a kind of In-
land fea, in N America, 25 miles broad
and 140 long, extending the whole length
of Long Ifland, and dividing it from
Conne6licut. It communicates with the
Atlantic at both ends of the ifland.
LoNGiNiCO, a town of the Morca,
anciently called Olympia, famous for be-
ing the place where the Olympic games
were celebrated, and for the temple of
Jupiter Olympius, about a mile diltant.
It is now a fniall place, feated on the
Alpheus, 10 miles from its mouth, and
50 9 of Lepanto. Lon. xz o E, lat. 37
40 N.
LoNGTOWN, a town in Cumberland,
with a market on Thurfday, feated on
the borders of Scotland, 12 miles n of
Carlifle, and 307 NNW of London. Lou.
3 50 vv, lat. 55 8 N.
LoNGUEViLLE, a town of France, in
the department of Lower Seine and late
province of Normandy, feated on a fmall
river, 23 miles N of Rouen.
LoNGWY, a town of France, in the
department of Mofelle and late duchy of
Lorrain, with a cattle. It is divided
into the Old and New Town, the latter
of which is fortified It was taken by
the king of Prufllia in, 1792, but retaken
two months after. It is feated on an
eminence, 15 miles s\v of Luxemburg,
and 167 NE of Paris. Lon. 5 58 e, lat.
49 30 N.
Lonsdale. See Kirby Lonsdale.
Lons-le-Saulnier, a town of
trance, in the department of Jura and
late province of Franche Comtt, with a
late abbey of noble Bernardines. It de-
rives its name from the fait fprjngs with
which it abounds, and is feated on the
Solvan, 30 miles ssw of Dole. Lon. 5
30 E, lat. 46 37 N.
Loo, a town of Dutch Guelderland,
where the prince of Orange had a fine
palace, eight miles w of De venter. Lon.
5 44 E, Tat. 52 20 N 3
Loop, East and West, two mear
boroughs in Cornwall, fcparated by ;>
creek, over which is a narrovy (tone
bridge. They fend together as many
members to parliament as London. The
market, held at Eatt Looe, is on Satur-
day. They are i6 miles vv of Plymouth,,
and 232 w by s of London. Lon. 4 36
w, lat. 50 23 N.
Lookout, Cape, a cape of N Caro-
lina, s of Cape Hatttjras, and pppofue
Core Sound I
•
LOR
LOR
LoOT^, a town of Germany, capital of
a county of the fame name, in the bi-
ihopric of Liege, 16 miles w of Maef-
tricht. Lon. 5 19 E, hit. 50 52 N.
LoPATKA, Cape, the s exiiemity of
the pLninlula. of Kamtfchatka. See Ku-
RILES.
Lor A, a town of Spain, in Aiulahifia,
on the river Guadalquiver, 28 miles ne
of Seville. Lon. 5 4 \v, lat. 37 46 N.
LoRA, a town of Upper S:ixony, in
the county of Hohenilein, 30 miles N of
Saxe Gotha. Lon. 10 55 E, lat. 51
30 N.
Lore, a town of Spain, in Granada,
19 miles N of Malaga. Lon. 4 35 w,
I,ir. 36 50 N.
LoRBUs, a town »)f the kingdom of
Tunis, with a caltle, and fine remains
of antiquity. It is feated in .a phin,
ilrtile in corn, 150 miles svv of Tunis.
Ix.ii. 9 o E, lat. 35 35 N.
LORCA, an aiicltnt town ©f Spain, In
Miircia, fcatal on -^n eminence, near the
ilv(.r Guadalantiu, 30 tulles \v of Car-
tiuigcena. Lun. t 37 w, lat. 37 44. N.
LoRCA, a town of Suabia, in the duchy
of Wii temburg. It had fornierly a very
rich abbey, wnofe revenues now belong
to the univerfity of Tubingen. It is
Hated on the Remms, 20 miles Nw of
I.ilingen.
Lord Howe's Group, an extenfive
group of illands iq the S Pacific Ocean,
dilcovered, in 1791, by captain Hunter,
who diltiniSlly dti'cried 32 of them, fome
of confiderable extent. They appeared
thickly covered with wood, amonsj which
the cocoa-nut was very diitlnguirtiable.
Nine of the natives came near the fliip, in
a canoe, which was about 40 feet long,
l)adly made, and had an outrigger. They
were a (tout, clean, well-made people, of
:i dark copper colour j their hair tied in a
knot on the back of the head j and they
appeared as if clean-lhaved. They had
:in ornament, confifting of a number of
fringes, like an artificial beard, which
w;is faftencd dole under tlie nofe ; and to
this beard hung a row of teeth, wh'ch
yave them rhe appearance of having a
mouth lower than their natural one.
They had holes run through the fides of
the nofe Into the palTage, into which, as
well as through tne feptuni, were thruft
pi^'ces of reed or bone. The arms and
thighs were tatfowed, and fonic were
pinted with red and white ftreaks.
r'ey wore a wrapper round their mid-
dle. Lon. from 159 14 to 159 37 E, lat.
5 30 S. „ ^
LodD Howe's Island, an iHand of
the S Pacific Ocean, difcover.d. In t7?8,
by lieutenant King, in his voyage from
Port Jacklbn to iSorfolk lUund. Mauy
excellent turtle have been caught here on
a I'andy beach j and it -abounds with a
variety of birds, which were lb unaccuf-
tomcd to be dlihirbed, that the Icamen
went near enough to knock down as
many as they wanted with a (tick. At it«
s end are two high u-.ountalns, nearly per-
pendlcidar from the lea ; the louthcra-
molt named Mount Gower. About 14
mil^s to the s is a remarkable rock,
named Ball's Pyramid, which had much
the apnearance of a Iteeple at a diltance.
The illand is three miles and a half Lng,
and very narrow. Lou. 159 o E, lat.
31 36 s.
LoREDO, u town of Italy, in Pokfino
di Kovigo, feated on the Atlige, 20 niiLs
£ of Kovigo. Lon. 12 50 e, lat. 45
5 N.
Loretto, a fortified town of Italy,
in the marquifate oi Ancona, with a bi-
(liop's lee. It contains the Cala Santa,
or Iloule of Nazareth, in which it is
pretended Jefus Chrilt was brought up ;
and that it was carried by angels iiitq
Dalmatia, and thence to the place vvheie
it now (lands. The inner part of this
houfe or chapel is very old j but it is
j'unounded by a marble wall, and witiiin
is a church, built of freeftone. The
famous lady of Loretto, who holds the
infant Jefus in !ier arms, (tands upon the
principal altar: this llatue is ot cedar
wood, three feet high, but her face can
hardly be leeu, on account of the n\\-
merous lamps around her. She is clolheJ
with cloth of gold, fet off with jewels,
and the little Jefus is covered with a
fliirt. He holds a globe in his hand, and
is adomed with rich jewels. There arc
prodigious nuiubers frequently go in j)il-
grlmage to Loretto j and every pilgrim,
alter having performed his devotion,
makes the Virgin a prefent proportion-.
able to his ability} whence it may be
concluded, that this chapel 'n imirienfely
rich. Chriltina, queen of Sweilen, made
the Virgin a prefent of a crown of gold,
worth 1 00,000 crowns j and Ifabella, in-
fanta of Spain, fent her a garment which
colt 40,000 ducats. Lewis xiii of
France, and bis queen, lent her two
crowns of gold, tnrlchtd with diamonds,
and an angel of malTy lilver, hclding in
his hand the figure of t.e dauphin, of
folid gold. The town itfelf, exclufive
ot the chapel, Is neither confiderable noir
agreeable j nor does it contain above 300
kUi'^bitanjs, who are £iltr>ult all ihok-
i,v
.■ i-i
Vi'V v,-!.tS
ml
^ t
:l'^.
\ ■ mi
LOT
makers, tailors, or fellers dF cr rpiets. It
is i'eated on a mountain, tlnce rnilcs from
the gulf of Venice, 12 sk of Ancona,
and iiz NE of Roint. J-m. 13 38 e>
lat. 43 27 N.
LORGUES, a populous town of France, Agen is the capital
LOU
its name from the river Lot. Cahors Is
the capital.
Lot and Garonne, a department of
France, including part of the late province
of Guienne, and fo called from two rivers.
in the department of Var mid late pro^
vince of Provence, feated on the Argens,
live miles w by s of Draguignan, and
360 s hy F. of Paris. Lon. 6 27 E, lat.
43 30 N'-
Lorn, a diltrift in the N part of Ar-
gyleOiirc, between Loch Etive and Loch
Awe.
Lothian, East. See Haddington-
shire.
Lothian, Mid. See Edinburgh-
shire.
Lothian, West. See Linlith-
gowshire.
LoUANs, a fmall town of France, in
tilt department of Saone and Loire and
LoRRAiN, a late province of France, late province of Burgundy, fiiuate in j.
bounded on the n by Luxembtu'g and
Treves, on the e by All'ace and Deux-
Poitts, on the s by Franche Comtc, and
on the w '^v Champagne and Bar. It is
100 miles in length and 75 in breadth,
and I'.bounds in all forts of corn, wine,
hemp, tlax, and rape-feed. There are
fine meadows and large forefts, with mines
ot iron, filvcr, and copper, and falt-pits.
The principal rivers are the Maeie or
Meufc, the Moielle, the Seille,the f^ Icurthe,
and the Sare. In 1733, the French con-
quered Lorrain ; and, at the peace in
1735, it was agreed, that Stanillaus, the
titular king of ]*oJand, father-in-law to
the king of France, fhould poflefs this
duchy with that of Bar, imd that after
his death they (hould be united to France.
It was alfo agreed, that Francis Stephen,
duke of Lorrain, and the emperor's Ibn-
in-law, fhould have the grand duchy of
Tufcany as an equivalent for Lorrain.
After the death of the ^rcat duke of
Tufcany, in 1737, king Stanillaus and
kind of ifland, between the rivers Seillts,
Salle, and Solnan, 18 miles SE of Cha-
lons.
LounuN, a town of France, in the
departnitnt of Vienne and late province
of Poitou. It is remarkable for the tra-
gical end of its reiSlor, Urbain Granditr,
who, in 1634, was burnt alive for having
caufed certain Urfulin nuns to be pwl-
fefled with devils ! It is feated on a moun-
tain, 30 miles Nw of Poitiers, and 155
svv of Paris. Lon. o 17 E, lat. 47 2 N.
Loughborough^ a town in Leicef-
ter/hire, with a market on Thuriday. It
is feated near the foreft of Charwood,
among fertile meadows, on the river Soar,
18 miles N of Luicetter, and 109 nnw of
London. Lon. i 10 w, lat. 52 48 n.
Louisa, a town of Swcdifli Finland,
with a fortrefs, on a bay of the gulf of
Finland. The houfes are all ot wood,
two ftories high, and painted red.
Louisbtjr'gh, a town of N America,
capital of the illand of Cape Breton. It
the duke of Lorrain took polftirion oi was taken by the Englilh i.* 1745, rc-
their refpeftive dominions} and the cef- Itored to the,French in 1745, taken again
fion was confirmed and guarantied by a by the Englifli in 1758, and ceded to
treaty in 1738. This province now them in 1763; fmce which the fortifica-
forms the three departments of Meurthe, tions have been deftroyed. It has an cx-
MoCelle, and the Vofges. cellent harbovr, near four leagues in cir-
LORRicH, a fmall tows of Germany, cumfercnce. Lon. 59 48 w, lat. 45 54 N.
in the diltrlct of Rheingau, :b:i:ed on the Louisiana, a large country of N
E fide of the Rhine, eight miles N\v of America, bounded on the e by the Mif-
Bingen. fifllppi, on the s by the gulf of Mexico,
LoRRis, a town of France, in the de- on the w by New Mexico, and running
partment of Loiret and latv; province »)f indefinitely N. It is agreeably fituatc
Orleannois. It was the refidence of Plii- between the extremes of heat and cold;
Up the Long, in 1317, and of other kings its climate vaiying as it extends toward
ot France. It is 15 miles vv by s cf the n. The timber is as fine as any in
Montargls. the world j and the quantities of oak,
Lot, a river of France, wliich rifes in aih, mulberry, walnut, cherry, cypreli,
the department of Lozere, and water- and cedar, are aftonifhing. The neigh-
ing Mtndc and Cahors, enters the Ga- bourhocd of the Miflitfippi, belides, tur-
ronne, below Agen. It begins to be na- nifties the richell fruits in great variety,
vigable at Cahors. The foil is particularly adapted for hemp,
Lot, a department of France, includ- flax, and tobacco ; and indigo is a ttaple
ing the late |»roYinc« of Querci. It takte commodity, which commonly yiekls the
LOU
LOW
planter three or foui cuttings a year. It
IS interlefted by a number of fine rivers,
among which are the Natchitoches, and
the Adayes, or Mexicano. This coim-
try was difcovered by Ferdinand de Soto,
in 1541 J traverfed by M. de la Salle,
in i68z ; and fettled by Lewis XIV, in
the beginning of this century. In 1763,
it was ceded to Spin.
Louisville, a wn of Kentucky* in
the county of Jeftei m. Its unhcalthi-
nefs, owing to ftagnar.d waters at the
back of the town, has hitherto retarded
its growth. It is fcated on the Ohio,
oppofite Clarkrville, 95 miles sw of Lex-
ington. Lon. 86 30 \v, lat. 38 3 N.
Loui-TCHEOU-FOi;, a city of China,
in the province of Quang-tong. Its ttr-
ritory is fcparaied, by a narrow Itrait
only, from the ille ol' Hai-nan. It is
315 miles sw of Canton.
LouiTZ, a town of Great Poland, in
the palatinate of Rava, 55 miles E of
Gnelha. Lon. 19 o E, lat. 52 26 n.
Lou-NGAN-FOU, a city of China, in
the province of Chan-fi, fituate near the
fource of the Tfo-tfang-ho, and cojitain-
ing eight cities of the third ciai's in its
juriidtclion. It is 375 miles sw of
Pekin.
LouNC, Loch, a great arm of the
fea, in Argylefhire, which communi-
cates, on the s, with the frith of Clyde.
LouRDE, a town of France, in the
department of the Upper Pyrenees and
late province of Bigorre, with an ancient
caftle, feated on a rock, on the Gave de
Pau, 10 miles NW of Bagneres. Lon. o
5 w, lat. 43 8 N,
Louth, a county of Ireland, in the
province of Leintter, 29 miles long and
13 broad ; bounded on the N by Ar-
magh and Carlingford Bay, on the e by
the Iri(h Sea, on the w by Monaghan
and E Mcath, from which laft county it
is parted, on the s by the Boyne. It is
a fruitful country, contains 50 pariHies,
and fends 10 members to parliament.
Drogheda is the capital.
Louth, a town of Ireland, in a
county of the fame name, 19 miles N by
W of Drogheda.
Louth, a corporate town of Lincoln-
ftiire, with a market on Wedncfday and
Saturday. Here is a noble Gothic church,
with a lofty fpire, and a freefchool found-
ed by Edward vi. It has a new naviga-
tion, by means of its brook, the Lud,
to the German Ocean, at Tetney Creek.
It is 28 miles ne of Lincoln, and 14.8
N of LondoH. Lon. • 10 e« lat. 53
2i N,
LOUVAIN, a city of Aultrlan Bra-
bant, with an old caftle, and a cele-
brated univerfity. Its walls are nearly
feven miles in circumference, but within
them are many gardens and vineyards.
The ))ublic buildings are magnificent,
and the univerfity coniifts of a great num-
ber of poUeges. Large quantities of cloth
were foiineily made here, but this trade
is greatly decayed, awd it is now chiefly
remarkable for good beer, with which it
lerves the neighbouiitig towns. It was
taken by the French in 1746, 1792, aiid
1794' It ia feated on the Dyle, 14 miles
£ by N of BrulVcls, and 40 NE of Mons.
Lon, 4 31 E, lat. 50 53 N.
Louvestein, a tortrefs of the United
Provinces, in Holland, on the w crlU of
an iiland, called Bommel Waeit. In this
calllc, the patriotic chiefs were imprilbned
by prince Maurice ; whence that party
has ever fmce been called the Louvcf-
tein party. It is 16 miles E of Dort.
Lon. 5 13 E, lat. 50 40 N.
Lou viERS, a fortified town of France,
in the department of Eure and late pro-
vince of Nonnandy. It has a confider-
able manufaiElure of fine cloths, and is
feated on the Eure, in a fertile plain, 10
miles N of Evreux, and 55 NV/ of Paris.
Lon. I 15 E, lat. 49 ON.
I.ouvo, a populous town of the king-
dom of Siain, with a royal palace, 50
miles N of the city of Siam. Lon. 100
50 E, lat. 15 8 N,
LowDORE, a fine cataraft In Cimiber-
land, on tlie E fide of the lake of Der-
went- water, in the vale of Kefwick . It
is formed by the rulhing of the waters of
Watanlath through an awful chafm made
by the contiguity of two valt rooks ; but
it fails entirely in adryfealbn.
Lowes roFFE, a town in Suffolk, with
a market on Wednefday. It is built oji
a cliff, the molt ealterly point of Great
Britain ; partakes with Yarmouth in the
mackerel and herring fifherie«; is much
frequented for fea-bathing ; and has a
manufacture of coai'le china. It is 10
miles s of Yarmouth, and 1 17 ne of Lon-
don. Lon. 1 55 E, lat. 52 35 N.
Lowes-Water, a lake in Cumber-
land, one mile long and a quarter of a
mile broad. It is of no great depth, and
witlijout char ; but it abounds with pike
and perch. In oppofition to all the other
Ir.kw's, it has its courfe from N to s, and,
under the lofty Mellbreak, falls into Cro-
mack-water.
Lowicz, a populous town of Poland,
in the palatinate of Rava, with a lironjf
lortrefs^ leated on the Bzura, zi nii«g •
fsMS
11 \j
L U B
LUC
i ^
: !,!
n
i i
'■i
II
i'
I
of Plockflco, anr^ 30 n of Rava. Lon. 19
29 E, lut. 52 24 N.
Low-Layton, a village in F.fiex,
which, with that of Laytonltonc, forms
one pariHi, on the flcirts of Ep|)ir.[jf Forcit.
Here ire fome reinairik of a Roman Na-
tion : feveral foundations, with Roman
bricks, and coins, having been founii
near the manor houfe ; and fome urns,
with afhes In them, have been duij \i\t iu
the churchyard, and other parts. It is
fix milts NE of London.
LoxA, a confiderable town of Spain,
in Grannda, feated in a feftile comitry,
on the river Xenil, 18 miles w of Gra-
nada. Lon. 3 5a \v, lat. 37 15 N.
LoXA, a town of Peru, in the province
of Quito, ioo miles ene if Paita. Lon.
77 10 w, lat. 4 50 s.
LovTZ, a town of, 'Pomerania, in the
eotmty of Gutzlcbw, ftated on the Pene,
30 miles above the city of Gutzkow.
LozERK, a department of Fr.ance, in-
cluding the late province of Gevaudan.
It is a mountainous barren country, and
receives its n mie fn)m one of its princi-
pal mountains. Mcnde is the capital.
LuBAN, a town of the Ruillan govern-
aiient of Livonia, 70 miles e of Riga,
ion. 26 36 E, lat. 56 55 N.
Lubansken-Sea, or the Lake of
LuBAN, a lake in Livonia, toward the
confines of Couvland and Lithuania. The
river Kofitta falls into this lake.
LuBBEN, a town of Germany, in
Lower Lufatia, capital of a diftri6l of the
fame nai.ie. It has leveral churches, with
a noble hofpital, and a landlioule, orhoufe
where the dicrs^iirembie. It is feated on
thi: Spree, (^>o miles SE of Berlin. Lon.
14 z5 £, lat. 52 o N.
LUBEC, a free imperial city and fea-
port of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of
HoUtein. It was the head of the fa-
mous hanfeatic league, formed here in
1164, and the molt commercial city and
powerful republic of the North. Her
neet fet the northern powers at defiance,
and rode miftrefs of the Brdtic. But it
now retains not a fliadow of its former
power, and has lolt great part of its
trade. The houCes are built in a very
Hncient Ityle 5 the doors being fo large as
to udniii; carriages into the hall, which
frequently fervcs for a coachhouie ; and
the walls of many houfes bear the date
of the 1 5th century. The townhoufe is
a fuperb ftruf^nre, and has feveral tow-
ers. Here is alfo a fine exchange, built
in 1683. The inhabitants are ail Lu-
•tjicrans, and the chiel' preacher has the
ink oi buperiiitendaut, Therg- are five
large churt.ies, one of which Is the ca-
thedral, whofe body is of an extraordinary
kngth, containing feveral curiofities ;
fuch as a handfome ftatue of the vir^^ln
Mary, a curious clock, and a prodigiotis
l.uge orgnn. There were tonnerly lo\ir
c( nvents ; and in tliat of St. John, thtic
are ftill Iwi.ie prote'tant ^,\rh, under ihv
govcinnient of an alihcis. That of St.
N I ary Magdalen is trrned into an hoijii-
tal • that of St. Ann ib made a hoxife of
correftlon j and the monaltery ot St. Ca-
therine is now a handfome college. Lu-
bec is feated at the confluence of fome
rivers, the iargtft of which is thv; Travc,
14 miles sw of the Baltic, and 30 ne of
Hamburg. Lon. 10 44 E, lat. 53 52 K.
LuBEC, Bishopric of, a fniall
blfhoprlc, in the duchy of Holftein. It
has been enjoyed by proteftant princes of
the houit of Holftein, ever fince is^Ji,
when Lutheranilm was eftabllfhed heie.
LuBfC, an illand of the Indian Ocean.
Lon. 113 22 E, lat. 5 50 s.
LUBEN, a town of Silefia, capital of a
circle of the fame name, in the principa-
lity of Lignitz, 22 miles Nwof BrelluH.
Lon. 16 2S E, lat. 51 20 N.
Lublin, a city of Poland, capital of a
palatinate of the fame name, with a cita-
del, a biftiop's fea, and a Jewifli fyna-
gogue. It is feated on the Weiprz, 75
miles SE of Warfaw. Lon. 22 45 e,
lat. 51 14 N.
LuBOvv, a town of Poland, in the pa-
latinate of Cracov', 50 miles SE of Cra-
cow. Lon. 20 36 E, lat. 49 36 N.
Luc, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Var and late province of Pro-
vence, 25 miles NE of Toulon. Lon. 6
25 E, lat. 43 28 N.
Luc, a town of France, in the de-
partment of I fere and late province of
Dauphiny, feated on the Drome, 32 miles
s of Grenoble. Lon. 5 48 Ej, lat. 44
40 N.
Lucar-de-Barameda, St. a fea-
port of Spain, in Andalufia, with a bi-
fliop"s fee. It has a fine harbour, well
defended ; and is feated at the mouth of
the Guadidqviiver, 44 miles s by w of Se-
ville and 270 of Madrid. Lon. 5 54 W,
lat. 36 58 N.
Lucar-de-Guai>iana, St. a ftrong
town of Spaiji, in Andalafia, with a
fmall harbour on the river Guadiana, 39
miles NE of Faro. Lon. 8 16 w, lat. 37
18 N.
LucARi a-Mayor, St. a town of
Spain, in Andalufia, leated on the Guadi-
ana, 10 miles Nw of Seville. Lon. 5
33 >v, lat. 37 36 N,
LUC
LUC
Lucca, a republic of Italy, lying on
the Tufcan Sea. It is 20 miles in length
and 10 in breadth. The foil does not
produce much com ; but there is plenty
of wine, oil, filk, wool, and cheftnuts.
Their oil, in particular, is in high efteem j
and the common people ufually cat cheft-
nuts inftead of bread. It is under the
proteclion of the emperor, and the goveni-
ment is ariftocratic. The head of this
republic has the name of gonfalonier, who
has the executive power, together with a
council of nine members, who are changed
every two months j but the le^tilative au-
thority is lodged in a fenate of zoo of the
principal perfons, who ballot for the
choice of all officers.
LuecA, a fortified city of Italy, ca-
pital of a r^oublic of the ran*e name. It
IS three miles in circumfe* c'nce, and an
archbifliop's fee. Here aij confiderable
manufactures of filk, and gold and Hlver
ftuffs. All travellers are obliged to leave
their arms at the city gate, and none are
fuffered to wear a fword in the town.
Lucca Is feated In a fruitful plain, near
the river Serchio, 10 miles NE of Pifa, 37
w of Florence, and 1 55 N by w of Rome.
Lcn. 10 35 E, lat. 43 50 N.
Luce, a great bay in Wigtonfliire, ly-
ing to the E of the promontory, called the
Mull of Gajloway.
LucERA, an ancient to\vnof the king-
dom of Naples, in Capitanata, with a bi-
/hop's fee, 30 miles s\v of Manfredonia,
and 65 NE of Naples. Lon. 15 34E,
lat. 41 28 N.
LucERN, one of the cantons of Swlf-
ftrbnd, and the moft confiderable except
Zuric and Bern. It is 30 miles in length
and ao In breadth ; bounded on the e by
the cantons of Underwalden, Schweitz,
and Zug, and on all thejother fides, by the
canton of Bern. The inhabitants are
Roinan catholics ; and they can fend
T 6,000 men into the field. The govern-
ment of this republic is entiicly arifto-
cratical, or rather oligarchical. The fo-
vereign power refides in the council of one
hundred, comprifing the fenate, or little
council. The former is the nominal fo-
vereign; but the whole power refides in
the latter, confifting of 36 perfons, who
are formed Into two divifions, which ex-
ercifr the oflice by rotation. The divi-
fion which retires at the end of fix months
confirms that which comes Into office;
and as the vacant places in the I'enate are
filled up by Its own body, the power rts-
nuins In the poflelHon ot a few patrician
families. The fenatorial dignity, more-
over, may be confidered, In fome degree,
as hereditary ; the Ion generally fucceed-
ing his father, or the brother his brother.
The chiefs of the republic are two ma-
giftrates, callcil advoyers, who arc cho-
ien from the lcn:\te by the fovereign, and
annually conluiiv-d.
LucERN, the capital of the canton of
Luceni, in tiwineil md. It is divided Into
two b) a branch of the Rf ufs, which falls
into tlie lake, on which the town is Icat-
ed. It fcarcely contains 3000 inhabi-
tants, has no manufactures of confe-
tjuence, and little commeice. The pope
has always a nuncio refident here. In
the cathedral is an organ of a fine tone,
and of an extraordinary fize ; the centre
pipe is 40 feet in length, near three in
breadth, and weighs iioo pounds. The
biitlgcs which ikirt the town, roimd the
edi'c of the lukt, are t!ie fa/hionable
walk of the pKice, and ren-.arkable for
their length. Being covtKd at tit- top,
and optn at the fides, they afford a con-
ttant view of the delightful and romantic
country. They are decorated with coarfe
paintings, reprefenting the hiftories of
the Old Teltanunt, the battles of the
Swifs, and the dance of death. Lucern
is 30 miles sw of Zuric, and 3_ e of
Bern. Lon. 8 6 E, lat. 47 5 N.
LucERN, Lake of. See Wald-
ST^TTER See.
Lucerna, a town of Italy, in Pied-
mont, 15 miles sw of Turin. Lon. 7
38 E, lat. 44 52 N.
LucHEN, a town of Spain, In Valen-
cia, 30 miles s of the city of that name.
Lon. o 10 E, lat. 38 53 n.
Lucia, St. one of the Windward
Caiibbee Ifiands, in the W Indies, z%
miles in length and 21 in breadth. It
confirts of plains well watered with rivu-
lets, and hills furnilhed with timber; and
has feveral good bays, and commodious
harbours. George i granted this ifland
to the duke of Montague, who fettled it j
but the colony was not prolperous ; and
difputes arifing betwten the French and
liiiglifh, it was agreed that the ifland
fhould be abandoned, and confidered as
one of the neutral illands. By the peace
of 1763, it was Itipulatcd, that the neu-
tral ifiands fhould be divided between the
two crowns, and St. Lucia was allotted
to I'rancc. In 1779, it was taktn by
the Englifli, but reftoied by the peace of
1783; was taken again In 1794; evacu-
ated in June 1795, and again taken in
May i79'>. There arc two high moun-
tains, by which this ifland may be known
Z4
\k
'■m
■Jf'V
1
III
1
,m
'1
I
1
1
i
', 1
Is
t
Wmt,
j
ij
aUjll
i
wKat
I
1
'Ji<
:)!■
LUC
%t * eonfiderable diftance. It i« ii miles
6 of Martinico. Lon. 6o 45 w, lat. 13
»5 K.
Lucia, St. one of the Cape At Vtrd
Jflands, 400 niiloi iv of the conti-
jifnt of Africa. Lon. 24 31 w, lat. i6
45 N-
LuciGMANo, a town of Italy, in Tiif-
cany, 10 miles scf bienna. Lon. 11 he,
lat. 43 o N.
Luck NOW, an ancient and extenfivc
city of Hindcoft.'.n Proper, capital of
Oiide. It is meanlv built ; tlic huul'ts
are chiefly mud walls, covered with thatch j
many are entirely of mata and hamboos,
thatched with leaves of the cocoa-nut,
palm-tree, and ibmetinies with Itraw j
and very few are built with brick : the
ftreets are crooked, narrow, and worle
than moft in India. In the diy fealbn,
th.c dul^ and heat are intolerable ; in the
rainy feafon, the mire is fo r* tep, ao to be
fcarcely paflable ; and there is a great
number of elephants, belonging to the
nabob and the great men of his court,
which are continually pafling the ftreets,
either to the palace, or to the river, to the
great danger and annoyance of the foot
paflenger, as well as the inferior clafs of
jhopkeepers. The comforts, cohveniency,
or property of this clafs of people are, in-
<leed, little attended to, either by the
great men or their fervants ; the elcpiiant
itfelf being frequently known to be infi-
nitely more attentive to them as he pafles,
and to children in particular. The pa-
lace of the nabob is Itiated on a high bank
near the Goomty, and commands an ex-
tenfive view both of that river and the
country on the eaftern fide. Lucknow is
650 miles NW of Calcutta. Lon. 81 25 e,
Jat. 26 35 N,
LucKO, a town of Poland, capital of
Volhinia, with a citadel, and a bi/liop's
fee, feated on the Ster, 75 miles ne of
iemburg, and 175 se of Warfuw. Lon.
as 30 E, hit. 51 13 N.
Luco, a town of J>Iaples, in Abruzzo
Citeriorc, ftated on the w bank of the
lake Celano.
LugoN, or Luzon, a town of France,
in the department of Vendee and late pro-
vince of Poitou, and lately an epilcopal
fee. It is feated in an unwholelome mo-
rals, 17 miles N of R chelle, and 50
s of Nantes. Lon. i 5 w, lat. 46 27 n.
LucoNiA, or Manilla, thi- chief of
the Philippine Illands, in the N Pacify,
Ocean, 400 miles in length and i©o in
breadth. Jt is not lb hot as may be ex-
{ jelled, becauTe it is well watered by large
akes and rivers, and the periodical rains.
L U D
which inundate all the plains. There art
J(.ver;d volcanos in the mountains, which
occafinn earthquakes ; and a variety of
hot baths. The produce of this illaiid is,
wax, cotton, wild cinnamon, fulpliiir, co-
coa-nuts, rice, gold, horl'eu, buffaloes,
and game. Philip ll, of Spain, tormaj
a fcheme of planting a colony in the Phi-
lippine Idandb, which had been negle6lcd
fmce the diicovei-y of them by Magelbn,
in 1 52 1. Manilla, in this illand, was
the Itationchofen for the capital of the new
eitabliflnnent. FJence an aftive commer-
cial intercourfe began with the Chinefe,
a eonfiderable number of whom fettled in
the Philippine Iflands, under the Spanifli
pioteRion. Thefe fupplicd the colony fo
amply with all the valuable productions
and manufaflures of Afia, as enabled it
to open a trade with America, by a direft
courfe of navigation, the longeft from
land to land on our globe. This trade,
at Hrft, was carried on with Callao, oq
tl'.e coaft of Peru ; but it was afterward
removed to Acapulco, on the coaft of
New Spain. From this jiort annually fail
one or two (hips, which are permitted to
carry out filver to the amount of 500,000
crowns, in return for which they bring
back from M: »!Ua fpices, drugs, China
and Japan wares, calicoes, chintz, muf •
lins, filks, &c. The inhabitants are a
mixture of feveral nations, beHde Spani.
ards J and they all produce a mixed breed,
diftir..Tl from any of the reft. The blacks
have long hair, and good features ; and
there is one tribe, who prick their Ikins,
and draw figures on them, as they do in
moft other countries where they go na.
ked. See Manilla.
LuDERSBVRC, a town of Lower Sax-
ony, in the duchy of Lawenbuig, feated
on the Elbe, five miles above the tpwn of
Lawcnburg.
LuDGERSitALL, a bsrough in Wilt.-
fliire, that lends two members to pailia..
ment, but has now no market. It i$
15 miles N of Salifbury, and 71 N by
w of London. Lon, 1 43 \v, lat. 5;
17 N.
LVDLOW, a borough in Shropfhire,
with a market on Monday. Hwe a court
is held for the marches of Wales j and it
is encompaffed by a wall, having fevcn
gates. It has likewise a caftle, where all
bufinefs was fonnei ly traufafled for the
principality of Wales ; and a ftately
church, formerly collegiate. It fends two
members to parliament, and is feated on
the Tame, 29 miles s of Shrewlbury, and
138 NW of London. Luo. a 42 Wj Ut«
5a 23 N.
L U N
L U P
Lugano, a town of Swifll-rland, capi-
tal of a bailiwic of the iUme name, which
js the principal of the four tranfalpine
bailiwics. It is built round a gentle
curve of the lake of Lugano, and backed
by an amphitheatre of hills. It is the
emporium of the greatejf part of the
jncrchandife, which pufl'es irom Italy over
the St. Gothard, or the Bernardin. It
contains 8000 inhabitants ; and on an
eminence above the town, is the principal
church, which has a delightful proljK:(5l
from its terrace. Molt ol the houfcs are
built of tufstone j and the refidence of
the governor is a low building, on the
walls of which are the arms of 1 2 can-
tons to which this bailiwic is fubjefl j for
the canton of Appenzel has no jurildic-
tjon over it. It is 17 miles NW of Como.
Lon. 8 48 E, lat. 45 54 N.
Lugano, a lake of Swifll-rland, on
the Italian fide of the Alpsj It is 25
niiles in length and from two to four
in breadth; its form irregular, and bend-
ing into continual linuofities. It lies
about 190 feet higher than the lakes
Como ^nd Locarno.
Lugo, an ancient city of Spain, in
Galicia, with a biftiou's lee. There aie
fprings in this city boiling hot. It is
feated on the Minho, 32 miles SE of
M-jndonnedo, and 60 s w of Oviedo. Lon.
8 52 w, lat. 4; 46 N.
LuLA, a town of Swedifl) Lapland, at
the mouth of the Lula, on the W fide of
the gulf of Bothnia, 42 miles s w of Tor-
;iea. Lon. 22 10 e, lat. 65 29 N.
Lund, the molt ancient town of Swe-
den, capital of Schonen, with an arch-
bilhopric, and a univerfity. It contains
fcarcely more than 800 houfes, carries on
but little trade, and is principally funport-
ed by its univerfity, tounded by Charles
XI, and from him called Academia Caro-
lina Gothorum. Here likewife is a Royal
Phyfiographical Society, incorporated by
the king in 1778. The cathedral is an
ancient irregular building. It is 20
miles SE of Landj'crona, and 225 s\v of
Stockholm. Lon. 13 26 e, lat. 55 35 n.
LuNDEN, a town of Lower Saxony,
in the duchy of Holfteiti, ftiated near the
Eyder, 36 miles NNW of Gluckftadt.
Lon. 9 20 E, lat. 54 26 N.
LuNDY, an ifland in the mouth of the
priftol Channel, near the middle, between
Devonlhiie and Pembrokefliiic. Lon. 4
13 w, lat. 51 ^s N.
LuNE. See Lon.
LuNEL, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Gard and late province of
Languedoc* near the river Ridourle. It
produces excellent mufcadine wine, and is
16 miles E of Montpellicr. Lon. 4 19 e,
lat. 43 38 N.
Lunenburg, a duchy ef Germany, in
the circle of Lower Saxony, fubjecl to the
cleftor of Hunover. Including Zell, it
is bounded on the n by the Elbe, wljlch
leparates it from Holllein and Lawen-
burg, on tlie E by the marquilate of
BrandenlMUg, on tlie s by the ducliy of
Brunfwick, and on the \v by the duchies
of Bremen and Weitphalia. It is 100
miles in length and 70 in breadth; wa-
tered by the rivers AUer, F:lbe, and II-
menau. Part of it is full of heaths and
forefts, which abound with wild boai'sj
but near the rivers it is pretty fertile.
Lunenburg, a fortified town of
Lower Saxony, capital of a duchy of the
lame name. The chief public edifices
are three parifii churches, the ducal pa-
lace, three hoipitals, the townhouie, the
fait magazine, the anatomical theatre, the
academy, and the conventual church of
St. Michael, in which are interred the
ancient dukes ; it alfo contains a famous
table, eight feet long and four wide>
plated over with chaled gold, and the rim
embelli/hed with precious Rones, of an
immenfe value, which was taken from the
Saracens by the emperor Otho; but, in
1698, a gang of robbers ftripped it of
200 rubies and emeralds, a large diamond,
and moft of the gold. The fait fprings
near this place produce great quantities
of fait, which bring in a good revenue to
the fovereign, and chiefly employ the in-
habitants. Lunenburg is feated on the
Ilmenau, 31 miles SE of Hamburg, aid
60 N of Brunfwick. Lon. 10 31 e, lat.
53 *6 N.
LuNERA, a mountain of Italy, between
Naples and Puzzoli. It contains much
fuiphur and alum.; and the fprings that
rili; from it are excellent for curing
wounds.
LuNEViLLE, a confiderable town of
France, in the department of Meurthe and
lute duchy of Lorrain, with acaftle, where
the dukes formerly kept their court, as
did afterward king Staniilaus. It is now
converted into barracks. The church of
the late regular canons is very handfome;
and here Staniilaus founded a military
fchool, a large library, and a fine hofpi-
tal. It is feated in a plain, on the rivers
Vezouze and Meurthe, 12 miles sE of
Nanci, and 62 w of Stralburg. Lon. 6
35 E, lat. 4S 36 N.
Lupo Glavo, a town of Auftrian
Iftria, feated near the mountains of Vena,
i^ miles w of St. Veit.
\'.l
' ("■•■■■■
i«3t
S,f fl
it
L U T
Lurk, a town of France j In tl-.c depart-
Dciit of Upper Saone anJ late province ot
Fi:\nclic Comic, remarkable on(y for a late
abbty of Bencdidlncs. convertal, iu 1 764,
into a chapter of noble canons. It is 30
miles NE of Befan9on. Lon. 6 33 K,
lit. 47 38 N.
Ltjri, an ancient town of Corfica, be-
tween Cane Corl'e and the town* of Baltia
and St. Fiorenzo.
Lusatia, a marquifatc of Germany,
boundtil on the N by Brandenbvrg, on
the E by Silefia, on the s by Bohemia,
and on the w by Miihia. It is divided
into the Upper and Lower, and is fubjeft
to the eleJtor of Saxony.
LusiGNAN, a town of France, in the
department of Vienna and late province
of Poitou, leated on the Vonne, 15 miles
ssw of Poitiers and ioo of Paris. Lon.
o 10 E, lat. 46 2^ N.
Luso, a river ot Italy, which rifes in
the duchy of Urbino, crofles part of Ko-
in:'.gna, and falls into the gulf of Venice,
10 miles w of Rimini.
LuTENEtJRG, a town of Germany, in
the duchy of Stiria, feated on the Muehr,
34. miles S£ of Gratz. Lon. 16 10 £,
jat. 46 46 N.
LuTKENBVRG, a town of Germany,
in the duchy of Holltein, feated near the
Baltic, 13' miles irom Ploen.
LuTOiN, a to\^•n in Bcdlbrdfliire, with
a market on Monday, leated among hills,
18 niilcij s of Bedford, and 31 N by \v
cf London. Lon. o 25 w, lat. 52 27 n.
Lui scHiNEN, a river of the canton
of Bern, in SwiiTtrlnnd, formed by the
Junilion of two Itivams; ;he one called
the Wcifs Lutfchiren, flowing through
the valley of Lautcrbiunnenj and the
oilier called the Schwartz Lutfcl)i)icn,
xvhich comes from the valley of Grin-
delwalde. In a rainy feafbn, the river
forms a torrent, which nillies imj)etu-
tMifl}' tlirough the great malles of rock
tiiat obltrurt its courfe, and, with in-
conceivable violence, forces from their
beds the moft enormous fragnients. The
rrad to Zwey Lutlchincn and Lauter-
fcnnmen is over thi> roaring torrent, by
« kind 01 bridi;e, which is fixed againtt
t\\t lldes of rocks, that are almolt in a
Jtivning pofition. A huge vertical ftone,
railed in the middle of the river, fiipports
ibme thick planks, l"o badly joined, as
to be neither tteady nor folid } and theie
form the wretched bridge, over which
the inhabitants daily pais, with a firm ftep
and undaunted ♦ ye ; a palfage, which
tlH' tiavellcr, v.natcultoniedto fuch ftrange
ccrmuunicaUviiS, would tremble to at-
LUX
tempt. Hence the Lutfchincn flows till
it falls into tlie lake of Brientz.
LuTTER, a town of Lower Saxcr.v',
in the duchy of Brunfwick, remarkalilc
for the battle gained here over the Aiif.
trian-i, by the Danes, in 1626. It is
eight n'.iles Kw of Collar, and 13 sp,
of Hildelheim. Lon. 10 25 e, lat. 52
4 N.
Lutterworth, a town in Lelcefter-
(hire, with a market on Thurfday. It is
feated on the river Swift, in a fertile Ibil,
and has a large handibme church, with
a fine lofty fteeple. Here Wickliff, tlie
firft reformer, was reftor, who died in
1 38 5 J but was dug up and burnt for a
hei-etic 40 years after. Lutterworth is
14 miles S of Leicefter, and 88 nnw of
London. Lon. 1 10 w, lat. 5a 26 n.
• LuTZEN, a town of Upper Saxony,
in Mifnia, famous for a battici in 1632,
in which Guftavus Adolphus, king of
Sweden, was killed in tlie moment of
vi(J>oiy. It is feated on the Ellter, la
miles NW of Leipfick. Lon. iz 7 e,
lat. 5j 24 N.
LuTZENSTEiN, a town of Fnince, in
the department of Lower Rhine and late
province of Alface. It has a ttrong caftle,
and is feated on a mountain, 30 miles
Nw of Strafburg. Lon. 7 17 E, lat. 48
55 N.
Luxemburg, a duchy of the Aiif-
trian Netherlands ; bounded on the E by
Treves, on the s by Lorrain, on the w by
Cham'pagne and Liege, and on the N by
Liege nnd Liraburg. It lies in the forelt
of ^irdennes j and, in fome places, is
covered with mountains and woods, but
in general, is fertile in corn and wine j
and it has a great number of iron-mines.
The principal rivers are the Molelle, the
Sour, the Ourte, and the Semoy. It
belongs paVtly to the houfe of Auftria,
and partly to the French.
Luxemburg, a city of the Auftrian
Netherlands, capital of a .-luchy of the
fame name. It was more than once taken
and retaken in the wars of the i6th cen-
tury. In 1684, it was taken by the
French, who augmented the fortifications
fo much, that it is one of the Itrongeft
places in Europe. In this condition, it
was reftored to the Spaniards in 1697;
retaken by the French m 1701 ; given to
the Dutch, as a barrier town in 1713;
but ceded to the houfe of Auftria in
1715. In the prelent war, it furrendered
by capitulation to the French Jime i,
1795. It h divided by the Alfitz into
the upper and lower towns j the fonrrer,
almoit (^uite funouoded by rocks, but
the lowe
riitUs s\
Mentz.
Luxe
depart mi
vince of
its minei
urns, me
it is fup
place in
dcftroyei
town wa
Luzerne, a county cf Pennlylvanb,
So miles long and fii broad. In 1790,
Wiiker-
L Y N
the lower feated In a plain. It is z$
iiitUs sw ot" Treves, and 100 w or
Mcntz. Lon. 6 17 t, lat. 4.9 37 N.
LuXEUiL, a town of France, in the
tlepurtmeiit of Upper Saone and late pro-
vince of Franche Comte, remarkable for
its mineral waters. From the number of
inns, medals, and infcriptions, found here,
if is I'uppofed to have been a confiderable
place in the time of the Romans. It was
ckftroyed by Attila, in 450. Near the
town was a late celebrated abbey, founded
by St. Columban, an Irifliman. It is
feated at the foot of the Volges, 1 5 miles
w of Vefoul. Lon. 6 24. E, lat. 4.7 50 N.
;nty cf
ii broai
it contained 4,904. inhabitants,
borough is the capital.
LuzzARA, a Itrong tov^rn of Italy, on
the confines of the duchies of Mantua
and Gualtalla, near the confluence of the
Croftolo wiih the Po. Here a battle was
fought between the French and Spaniaids,
in 1702, when each fide claimed the
viflory. It is to miles s of Mantua.
Lon. 10 50 E, l,;it. 45 o N.
Luzzi, a town of Naples, in Cala-
bria Citeriore, near the river Crate, three
mile s of Biiignano.
Lycham, a town in Norfolk, whofe
market is dilufed. It is 24 miles w Uy
N of Norwich, and 92 nne of London.
Lydd, a town in Kent, witii a market
on Thurlilay. It is a member ot the
cinque port of Romney, and I'eated in
Romney Marfh, 26 miles s of Canter-
bury, and 71 sE of London. Lon. 1 4
E, lat. 50 58 N.
Lydsinc, a village in Kent, near
Gravefend. Here 600 young Normans,
who came over with Alfred and Edward,
the fons of Ethelred, after the death of
Canute, to take pofleflion of their father's
fhujue, were maflacrcd by Godwin earl
of Kent.
Lyesse, a town of France, in the de-
partment of the North and late province
of Hainault, 15 miles E of Landrccy.
Lon. 4 10 E, lat. 50 6 N.
Lyme Regis, a borough and feaport
in Dorl'etihire, with a market on Friday.
It is feated on the declivity of a craggy
hill, on the river Lyme, at the head of
a little inlet ; and its harbour is formed
by a noble pier, called the Cebb. It
has a Newfoundland and coaftjng trade,
and is noted for fea-bathing. Here the
duke of Monmouth landed, in 1685, for
the execution of his ill-judged defign
ogaintt James 11. Lyme is governed by
a mayor, and lends two members lo par-
L Y O
liament. It is 28 miles e by s of Exeter,
and 14] w by s ui: London. Lon. 3 o
W, lat. 53 40 N.
Lymington, a borough and feaport
In Hants, with a market on Satuiday.
It Is feated about a mile from the channel
called the Needles, that runs between the
mainland and the Kle of Wight ; ami the
harbour will admit velfels of confiderable
burden. It feuLU two members to par-
liament, and is govtrned by a mayor.
It is 12 miles ssw of Southampton, and
90 sw of London. Lon. i 42 w, laf.
5045 N.
Lyndhurst, a village in Hants, with
a feat, which belongs to the duke of
Gloucefter, as lord warden of the New
Forelc. It is feven miles N of Lymington.
Lynn Rigis, or King's Lyms, a
borough and Icaport in Norfol.k:, with a
market on Tuelday and Satuiday. By
the Oufc, and its aflbciated rivers, it
fupplies moil of the midland countie;.
with coal, timber, and winej and, in
return, exports malt and corn in great
quantities: it alfo partakes in the Green-
land fifliery. Lynn is governed by a
mayor, and fends two members to par-
liament. It has two churches, a large
chapel, and a good market-place, witli an
elegant crofs. It is 42 miles WNiV of
Norwich, and 106 N by E of London.
Lon. o 24 E, lat. 52 48 n.
Lyonois, a late province of France,
which, with that of Forez, forms the
department of Rlione and Loire.
Lyons, the fecond city of France for
beauty, commerce, and opulence. It is
the capital of the department of Rhone
and Loire, and is ieated at the conflu-
ence of the Rhone and Saone. It was
founded, about the year 42 B. C. by the
Romans, who made It the centre or the
commerce of the Gauls. About the yc^ar
145, it was totally deftroycd by fire,
but was rebuilt, by the munificence of
Nero. Many antif^uities are ftill ob-
fcrved, that evince its Roman origin.
Lyons is the fee of an archbifliop, and
before its recent calamities contained
100,000 inhabitants, upward of 30,000
of whom were employed in vai"ioua ma-
nufa£lures, purticularly of rich ftufts, of
the mo(t exquifite workmanfliip, in lilk,
gold, filvcr, &c. Hie quays were
adorned with magnificent ftruflures. The
Hotel-de-ville vied with that of Am-
Iterdara; aitd the theatre was not fur-
pafled by any in France. Tlie other
principal public buildings were the Hotcl-
Dieu, the Hofpital of Chaiity, the Ex-
change, the CuHoinlwuie, the Palace of
•I'l'^
14 •
tM
I
MAC
Juftice, the Arfenal, a public library, and
two colleges. The bridge* which unites
the city with the I'uburb Ue h Guilloticrc,
is 1560 fret lon^i and there are tluce
other principal luburbs, fix gates, and
litvcral fine churches. Such was Lyons
before the fatal year 1793, when, in
June, it revolted againft the National
Convention. Being obliged to furrender,
in Of^ober,the convention decreed, tliat the
walls and public buildings of Lyons fliouid
be deftroyed, and the name of the city
changed to that of ViLLii AFrRANCHiE.
The chiefs of tiie inliirgcnts had fled,
but feveral of them were afterward taken ;
and of 35*8 ptrlons, that were tried
before the revolutionary tribunal, i63»
were either Ihot or beheaded. In 1 794,
however, on the deftruftion of the fajlion
of the Jacobins, the convention decreed
that the city Hiould rel'uine its ancient
name, and that meafures Hiould be taken
to rettore its manufaflures and com-
merce; and, in 1795, *^^ Iriends of
thofe who were fo wantonly put lo death
in 1793, avenged their fate by a general
maffacre of tlie judges of the revolu-
tionary tribunal, and of all the Jacobins
who were then confined in the prifons of
Lyons. This city is 15 miles N of
Vienne, and 220 se of Paris. Lon. 4
55 E, lat. 45 46 N.
■ M ■
MABRA, a town of the kingdom of
Algiers, leated on the gulf of
Bona, w of the town of Bona.
Macao, a town of China, in the
pjovinte of Canton, in an illand, at the
entrance of the bay of Canton. It is
defended by three foits. The Portu-
guefe have been in ponUfion of the har-
bour fiuce 1640. 1 hey pay a tribute of
100,000 ducats for the liberty of chooling
their own niagiftrates, exercifing their
religion, and living according to thtir
own laws ; and here, accordingly, is a
Portugueie governor, as well as a Chi-
nele mandarin, to take care of the town
•Jid the neighbouring country. Lon. 1 1 3
46 E, lat. 22 12 N.
Macarsca, a feaport of Dalmatia,
with a bilhop's fee, leated en the gulf of
Venice, 25 miles se of Spalatro. Lon.
18' 7 E, lat. 43 49 M.
Macassar, a kingdom of Celebes,
whence that ifland is called Macalfar.
See Celebes.
MacassaR} a large town of th« ifland
MAC
of Celebes, capital of a ktng^dom of the
fame name. The houfes aie all ^f wood,
fuppoited by thick poits, and the roofs
covered with very large leaves; they have
laddcri to afcend into them, which they
draw lip as foon as they have entered.
It is i'eatcd near the mouth of a large
river, which runs through the kingdom
from N to s. Lon. 117 a8 E, lat. 50 s.
Macclesfield, a corporate town in
Chefliire, with a market on Monday. It
is feated at the edge of a foreft ol the fame
name, near the river Bolin, and governed
by a mayor. It has manufactures of
mohair, twift, hatbands, buttons, and
thread; and mills for the winding of
filk. It is 36 miles E of Chefter, and
171 Nw of London. Lon. » 17 w, lat
53 »5 N.
Macedonia, a province of Turkey
in Europe ; bounded on the N by Servia
and Bulgaria, on the e by Romania and
the Archipelago, on the s by Livadia,
and on the w by that country and
Albania. Salonichi is the capital.
Macbrata, a populous town of Italy,
in the marquifatc of Ancona, with a
bilhop'a fee, and a univerfity. It is
feated near the mountain Chiento, it
miles sw of Lorctto. Lon. 13 27 e, lat.
43 *o N.
Machecou, a town of France, in
the department of Lower Loire and late
province of Bretagne, feated on the Tenn,
20 miles sw of Nantes. Lon. i 11 w,
lat. 47 2 N.
Mac HI AN, one of the Molucca Iflands,
20 miles in circumference, and the moft
fertile of them all. It produces the belt
cloves; and tlie Dutch have here three
inaccelfible forts. Lon. 126 55 E, lat.
o 2 s.
Machicaco, a promontory of Spain,
in the bay of Bil'cay. Lon. 3 o W, lat.
43 37 N.
Machynleth, a town in Montgo-
merylhire, with a market on Monday,
leated on the Douay, over which is a
Itone bridge leading into Merionethfhire.
It is 37 miles w of Montgomery, and
198 Mw of London. Lon. 3 45 w, lat.
52 24 N.
Mack er AN, a province of Perfia,
bounded on the N by Segeltan and Sablef-
tan, on the E by Hindooltan Proper, on
the s by the Arabian Sea, and on the w
by Kerman. It is tributary to the king
of Candahar : and the capital, of the fame
name, is loo miles nw of Tatta. Lon.
66 o E, lat. 26 o N.
Ma coco, a kingdom of Africa, to
the £ of Congo, and s of the equator.
The Port
inhabitan
and copp
Maco
in the de\
lite orovi
jt bifnop'f
MAD
MAD
The Portuguefe cairyon a trade with the for the men and women cohabit together
inlubitants for flaveit) elephants teeth, tor fonre time, and then leave each uther
and copi>er. as freely again. Here are a great num-
MacoN) an ancient town of France, ber of lociiitit, crocodiles, canielions, and
in the department of Saone and Loire and other aniinals common to Africa. The
late province of Burgundy. It was lately country produces corn and grapes, and
abifnop's fee; is remarkable for its good ieverul furts of excellent huney; as alfo
Wine; and is leatcd on the declivity of a minerals and precious (tones. The
hill, near the Saonc, 35 miles N of Lyons, French have attempted to fettle here, but
iuid 188 SE of Paris.
Macres, a river of Africa, which runs
acrofs the kingdom of Tripoli, iin.l falls
into the Mediterranean, a little to the E
•f Lebeda.
Mac'Ri, an ancient town of Samos, in
(he Archipelago.
Macro, or Mackonisse, an idand
•f the Arcliipelago, nc-ir the coalt of
Livadia, 20 mitles E uf Athens.
Macuna, one of the Navigatori
Illands, in the S Pacific Octan. Here
M. de la Peyroufe, commander of thu
have always been repelled. There are only
Tome parts on the coali yet known. Lat.
from IX to 26° s.
Madeira, an ifland of the Atlantic
Ocean, no miles in circumference, and
240 K by E of TenerifF. In 1419,
when the Portuguclc, under the patronage
of prince Hcniy, had made their fccond
voy;ige to their recently-difcovered iiland
of Porto Santo, they obfervrd toward the
s, a Axed fpot in the horizon, like a fmall
black cloud. By degiees, they were led
to conjecSlure that it might be land, and
French fliips, the Boullole and AUrolabe, (teering toward it, they anivcd at a con-
on a voyage of" difcovery, met with his fiderable iiland, uninhabited, and covcied
firft fatal accident; M. de Lungle, the with wood, which, on that account, they
captain of the Aftrolabe, witii ei_^ht offi- called Madeira. Prince Henry, the neyt
cers and five failqrs, being inaliucred by year, fettled a colony here, and not only
thenatives. Lon. 169 o w, lat. 14 19 s. luinifheil it with the li?eds and plants,
Maczua, a fmall -iiland on tlic Ked and domeltic animaJs, common in Kurope,
Sea, near the coalt of Abex. but he procured (lips of the vine from
Madagascar, a large ifland of Cyprus, the rich wines of which were
Africa, dilcovered by the Portuguefe, in then m great requelt, and plants of the
1492. It lies 40 leagues E of the con- I'ugar-cane from Sicily, into which it had
tincnt of Africa, from which it is icpa- been lately introduced. Thele throve
rated by the (trait of Mol'ambique. It fo profperoufly, that the fugar and wine
extends 900 miles from N to s, and is of Madeira quickly became articles of
from 200 to 300 broad. The natives ar ; lomo confequrnce in the commerce of
commonly tall, well made, of an olive Portugal; buc its wine, in particular,
complexion, and Ibme of them pretty is in the higUeil eltimation, cfpeci-
black. Their hair is not woolly, like nlly Cuch as has been a voyage to the E
that of the negroes of Guinea; but it or VV Indits, for it matures belt in the
is always black, and for the molt part hotteil climate. The fcorching heat of
curls naturally s their nole is linall, j'uminer, and the icy chill of winter, are
though not flat, and they have not thick here equally unknown; for fpring and
lips. They have no cities or towns, but autumn reign continually, and prctluce
a great number of villages a Ihiall diltance flowers and fruits throughout the year,
rom each other. Th«ir houles are pitiful The cedai" tree is found in great abun-
hutSjwithout windows or chimnies, and the dance, and extremely beautiful : moit of
roofs covered with reeds or leaves. Tliofe the ceilings and furniture at Madeira arc
that are dreft in the belt manner hav« a made of that wood, which yields a very
piece of cotton cloth, or filk, wrapt round fragrant fmell. The drJii,on tree is a
their middle ; but the common Ibrt have
fcarce fufficient to hide their nakednefs.
Both men and women are fond of brace-
lets and necklaces, and they anoint their
native of this ifland. Flowers nurfed
in the Engliih gfeenhoufes grow wild
here in the rieids ; the hedges aie moftly
formed of tlie myrtle, role, jafmine.
bodies with (tinking greafe or oil. There and honeyfuckle ; while the larkfpur,
are a great many petty kings, whole fleur-de-lis, lupin, &c. fpring up ipon-
riches confift in cattle and (laves, and taneoufly in the rheadows. There are
they are always at war with each other, very few reptiles to be feen in the iiland ;
It is hard to fay what their ixJiglon is, the lizard is the moft common. Canary
for they have neither chui'ches nor pi lefts, birds and goldfinches are found in the
They have no rule* relating to marriage 3 mountains; of the former, numbers are
-i- :i..
MAD
MAD
fent n'Cty year to Fngliiml. This ifiund
is well wnlcral and |)0|>ulous. Funchal
is the capital.
XfAOiA, or Macgia, a town, river,
valky, and hailiwic of SwiHtTluml, in
Upper Vall.iis. Tht vall<y is long and
narrow, hc-twecn high nicuntains, wntertd
throxi2;h()iit its \yholt Icnyth by the river;
;nul it 18 tliL' f'tnuth trani'alp inc l)ailiwic.
I'ho town is lo miles NW of Locarno.
M AMUAS, or Fort St. GiiORnE, tlie
jnlncipal It'ttkincnt of the Knglifli E
Jiulia Company, on the E fide of the
jK'ninfula ct Hmdocrtan, on the coaft of
t'oroinandcl. It is a fortrefs of great
fhvnp,tli, including within it a regular
well Iniilt city. It is clollc on the marffin
of the bay ot Bengal, from which it has
a lirh and hcautiliil appearajicej the
hoiilis being coviivd with a Itlicco called
cluinam, which is nearly as compail as
the fineft marble, and bears as high a
polifli. Tluy conhll of long colonnades,
vith opin porticos, and flat roots ; ami
the citv contains many handlbnie and fpa-
cidus Itrccts. Bvit the inner apartments
of the houfcs '.ue not highly decorated,
pretiiiting to the eye only white walls j
which, however, from tlie marble-like
appearance of the Itiicco, give a trefh-
nels grateful in lo hot a country.
Ceilings are very nncoinmon in the
rofnnsj it being impolfible to find any
which will refilt the ravages of the white
ant. Thele animals are chiefly formida-
ble from the immenfity of their numbers,
which aic fuch as to dtftroy, in one
night's time, a ceiling of any liinienfions,
and it is the wood work, which iervcs
for the bails of the ceiTrngs, Aich as the
jaths, beams, &c. that thele initios attack.
** Tiie approach to Madras, from the
fea (lays Mr. Hodges) otters to the sye
an appearance fimilar to what we may
conceive of a Grecian city in the age of
Alexander. The clear, blue, cloudlefs
iky, the polilhed white buildings, the
bright landy beach, and the dark green
lea, piefent a combination totally new to
the eye of an Engliiliman, jutt arrived
from London., who, acculiomed to the
fight of rolling jnafies of clouds floating in
a ilamp atmofphere, cannot but contem-
plate the ditierence with delight : and the
eye being thus giatiiud, the mind foon
aifumcs a gay and tranquil habit, analo-
gous to the plcafmg objetJls with v/hich it
is furrounded. Some time before the (hip
arrives at her anchoring ground, flie is
hailed by the boats of the country filled
with people of bufinefs, who come in
crowds on boaid. This is thg jnoraent m
3
which an Tluropcan feels the great diftlMC •
tion between Afia and his own country.
The rultling of fine linen, and the general
hum ii( imufual converfation, prelents
to his mind for a moment the idea of an
aflembly of females. When he alctniis
upon the deck, he is flruck with the long
niufiin drefles, and bi.ack face's adorned
with very large gold ear-rings and white
turbans. The nrft falutation he receives
from t he fe Ai angers is by bending their
bodies very low, touching the deck with
the back of the hand, and the forehead
three times. The natives firlt feen in
India by the European voyager are Hin-
doos, the original inhabitants of the4)enin-
fula. In this part of India they are deli-
cately framed} their hands, in particular,
are more like thole of tender females j
r.n.ldo not appear to be what is confidered
a proper proportion to the relt of the
peribn, which is ufually above the middle
lize. Correfpondent to this delicacy u;'
appe.iance, are their manners; mild, traii-
il, and fetluloufiy attentive; in this lalt
peft they arc indeed remarkable, as
chey never interrupt any perlon who is
Ipeaking, but wait patiently till he has
conchided ; and then anfwer with the inoft
pertcft refpeft and compofure. From
the (hip a Itranger is conveyed on (hore in
a boat of the country, called a Malfooluh
boat ; a work of curious conftruftion, and
well calculated to elnde the violent fliocks
of the furf, that breaks here with orcat
violence: they arc formed without a Keel,
flat •bottomecl, with the fides railed high,
are lewed together with the filires of the
cocoa-nut tree, and caulked with the fame
material: they are remarkably light, and
are m.inaged with great dexterity by the
natives ; they .ire ufually attended by two
kattamarans (rafts) paddled by one man
each, the intention of which is, that,
(hould the boat be overl'et by the violence
of the furf, the perlbns in it may be pre-
Icrvcd. The boat is driven, as the lailors
lay, high and dry ; and the pafTengers
are landed on a fine, landy beach ; and
immediately enter the fort of Madras.
The appearance of the natives is exceed-
ingly varied ; ibme are wholly naked, ;:nd
'^'thers fo clothed, that nothing but the
face and neck is to be dilcovered ; befide
this, the European is (truck with many
other objects, luch as women carried on
men's (boulders, on palankeens, and men
riding on horfebacK. clothed in linen
dre(res like women ; whicli, with the very
difl^srent face of the country from all he
had ever feen, or conceived of, excite the
ftrong«ft emotions of furprile!" Thn-e
ii a fetonJ
icparated
ji proper
near four
ainann'-rj
tntmy's "
to.vn in tl
ilryncls aij
il,as was
vear 164c
in 1746;
pre lent to
deltrurtiol
isi rer^»'4
the poflt-|
Madras,
pean I'ettlq
for ftiippil
Itraight ll
with a hi
iQo miltl
SF. of Bor
Lon. io ■
MapR
vent of S
on the R
thagena.
by pilgr'"
Kurope;
of the Vi
racles in
Lon. 76 <
MaDR
Caftile.
able place
Toledo; '
♦he court
a confide
The hou
the ftreet
and adoi
handfomi
100 tow(
which CO
ment of
plain, fv
has no w
palace ii
tremity
Itories \
©rdinar
in 1734
The fin
Mayor,
roundel
high, J
being ;
and tt
which
had f<
ilafa-d
iurc, :
MAD
is a fcconJ city, called the Black Town»
irj)aratL'd iVom Madras by the breadth ot'
a projier dpiunadc only) and, .Itliuugh
near tour miles in circuit, fortified in luch
a manner as to prevent a liirprile from the
enemy's horle; an evil, to which every
to.vn in the Caruatic is fuhje«il, from the
ilryncfs and evcnnefs of the country. Ma-
dras was fettled by the Knglifh about the
vtar 1640. It wis taken by the French
in 1746, but reltored in 174S. The
prcfent fort, which was created lince the
dcltrurtion of Fort St. David, in 17^8,
is, perhaps, one of the belt fortrclils in
the poflellion of the BritiHi nation.
Madras, in common with all the Euro-
pean fcttlemcnts on this coalt, has no port
for (hipping; the coaft forming ncaily a
Itraight linej and it is incouuntxlcd ;iii6
with a high and dangerous I'urf. It is
ICO miles N by E ot Pondicherry, 758
SE of Bombay, and 1030 s\v of Calcutta.
Lon. 80 25 E, lat. 13 5 N.
Mapre-de-Popa, a town and con-
vent of S America, in Terra Kirma, ftatcd
en the Rio Grande, 20 miles E of Cai-
tliagena. It is almolt as much rclbrtc-d to
by pilgrims of America, as Loretto is in
Europe J and they pretend that the image
of the Virgin has done a great many mi-
racles in favour of the leatUring people.
Lon. 76 o w, lat. 10 40 N.
Madrio, the capital of Spain, in New
Caftilc. It was formerly an inconfider-
able place, belonging to the archbilhop of
Toledo} but the purity of the air engaged
the court to remove hither, and it is now
a cdnfiderable city, and very jwpulous.
The houles are all built with brick, .ind
the ftreets are long, broud, and lliaight ;
and adorned, at proper diftances, with
handlbme fountains. There are above
J 00 towers or Iteeples, in ditferent places,
which contribute greatly to the embelli'h-
ment of the city. It is feated in a large
plain, furrounded by high mountains, but
has no wall, rampart, or ditch. The royal
palace is built on an eminence, at the ex-
tremity of the city ; and as it is but two
itories high* it does not make any extra-
©rdinary appearance. A hre happened
in 1734, wnich almoft reduced it to afhes.
The fineft fquare in Madrid is the Piaca
Mayor, or Market Place, which is iur-
rounded with 300 houl'es, five Itorics
high, all of an equal height ; every Itory
being adorned with a handlbme balcony,
and the fronts lupported by columns,
which form veiy fine arcades. Here they
had formerly meir famous bull-fights.
Cal'a del-Campo is a royal houle of plea-
Xure, a i\%\,k above half s^. mile i'fQnx Ma-
M A E
drid, with very fine gardens, j^ltaiant
walks, and a great many uncoiiur.oii iili-
muU. Buen Ketiio is another ruy.il
palace near the city, and is a projivr
place to retire to in the heat ot liiiniiKT,
titcre being a great number of fidi poads,
grottoes, tents, groves, and heimitagts.
Madrid is iLated on the river Manzan uvs,
which, though tinall, is adorned witii
two magnificent bridj^jes. It is 265 inilca
KH of Lilbon, 590 s by w of Lonii^n,
and 615 ssvv of Paris. Lon. 3 lo w,
lat. 40 25 N.
Madrid, New, a ciiy, now building,
or to be built, in a new Siianith Itttlcimnt,
in Louifiana, on the Mdlilfippi, onpolitc
the mouth of the Ohio. The lottleis arc
to enjoy u free toleration in religion.
Madrigal, a town oi Spain, in Old
Caltile, feated in a plain, fertile in excel-
lent wine, 10 miles ne of Medina-del-
Campo. Lun. 4 19 \v, lat. 41 25 n.
Madrigai,, a town of Terra Firina,
in the pri^vince of Popuyan. Lon. 75 45
w, lat. o 50 N.
Madrogam, a town of Africa, capi-
tal of Monomotapa, with a I'pacious royal
palace. The unpcr part of the houles ii
in the ihape ot a bell. Lon. 31 40 £,
lat. 18 o s.
Madura, a town of the Carnatic,
capital of a province of the fame nuii;c,
on the coalt of Coromandel, 1 30 milci
N by E of Cape Comorin, and 300 s.'iw
of Madras. Lon. 78 12 E, lat. 9 55 .\,
Maeler, a lake of Sweden, bttweta
the provinces of Wcltmania and vSiKUr-
uiaiiia. It ci-ntainji feverul Mne illands,
is uliially fro/en during a iiw wi cks in
winter, and opens an ealy coniiiumication,
by lledj,';es, between the interior parts ot'
Sweden and the city of Stockholm.
Maelstrom, a very extraordinaiy
and dangerous whirlpool, which lies o«
the coalt of Norway, in 68'' n Int. in tlu
province of Nordland and diltri^'t of Lo-
foden, near the illand of Molkoe, whence
it is alio named Moskoestrom. The
mountain of Helleggcn, in Lofodtn, iivs
a league from the iuand of Mofkoe, and
between thefe two, riais this large :on.\
dreadful Itream, the depth of which 13
from 36 to 40 fathoms. When ir i..j
flood, the ftream runs up the country be-
tween Lofoden and Molkoe with u boiltei -
ous rapidity; but the roar of its impe-
tuous ebb to the fea is fcarce equalled bj
the Ipudelt and moft dreadful cataiailsj
and the vortices or pits are of lucii an
extent and depth, that if a (hip comes
within its attraflion, it is inv. viiahly ab-
lorbfid apd carried down I9 th^ boi.toin^
MM
jillfl'- 1"' ;v
H' : 1,
MAE
MAG
ami there beat to pieces again(l the rocks :
and when the water relaxes, the IVagments
thereof are thrown up again. But thel'e
intervals ot" tranquillity are only at thetu'-n
•f the ebb and flood, and calm weather}
and laft but" a quarter 6^ an hour, its vio-
lence gradually returning. When the
ftreain is moft boiderous, and its fury
heightened by a ftorm, it is dangerous to
come within a Norway mile of it ; boats,
and fhips having been carried away, by
not guarding againft it before they wtre
within its reach. It li.kewiie hapjens
frequently, that whales come too near
the Itream, and are overpowtivd by its
violence : and then it is impoHible to de-
Icribe the nolle they make in th^ir fruit-
ici's Itniggles to dilengage theiulclves.
Large ftocks of fir and pine trees, after
being ablurbed by the current, rile again,
broken and to'n to luch a degree as if
briltlcs grew on them. This pliinly
fhovvs the bottom to conlift of ciaggy
rocks, amtnig which they are whirled to
and fro.
Maese, or^fF.usE, a river, which rifes
in France, near rhe villat<;c of Mevife, In the
department of Upper IVlaine. It waters
Verdun, Stenay, Sedan, Doncherry, Mezi-
eres, and Charleville j and entering the
Ketlurhuids at Givet, it Hows to Charle-
iHont, Dinant, Namur, Htiy, Liege, Mae-
Itiicht, Ruremonde, Venlo, Grave, Bat-
tenburg, Ravellein, and Voorn, where it
is joined by the VVahal. At Dort it c'--
vides into four prhicipal branches, the
moft northern ot which is called the
IVlervc. Thele form the iflands of Yfl'el-
monde, Vcorn, and Overflackee, and
enter the German Ocean, below the Briel,
Uelvoetlluys, and Goree.
Maeslandsluys, a town of the
Unitc:d Provinces, in Holland, iive miles
sw of Delft. Lon. 4 18 e, ht. 51 57 N.
Mafstricht, an ancient and ftrong
town of tiie Netherlands, about four
miles in circumference. It is governed
jointly by the Dutch and the birt:op of
Liege; but has a Dutch gani Ton. The
inhabitants aie noted for making excellent
fire-arms. Both papllts and protcltants
are illowed the free exercife of their reli-
gion, and the magiltrates are compofed of
both. It is feated on the Macl'e, oppo-
fite Wyck, with which It communicates
by a biitige. This city revolted from
Spain in 1570. It was retaken by the
prince of Parma in 1579. In 1632,
Frederic Henry prince of Orange reduced
it, after a memorable fiege, and it was
confinv.ed to the Dutch in 164.8. Lewis
XIV took it in 16733 William prince of
Orange inVefted it in vain, in l^yfi;
but, in 1678, ht wa« reltored to the
I^utch. In 1748, it was befieged by the
French, who were perniitted to take poi".
felllon of it on condition of its being re-
ftorcd at the peace then negotiating. In
1794, it was again taken by the Prench.
Maeltricht is 15 miles n of Liege, and 55
£ of Brullels. Lqn. 5 41 E, lat. 50
52 N.
Maesyck, a town in the bifliopric of
Liege, on the river Maefe, eight miles
sw of Ruremonde.
Magadoxo, the capital of a kingdom
of the fame name, in Africi-, on tlie coalt
of Ajan J feated near the mou'h of a
river of the lame name. It is defended
by a citadel, and has a good harbour.
'Ihe inhabitants are Mahometans. Loii.
44 o E, lat. i 30 N.
Magdalen's Cave, a cave of Ger-
many, in Carinthia, ten miles e of Gorltz.
It is divided into feveral apartineiits,
with a valt number of pillars formed by
nature, which give it a beautiful appear-
ance, they being as white as Ihow, and
alrtiolt tranfparent. The bottom is of
the fame fubltance.
Magdeburg, a duchy of 6ermany,
in the circle of Lower Saxony, bounded
on the N by the old marche of Branden-
burg, on the E by the middle marche,
on the s by Anhalt and Halberftadt, and
on the w by Brunfwick. Tire parts
which are not marfhy and overgrown with
wood, are very fertile. It is 60 miles in
length and 30 in breadth j and belongs to
the king of Prullia.
Magdeburg, alarge and ancient citj
of Germany, capital of a duchy of the
lame name. It has a handlbnie palace,
a tine arfenal, and a magnificent cathedral,
which contains the fuperb maulblcum of
Otho the Great. Here are manufaftures
of cotton and linen goods, ftockings,
gloves, and tobacco j but the principal
are thofe of woollen and filk. It is hap-
pily fituate for trade, having an eaiy
communication with Hamburg by the
Ell)e; and is the ftrongelt place belonging
to his PrulCan majelty, where his prin-
cipal magazines and foundries are eltab-
liHied. It was taken by (toim, in i6j!;
by the imperial general Tilly, who burnt
the town, and malfacrcd the inhabitants,
of whom only 800 efcaped out of 40,000 ;
and many young women plunged into thtf
Elbe, to efcape violation. It is 40 miles
w of Brandenburg, and 125 SE of Ham-
bur:
fo*
Lon. II 45 E, lat. 52 II N.
Magdelena, a river of N America,
in Louifian.a. It .ia(> it«i fuurce in the
M A H
MAI
riountains which feparate Loititiant fr»m prlnti^al thlnnol, neai- Falfc Point, is %
mint
antt.,
oooj
o thtf
liiles
lam-
New Mexico, «nd falU into the Pacific
Ocean, to the «w of the bay ot* St. Lewis.
Maxjellan, affttnous itrait of S Ame-
rica, difcovered, in 15.0, by Magellan,
a PortugHefe in the fei vice of Spain, fince
which time it has been Tailed through by
fortified ifland, named Catjung or Codf
jung.
Mahrattas, two large and power-
ful Itates of Iftdia, M^hich derive their
name from Marhat, an ancient province
of the Dcccan. They are called tht
fevcral navigators ; hut the paflage being Poonah, cr Wtftern Mahrattas i and the
il:ingerous aiut troiihklbme, they now fail
to the Pacific Ocean round Cajrve Horn.
The Spaniards caH the countn to the M
ot this ttrait I'iena Magellanica, and
reckon it a part of Chili.
Macgia. Sfc Madia.
Maggiore, or Locarno, a lake
«f Italy, par.'ly in the duchy of Mii'n,
and partly in the country of the Gri-
Berar, or Eaftern. Colleftively, they
occupy all the s part of Hindooftan Pro-
pci, with a large proportion of the Dec-
can. Malwa, OriHa, Candeiftj, and Vifia-
pour ; the principal pasts of Berar, Gu-
7erat, and Aghnere } and a fmall part of
Dovvlatab.ad, Agra, and Allahabad, are
coinpriled within th»fir empire, which ex-
ter.cli flora fta to fea, acjx>ft the wideft
Ibns. It is 35 miles in length lud fix in pai t of the peninliila 5 and from the «on-
breadth.
MAGLiANO,a fmall but populous town
of Italy, in the territory ot the pope, and
diftriil of Sabina, leated on a mountain,
near the river Tiber, 30 miles sw of
^poletto, and 30 N of Rome. Lon. 12
35 E, lat. 4.1 25 N.
Magnavacca, a town of Italy, in
the Ferrarefe, with a fort, ll-atea at the
mouth of the lake of Comachio, in the
gulf of Venice, 18 miles n of Ravenna.
',on. 12 4. E, lat. 44 52 N.
Magnesia. See M/iNachia.
Magnv, a town of France, in the
fines of Agra northward to the nver
Killna foutliwarJ j forming a trail of
1000 miles long and 700 broad. Th«
weltern ftate, the capital of which i«
Poonah, is divided among a number o£
chiefs, or orinces, whole obedience t»
the painiwah, ,. head, like that of th«
German princes to the emperor, is merely
nominal at any timej and, in fome cafes*
an oppofition of interelts begets wars, not
only betwe.-n the members of the empire
themfelves, but alio between the members
ar-d the head. Nagpour is the capital ot*
the Eaftern Mahrattas. Both thefe ftateS)*
department of Seine and Oife and late pro- with the nizam of the JDbccan, were in
vince of the lUe of France, 31 miles NW alliance A-iih the Englilh E India Com-
«f Paris. Lon. 1 54. e, lat. 4.9 10 N. pany, in the late war againft Tipjpoo SuU
Maora, a river of Italy, which rifes tan, regent of Myfore, from whofe ter-
in the Appennine?. m the valley of Ma- ritories, on the teimination of the war»
~ ~ '' ' they gained fome confiderabieacquifitions.
Their aitnies are principally compojed of
light horCe.
Maidenhead, a corporate town in
Berkshire, with a market on XVednelday.
It has a good trade in malt, meal, and
timber j and is governed by a mayor. It
department of Hei*ault and late orovince is llated on the Thames, over which is a
of Languedoc, near a town of tne iame bridge, 12 miles E by N of Reading, and
name, which ia leated on the coalt of the 26 w by N of Loadon. Lon. o 40 W»
Mediterranean, into which the lake en- lat. 51 32 N.
Maidstone, a borough, and the
county- town of Kent, with a market on
Thurfday. It is Itated on the Medway,
Mahaleu, a town of Ejypt, capital by virhich it enjoys a brilk trade in ex-
gra, wames Pont-Remoli and Sarzana,
below which it falls into the Mediter-
ranean.
Magra, a valley in the duchy of
Tulbany, 27 milts in length and 1 5 in
breadth.
Maguelone, a lake of France, In the
ters by a canal, the beginning of the
famous canal of Languedoc.
Mahadia. See Elmadia.
tf Garbia. It carries on a coafiderable
Trade in linen, cottons, and ial-nmnnniac ;
und the inhabitauts hav ovens to 'latnh
chicken. Loo. Jo 31 E, latl 31 30 N.
■ MAHANUDDV,or Mahanadv, a river
of Hiiulooltari, which rilirs in the NW
part of Berar, Jind falls by feveral mouths
uito the bay <i>f Bengal, at Cattack.
Thefe mouths form an alleinW%ige of low
\vaydy iifondi j itfid at the- mouth 9f ^^
porting the commckiities of the county^
particularly its hops, of which there ^re
numerous plantations around it. Here
ar-- likcwife paper mills, and a manufac-
ture of linen thread. It has a bridge
over the MeJway, is governed by %
mayor, and iends two members to parlik-
meat. It is '4b mJles w of Canterbury*
and 3S^ ESE of London. JLon. o 3S s>
lat. 51 x^ M.
A«
i\
i hL\
li ii
4
TjIaillezajs., 3 town^^9f France, in
frit- dcparrtnent 'of Vertdee ancl late pro-
twice of Pbitou, featedlA ah ifland formed
by the S^ure and Autije, 22 {wks ne of
Rochelle, and aib'SAV of i*,aijs. Lqn.
o 4.0 w, laL 46 17 N. , ■ ■
M'AfN, a diftria in the ftate of Mafla-
fhiifets, 300 miles long and ^04. broad j
lyin^ bet\veeh 63 ana 72** w Ion. and
43 and 46* N lat. It is bounded on the
NW hy tlrt hi^h laviids, which icpnrate
thii' fn'ers 'iliat tall into the St. Lawrence
from*' tliofc. that full into the Atlantic ; on
thfr^'E By the rfvcr St. CrQix, and a line
d^l^vn'dlle N frdih its fouri^e to the faid
kighliinds, which divides this territory
from Novar Scotia; Oi} tl\e se by the At-
laiitrc J and oil the W by" jlew Hampfliire.
It'-ft divided into three'counties. The
heaf in fimime; is intenfe, and the cold in
Vinter extieme: dll the lakes and rivers
ireufuallypalfablcon ice, from Chriftmas
till the middle of March. Portland is
the capital.
'""Maina, a country of Turkey in Eu-
ifope, in the Morca, between two chains
ill mountains which advance into the fea.
The inhabitants could nevev beXubdued
fjjrthe Turks, on account of their va-
Rwrandthttir mountains. Their greateft
trifHc confifts in flaves, which they take
irtdifFerentiy from the Turks and the
Chnttians.' They have a' hai'bour and a
t6wn of the fame name, and their lan-
guage is bad Gi'eek. .
■ • Mai N E , a river of Germany, which
rtfes'-th the circle of Franconia, runs by
Bamberg, ' Wurtzburg, Afchaffenburg,
Hanau, and FrancTort, and falls into the
Rhir», atMentz.-
MAiNE, or Mayenne, a department
of Frahcei which includes the late pro-
vince of the famq name. It takes its
tiame from, the river Maine, which, foon
^fter Its junction with the Sarte, falls into
the Loire. Laval is the capital.'
"iVf aiWe and I,oir^» a department of
'Fia'hce,*^ w^-'-h includes; the late -jnovi nee
rf Anjou. I,t .has its narhe from two
rivers. ' Angers is the capital.
ICIainLand, the principal of the Shcf-
%iu!i^Jiksl6Q miles lon^,' from N to s,
"But if s hi-eadtli feldom ejfceeds fijc.., The
;^ce <»f the count^-y exhibits a profpeft of
iihck ■ craggy ^TJouij!;airis, and^, marfhy
^p'li'ns, in1«-ij^erled vitll. jCoipe verdant
foiS;^ wJiich'^aiMpear fniodtb and fertile.
9i?;h«ii-'^t»:e<;;,jj>pri^irub is tp be feen, ex-
Kj^pi the' 3yi)i|fK, apif tti«,'heath. The
'mountains- a Dound with .various kinds of
W^jne;' %9fty'Gl|iffs^, impending over t^e
#c«an/are'thc liauiiu oi eaf'- ^»i-^.,^
unng ove:
MA J
and ravens. The deep • caverns undriv.
neath ihelter fes\s and otters ^ and, to ths
winding bays refort fwuijji, ge^fe, fcarfs,
and other - aquatic bii'ds. ,The ft as
abound with cod, turbot, and haddock-;
andy. at certain .fealbns, with flioals of
herrings of incr^dihle extent. They ai^
vifited, at the fame time, by whales, and
other voracious fifties. Lobfters, oyfters,
mufcles, &p. ,a;e alfo plentiful. I'he
hills are covered with (heep of ,a fmal]
breed, the wool of which is commonly
very loft and fine. Their horfes are of
a diminutive fize, Ijut remarkably llrong
and handlbme, and are well known by
the name of Shelties, from the name oi
the country. The rivulets and lakes
abound with falmon, trout, &c. A niiiTt
of copper, and one of iron, near the s
extremity of the ifland, are faid to be
extremely productive. There is an inex-
haultible ftore of peat, but no coal. Ler-
wick is the capital.
Mainland, or Pomona, the princi-
pal of the Orkney Iflandsr 14. miles long
and i}ine broad. The general appearance
of the country is not very different from
the Mainland of Shetland. The foil,
howevei*, is more fertile, &nd ia fome
parts better cultivated. Kirkwall is the
capital. See Orcades.
Maintenqn, a town of France, ia
the department of Eur^ and Loire and lat«
province of Beauce, Mvi;th a caftle, a late
collegiate church, and a fete pripfy. It
is feated between two inpuntains, on ths
river Eure, five ipiles N by E of Chartres,
Lon. I 36 E, lat. 48 31 N.
Majnu^igen, a town of Franconia,
capital of a fmalldiftrift belonging to th*
hpuie of Saxe-Gotha. It is eight miles
N of Heimeberg. Lon. 10 39 e, lat. 50
46 N.
Majorca, an ifland fubjeft to the king
of Spain, and fituate in the Mediterranean
Sea, between Ivica and Minorca. It 'n
60 miles in length and 45 in breadth;
Is a mountainous coijiUry, but produces
good corn, plive-trees tij, delicate wine.
It has no rivers, thou^.i tliere are .a. great
many line fountains and wells. The in-
habitants are vobuft;, lively, and very good
ikilors. '
Majorca, a ftrong city, capital of an
ffland of the lame name, with a bifliop's
fee. The public fquares, the cfithsdral,
and the royal palace, are magnificent* It
contains 6000 houfes, b/iilt after the an^-
tique manner ; a univerfity, more ancient
than cebU'ated i an^za cnurche;;, heiivifi
the cj^edv^ T^ harbQur is extreip,ely
J&^9 J.li wa»-talM;a b^ th« £iig^iiki&
'^
M A L
M A L
1706, and retaken in 171 5. It Is feated
on the SW fide ot the iHaiid. Lon. 21^
£, lat. 39 30 N.
Maire, Lm, a ftrait of S America,
between Staten Ifland and Tierra d«l
Fuego, in lat. 55" s. Ships Ibmetimes
Tail through this itrait in their jjaflage to
Cape Hum.
Maixant, St. an ancient town of
France, in the department of the Two
Sevres and late -province of Poitou. It
liad lately a Benedictine abbey, and is one
of the new bifhoprics created (ince the re-,
volution of 1 789. It carries on a trade in
corn, ftockings, and woollen (luffs j and is
feated on the Sevre, a 6 miles sw of
Poitiers. Lon.o 7 w, lat. 4.6 24 N.
Makran. See Mackcran.
Malabar, the w coaft of the penin-
fula of Hindooltan, lying between 9 and
14° N lat. It is divided among feveral
petty princes and ftates ; but as thefe
^e mentioned in their proper places,
they need not to be enumerated here ; efpe-
cially as the cuftoms and manners of
the inhabitants are very different, as well
as theproducUons. However, it may be
obferved, in g.-neral, that the inhabitants
are all blacks, or, atleaft, of a dark olive
complexion, with long black hair, and to.
lerable features . In ibme places, they are
di(tingui(hed into tribes, all of whicn are
brought up to the fame employments as
their parents. Thefe are the Gentoos,
of whom fee an account under the article
HiNDOOSTAN.
Malacca, a peninfula in Afia,
containing a kingdom of the fame name ;
bounded on the N by Siam, on the e by
the ocean, and on the s w by the ftraits of
Malacca, which feparate it ^rom Sumatra.
It is 600 miles in length and 200 in
breadth. It produces tew commodities
for trade, except tin and elephants teeth j
but there are a great many excellent fruits
and roots. The pineapples are the beft
in the world ; and the cocoa-nuts have
/hells that will hold an EngliHi quart.
Tlhere is but little corn, and flieep and
bullocks are fcarce ; but hogs and poultry
are pretty plentiful. The religion of the
natives is a mixture of Mahometanifm ;
and they aie addided to juggling. The
inland inhabitants are a favage, barbarous
people, who take delight in doing mif-
chlef to their neighbouri.
Malacca, a feaport, and the capital
of a kingdom of the fame name, in the
peninfula of Malacca. The Dutch have
a faftory here, which they took from the
Portuguefe in 1640 j and it = waa. tak«;n
from them by the Engiilh, in Au^^uft
1795. Malacca in feated on the ftraits of
its own name, 480 miles SE of Acheen.
Lon. loi, 50 £, ht. 2 30 N.
Malaga, an ancient and ftrong town
of Spain, in Granada, with two calHes,
^ biftiop's fee, and a good harbour. Its
commerce is principally in fruits and
wine. It is feated on the Mediterranean,
at the foot of a craggy mountain, 1 5
miles s of Cordova and 235 of Madrid,
Lon. 4 10 w, lat. 36 35 N.
Malamocco, a fmall ifland and town
in the Laguncs of Venice, five miles s of
that city.
Malathia, an ancient 'town of
Turkey in Afia, capital of Leffer Arme-
nia, ieated on the Arzu, with an arch-
biihop's fee. Lon. 43 25 e, lat. 39 g N.
Malchin, a town of Lower Saxony,
in the duchy of Mecklenburg, feated o»
the river Peene, where it falls into the
lake Camrow, 10 miles N- of Wahren.
Lon. 13 12 E, lat. 53 o N.
Malden, a borough in EfTex, with a
market on Saturday. It has two parifh
churches; a third church, which it had
formerly, having been long converted ini»
a frecfchool. It is faid to have been the feat
of fome of the old Britiflj kings ; and was
the firfl Roman colony in Britain. It
was burnt by the Britiih queen Boadicea,
but rebuilt by the Romans. It is feated
on an eminence, near the confluence of
the Chelmer with the Blackwater. Vef-
fels of a moderate burden come up to th?
bridge over the Chelmer, but large fhips
are obliged to unload at a diftance be-
low, in Blackwater Bay. Maiden fends
two members to parliament, and carries
on a confiderable trade, chiefly in corij,
coal, iron, wine, brandy, and rum. It
is 10 miles E of Chelmsford, and 37 ne
of London. Lon. o 41 e, lat. 51 46 n.
Malden, a village in Surry, two
miles SE of Kingfton. Here are fome
gunpowder mills, on the flrearn that flows
from Ewel to Kingfton.
Maldives, a clufter of fmall iflands
sw of Ceylon in the E Indies. The
northernmoft, called Head of the Ifles, or
Kelly, is in lon. 73 4 E, lat. 7 5 N ; and
Maldiva, in which the king rcfides, ii
in lon. 75 35 E, lat. 4 T5 n. They are
above 30 in number j all low, fandy, and
baiTen, having only a few cocoa-nuts,
Th» inhabitants are partly Mahometans
ami pai'tly pagans ; and their chief trade
is in couries, a fmall ftiellfini, whofe fhella
ferve inftead of money.
Malestroit, a town of France, in
the depf^rtrncnt of Moirbihan and late pro-
vlnc<(; of Ikctague, feated on ths Ouft, 37
A a %
^'I
'An
ll* V,
I ':■:'
'.k • : r -
lii
M A L
M A L
fhilcs E of Port I'Oricnt. Lon. » *3 w,
lit. 47 45 N.
Malicom.o, one of the largcft of the
New Hebrides, in the Pacific Ocean, ly-
ing in i6 i 5 s lat. and 16745 € lon. It
extends zo leagues from n to s. lu inland
mountains are vtvy high, and clad with
forefts. Its vegetable productions are
luxuriant, and in great variety j cocoa>
nuts, bread-fruit, bananas, liigar-canes,
yams, eddoes, tiimuric, and orar.ges.
Hogs and common poultry are their do-
melHc animals. The inhabitants apiK-ar
to be of a race totally diftin£t from thole
of the Friendly and Society lUands.
Their form, language, and manners, are
widely different. They feem to corre-
fp«nd in many particulars with the natives
of New Guinea, particularly in their
black colour and woolly hair. They go
almoft quite naked, are of a (lender make,,
have lively, but very irregular ugly fea-
tures, and tie a rope fait round their
belly. They ufe bows and arrows as
their principal weapons, and the arrows
are faid to be fometimes poilbned. Their
keeping their bodies entirely free from
punflures is one particular, that remark-
ably dlftingulHies them from the other
tribes of the Pacific Ocean.
Malio, Cape, or St. Angelo, a
cape of the Morea, at the s entrance of
the gulf of Napoli, 1 5 miles e of Mal-
Valia..
Mallinc, West, a town in Kent,
with a ma)kct on Saturday, fix miles w
«>f N'iaidltone, and 30 E by 5 of London.
Lon. o 33 E, lat. 51 20 n.
Mallow, a town of Ireland, in the
county of Cork, (pared on the Blackwatt-r,
J 7 miles N or Ccik. Lon. 8 32 w, lat.
52 10 N.
Malmedv, a town of tiic Netherlands,
in the blfhopric «f Lcige, with an abbey.
Jt was taken by the Trench in 1794. It
is featal on the Rccht, nine miles S of
Limburg, and 40 N of Luxemburg.
Lon. 6 a E, lat. 50 18 N.
Walmist^ia, an ancient town of Na-
tolia, with an an hbiihop"s lee, lluttd at
the month ot a rivtr ct the fame n.ime,
wliich divides it into the OKI avul Niw
'J'own. It is 30 milts SE qt .Icial'.o.
Lgji. 36 15 E, lat. 36 50 N.
Malmoe, a fcnpoit of Sweden, in the
j'Tovince of S^honcn, feate^ on the Sound,
V. itha large harbour and a ftrong citadel.
Jt. is 15 Miiles SE of Copenhagen. Lon.
t3 7 E, lat. 5', 38 N.
MALNfSBURY, an ancient borough in
VViltflilie, with a market on Saturday,
h ii> kated oA a Kill, .alm«ft fuixounded
6
by the Avon, over which it has fi«
bridges. In the church, which was for^
merly an abbey diurch, is the lepulchral
monument of king Arthur, who was bu-
ried under the high altar. Malnilbury has a
confiderablc trade in the woollen manufac-
ture, and lends two* members to parlia-
ment. It is ifi miles E by N of Briilol,
and 95 w of London. Lon. 2 o w, lat»
Malo, St. a ftaport oi France, in tha
department of Morbihan, a;nd lately an
epifcopal lee of the province of Bretagne.
It has a large harbour, difficult of accefs,
on account of the rocks that furround it j
and is a trading place, of great import-
ance, defended by a ftrong caftle. It was
bombarded, by tlie EngliHi in i693» but
without fuccefs. In 1758, they landed
in Cancalle Bay, went to the harbour by
land, and bm'ut above 100 ihips. St.
Malo is feated on an iiland, united to the
mainland by a caufeway, 1 7 miles N W of
Dol, and 205 w of Pans. Lon. i 57 Wy
lat. 48 39 N.
Maloria, a fmall ifland of Italy, on
the coaft of Tufcany, 10 miles W of
Leghorn. Lon. 10 4 E, lat. 43 34 N.
Malpartipo, a town of Spain, in
Eftramadura, 14 miles s of Placentia.
Lon. 5 30 w, lat. 39 36 N.
Ma LP AS. a town in Chefhire, with a
market on Monday. It is feated on a
high eminence, near the river Dee, 15
miles SE of Chefter, and 166 ilwof Lon>
don. Lon. 2 45 w, lat. 53 2 N.
Malpla^uet, a village ©f Auftrian
Ilainault, feven miles s by e of Mons.
It is famous for a viftory gained over the
French, by the duke of Marlborough, iu
1709, and ibmetimes called the Battle of
Blaregnies, from an adjacent village.
Malta, an illand of the Mediterrar
ncan, between Africa and Sicily, 20 mile^
long and 12 broad. It was fci'merly
reckoned a part of Africa, but now be-
longs to Europe. It was anciently little
elle than a barren rack ; but fuch quan-
tities of foil have been brought from Si-
cily that it is now become a fertile ifland.
Here are cultivated large quantities of le-
mon trees» cotton trees, and vines, whioii
produce excellent wine. The heat is Ut
exceflive, that the water breeds great
numbers of gnats » which are the plague
of the country. The number of the in-
habitants is faid to be 90,000. The
common people fpeak Arabic, but the
better fort Italian. The emperor Charles v
gave this illand to the grand :aafter of the
order of St. John of Jenifalem. It is ex.
tremely well fortified } the ditch^Sj of t
liK-y
rori'ai^
jird'i
M A L
Kid fi/e, are ail cut out of the foliil rock,
jiiil txttml many miles. It was attacked
in 1566 by the Tuiks, who vvtre ol)ligei.l
,?() alxmdcn the tnttrprire, with tht lo.s of
-,0,000 men. The knights of Malta for-
merly confilted of eight nations ; but now
ihcy aie hut Icveu, the Englifli having
rorliiken them. They arc obliged to liip-
juoli all pirates, and aae at jx;ij)ctu:il war
witli the Turks and other Mahonutans.
They aic all under a vow of celibacy and
chaftity j and yet ihey niake no Ici uple
vf taking Grecian women for miitiellls.
Alalia ii 60 miles s of Sicily. VaLtta is
ihe capital.
Malta, Melita, or Citta Vec-
CHIA, aa aiitient and Itrongly foitilied
<.ity of the illand of Malta. It is i'ei.ted
on a hill in the centre of tb*- iihmd, and
was formerly twice as large as at pre^en'.
Jt is the refidence of the bifliop, and the
cathedral is a very fine lU'utUue. Neai
this city <u:c the catacombs, which ai-e
faid to extend 15 miles under ground j
and a fmall church, dedicated to St. Paul,
adjoining to which is a ftatue of the faint,
with a viper in his hand, faid t« be placed
on the Ipot where he fliook the vipe;-
off, without having been hurt ; and dole
to it is the grotto iu which lie was im-
prifoned.
Malton, a borough in the i?i riding
of Yorklbire, witii a market on Saturday.
It is feated on the Derwent, over which
is a.ftone bridge, and is cojupofed of two
towns, the New and the Old, containing
three churches. It fends two members
u> parliament, and is ao miles ne of
York, and ai6 N by w of London. Lon,
e 40 \v, Lat. 54 9 N.
MALV.4SIA, a finall iflantl of Turkey
in Europe, on the E coall: of the Mo-
rea, remarkable for its excellent wines.
The rich wine, called Mahnley, is brought
hence. The capital is Napoli-di-Nlal-
valia.
Malvern, Great, a village In Wor-
celterlhire, eight miles w by s of Wor-
tettcr. It had once an abbey, of which
nothing remains but the gateway of the
abbey, and the nave of the church, now
Kax-ochial. Between this place and Little
lalvern are two noted chalybeate fprini'is,
recommended as excellent in fcrofuluus
and cutaneous complaints ; and one of
them is called the Holy Well.
Malvern, Little, a village inWor-
cefterftiire, feated in a cavity of Malvern
Hills, three miles from Great Malvern.
Henry vii, his queen, and his two fons.
Were fo delighted with this place, that
tVy a<Jorne(l the church with a great
* A*
MAN
n\miber of painted glafs windows, part
of wiiich remain, th ugh in a mutihited
Itate.
Malvern Chase, an txfenfive chafe
in Worcelterrtiire, containini^ 7 3 56 acres
in that county, 619 in Hcrefordihire, and
103. in Gloucefterfliire.
Malvern H'LLs, lofty mountains in
the sw of Woicelterfhire, riling one above
another for abc.ut leven miles,^ and divid-
ing this part of the county from Here-
fordfhirc. They run from N to s ; the
highelt point is 1313 feet above the fur-
tacs'of the Severn, and they appear to be
ot linitftone and quartz. On the fum*
mit of one of thefc hills, on thf Herdord-
fhiie fide, is the camp of Owen Glen-
dowr } a chief, who, at the he:iu of a rem-
nant of imconqutred WeWhmen, in tho
commencement of the 1 5th century, car-
rietl fire and I'word into the richclt coun-
ties of England .
Malwa, a province of Hindooltan
Pi<jper, bounded on the w by Gii/eraf^
on the N by Aglmcre, on the E by Al-
lahabad and OriUa, and on the s by Can-
deifli. It is one of the moft extcnfive,
elevated, and highly diverfified traRs i(k
Hindooltan, and is divided among th«
chiefs of the Poonah Mahrattas. Ou-
gein and Indoie are the principal
towns. ' ■
Ma MARS, an ancient town of Franci?,
in the department of Sarte and late pro-
vince of Maine, feated on the Dive, 14
iwiles w of Bellefme.
Man, an illand in the Lilh Sea, 30
miles in length an»l eight in breadth.
It contains 1 7 parilhes ; and the chief
towns are Rulhen, Douglas, and Peel.
The air is healthy, and the foil produ«.t<?
more corn than is fufficicnt to mnintain
the inhabitants, who are a mixture of
Englifli, Scots, and IriOT. They have a
bilhop, called the biftj' p of Sodor and
Man; but he has no l.-at in the Britifli
parliament. The commodities of this
illand are wool, hides, and tallow. The
duke of Athol was formerly lord of thii
illand, the Ibvertign'y of which he fold,
in 1765, to the crown, referring, how-
ever, the nvanoral rights, &c. It is xi
miles s of Scotland, 30 N of Angleiey iq
Wales, 35 w of Cumberland, and 40 E
of Ireland.
Man AC HI A, a town of Natolia Pro*
per, anciently called Magnefia, with a
bifliop's fee, and a calHe. It was for-
merly the capital of the Ottoman ejn^iire,
and is feated at the foot of a mountalr,
on the river Sarabat, aa miles n of Smyr-
na. Lon. 27 25 E, lat, 38 45 N,
} - . -^
hi.i]j"
• n
, ' I'
r'M
"* !f
MAN
MAN
I I 'I
Manar, an ifland of the E Indies, on
the E coaft ol the ifland of Ctylon. The
Portiigvujre got pofleflion of it in 15^0;
the Dutch took it from them in 165S;
and the Englifli took it from the Dutch
in 1795- Lon. 80 45 E, lat. 9 o N.
Manataulin, an ifland of N Ams-
ri'a, on the N fide of Lake Huron. It
is 100 miles long and eight broad. Its
name fignifies a Place of Spirits } and it
u held lacred by the Indians.
Mancester, a village in Warwick -
/hire, near Atlierftone and the river An-
ker. It was a Roman ft^tion on the
Watling-ftreet, and here ieveral coins
have been dng up
ny, !n the decorate of Treves, capital
of a county of the fame name. It is 24.
miles N of Treves. Lon. 6 50 E, l»t.
50 10 N.
Mandria, a fmall defert ifland, in
the Archipelago, between Samos and
Langos. It gives name to the fca near it.
Manfredonia, a town of Naples, in
Capitanata, with a caftle, a good har-
bour, and an archbiftiop's fee. It was
burnt by the Turks in 1620 ; and is
feated on a gulf of the fame name, 50
miles N of Cirenza, and 100 NE of Naples.
Lon. 16 12 E, lat. 41 35 N.
Mangalore, a feaport of Canara, on
the coaft of Malabar, with an excellent
, Ma NCH A, a territory of Spain, in New road for fliips to anchor in while the
Caftile, between the river Guadiana and
Aiidiiil"'''2- It is a mountainous coun-
try ; and it was here that Cervantes
made his hero, Don Quixote, perform his
chief exploits.
Manche, or Channel, a depart-
ment of Francf, including part of the late
province of Normandy. It is almoft iiir-
vounded by the Englifli Channel, and
Coutances is the capital.
Manchester, a large and populous
town of Lancafliire, with a market on
Saturday. It is feated between the i-iver«
rainy feafon lafts. It is inhabited by
Gentoos and Mahometans. The for-
mer, on their feltival days, cairy their
idols in triumph, placed in a waggon,
adorned on all fides with flowers ; and on
the wheels are feveral fliarp crooked iron
hooks, upon which the mad devotees
throw themfelves, and are cruflied to
pieces. It is a place of great trade, and
the Portuguese have a faftory here for
rice, and a large church frequented by
black converts. The adjoining fields bear
two crops of com in a year ; and the
Irk and Irwell, and is a place of great higher grounds produce pepper. Betel
a.ntiquity. It has been long noted for
various branches of the linen, filk, and
cotton manufaftures, and is now princi-
pally confpicuous as the centre of the
cottori trade. The labours of a very
populous neighbourhood are collefled at
Klanchefter, whence they are lent to Lon-
don, Liverpool, Hull, Sic. Thele con-
lift of a great variety of cotton and mixed
goods, fitted for all forts of markets,
both at home and abroad, fpreading over
a great pirt of Europe, America, .and
the coafl: cf Guinea. The manufaftures
Of tapes and other fmall wares, of filk
goods, a. id of hats, are alfo carried on
at Mar.chefter ; from which various
nuts, fandal wood, iron, and lleel. It is
ieated on a rifing groun*', 100 miles n
by w of Tellicherry. Lon. 75 *+E» lat.
13 8 N.
Mangeea, an Ifland in the 9 Pacific
Ocean, aboTit five lengues in circumfe-
rence. In the interior parts it rifes into
fmall hills, and captain Cook reprefents
it as a fine ifland ; but the holtile ap-
pearance of its inhabitants obliged him
to leave it foon. Lon. 158 16 w, lat.
21 27 s.
Mangushlak, a town of Turcoma-
nla, on the E coaft of the Cafplan Sea.
Its commerce is confiderable ; the neigh-
bouring Tartars bringing hither the pro-
fources of wealth It has attained greater duflions of their own country, and even
opulence than almoft any of the trading
towns in England. Its chief ornaments
are the college, the exchange, the colle-
giate church, another large church, and
a Jpacious market-place. By the Irwell,
over which is an ancient and lofty
of Bokharia, fuch as cotton, yarn, ftuffs,
furs, flcins, and rhubarb. It is 37 miles
sw of Aftracan. Lon. 48 29 e, lat. 44
45 N.
Manhartzberg, the northern part
of Lower Auftria, fepai'ated from the
f - bridge, it has a communication with fouthern by the river Danube, and bound
ed on the w by Upper Auftria, on the N
by Bohemia and Moravia^ and on the E
by Hungary.
Manheim, a beautiful city of Ger-
many, in the palatinate of the Rhine.
The ftreets are all ftraight, interfeiting
each other at right angles j and it hat
the Merfey, and all the late various ex
tenfions of inland navigation. It is 67
miles wsw of York, and 18a nnw of
London. Lon. s 80 w, lat. 53 30 N.
Manchester, a tqwn of Virginia,
en James River.
IJanderscueit, a town of Genua-
i;
MAN
♦ Virce noble gates, adorned with baiTo-re-
lifv'os, very beautitully executed. The
inhibit^nts are coinputed at 24,000, in-
cluding the garrifon, which confilts ot*
5000. The fortifications are good ; and
the town is alraoft furrotinded by the
Neckar and the Rhine. The palace of
theeltftor p:ilatine is a magnificent ftruc-
ture J and the cabinet of natural curiofi-
ties, and the colleSioii of pictures, are
much. vaunted. Manhelm ftrrrendered to
the French in September 1^95, but was
retaken by tKe Auftrlans ' in November
following. It is fix miles ne of Spire,
and 10 \v of Heidelberg. Lon. 8 31 e,
Jat. 49 26 N.
Manic A, an inland kingdom of Af-
rica, bounded on the n by Monomatapa,
on the E by'Sot'ala.and Sabia, and on the
s and* vv by unknown regions. It Is faid
to abound with mines of gold, and to
have i great number of elephants 5 but it
is little known to the Europeans.
Maniel, a mountain of St. t)omIrj-
, '20 mile^ in circumference, and\fo
rh. and crtiggyi that' it is'almoft ifla'^-
celfible.' ' ' _ '\ \'\'
M'AtilLtA, or tutONIA, tTlfc%(!hlfef, of
the Wilippine Iflandsi SttLvtoiHA^
MANILLA, a large and populous city,
capital of Lucbnia and tk6 other Philip-
pine Iflands; Moft' df the plibHc ftriit-
tures are built of wood, on account of
•the frequent earthquakes, by one of which,
in 1617, "ar pitountain was levelled ^ in
1625, a third' part of the city was over-
thrown by aridtherj when 3000 perfons
periihed in tiie ruiAs ; and. the next year,
there was another lefs violeftt. . This
city is feated near the* lake Bahia, on the
E lide of a bay, which is a circular bann,
ten leagues; in diameter, aild .great part of
it landlocked'.' The part peculiar to the
city, is called Cavitc : it lies five miles
to the S, and Is the ufual ftation of the
fliips employed in the Acapulco trade j
for an account of which fee LuCONIA.
This city abounds with convents 5 but
the morals of the people are, notvvit^-
ftandingj ixiore licentious than in altnoft
any other part of India. There is, in-
deed, an ihquifition here ; but corruption
of morals is not expofed to Us cenfure.
On account of the pure and rnil<^ tem-
perature of the air, this city is deemed
the moft healthy -of all the European fct-
tlemeiits in the fealt. Lon. ixo 53' £,
lat. 14 36 N. ' .. .1 •
Manningtree, ' a ' town in '^(Tex,
wiA a markielt 01^ Tuefday, ftated on the
river Stour/ which is here called MaU-
iiingticcwater.' It is 11 naailes w of Hal-
-Si^'a-n
Lon,.:
wich, and 60 &SE of London.
It E, lat. 52 p N. ■ , ' . -,
MANOSJyjE,. a' pbpulo'ys tpwi) of
France, in the departiiit-nt of the Lower
Alps and late province of rrpvcn'cc, wjt)i
a calile. It is leatcd oivthe purarice, ip
miles ^ of Forcalquier, and. 5^50 s by .^
of Paris. Lon. 5 55 e^, ht'..^3, ^in. ,,
Manresa, "dn aqciVnt town ^(ji ^^a.x^.
In Catalonia, iVated at the conaui^e (4f
the Cardoiiero" and' Lobbregat, is^iniles
SE of Can'ona, and 20 ww ,6f,>^arot;lgf»^.
Lon. I 56 E, lat. .,.'1 36 N. ' .^-,.j ..-^■f
Mans, ah ancient town of jFrip^c,^*;*-
pitat .of tlie department, of .Mjjine^ ' If
was formei'fy veiy pdpuldus ; outi theyt-
habitauts now Ica'i^ccUr ^jrioynl to i4,,qQ^.
It has excellent pouTtryj and its jiyjix Mjd
ftirffs are faraoi/s.''.^'li js fea jed' on a li^
hni, on the ^arte, neai; .jjts'coMijejtiQe
\yith the HUifrie, 20 miles 5, of„./\Ieii^On,
and 75 W by ^ of Orleans. LonJ.t^ 14. s^,
lat. 4.1 'sVn.''' ' „' . ; , j,^ ;
MaN|arq.aR, ajakeof Thibet, from
Hi^lfttlillie ToutHefnmuKl'head of "the Gau-
ges is^lujij^gd tjp ini|e,_,ttris 115 nwlc^s
*" ,<^.i>f;y'.Pieryice, _^d ,lle^, in, abput , 7.^° fs
•lo^. -.^iid: 34°' M «v*t: ; . , : . ;,,;
* ; ' M>rtj 4 F'tljl?, .^ tciyvn pf" tipper Saxotiy,
capital 0?" a^a),untY ot the fvime name, 35
miles s\v dr'Magdeburg. Lon. iz 5,1^
lat. 51 41 N.
Mi
/hire,
has a gresU trid'e ifi corn and. n^alt; '^jiui
participates in tHe.ftocking manufaftuf^.
It is feated on the edge of the forefl .9f
ShIrvyood, i i' miles ' N, of Nottingham,
and 140 N lay W of London. Lon, i 9 Mf ,
laf. 53.iO:N-, _ , . , , . ... ■ ^
M ANsijLpAj V tpwn'of Spain, in Le®n,
i<; miles svV'of the.cify of Leon.. Lon.
4 55 w, lat. 4» 3o'n, ,: -,„
Mantaca. See Mataca.
MANTcyiE\y Tartars, a br^ch of
the Mogul Tartars, whofe an.eftors con-
quered China in. the 13 th' century, but
V'ere expelled .by the Chinefe iii 1,368.
They inhabit the three department* of .p
Chinefe Tartaiy, called Leoa-toftg, Ki-
rin,^apd Tcitcicai". They retain the cuf-
toms they brought. fron\ China,
Mantes, a c^nfideraWe , town of
France^ i'l). the .(^epartqient of Seine and
Oiffe and late province of ,^he, Ifle of
Frapce, King. Pfiilip 'Auguftn*? died
liere in.12,23 j'ari^ Eejfe is.t^*rtomb of
king Jo^n, ^]k tl^c^ii^ch of a late chap-
tei- which he Tounded. 'the win«s from
the vineyard of tl^'e late Celeftip^,. gutof
the town, are famous, Mante^ la feaited
in the Seine, and over it is a crldgei
Aa 4
lANs^.Et:i),;|toTifp in Nottiaghanj-
J, vvrith a, Market on Thurfday..>^j(t
4
i'l
¥
W
%i
it
I 'ij
- '' iW
MAR
MAR
li M^l
the ^eat irch of >K^icb, although elHp-
tic, IS 110 feet wide. It U 31 miles N w
of Paris. Lon. i 51 e* iat. 49 i (i.
Mantua, orMANTUAN, a duchy of
Italy, lying along the river Po, which
divides it into two parts. It is bounded
on the N b/the Verorpfe, on the s by the
duchies of Regsrio, Modtna, and Muah-
dola; on the e by the Ferrarele; and on
the w by the Cremon».re. It is 50 mlli.>s
iong and 17 broad, and fruitful in corn, rica> in Brafil, whicK compishencls a fty-
"patftires, flaX, fruits, and excellent wine, tile populous iflanJ, j 11 miles in circuni-
Charlcs rv, duke of Mantua, a piir.cc of fergnce. The Fwich fettled here in
..jARACAYBO, a ctnla'.wablc townc/
S America, capital of 'itht . province of
Venezuela. It carries on a great trade
in fl'-ins and chocolate, which is the belt
in America i and it has very fine to-
bacci). It was taken by tlie French buc-
caneers in 1666 ami 1/178. It is feated
near a lake of the fame name. Lon. ;«
45 c, Iat. 10 o N.
Maragnan, a province of SAme-
the empire, having taken part with the
Fnnch, in' the difpute relating to the
Aicceilion of Spain, was put under the
Ittn of the empire, and died in 170S.
Haying no heirs, the emperor kept the
'A^tuan, and the duke of Savoy had
Montferrat, which were confirmed to tliem
hj fubfequent treaties. After the death
or the empei^or in 1740, hiseldcll daugh-
ter, the queen of Hungary, kept polTef-
fiota of the Mantuan; and the governor
of the Milanefe had the adminiftration of
affairs. The ,Mantuan eomfirehends the
duchies of Mantua and Sabioneta i the
principalities of CaftlgUone, Solforina,
and Bofolo; likewife the C(Funty oj No- formerly a city, 10 miles from Athens,
vellara. The principal rivtm of this It is famous tor the vi(ftpry obtained by
'country are the Po, the OgUo, and the Miltiades, v'ith 10,000 Athenians, over
'Minchio. 500,000 Perfi^n*, who loft a^ve iqa,ooo
Mantua, the capital of a duchy of men.
the fame name, in Italy, with anarch- Marawina, a river of Guiana, which
••bifhop's fee, and a xtniverfity, feated on feparaies Siuinam from th«; French coloh
an ifland in the middle of a lake. The ny of Cayenne. It is npted for a cu»-ious
'ftreets are broad and ftraight, and it has
eight gates, »i parifhes, 40 convents and
nunneries, a quarter for the Jews to live
iii, and above 16,000 inhabitants. It is
verv IVrong by fituation as well as by art,
' aho there is no coming at U but by two
caufcways, which crofs the lake} for duchy of Wirtemburg, feated on the
16 1 a, and built a town ; but they were
foon expelled liy the Povtuguefe. It haa
a caltle, a harbour, and a bifhop's fee.
Lon. 54, 55 w, lar. i 20 S.
Marano, a town of Italy, in Vciif-
tian Frluli, with a Itrong citadel. It i>
feac'ed in a madh, which render** it diH\-
cult of acceis, and at tlie ])uttom of the
fulf of Venice, 27 miles 5 by E of Udina.
,on. 13 5 £, hit. 4.5 5% N.
Marasch, a populous town of Nafo,
lia, encompafled by tlie mountains of
Taurus and Anti-tavrus, and the river
Euphrates. Lon. 38 25 E, Iat. 38 1 5 n.
Marathon, a -village of Livadia,
pebble, known by the najne of the Ma,-
rawina diamond j which, wheja, polifhed.
is often fct in rings, Sec. It tails into
the Atlantic in Ton- $j 48 w, Iat, 5
58 N,
Marbach, a town of Suabia, in the
which reafon, it is one of the moil ccn
^Ijdcrable fortrcffes in Europe. It was
greatly noted for its ^Iks, and filk maim-
wftures, which are now m\ich decayed.
The air in the fummer is very unwhole-
ibme J and the lake is formed by the in-
lindations of the Mincio. Virgil was
■ born at i village near this city. Mantua
was almoft continually in a Itate of fieg^.
Neckar. It was burnt by the French in
1693. It is 12 miles s of Hailbron,and
13 N of Stutgard, Lon. 9 25 k, l^t. 4.8
59 N.
Marbeha, a town of Spain, in An*
dalufia, feated at the mouth of the Rio
Verde, 28 miles swof Malaga. Lon. 5
55 w, Iat. 36 29 N.
Marca, a fmall iiland in the gulf qf
by the French, the latter half of the year Venice, five miles from Rag\ifa, on which
^796, It is 35 miles NE of Parma, »« it depends. It had formerly a biihop's
9w of Verona, and aao N by W of Rome, fee j but the town is now in ruins.
Lon. 10 jo E, tat. 45 10 n.
KfAKACAYBO) % lake, or arm of th«
Tea, in Terra Firma, lying in »bdut 70°
w ion. and lo*' N tat. it opens into
the rarribbean Sea, is defended by
ftrong'forts, and has feveral Spaniih towns
'ieatel'oh thoco^*
MARCi^J'LlN, St. a town of France,
in the department of Ifere and late pro-
vince of Dauphiny, feated on the Here,
at the foot ,of a hill, in a country that
produces excellent wine. It is five miks
from St. Antoine, and 15 3 s by £ Qf
Vui*. Lon, 5 jx E| Iat. ^S; 14. N«
MAR
Marcellino, a rmall river of 8icilv»
in the Val-(ii-Noto, which falli into tite
lea, two miles from Augufta.
Marche, a late province of Fran^ef
bounded on the N by Beiry, on the E by
Auvergne, on the w by Angoumois, and
0X1 the S by Limoiln. It is 55 miles in
iength anci 25 in breadth, and is pretty
fertile in corn and wine. It now forms
die department of Creufe.
Marche, a town of France, !• the
departanent of the Voiget and late pro*
vince of Lorrain, 10 miles s of Neuf-
chateau, and 40 s by w of Toul. Lon.
5 50 E, lat. 48 6 N.
Marche, or Marche-en-Famine,
a town of Luxemburg, feated on the
Marfette, 45 miles nn w of Luxemburgh.
Marche N A, an ancient town of 6pain,
in Andalufia, with a liiburb as large as
the town; feated in the middle of a plain,
particularly fertile in olives, though dry
for want of water. If is i S miles W of
Seville. Lon. 5 44 w, lat. 37 34 N.
Marchiennes, a town of the Auf-
trian Netherlands, in the>county of Na-
mur, feated on both fides of th^ Sambre,
four miles w of Charleroy, and la sw of
Namur. Lon. 4 ax e, lat. 50 20 K.
Marchiennes, a village of France,
in the department of the North and late
province of French Flanders, with a late
abbey, feated in a morafs, on the river
Scarpe, between Douay and St. Amand.
Marchpurg* a town of Germany, in
the duchy of Stiria, with a ftrong caftle,
feated on the Drave, .18 miles w of Pet-
taw, and 25 ssw of Gratz. ^Lon. 15
19 E, iat. 46 44 N.
Marcigliano, a towti of Naples,
Jn Terra di Lavora, feven miles B of Na-
ples, betvteen Nola and Aiceira. Lon.
14 30 E, lat. 40 51 N.
Marck, a territory of Germany, in
the circle of Weliphalia, bounded on the
N by the biihopric of Munftcr, on the e
by the duchy of Weftphalia. and ©n the
s and w by that of Berg. It is pretty
fertile, ana belongs to tlie Icing of Pruf-
|ia. Ham is the capital.
Marco, St. a town of Naples, In
C?labria Citeriore, with a bi(h^'s fee,
feated on the benito, a2'tniles N of C6-
fwza. Lon. 16 to E, lat. 39 41 N.
Mardike, a village of Ffaiice, in the
department of the Norths and late French
Flandtrs, feated on a celebrated canal, to
which it gives name, four miles W by S
of Dunkirk. ' •
Ma REE, Loch, a frefli- water lake in
Rofslhire, 1 8 miles long, and, in fome
partsi four broad. It contain* many
MAR
finall idands, and abounds with Htlman^
cb.tr, and trout.
Marbnnes, a town of France, in tho
department of Lower Charente and late
province of Saintonge, remarkable for the
green-flnned oyfters found near the coalt,
and its laif . It is feated near the Atlan-
tic, 31 miles NW of Saintcs, and 270
SW of Paris. Lon. o 49 w, lat. 46 1 5 n.
Maretimo, an illand of Italy, on the
W coalt of Sicily. It is 10 miles in cir-
cumference, has a callle, with a few fann-
houfes, and produces much honey. Lon.
12 35 E, lat. 38 5 N.
Margaretta, an idand of S Ame^
rica, near Terra Firma, difcovered by
Columbus in 1498. It is 40 miles ix\
length and 15 in breadth. The conti-
nual verdure renders it pleafant; but it
is not confiderable fmce the Spaniards re-
tired thence tp Terra Firma. The pre-
fent inhabitants are mulattos, and the
original niUives. It was taken in 1626
by the Dutch, who demoliihed the cattle.
Lon. 63 12 E, lat. 10 46 N.
Margate, a feaport in Kent, in the
iHe of Thanet. It has much Increafed
of lat^ yeiirs, by the great refort to it
for fea-bathing. Great quantities of
corn are exported hence, and veffels arc
Aequently palfing to and from the coaft
of Flanders. There are alfo regular paf-
fage boats, to and from London^ fomc of
which are elegantly fitted up. It is 14
miles N of Deal, and 72 E by s of Lon-
don. Lon. I 28 E, lat. 51 24 N.
Margentheim, a town of Germany,
in the circle of Franconia, fubjeft to the
grand matter of the Teutonic order. It
IS feated on the 1 uber, 16 miles sw
of Wurttburg. Lon. 8 50 e, lat. 49
30 N.
Marian Islands. See Ladrones.
Maria, St. an ifland of the Indian
Ocean, five miles e of Madagafcar. It
is 27 miles in length and five in breadth ;
well-watered, and furrdunded by rocks.
The air is extremely moitt, for it rains
almoft every day. It is inhabited by
about 600 negroes, but feldom vjfited by
ftiips paffing that way.
Maria,"St. the moft fouthern of the
Azores, or Weftem Ifiands . It produces
plenty of wheat, and, has about 5000 in-
habitants.^
Maria, St. 'a confiderable town of
Spain, in Andalufia, with a fmafl caftle.
It was takeh by the Eng^lifli and Dutch
in 1702; and i^ feated- on the Guade-
leta, at the mouth of which is ' a lower,
and a batteiy, 1 8 miles N of Cadit. Lon.
6 6 Wy lat, 36 39 N,
"1 1*i
• M 'film
If
'fxi ! '
llf
^^
(' *
km
^'4
U
(I
P
K
/n
al"'" ""l'
m^^
i
b
hi
li'i
MAR
Maria, St, a confiderahle town of
Terra Fiima Proper, iii the aiid,ience of
Panama, ^uilt hy tiie Spaniards -after ithey
had dil'covered the gold nunc* that ar«
ntar it, ,and foon alter taktn by the
Englifli. It is fcatcd at the bottom of
the guh'of St. Michael, at tiic mouth of
a r ivci' of the fame nam^, Lon. 78 i z w,
lat. 7 43 N.
MARiE-Aux-M;?Jiis,atownofFr3nce,
in the departmvnt of the Voi'ges and hue
province of Lorrain, divided in two by
the river Leber. It is faniovis for its
filver mines, and is 15 milts N\v of New
Briikctv. Lon. 7 14 E, lat. 48 16 N.
Marienburg, a town of Upper Sax.
ony, in Milnia, . remaikabie for its rich
filyer mines. J« is ftated among the
mountains, on the coniines of Bohemia,
28 miles S6W of Drefden. Lon. 13 35 £,
lat. 50 49 N. .
Marienburg, an ancient and ftrong
town of Weftein,Pni{fia, capital of a pu-
latinate of the faniename, with a caltje.
It is feated on a branch of the ViUuLu
30 miles. sw,of Llbing, and 30 ss of
Dantziqjf Lon. 19 1-5 e,. lat. 54 9 N.
Marienburg, a town of France, in
the department of the North and late
French Hainault, fprmq^iy a ftrpng place*
but difmantled by tj>e French, after it
was ceded to them hy the treaty of th«
Pyrenees. It is iq miles s,w of Chariet-
mont. i^Xoiu 4t 28; £, lat. 50, » N.,
Mar^ENStadt, a town of Sweden,.**
W Gothland, feated op the lake Wenneii
35 inile$ SE ,(^ C^lftadt, and i6x s,w of
Stockholm. Lop. 14 25 e, lat. 58 z8 n;
Marjen WERDER, a town of Western
Pjnilfia, with a cattle, feated on the Vifr
tula, zo ipiles ssw of Marienbui'g. XoUk
35 5 E, lat. 53 49 N.
Mariagalante, one of thf Leeward
Caribbee lUaiuls, in the W Indies, . fiib-
jeft to the French. It extends 16 milies
from N to s, and four from e to w. It
is full of hills, and along , the E fhore
are lofty perpendicular rocks, that fhelter
vatt numbers of tropical birds. It has
feveral large caverns, with many little
ftreams, and ponds of frcfh water. It is
covered with trees, and particularly
abounds with tobacco and the wild cinrxa-
mon-tree. It is 30 miles N of Dominica,
and 40 E of Guadaloupe. Lon. 61 ji w,
lat. 15 51 N.
Marignano, a town of Itajy, in the
duchy of Milan, remarkable tor the de-
feat of the Swifs, by the French, in 1 515.
It is feated on the Lambro, la miles SB
of Milan.
Marino, St. a ftrong town pf It^Iy,
eafMtal of a fnull republiG» furroundcd
by the diicWy:of'W«ibi»io, under the pio.
tn^lioa af the p^pf, vTdHi three caltlcs.
It i:. hit-.: I on d u^ountain, lo milcR >s>v
of J;iiiiini, and 14 Nw of UiUino. Lc:;.
It 33 a, lat. 43 54 N.
Marino, St. a town of Italy, in
Campagna di Koma, with a calUe, 10
»iiic» E of Rome. Lon. 12 46 E, lat.
41 54 N.
Mark, St. a feaport on the w fide of
St, l^oniingo. 'I'he hoiilcs.arc all built
of frcefione, vvhich is abundant in the
neighbour in p{ country. It w;is taken by
the Engliih {ind royaiills in January 1794.,
and Is 45 miljs susyoU Port-au-Prir.ce,
Lon. 71 40 w, lat. 1^ *o N-
MARKr;T Jew. See Mbrazion.
M A r L D o A 0 u a }i , a borough in Wi}*«,
with a market on Saturday. In 1*67, !<
parliament was held in the cattle, which
t;n:t^ed feveral iippprtunt laws, called the
Sfatutcs of Markbridge. Of the walls
and, ditqh of this cattle there are ftill
foiue remains ; and the i'^it of a Roman
caltruin, \vith Ro.nan coins, prove it to
have been a Rouian'ftation. Tliis'town
lias often, fuffered by {ivi, particulai-iy in
1690. ■ It cQiitains itvo churches, and
about 500 houfes, is gpverned .by a mayor,
and fends two meml^ers/toi parliaihent.
It is leat^d on thb Kenneth 43 miles e of
Biilfto),; and 74. w of Londoii* Lon. i
•ft6 W,,lat, 51 28 N« .. /.i >■'■'
Ma R.L BO rough, FTo&t, ah E^glifh
;f?6l.ory, on the wooaft.of the iiland of
Sjqm^trak three miles .£1 of Bencoolen,
itQd 3oarvNWof hitscwAi, . Lon^ ioz^e,
h^' 3 49 N* ■ • r
Marlovv, a borough in BuckSnghami-
(hire, with a maiiketon Saturdayi It
ie))df t^Q members tQ'parUatnant,and has
a n\anv^^ure of. bonelacci It is ftmCeft
on the Thames, aver which is a bridge
iptp Bei'kffaire, .17 miles s of AiUft)<iry,
and 31 w of London. Lon. o 45 w,
lat. ,51 35 N. , . ', '
Mari.1, a village of France, between
Verfaille*and St. Gei-main, near a foreft
of the fame name. Here was a royal pa-
lace, noted for itis fine gardens landwatcc-
works, there being a cutious machiiit on
the Seine, which not only fupplicd the*»
^yith watei", bat aUa thole of Verfaflles.
It is ip.miles NW of Paris.
Mar,manpe, a town of France, in" the
department of Lot and Garonne, and lalic
province of Gui«one. It carries on a
great trad? in corn, wine, and brandy.
It is feated on the Garonne, 40 miles SE
of Bo:urdeaux,,ahd 3Z0 s by vv of Fails.
Lon. o 15 E, lat. 4420 N.
Mar/MORA, a fea betweeni Europe anjd
Afia* >>hich conununicates with the Ai-
MAR
MAR
r the ^iv,.
niilrs .s<v
ro. Lr;:.
chlpelago, by the ftrait of Gallipol! on
fhf svv, and with the Black. Sea, by the
(trait of Coiiltantinople on the ne. It
is 120 miles in length and 50 in lireadth,
and was anciently called the Pioj>ontls.
Marmora, the name of foui illands
in the lea of the fame name. The laigeil
it about 30 n:iies in circumttn iice, and
they all proi.uce corn, wine, and liuits.
Marmora, a cclehrated ca.'cade of
Italy, in the duchy of Spolctto, three
miles from Tcrni.
Marne, a department of France, in-
cluding part of the late province of Cham-
pagne. It takes its name from a river
which riles near Langrcs, and flowing
NW joins the Seine, a little above Paris.
Rheims is the archiepifcopal fee, but Cha-
lons is the capital.
Marne, Upper, a department of
France, including part of the late pro-
vince of Champagne. Chaumor.t is the
capital.
MarnhulL, a village in Dorfetfliirei
on the Stoiir, five miles sw ot Shaftl-
hiirv. The church is an ancient lofty
buifding ; the tower of whic^ ft 11 down
in 1710, in time of divine fervice, but
was handfomely rebuilt.
Maro, a town of Italy, on the coaft
of Genoa, in a valley of the fame name,
eight miles NW of Oneglia, and 48 wsw
of Genoa. Lon. 7 4.1 E, lat. 44 55 n.
Marocna, a town of Romania, with
a Greek archbiftiop's fee, feated near the
Mediterranean, 70 miles sw of Adria-
nople. Lon. 25 41 e, lat. 40 59 N«
Marotier, a town of France, in the
department of Lower Rhine and late
province of Alface, with a late Benedic-
tine abbey, 18 miles NW of Straiburg.
Lon. 7 33 E, lat. 48 38 N.
Marpurg, a Itrong town of Ger-
many, in the landgravate of Hcffe Caffel,
with a univeriity, a caftle, a palace, a
Jiandfome fquare, and a magnificent town-
houfe. It is leated on the Lahn, 1 5 miles
s of Waldeck, and 47 s>v of Caflei.
Lon. 9 o E, lat. 50 35 n.
Marquesas, a group of iflands in the
S Pacific Ocean, oi which the molt con-
Cderable are, St. Chriftina and St. Pedro.
Captain Cook, in his fecond voyage, lay
feme time at the firft of thelt'» which is
fituate In lon. 139 9 w, and lat. 9 55 s.
It is high and fteep, but has many vaU
lies, which widen toward the fea, and are
covered with fine forefts to the fummits
of the interior mountai|hs. The products
of thefe and the other iH^nds are bread-
fruit, bananaS) plantains, cocoa-nuts>
icarlet beans, |^|per-mulbefries> of the
bark of which tht-Ir cloth Is made, cafti.
arinas, with other tropical plants and
trees, and hogs and lovvi». The native*
are well made, Itrong, and ailivc j ot a
tawny complexion, but look alinolt black,
by being punMured over the whole body.
'i'hey go almolt naked, ha\ ing only a
fmall piece of cloth, perfectly lexmblinjj
that made by the yteo^Ae of Otaheite,
round their waift and loins. Their beard
and hair are ol a fine jet black, like thoi^j
of the other native:, of the ton id zon^.
Their arms aro clubs and lpear;i,and their
governiiiciit, like that of the Society
Illands, monaichicai. The drink of tho
Marquefans is v\'atcr only, tocoa-nut»
being rather (carce. Their muiic, njuli-
cal inftrumcnts, dances, and c uioes, very
much rtlemble thoJc of Otaheite. la
fliort, the inliaoiiants of the Marqucfus,
Socie;y, atid FiienJiy Illands, iiafter
Ifland, and New Zealand, leem to have
all the I'aiue criyinj their language, man-
n.rs, culloms, 6cc. bearing a great af-»
finity In many rcipefts.
Mar-Forest, a diltrift in Aberdecn-
fhire, conlilHng of valt woodland moun-
tains, which occupy the weltern angle of
the county. T:.e river Dee rili:s amonf
thele mountains.
Mars A L, a town of France, in th^
department of Meurthe and la'e province
of Lorrainl It is remarkable for its
lalt-works, and feated on the Selle, in
a marfh of difficult accefs j which, with
the fortifications, renders it an important
place. It is 17 miles ne of Ninci. Lon.
6 41 E, lat. 48 49 N.
Marsala, a populous and ftrong town
of Sicily, In the valley of Mazara. It is
built on the ruins of the ancient Lily-
baeum, 53 miles sw of Palermo. Lon.
12 29 E, lat. 38 4 N.
MARSAquivER, or Marsalquiver,
a ftrong and ancient town of Tremefen,
in the kingdom of Algiers, with one of
the belt harbours in Africa. It was
taken by the Spaniards in 1732} and is^
feated on a rock, near, a bay of the Me-
diterranean, three miles from Gran. Lon.
o 10 w, lat. 36 I [*.
Marseilles, a ftrong city of Franccj^
In the department of the Mouths of thq
Rhone and late province of Provence. It^
was lately anepilcopal fee ; and the inha-
bitants are computed to be 90,000. It*
was lb celebrated in the time of th^^,Rp-
mans, that Cicero ftyled it ti j;,j.4,th*'ns of,
the Gauls, and Pliny callcfi it: the Mif-
trefs of Education. It is ieatedj on the,
Mediterranean, at the upper end ojf a gul^
covered suid defeiule4 by ma^y im^A.
rti?
■m
•' ■ •AVi
m
a Sir
i.t.i
MAR
MAR
in.»n^s; ami it is partly on tlie diclivlty
i%i :i liill, ami jniitly in a |)l:iih. It is di-
viiinl xnto the Old Town, or the City,
iind the New I'own. I'hc firit ii|)j)c:iis
like an uinphithcatre to the vclVJs wliicli
«ntiT the pwit i l>ut tlic houles ait mean,
and thi- Itivrt* dirty, narruw, and lU'cp.
in this pan i» the nrir.cipal dunch, built
ky the C/uths, «n tue ruiii« of the ivniple
©r Diana. The New Town is a perlect
contialt to the City, with which it h;»s a
communication by one ot' the fmell (tiect^
imaginable ; and its other ftreets, the
I'quarcs, and tlic public buildings are
bcautitul. With rerju.'i\ to coniinfict,
Warlcillesjias been c;illcd Europe in Mi-
niature, on account of tlie variety of
tlrrifes and languages which are httc I'etn
|ind heard. The port is a balin of an
4)Val form, 34.80 feet long, by yfto in its
wiileft part, with 18 or 20 feet depth of
water; and is defended by a citadel and
a fort. In 1649, the plagiie raged witit
great violence, and with Itili greater in
ijiOi when it carried off 50,000 cf tlvc
■ inhabitants. TTae memory of this grciu
calamity is prefers ed by two pitlures,
Einted by Serrc, in the fealJ of tlic town-
tife. In 1793, Marlicilles revolted
againft the French National Couveation,
Init was very loon reduced. It is 1 j
iniles Nw of Toulon, and 36a s by e of
Paris. Lon. 5 a/ e, lat. +J 18 N.
' Mars.ander.xn, a i>i oviiure of Perfi.i ;
boumleu on the n by the Cafpian Sea, on
the w by Ghilan, on tiie s by Irac Agt-
xni, ajul on the E byAltrabad. Ferabad
is the capital.
MaR'shfield, a town in Glouceftef-
ftirc, with a market on Tuefday, feated
on the Cotci'wold Hills, 11 miles e of
Brilfol, and 10a w of London. Lon. 2
15 w, lat. 51 30 N.
Marsico Nuovo, a town of Naples,
in Printipato Citeriore, with a bllhop s
i-j'. It is leated at tl>e foot of the . Vp-
pemiints, near the river Agri, 73 miles
&E of Naples. Lon. 1 5 4.9 e, lat. 40 aS N.
MarstraND, a rocky ifland of Swe-
den, in the Categate, lying nw of the
mouth of the Gotha. It is two miles in
circumference ; and, on account of it$
Itrength, is called the Gibraltar of Swe-
den. The town, which lies on the e
fide, contains about 1 100 inhabitants ;
and the harbour is i^cure and commodiotiS|
but of difficult entrance. Since the peace
of 1783, its trade has declined j and the
inhabitants fubiift chiefly by the herring
iWhery, by the number of fhips which in
had weather take refuge in the harbour*
ii«l by. a contraband tirade." It is »3
miles NW of Gothebo:g. Lo:i. ti '^z c^
lat. 57 59 N.
Maria, a town in Italy, in t!,p
patrimony of St. Peter, and duchy uj"
Caltro. It is Icutetl on a lake of tin-
fame n.mie, c.illed alio Bolfena, 35 mik,
N of Kiinie. I. on. la 40 e, lat. 42 zC :,.
Mariaha.n, a pro\ iiue ill tlie st pait.
of Pegu, on the bay <;!' Bengal. The
foil is fertile in riet, fniits, and wines
of all kinds. It is iubjed t» the kin;
of J^urnlal^ who, in 1754, Aibdued t!;'c
kingdom of Pegu, and rendered ii a ile
pendent pruviitie.
M ARiABAN, the capital of a province
of the f line name, in Pegu. Ft w.is arir;.
trading place before diipswcre ir.nk a; ili^;
entrance of the harlwur to choke it npj
It lb leat.d on t,\\t bay of jlengal, So
mil.;, s of tile city of Pe^u. Lon. ij^
56 f , lat. 15 30 N,
MARTiii,, a town of Franc, in tin;
d.jKU-tnuut of Lot and lite province cf
Qu^tici, l«aud n«;ar the Dordogne, li
nliles 1: of Sarlat. Lon. i 44 F, lat. 44 51 n.
Martha, S'l . a province of Terra,
Fiima, bounded on the N by the Carib-
bean Sea, en tht* e by Venezuela, on the
s by New (.iranath, and on the w by
Carthagcnu- It is 300 miles in Kngthj
and aoo jn breadth; is a mountainous
country, and the land very high. Here
the famous ridge of mountains begin,
calJid the Andi-'s, which run the whubt
length of 8 Anuriea, from N to s. It
abounds with fruits proper to the climate,
and there are mines of gold and precious
ftones, and ialt-works.
Martha, St. the japital of a province
of the laiTu; name, in 'I'erra Firma, with
a bifhop's lee, and a harbour furrounded
b^ bigji inountains. It was once flou-
rifhing and populous, but has much de-
clinecT iince the Spanifli fleets no longer
touch hpre. The houfes are built of
canes, and covered moltly with palmcto
leaves. It has been frequently pillaged
and r^iin^d by the Englifh, the Dutch,
ajiil tbt' bupcaneers. It is leated on ont:
of thp niouths of the Rio Grande, 100
milps w by s of Rio-de-la-Hacha. Lon.
73 .S'J vv, 'lat. II a4 N.
Martha's ViNEVARn, an ifland of
N America, near the coaft of Maflachu-
lets, 80 miles s of Bolton. The inha-
bitai}t$ apply themfelves chiefly to their
f!fherles, in which they have great fuccels.
Lpn. 70 22 w, iat. 41 16 N.
Mart HAL EN, a confiderable town of
Swiilerland, in that part of the county
of Ky burg, fubjeA to Zuric . It is feated
near thoKnine, fix ixiUc» s of Scaffhsil'ciii
tluclly „j-
a: ot till-
» 35 iiiilc,
iiid wiiits
the kin.r
)dijal t!;c
il ii u dc
Ivl A R
M.\Rricveif a li-.»port of Fiance, In
• 1,1. department of the Mouths of the
f(lnmc aiul l.iU: province of Provence.
It \» (crated neur a lake, iz miles long
iiul five broad, which is twenty timen
li-l's cordideiahle than it was formerly,
l,iit wht-nce they eet very fine fifli and
excellent fnlt. Martigtics is so miles
NW of Marll-illi's. Lon. 5 z e, lat. 4.}
H) N.
Martin, Cape, a promontory of Va-
ftncia, in Spain, which ftprarates the
jjulf of VaKncia from that of Alicant.
ton. 0 ■^6 E, lat. 38 54 ■<.
Martin, St. a town of France, in
the irte of J<he, with a harbour and ftrong
citadel, i 5 miles \V of Kochelle. Lon.
I J7 w, lat. 46 TO N.
Martin, St. one of the Leeward Ca-
ribbean Illands, in the W Indies, )yin^
to tiie NW of St. Bartholomew, ana
tu the &w of Anguilla. It is 24. miles
in circumfereiTce, has neither harbour nor
river, but I'everal fah-plts. It was
l»)n(? jointly pofiefled by the French and
j");itch} but at the commencement of
Vile piefent war, the former were ex-
pelled by the latter. Lon. 63 o w, lat.
18 4 N.
Mamtinico, one of the Windward
C;uil)bee Itiands, in the W Indies, 40
iiulei in length, and 100 in circumfertnce.
The French pollctTal it from 1635 till
1762, when it was taken by the Engliili j
it was reltortd in 1763, and a«;ain taken
hj the Englifh in 1 7(^4. There are many
high mountains covered with trees, is
well as fevtral rivers and fertile vallies,
but they will ni)t bear either wheat or
vines; however, the former is not much
wanted, for the natives prefer caffava to
wiitat bread. It produces (ugar, cotton,
j,'Inger, ir.digo, chocolate, aloes, pinx-nto,
plantains, and other tropical fruits; ami
IS extremely jwpulous. It Iras ftvei'al
late and commodious harbours, well fbr-
titied. Fort St. Pierre, the jriincipul
place, is in lon. 61 20 w, lat. 14 14 N.
Martorano, a town uf Naples, in
Calabria Citeriore, with a bifhop's lie,
ei>;lu miles from the lea, and 15 s of
1-olenra. L'm. 16 as E, lat. 39 fi N.
Martorei,, a town of Sp;un, in Ca-
talonia, leated at the confluence of the
Noya and Lobragal, 18 miles NW of
Barcelona. Lon. i 56 i:, lat. 41 36 N.
.\1artos, a town of Spain, ii; Anda-
lufia, with a fortrefs leated on a rock, eight
miles s of Anduxar.
MarvejoLs, a commeiciU town of
t^rarce, in the clepr.rtnicnt of I..o/ere and
late province- wf Gevaudan, leaicj in a
MAS
valJey> on the river Colange, 10 mllet
NW of Mtnde, and 300 t ot Paris. Lon.
2 2) E, Ut. 44 36 N.
Marville, a town of France, in the
department of Mexife and late duchy oC
Bar, lieatcd on the Olhein, three miles 1^
of Jametz.
MARVBOROUGH,aboroughofIrelanil,
capital of Queen's C»unty, 17 miles 6 06
Philipltown. Lon. 7 o w, lat. 53 t s.
Maryland, one of the United State*
of America, 174 miles long and no
broad j bounded on the N by PennfyU
vania, on the E by the ftate ol Delaware,
on the SE and s by the Atlantic Ocean,
and on the s and \v by Virginia. It i«
ifivjded into i3 co\inties, 10 of which
are on the weltern, and eight on the
eallem fhore of the Chelapeak. Wh»*r
aiul tobacco aie the Uaple commoditit.
of this ftate, which, in moft rel'pefts, rc-
fembJes Viiginia. Anapolis is the capital.
Marv's River, St. a river of the
United States, in Georgia. It is navi-r
gable for veffels of conliderable burden
tor ninety miles j and its banks afford
immenfe quantities of fine timber fuited
to the W India markets. It forms a
jnrt of the fouthem boundary of the
United States, and enters Amelia Sound,
in lat. 30 44 N.
Mary's Strait, St. a Itrait in S
Ameiica, which forms the communi-
cation between Lake Superior and Lake
H\iroiT. It is about 40 miitrs long ; and
at the upper end if a rapid fall, which,
when condu6led by careful pilots, may
be defctnded without danger.
Mar7,a Sirocco, a gulf on tlie s
fide of the ille of Malta. The Tuik*
landetl here in 1565, when they went ta
behcge Valettaj for which realbn the
giaiU mailer ordered three forts to be
built, two at the entrance of the <ju\t', and
one on the point of land that advances
into the middle of it.
M ARZiLLA, a handfome town of Spain,
ill the province of Navarre, leated nea* the
river Airagon, 30 miles s of Pam()f lut>a«.
Ma:. BATE, one of the Pbilippijic
Illands, almolt in the centre of the relt.
Ir is 75 miles in circumfer-jnce, and the
naiivfs art tiibulaiy to the Spaniaids.
Lon. ii2 25 E, lat. II 36 N.
M.iSKRouGH, a flourilhing village, In
Yorklliire, on the river Don, adjoining
the bridge of Rotherham. Htrr arc
conftderable iron works, beg\iu, .about
forty years ago, by three brothers, Aaronj
Jonathan, and Samuel Walker. Here
ate fuiqaccs for melting the iron out o^
tlv: ore, forge* for making it raalkable
r:
ill
M
!N:'.ii%
]'Ci'- 1
%
i
MAS
MAT
11 m,^'
J i
ind converting into fteel, and mills for
flatting iron plates, which are alio tinn*d
here. All lorts of hammered and calt
Aron goods are made here, iVoin the moft
trifling aiticle to a large cannon, of which
great quantities are exported.
Mascate, a town on the oaft of
Arabia Felix, with a caltle on a rock.
Jt is leated at the bcttom of a I'mall bay,
and is very ftrong both by nature and
art, though the bullc!im\s are mean.
It was lortificd, in 1650, by the
Portuguefcj but afterward taken by the
Arabs, who put all the garrilon to the
fword, exctpt 18, who turned Maho-
jnetans. 1 he cathedral, built by the
Portuguefe, is now the kings palace.
There are neither trees, ihrubs, nor grafs
to be ieen on the leacolt near it, and only
a few date-trees in a valley at the back
of the town, though they have all things
iii plenty. The weather is fo hot irom
Jvlay t» September, that no people are to
Re feen in the ttreets from :en in the
morning tiJl four in the afternoon. The
bazars or market-places are covered with
the leaves of date-trees, laid on beams
which reach from .he houle-tops on one
fide to thofe on the other. The religion
of the inhabitants is Mahonietanifm, and
yet, contrary to the cul^om of the Turks,
they fufter any one to go into their
molques. The produ6ls of the country
are horfes, dates, fine brimftone, coffee,
and ruinofs, a root that dies red. Lon.
57 26 E, lat. 24. o N.
Mas-d'Asil, a town of France, In
the department of Arriege and late county
of Foix, witt a late r-ch Bcnediftine
abbey. It is Icated on the rivuiet Rile,
eight miles sw of Pamiers.
Maskelyne's Isles, a group of
fmall but beautiful Iftands, in the S Pa-
cific Ocean, lying off the se point of
MalicoUo, one of the New Hebrides.
\fASSA, in GT-cient and populous town
of Tul'cany, capitL-l of a fmall princi-
pality of the lame name, whofe fove-
reignty is independent of the grand duke.
It has a ftrong caftle, and is famous for
its quarries of finsf marble, it is ieated
on a plain, th\xf miles from the lea,
and 55 v/ by N ot Florence. Len. 10 o
E, lat. 44.0 N.
Mass A, a town of Naples, in Tcrra-
di-Lavcra, with a bi-'hop's fee, ieated
near the fea, 20 miles S of Naples. Lon.
I > iS E, lat. 40 ^i N.
Mass.\, a iown of Italy, in the Sien-
nefe, with a bifhop's fee, featcd on a
mountain n*ar the lea, 25 miles sw of
Sienna. Lon. 10 4-S E, lat. 42 40 N.
Massachusets, one the United States
•of America, 150 miles long and 60
broad ; bounded on the N by New Hamp.
/hire and Vermont, on the w by NVw
York, on the s by Conne£licut, Rhode
Ifland, and the Atlantic Ocean, and on
the E by th;.L ocean and Mafliichiiltiii
Bay. It is divided into 14 count its;
{)ioduces plenty of Indian corn, iiux,
I'-iiip, copper, ail'', ironj and they have
nianuia^lories of leather, linen, and wool,
len cloth. Bt^fton is the capital.
Massachusets Bay, a bay of N
America, which fprcads eaftward ot
Bolton, and is comprehended between
Cape Ann on the N, and Cape Cod on
the s. It is fo named, as well as the
whole ftate of Mallachufets, from a trihe
of Indians of the lame name, that for-
merly lived round this bay.
Massaira, a ftrong town of Naples,
in Terra d'Otranto, with a biihop's lee.
Hated at the foot of the Appennines, 16
miles NNW of Tarento. Lon. 17 ao e,
lat. 40 50N.
Masserano, a town of Piedmont,
capital of a imall principality of the lams
name, held by its prince as a hef of the
church. It is Ieated on a mountain, 40
miles NE of Turin. Lon. 8 14 £, lat.
45 38 N.
Mastico, or Capo Mastico, a cape
on tht.' s fide of Scio, one of the iftand^i
of the Ajxhipelago.
Ma^uah, a tcwn of Abyftinia, fitt:-
ate on an illand on the coaft of the Rei
Sea. The houfes, in general, are built of
poles and bent grafs, as in the towns in
Arabia j and a few are of ftone, fome
of them two ftories high. Lon. 39 3S
E, lat. 15 ;5 N.
MaSULIpatam, a populous and com-
mercial feaport of Hindooftan, feated
near the mouth of the Kiltna, on the
coaft of Coromandel, 200 ^Jies N of
MadiFs. J.on. 81 12 e, lat. 16 8 N.
Mataca, or Mantaca, a commo-
dious bay on the N coatt of the iiland of
Cuba, 3 5 miles e of Havanua. Lon, 8t^
16 w, lat. 23 12 N.
Matagorda, a fortrefs of Spain, at
the entrance of the harbour of Cadiz.
KIatalona, a town of Naples, in
Terra di Lavora, eight miles NW of
Capua, and 19 w by s of Benevento.
Lob. 14 14 e, lat. 41 12 N.
Matam AN, acountyof Africa,bounded
on the N by Bcnguela, on the E by parts
unknown, on the s by the country of the
Hottentots, and orvrhe w by the Atlantic
Ocean. There is no town in it, and
tht iaiiabitutii live in nuferAble huts, it
MAT
Veing a defert country, littU irifitcd by
the Europeans. ■.:.-■">
Matan, or Mactan, cfne of the
Philippine Iflands. Here M%^Uaii was
killed in 15x1; and the inhabitants Ifeve
lince thrown off the yoke of Spain.
Matapan, Cape, the mcit louth^rn
promontory of the Morea, befwcen tht
gulf of Coron and that of Colochlna. Lon.
az 4.0 E, lat. 3<> 25 N.
Mat A RAM, a large town, formerly
the capital of an empire of thot name,
1 the ifland of Java. It is ftiong by
fituation, and fcated in a fertile and po-
pulous countiy, furroimded by mountiiihs.
Lon. Ill 55 E, bt. 715 s.
Mataro, a town of Spain, in Cata-
lonia, reiparkabl« • for its glafs works.
It is featcd on -the Mediterranean, 1 5 miles
NE»f Barcelona. Loa.iz^ E,'iat. 41 36 n.
Matcowitz, a ftrong town of Upper
Hungary, in the county of Scepus, feated
on a mountain, 185 miles ne of Prei-
burgh.
Mate Lie A, an ancient town of Italy^
)B the marquifate of Ancona, 15 miies^
s of Jeft.
Mater A, a confiderable town of
Naples, in Terra d'Otranto, with a
Wlhopi's fee, leated on the Canapro, 35
milU N\v of Tarento. Lon. 16 54 £">
lat. 4.0 59 N.
Matlock^ a jrillagc in Derbyffiire,
iituate on the D«rwent, four miles K of
Wiritfworth. It is an extenfivc ftraggling
pUice, built in a romantic ftylt?, on the
ileeo fide uf a mountain, the houles riilng
rtf,';!'arly one above another. A little
to the 8 is Matlock Bath, famous for
two warm baths, called the Old and New
Bath, which are much frequejited in the
bathing feafon. Taere are good accom-
modations for the company who refort to
the baths j and the poorer inhabitants are
fupported by tlie lale. of jietrifaftlons,
ciylbls, &c. The cliffs ot the rocks
produce a great nuiub^r of trees s whofe
foliage adds greatly to the baauty of iae
place.
Matmai. See Jeso.
Mattheo, St. a town of Spain, iti
Arragon, 10 miles from the Mediterra-
nean, and 55 N of Valencia. Lon. o
36 \v, lat. 40.1Z. N.
Matthew, St. an ifland- of Africa,
4*0 miles S' by w of CapcPalmas on
the coall of; Guinea. It was planted- by
the Portuguefc, but is now deferted.
Lon. 6 io w, lat. i 34 s.
Matthew, St. a fttiall illand in the
XQtiianOdean'l-Lo]l.'>t3ist E)4at. 5 13 &.
M&Tu.MAY> a fcaport in tUe illand of
MAW
J<fo, cipttal of a province of the fame
name, tributary to Japan. Lon. 138 55
£, lat. 4t o K.
Maubevoe, a fortified town of
France, in the depaftme'nb of the North
and late" province of French Hainault,
with a late abbey of noble canonefles.
In September 1:^93, the Aufti'ians formed
the blockade of this- place, but w>.re
driven from their pofitioa, in the follow-
ing month. It is feattd on the Sambrc,
12 miles s of Mons, and 40 sw of
Bruifels. Lon. 4 5 E, lat. 50 15 n.
Mau^dah, a city of Hindoofta*
Pr«j«;r, in Bengal, fituate on a river
that communicate) witli tire Ganges.
It arofe out of the ruins of Gbur, which
are in its neighbourhood j and is ai
pldCe of trade, particularly in filk. ft is
190 miles N of Calctta. Lon. 88 z8
£, lat. 25 10 N.
Maul EON, a town of France, in the
department of the Lower Pyrenees and
late province of Beam. It is fituate oti
tht frontiers of Spain, 20 miles sw of
Pau, and 40 SB ot Dax. Lon. o 31 w,
lat. 43- 10 N.
Mauleon, a town of France, in the
department of Vendee and late province
of Poitou, with a late famous Auguftinc
abbey. It is' feated near the river Oint,
51 miles NE of Rochelle, and 52 nv/
of Poitiers. Lon. o 36 w, lat. 46 54 it,
Mai^Ra, St. an illand of the Medi-
terranean, near the coaft of Albania, 1 5
miles NE of the iiland of Gephaionia'
Lon. 20 46 E, lat. 39 2 It.
Maure, St. a town of France, in
the department of Indre and Lo'-e and
late province of Touraine, 17 miles s
of TourS; and 148 3 w of Paris. Lon.
0 4* E) lat. 47 9 N.
Mauriac, a trading town of France,
in the department of the Cantal and late
province of Auvergne, iamous for ex-
cellent horl'es. It is featcd near the
Dordogne, 27 miles SE of Tulles. Lon.
z 16 E, lat. 45 15 N.
Maurice, St. a town of SwiiTer-
land, in the Vallais, iituate on the Rhone,
between two high mountains, 1 5 miles
N w of Mditigny. It guards the entrance
into the Lower Vallais.
Maurienne, a village of Savoy, 50
miles in lengtii, extending to Mount
Ccnis, which fepai.nes it from Piedmont .
St. John is the capital town.
Mauritius. See Is^e of France.
Maurua, ofneof the Society Klands,
in the S Pacific Occafi, T4 itiiles w of
Bolabola. Lon. 152 32 w. lat." 1 6 25 5.
MaVVs, St. a borough in Cornwall,
9
W^
•' t. M
I!j2i,,
Li M'i
-\ «
' 1 V, ■•,
M AZ
M E C
il&hlch fends two members to parliament*
but has no church, chapeU nor market.
Henry viii built a ca(tle here« oppofite
Pendennis caftie, on the E fide ot Fal-
mouth haven, for tlue better fecurityof
that important port« It is three miles E
of Falmouth, and 250 w by s of London*
Lon. 4. 56 w, lat» 50 8 n*
Maximin, St. a town of France^ in
the department of Var and late provmce
•f Provence. Before the revolution,
here was a convent for Dominicans,
who pretended to preferve in it the body
of Mary Magdalen, which brought them
great riches by the refort of I'uperltitious
vifitors. It is ieated on the Argens, ao
miles N of Toulon. Lon. 5 57 £, lat.
43 30 N.
May, a fmail iHand of Scotland, at the
mouth of the frith of Forth, feven miles
SE of Crail. The furrounding rocks
render it almoit inacceinhie. It has a
lighthoufe, of great benefit to veffels en-
tering the frith.
May, Cape, a cape of N America,
on the N fide 01 the mouth of the Dela-
ware. Lon. 75 4. w, lat. 39 o n.
Mayence. See Mentz.
Mayenne. See Maine.
Mayo, a county of Ireland, in the
province of Connaught, 6z miles long
and 52 broad; bcjnded on the e by
Kofcommon, on the s by Galway, on the
w and N by the Atlantic, and on the ne
by Sligo. It is a fertile country, and
abounds in cattle, deer, hawks, and
honey. It contains 75 pariihes, and
fends four members to parliament. The
principal town, of the fame name, is much
decayed. Lon. 9 39 w, lat. 53 40 N.
Mayo, or the Isle of May, one of
the Cape ile Verd Iflands, in the At-
lantic Ocean, 300 miles from Cape de
Verd in Africa. It is 17 miles in cir-
cumference. The foil in general is very
ban-en, and water fcarce} but there are
plenty of beeves, goats, and alTes ; as alfo
fome corn, yams, potatoes, plantains,
i&gs, and watermelons. The chief com-
modity is fait, with which mnny E'ngli/h
(hips are feighted in t'le fum.racr time.
Pihol'a is the principal town, and has
two churches. Tlie inhabitants are
negroes, who fpeak the Portnguefe lan-
fuagc, and many of them go naked,
,on. 13 o w, lat. 15 10 N.
Mazac an, a ftrong town of the king-
dom of Morocco, feated near the At-
lantic, eight miles w of Aaamor, and
110 N of Moceccv. Loo* 8 15 W| lat.
S3 ^» «•
MxtAtA, a §[ood ftaport of Sicily
Capital of % fertile valley of the iunia
name, witb a bifhop*s lee, 25 milts svv
of Trapani. Lon. la 30 Ef lat. 37 53 n,
Meaco, acltvof i^e iiland of Niphon,
in Japan, of which it wat formerly tho
capitaL It is the great magazine of all
the manufa6lures in Japan, and the prin-
cipal place for trade. The inhabitants
are faid to be 600,000. Lon. 134 25
e, lat. 35 30 N.
Meadia, a town of Hungary, in the
bannat of Tcmefw.ir, ieated on the n
fide of the Danube, 1 5 miles e of ifelgrade.
It was diiinantled by the Turks in 1738c
Lon. 12 O £, l'4t.4.5 ON.
Meao, a fmall iiland, one of the Mo-
luccas, in the Indian Ocean, with a good
harbour. Lon. 127 5 e, lat. 1 12 n.
Mearns. Sri Kincardineshire.
Meath, or East Meath, a county
of Ireland, in the province of Leinfter, 36
miles long and 35 broad $ bounded on the
J! by Cavan and Louth, on the e by the
Iri(h Sea and Dublin, on the s by that
county and Kildare, and on the v b^
Welt Meath. It contains ij^ ^rltl.
and fends 14 members to paiiiumciii.
Trim is the capital.
Meath, West, a county of Ireland,
in the province of Leinfter j bounded on
the N by Cavan, on the ne and e by
Eaft Meath, on the s by King's County,
on the v/ by Kofcommon, from which it
is feparated by the Shannon, and on the
NW by Longford. It is one of the moft
populous and fertile counties in Ireland,
contains 62 paiifhes, and lends ten mem-
bers to parliament. MuUenger is the
county-town.
Meaux, an ancient town of France, in
the dep?' tment of Seine and Marne and
iate province of the Ifle of France, with
a biihop's fee. It is large and populous;
and the fine market-place is a peninfula
contiguous to the town, which was for-
merly well fortified, and, in 1421, ftood
a fiege of three months againft the £n-
glifli. It is feated on the Marne, iQ
miles NW of Colomicrs, and 25 NE of
Paris. Lon. 2 58 e, lat. 48 58 N.
Mecan, a large river, which rifes i«
Thibet, and flowing se through Laos
and Cambodia, falls by two mouths into
the Eattem Ocean, forming an ifVnd be-
low the city of Cambodia, which here
gives name to the t^aftern branch.
Mecca, an ancient and famons town
of Arabia Delerta, /eated in a barrca
valley, furr^^unded by msny little hills,
^nfifting of a blackifh ro«k, The builii-
M E C
M £ C
ings ar« very mean, and itt ^pport is the
annual refort of pilgrims at a teitatn Cn-
fon of the year j for, at other titncsi the
fliops are licarcely open. On the top of
one of the hills is a cave, where they pre*
tend Mahomet ulu; Uy retired to periorm
his devotions; and hither, they atfirm,
the greateft part of the Koran was brought
him by the angel Gabriel. The town has
plenty of water, and yet little garden-
ituft'; but there are feveral forts of good
fruit,* as grapes, melons, watennelons,
and cucumbers. Numbers of flieep are
brought hither to be fold to the pilgrin^s.
The temple of Mecca has ^* doors, and
its form refembles the Royal Exchange in
London, but it is near ten times as large.
It is open in the niiddle, and the ground
covered with gravel, except in two or
three places that lead to the Beat-Allah
through certain doors { andthde are paved
with fliort ftonest There are cloifters
all round, and in the fides aie cells for
thofe tha*- live a monaftic life. The Beat-
Allah, in the middle of the temple, is a
fquare ftru£lure, each fide about ao paces
long, and 14. feet high ; covered all over
from top to bottom with a thick fort of
iilk, and the middle embroidered with
large letters of gold : the door is covered
with iilver plates, and has a curtain be-
fore it, thick with gold embroidery. This
Beat is the jH'incipal object of the pil-
grims devotiMi, and is open but two days
:n the fpace of fix weeks, one day for the
men, and the next for the wcmen.
Within there are only two wooden pillars
in the middle to fupport the roof, vtAh a
bar of iron fattened thereto, en which
hang three oi' four filver lamps t the walls
rre marble, and covered with filk, unlefs
n ':■ t n the pilgrims enter. About i a paces
o i (.he Beat, is the fepulchre of Abra-
> m ^s they pretend } atiid they affirm that
! ': .icaed the Beat-Allah. When the
Jikigii. js havfc performed their devotions
heie, they repair to a hill, which, how-
evrer, is not large enough to contain them
ail at on^ for there att no lefs than
70,000 pilgrims every year. When cer-
tain ceremonies are over, Aey receive the
title of hadgies or faints ; and the next
morning they move to a plfact ab<Wt two
miles tircm Metca, wfcere thw fay Abra-
ham went to isfkt up his fon lifeac. Here
'ley pitch their tents, and then throw
'even I'mall ftones agairtft a little fquare
ftone building. Thtsi (he^ kHirm, ii
performed in defiance of the devil. Every
ont tifen pufcHitleH a 4heet^, «ttHng foiM
ot it themfelves, and giving tlie reft to
poor peopk whiA al«nM ^pM «k»t<«*uk*
£00. ' Mecca is jf mile* ns of JodJa,
the ieaporc of Mecca, and lao « by E of
Medina. Lon. 40 55 e, lat. ti 4.5 n.
MEc:.tENBUAO, a country of Ger-
many, in the circle of Lower Saxony;
bounded on the n by the Baltic, on the g.
by PomM-ania,on the s by Bramienburg^
and on the w by Holftein arid Lunenburg*
It extends 135 miles in length, and 90
where breadelt, and abounds in corn,
paltures, and game. Thii^ country was,
tor nany centuries, under th« government
of ooe^urince ; but on the death of the
ioveretgn in 1591, it wasdiviued between
his two fens} the eldeft retaining the
duchy of Mecklenburg Schwerin, which
is confiderably the largeft Ihare, and the
younger obtained the duchy of Mecklen-
burg Striata. Schwerin is the capital of
the ronner,and New Strelitz of the latter.
Mechlin, a city of the Auftrian
Netherlands, capital of a diftriil of the
fame name, with an archbi(hop'« fee. It
conlifts of feveral fmall illands made by
artificial canals, over which are a great
many bridges; and its cathedral is s
fupcrb Itruiture, with a veryhigh ftecple.
Here is a great ibunriry for ' ordnance of
all kinds j and it is famous for fine lace,
and a fort of beer, which is lent into the
neighbouring provinces. The territoryof
this town is a lordfhip, which coropreliendt
two fmall di(iri6ls containing nine .ovi-ns
of little conlequence, and iome villages*
It fubinitted to the duke of Marlborough
in 1706, and was taken by the French ii|
1746, but reftured in 1748. -In I792»
the Freprk again took it, evacuated it
the next yeai-, and re-entered it in 1794.
It is feated on the Dtnder, 10 miles he
of Bruflels, and j', se of Antwerp.
Lon. 4 34 E, lat. 51 2 N.
MgCH-OACHAM, a province of New
Spain, in the audien^ of Mexico;
bounded on the Kw by New Bifcay, mx
the N£ by Panuco, on the li bv Me)u«»
Proper, on the s by the Pacific Ocean,
and on the w by New Galicia. It is ao»
miles in circumference, and it very rich^
abounding in all the neceflaries of lifti
It has alio mines of fdver and copper*
great plenty of cocosHSuti, sAd much ixlk^
MechoacUaN; or VaLladolid, s
confideraUc town of New Spain, capita)^
of the pi-ovince of Mccholcan, with 4
biihop's fee. It is feated Qear a great
lake, tftt «»iks Mf of Mexico. Lon. io%
4« W, lit. to i N.
MiscKLEYVk province of Afia, bounded
■oh the N by Aflatn, on the E by Chios, oa
the w by B<*g«|, and ©n the s by Rolbaan
Til tfcSfWrfi lai* it is iHibjea.
B b
1'
.vfi*
I'
I .u
k_ '
MED
MEG
Medelin, a town of Spain, In Eilra-
madura, feated in a fertile country, on the
river Guadiana, a miles s of Mertda.
Lon. 5 38 w, lat. 3S 41 n.
MedelPa0ia« a maritime province of
Sweden, in Norland, and on the gulf of
Bothnia. It is full of mountains and
forefts. Sundrwall is the ca{)ital.
Meoemblick, a town of the United
[provinces, in N Holland, feated on the
Zuider-Zee, with a good harbour. It is
nine milss n of Koorn, and tz ne of
Amfterdam. I^on. 5 o i, iat. 52 47 N.
Medina, ^ famous town of Arabia
Peferta, celebrated for being tlie burial-
place of Mahomet. It i« 9, fmall, poor
{ilace, yet is walled sound« and has a
arge mofque, but nothing like the tem-
ple at Mecca. In one corner is a place,
14 paces fquare, with great windows,
|ind bitils gates ; and in the middle, the
tomb of Mahomet, inclofed with cur-
tains, and lighted bv a great many lamps.
The tomb is noi ;• IV^ to any, except
the eunuchs appoini: alee care of it,
and to light the iamp^ .>ue the ftory of
its being i'ufpended in the air hy a load-
fione is known to be a ii^on. Medina
is called the City of the Prophet« becaufc
here he was prote^led by the inbabiianta
when he ded from, Mecca } and here he
Vras fii'ft inyefted with regal power. The
time of his death was in 637 ^ but the
Mahot:[\etan epoch begins in 622, from
the time of his flight. . Jt is feated on a
^lain, abounding \n palm-trees, 200 miles
tiWofMtccz. I.on. 3933 e, lat. 2410 n.
Medina-Celi, a town of Spain, ir
Old CaftHc, capital of a duchv of the
iamenamej ft-atsd mar the Xalong, 10
miles Ne of Sigaenza, and 75 sw of
SaragoHa. Lon. z 24 w, lat. 41 iz n.
. Meoina-de-las-Torres, a town of
iSpaln; in £flramadura, with an old caftle,
ieated at tl(e foot of a rtiountaln, near
^adajot'.
MediMa-DXL-Campo, an ancient apd
,oommercial town of Spain, in Leon. It
eiipy^ grc^t privileges, and is feated in a
country abounding with corn and wine,
[3 7 miles 8E of Zatnorgt, .and; 7,5 ^vv of
'Madrid. Lon. 4 24 w, Mt..4i 20 n.
j Medina-del-Rio-Segco, an-ancierit
^town of Spain, in Leon, feated on a
tjplaiii. where there ire fipe paftures, 35
IntUes MW :joi V^iado^Id, and 50 se of
^jbffiin. -I'On. 4 i^tf iat. 42 6 n.
Medina-Sidonia, an ancient, town of
jSpa^, in Andalufia, with a caftle, 36
^iiiiLt;sNNw of Gibraltar, and 10 NE.pf
^jcfe.,' ion. 5.36E, l^t.,36 40 N. ,rt*
.a
Africa, and I^rope« communicating wkh
the Atlantit Ocean by the ftraits of Gib-
raltar j and with the Black Sea by the
ftrait of Galiipoli, thi^^ fea of Marmora,
and the Itrait of Conftantinople. It is of
very great extent, but has no tide, and 3
conftant current fets in from the Atlantic
through the llraits of Gibraltar. It con-
tains many iilands, feveral of them lar^e,
?s Majorca, Corlica, Sardinia, Sicily,
C'andia, and Cyprus. The eaftern part
of it, bordering on Aiia, is fometimes
(Silled the Levant Sea. Lon. 6° w to
72° £, lat. 31 to44^N.
MEDNiKt, a town of Poland, in the
provinceof Samogitia, with a bi(hop's fee )
Ieated on the Warwitz, 40 miles E of
Memel. Lon. 21 49 e, lat. 55 42 n.
Me SUA, a town of the kingdom of
Algiers, feated in a country abounding
in corn, fruits, and flocks of flieep. It
Is B75 miles sw of Algiers. Lon. o 13
E, lat. 34 45 N.
Medway, a river which rifes in Afli-
down Foreft, in Suflex j entering Kent,
it waters Tunbridge, and at Maidftone
is navigable to Roehefter ; below which,
at Chatham, it is a ftation tor the real
navy. Dividing into tw« branches, the
weltern one enters the Thteies, between
the ifles of ,, Grain and Shepey, and is de-
fended by ,the fort at Sheemefs. The
eastern branch, called the Eaft Swale,
pafles by Que^.iborough and Milton, and
falls into tiie German Ocean, below
Feverfliam.
Medwi, a town of Sweden, in the
province of £ Gothland, called theSweditfi
Spi, on account of its waters, which are
vitriolic and I'ulphureous. The lodglng-
houles form one flreet of uniform wooden
buildings painted red. The walks and
ildes are delightful, particularly on the
banks of the Wetter. It is three miles
fr»m Wadftena.
Medziboz, a town of Poland, in the
palatinate of Volhlnia, feated on Uie river
Bog, 20 miles s of Conftantinow.
Meg A R A, a town of Livadea, for-
merly very large, but now inconfiderable.
Jt has ^me flne remains of antiquity, and
is 20 miles w of Athens. Lon. 23 30
.£, lat. 38 6 N.
|k|i'ECEN, a town of Dutch Brabant,
feated on the Maefe, 1 5 miles sw of Ni-
megUen. Lon. 5 26 e, lat. 51 49 n.
Megesvar, a town of Traniylvania,
capital of a county of the fame name,
remarkable for its good wtncs. |!t is feated
on the river Kol;^. Lon. %$ 20 £, li^t.
46 5ft N.
MEL
MEL
it RiUes N of Hermanftadt. Lon. 14 41
S, lat. 46 53N.
Me H Ran, the principal of the chan-
nels into which the rivci' Indus divides
iffclf, near Tatta, in Hindoortan Proper.
Mehun-sur-Yevre, an ancient town
of France, in the department of Cher
and late province of Berry. Here are
ruins of a caitle built by Charles vii, as
a place of retirement ; and here he ftarved
himlelf, in the drijad of being poifoned
by his JtK, afterward L^wis xi. It is
Tinted in a fertile plain, on the river
Ycvre, 10 miles NW of Bourges, and
105 s of Paris. Lon. a 1 7 E, lat. 47 10 N.
Mehun-sur-Loire, a town of
France, in the department of Lolret and
late province of Orleanois, feated on the
Loire, 10 miles svv of Orleans. Lon. 1
48 E, lat. 47 50 N.
Meillerie, a village of Savoy, in
Chablais. It is feated on the s fide of
tSe lake of Geneva, in the nccefs of a
fixiall bay, and at the foot of impending
mountains, which in fome parts are gently
Hoping, and clothed to the edge of the
water with dark forefts, and in others are
naked and perpendicular. Thefe darjc
and gloomy rocks lie sw of Clarens,
which place and Meillerie are both in-
terefting fcenes in the Eloifa of RouHeaii.
Meinau, an ifland in the bay of the
Bodmer See, or middle lake of Conftance,
one mile in circumference. It belongs to
the knights of the Teutonic order, and
produces excellent wine^ which forms the
chief revenue of the commander. It is
five miles N of Conftance.
Meissen, or Misnia, ti marg«-avate
of Germany, in the eleftorate of Saxony j
bounded on the N by the duchy of
Saxony, on the e by Lulatia, on the s by
Bohemia, and oa the w by Thurlngla.
It is 100 miles in length, and 80 in
breadth 5 and is a very fine country, jiro-
tiucing corn, wine, metals, and all things
that contribute to the pleafure of life.
The inhabitants fpeak the pureft language
in Germany. The capital is Drefden.
MeisSew, a coniiderable town of
•Saxony Proper, in the margravate of
Meiffen, with a caJlle, and a famous ma-
nufafture of porcelain. It is leated on
the Elbe, 10 miles nnw of Drefden, and
57 ese of Leipfick. Lon. 13 33 £y lat.
51 1 j N.
MelazzO, an ancient town of Na-
tolia, with a bifliop's fee, and fome cu-
rious monuments of antiquity. It is
feated on a bay of the Archipelago, 60
miles s of Smj'rna, Lon. 27 »s e> lat.
Melck, a fmall, well-fortifipd town
cf Germany, in the circle of Lower
Auftria, with a celebrated Benediftine
abbey, feated on hill, 47 miles w of
Vienna. Lon. 15 io E, lat. 48 ii n.
Melcomb-Regis, a borough in Dor-
fetfhire, with a mirkct on Tuelday and
Friday. It is leated on an arm of the
fea, and joined to Weymouth by a
timber bridge, which has a drawbridge
in the middle, to admit the paflage of
rt'.ips into the welt em part of the harbour.
Melcomb is feated in a flat, and has 3
market-phce, with good ftreets and
yards for their merchandife. The two
<.owns being incorporated together, are
governed by a mayor j and each fends
two members to parliament. Melcomb
is eight miles s of Dorcelter, and 129
wsw of London. Lon. 2 40 w, lat. 50
37 N. See Weymouth.
Meldela, a town of Italy, in Ro-
magna, belonging to its own prince. It
is eight miles svv of Ravenna. Lon. it
48 E, lat. 44 22 N.
Meldert, a town of Auftrlan Bra-
bant, 10 rniles SE of Louvain. Lon. 4,
41 e, lat. 50 45 N.
Meldorp, a confiderabic town of
Lower Ssxony, in the duchy of Holftein,
feated near the Milde, 15 miles s of
Tonningen, and 45 w of Hamburg.
Lon. 9 6 £, lat. 54 10 N.
Melfi, a confiderable town of Naples*
in Bafilicata, with an ancient caftle feated
on a rock, and a bilhop's fee, 16 miles
ne of Conza and 72 of Naples. Lon»
15 52 E, lat. 41 2 N.
Melida, an ifiandof Dalmatia, in the
gulf of Venice, and in the republic of
Kagufa. It is 25 miles in length, and
abounds ia oranges, citrons, wine, and
fiih. It has a Benedicline abbey, fix
villages, and feveral harbours.
Melilla, an ancient town of. the
kingdom of Fez. It was taken, in 1496,
by the Spaniards, who built a citadel
herej but it was reftored to the Moors.
It is feated near the Mediteiranean, 75
n)iles w by N of Tremelen. Lon. » 57
w, ht. 34 48 N.
Melinda, a kingdom of Africa, on
the coalt of Zanguebar. It produce*
gold, ilaves, elephants teeth, oftrich
feathers, wax, aloes, fena, and other
drugs 5 alfo plenty of rice, fugar, cocoa-
nuts, and other tropical fruits.
Melinda, a town en' the coaft o£
Zatiguebar, Capital of a kingdom of the
fame name^ f^ted at the mouth of the
Quilmanti. Here the Portuguefe have
1 7 cbureh^s, Drine conVORts, and waiCM
ii,ij,
m
WM
'''•til
I.
i
sma
'm
MEL
MEN
ktuiei well prcrvidcd with European goo:l».
it is lurroundcd by ^-.iyt ^"^rdeus, and has
a good harbour, defended by a fort;
but the entrance is dangerous, on account
of the great number of IhoaU, and rocks
under water. The inhabitants are
Chriitians and Negroes, which kfl have
their own king and religion; and the
number of both is faid to amount to
300,000. Lon. 39 38 E, lat. z 15 s-
Melita-. See Malta.
Mel-it&liuO, a town of Sicily, in the
Val-di-Noto, eight miles w of Leontifli.
Melito, a town of Naples, in Calabria
Ulteriore, with a biftiop's fee, 40 mile*
N of Regglor Lon. ^6 30 E, lat. 38
40 N.
Melle, a town of Weftphalia, ia
the bilhopric of Oihabusg, r.o inile» e of
Oibaburg, Ijon. 8 35 e, lat. 51 25 N.
Melle, a town^ of France, in the de-
paitment of the Two Sevres and late
province of Poitou, 13 miles s of St..
Miiixcnt.
Meller. SeeMAELER.
Melljnoen, a town of SwiflerlanJ,
in the bailiwic of Baden, which, iinco
1712, depends on the cantons of Znric
and Bern. It is ftated in a fertile country,
on tl)e river Reufs, five miles s by w of
^aflen.
Melnick, a town of Bohemia, feated
at the confluence of the Elbe and Mulda';v,
38 miks N ot Prague. Lob. 14. 50' e,
lat. 5a «z N.
Meloub, a town of Upper Egypt,
leatcd on 'the Nile, with a remaikable
molque. Lod. 31 55 £, lat. 27 30 K.
Melrose, a town in Roxbnrgh-
fl)iye, clofe by which are the mag-
Tvificent remains of Melrofe Abbey,
founded, in 11 36, by David i. Part of
it is ftill ufed tor divine lervice. Alex-
ander II, it is laid, i& buried under tht
great altar ; and James earl of Douglas,
llain at th« battle of Otterburn, in 1388,
and whofe death is lamented in the ce-
lebrated ballad of CiieVy Chace, is alfo
buried here.. Melroie is feated near the
Tweed, 28; miles SE of Edinburgh. Lon.
« 42 Vfy lat. 55 38 N.
M^LiviCUSTAPT, a town of Fran-
CjOxua> in the billiopric of Wurtzburg,
remarkable tor a battle fought near it»
between rhe emperor Henry 4v, and
Rodolph duke ot'Svabia. It is feated
t>n the Strat, 20 Biilefr N of Sfhwsinfurt,
Meltok Mo^WBRAY, a town in Lei-
celteiihire, with a mat'Mt on, Ta«rday»
cunfiderahik tor cattle,, hogi, and dieep.
1 he fine cheefe called Stito^n,.)^ chiefly
m$M in its n«»gbb«achoedn Xt i« i«»ted;
on the Eye, over which are two tlo'St.
bridges, 15 miles s by e of Nottingham,
and 106 N by w of London. Lor., o
50 w, lat. 52 48 N.
M EL-UN, an ancient town of France, in
the department oT Seine and Marnc and
late province of the ille of France, feated
on the Seine, 25 miles SE of Paras. Lon.
a 35 E, lat. 48 30 H,
Mi-mbrillo, a town of Spain, in
Eftramadura, 14 miles s of Aicamara»
Lon. 6 o W, lat. 39 vz N.
Me MEL,, a ftrong town of Eaftern
Pcuifia, with' a caitle, the fineft harbour
In the Baltic, and an cxtenfive commerce.
It is leated on the N exti'emity of the
Curifche Haf, an inlet of tlu: Baltic 70
miles in length, which is here joined ts
the fea by a narrow Itrait. On the nb
fide of the entrance into the harbour is
a lighthouli;, ere<Sled in 1796. It is 76
miles NNE of Koninglberg, and 140 ne
of Dantzic. Lon. 21 40 e, lat. 55 46 n.
Memmingen, w ftrong town of Sua-
bia, near which, in Auguft 1795, the
French republicans deA:ated the emi-
grants under tlie prince of Ccnde. It
is feated in a fertile plain,, 24 mires sk
of Ulm, and 35 sw ot Augfburg. Lon.
10 16 E, lat. 48 3 N.
Menan, a large river of the king-
dom of Siam, which runs through it
from. N to s, pafl'es by the city of Siam,
and falls into the gulf of Siam, below
Bancock. There are ieveral fingular iiihes>
in ic, beiide crocodiles, which are commoa
in thele parts.
Menancabo, a town in the ifland of
Sumatra. It ,is the capital of a itasSi
kingdom of the fame name, and feated.
on the s coaft, oppofite the iile of Nafl'au,
250 miles from the ftrait of Sunda.
Mende, an ancient town of France^
capital of the department of Lozere a.i)d.
late province of Crevaudan, with, a biihop'»
fee. Tho fountains^ and one of the
flecples of the cathedral, are remarkable.
It is very populous ; has man^fa£lures of
ferges und other woollen ftuffi; and is
leaudon the Lot, 35 miles sw of Puy,
and £10 s by £ of Paiis. Lon. 3, 35 £,
lat. 44 31 N.
Mehdip-Hills^ a lofty traf);, in the
KE of Somerletniire, abounding in coal,,
calan^ine, and lead;, the latter faid to
be of a harder quality than that of other
countries. Copper, manganele, bo)e»
and red ochre, are alio found hv thele
hills. On their iummits ar? large fwampy
flats, dangei'ous to crpls*
Mendlesuam, a town in Suffolk^
wUK a^ maxkct on Friday, 18 mil«»9:0^.
MEN
Bury St. Edmunds, and 82 Ne «f Lon-
don. Lon. I 12 E, lat. 5% 24 n.
Mendrah, a province of the king-
dom of Fezzan, with a town of the
fame name, 60 miles s of Mourzook.
Although much of the land in this pro-
vince is a continued level of hard and bar-
ren foil, tiie quantity of trona, a Ipecies
of fofni alkali, that floats on the fur face,
or lettles on the banlcs of its numerous
fmoking lakes, has given it a higher im-
portance than that of the molt fertile
diltrifts.
Menehovld, St. an aticieot and^ron-
fiderable town of France, in the depart-
ment o( Mame and late province of Cham-
pagne. It is feated ia a morafs) on the
river Aifne, between two rocks, wi^h a
caille advantageoufly fituate; but its
other fortifications have been demolifhed.
It was almoft totally deftroyed by a con-
flagration in 1 71 9. It was here, on
September 20^ 1792, that the French
gave the firft check to the progrels of
the victorious Pruflians, winchf in the
end, compelled them to a difgraceful
retreat. St. Menehould is 20 miles ne
of Choloiu, and 1 10 £ of Paris. Lon, 4
59 E, lat. 49 2 N.
Mbnie. See Munia.
Menin, a town of Auftrian Flanders,
feated on the Lis. In 15S5, it wsis
«Imoft entirely deftroyed by fire. It is
deemed the Joey of the country; and in
every wari from the middle of the 1 7th
centurVf the poflTeflTioii of it has been
deemed of the ntnkoft confequence. It
has, therefore, been often taken and re-
taken; the lail time by the French in
April 1794, when the garrilbn (in order
to ^e the unhappy emigrants) bravely ^
forced their way through the enemy.
It is eight miles sb of Ypres, and ion
of Lifle. Lon. 3 9 E, lat. 50 48 n.
Menton, a city of Italy, in the prin-
cipality of Monaco, with a caltle. It
has a confiderable trade in fruit and oil ;
and is feated near the fea^ five miles
ENE of Monaco, and eight wsw of Ven-
timiglia. Lon. 7 35 E, lat. 43 46 N.
Mentz, an archbifhopric and elec-
torate of Germany, in the circle of the
Lower Rhine, and lying upon that river.
It it bovnded on the N by Weteravia
and HeiTe, on the e by Franconia, on the
s by the palatinate of the Rhine, and on
the w by the ele£lorate of Treves ; it 50
miles in length, and 20 in br^ idth ; and
is very fertile. The ele^^lor it alfo fove-
reign of Eichsfeld, Eisfeld, or Eifeld (»
country fuiToiinded h" H^tk, Thurihgia,
Gritbenhageni ai^ ienberg) ft&d «f
M E Ct
the city and territory of Erfort, in Thai
ringia.
Mentz, or Mayencb, a eonfi^erabfc
city of Germany, capital of the elec-
torate of Mentz, with a univerfity, and
an archbifh«p's fee. The archbidiop ik
an eicaor of the empire, arch-chancellot
of the empire, keeper of the archives^
and direftor of the general and pariicolalr
aficmblies. This city is built in an irrew
gular manner, and plentifully providdl
with churches. In the cathedral, which
is a gloomy fabric, is what they call i
treal'iu-y, which contuins a nuihber ct
clumly jewels, feme relics, and a rich
waidiohe of facerdotaJ vellments. Menti
is one of the towns which claim the in-
vention of printing. The French took
this place by furpriic, in Oftober 1792 }
and they ib greatly Itreagthened the forti-
fications, that, the next year, it ftood 4
long blockade and fiege againft the king
»f Prulfia, to whom, however, it fur-
rendered in July 1793. It was re-
attaclced by the French in 1795, but
they were defeated before it, both in April
and Oftober, by the Auftrians, who alf6
relieved it from a bbckade of tw^
months, in September 1796. Maify oJF
the churches, public buildix^s, and pri.
vate houfes, were defbt)yed, or gft^
injured, during the fiege, as v*ett ^
fbme fine villages, vineyards, and couhtnf'
houfes. Mentz is feated on the Rhi^^
juft below its confluence with the Mai^ t
and oppofite to it, on the i fide, is thi
ftrong town of Caffel, conneAed with it
by a bridge of boats. It i« 1^ miles x^
of Francfort, and 7 5 e of Tretts . Ltfa,
8 10 E, lat. 49 56 t(^
M£phen, a town of Weftcihalia«
which depends on the bilhop of Munfter.
It is feated on the EmbS) 15 miles n of
Lingen, and 50 nw of Munlfaer. ton.
7 36 E> lat. 52 45 N.
Me<^inenza, an ancient tovim of
Spain, in Arragon, with a caftlfc. It is
feated at the confluence of the Ebro and
Segra, in a fertile country, 39 miles m vv
of Tortofa, and 180 NB of Madrid.
Lon. o 29 E, lat. 41 36 m.
Mb<^ikez, a city of the kiiigdoih
of Fez, and dow the capind of ^e whoU
empire of Morocco. It is felted in 1
delightful plain, having a ferene aaA
cleai- air; for which reafon the em-
peror refides in this place in prderencc
to Fez. In the mid^ of the city, tht
Jews have a place to lihemrclve's, thi
^es of V Wch are locked every nieht 5
and thcte t« an alcayd to prated then
againft th^ «*jBtiion peopk, Who •thcr*
B b I
^*
' 1 ' -1
1
\ i
(
i !
(
Pii
!i
n
M E R
M E R
wife would plunder their fubftance. It
is death tor them to curfe, or lilt up a
hand againft the meancft Moor ; and they
are obliged to wear black clothes and
paps, and to pull off their Hues when-
ever they pal's by a mofque. Clol'e by
^Iequinez> en the nw lide^ is a large
jiegro town, which takes up as much
ground as the city, but the houles are not
i.o high, nor 16 well built. The inhabi-
tants aie all blacks, or of a dark tawny
colour i and thence the emperor recruits
the loldiers for his court. The palace
fiands on the s fide, and is guarded by
leyeral hundreds of black eunuchs, who
are cleanly dreffed, and their knives and
cimitars arc covered with wrought filver.
"The houles of Mequinez arc veiy good,
lut in ftreets exceedingly narrow, and
hardly any of the windows to be feen j
for the light comes in at the back of ihe
houfes, wheie there is a fquare court,
|n the middle of which is a fountain,
if the houlc belong to a per fon of any rank .
They are flat at the top j fo that in many
places they can walk a great way upon
them. The women live in the upper
apartments, and often vifit each other
from. the tops of the houfes. When they
go abroad, they have their heads covered
witl^ their outward garment, which comes
^wn" dole to their eyes} and underneath
tliey tie a piece of white cloth, to hide the
iowerpar^tof ^heir face. They are quite
covered all over, except their legs, which
are generally naked j but within doors
they appear in their hair, and have only a
jGnsfle fillet oyer th«ir foreheads. Their
cuftums and manners are much the fame
as thole of other Mahometans. Mequi-
nez is 66 ipile^ w of Fez. Lon. 6 6 w,
lat. 33 i6 N.
; Mer, a tpwp of France, in the de-
partment of Lpir.^d Cher and late pro-
vince of BlaiVois, JO milts NE. of Blois.
Meran, a trading town of Germany,
in the Tiro], capital of Erfchlaml. It
is feated on the Adige, it. miles N w of
Bolzano. Lon. ii iS e, lat. 46 44 n.
Merazion, or Market Jew, a
feaport in Cornwall, with a market 0x1
Thiufdayi iibatitd on an arm of the: Tea,
called Mountn)ay, three miles e of Pen-
zance, and 283 w by s of London. Lon.
Vf 30 w, lat. 50 la N.
Mere, a town in" Wihlhire, with a
market on Tuefday, z^ miles w of
Salilbufy, and 100 yv by. s of Lo^donl
]Lon. a ij; w, lat, 51 6 N.
MERpjN,a town of Turkey, in Diar-
bcck, with a caftle and an archbifliop*i
ie«. The counuy about i( produces a
great deal of cotton. It is 45 miles it
or Diarbckar. Lon. 39 59 E, lat. 34
50 N.
Merecz, a town of Lithuania, featcH
at the confluence of the Berezino and
Merecz, 30 miles N of Grodno. Lon.
24 10 £, lat. 50 o N.
Merida, a ftrong town of Spain, in
Eftramadura, built by the Romans, before
the birth of Chrift. Here are fine re-
mains of antiquity, particularly a trium-
phal arch. It is feated in au extenfive and
fertile plain, 45 miles s by e of Alcan-
tara. Lon. 6 4 W, lat. 38 4a n.
Merida, a town of New Spain, ca-
pital of the province of Yucatan, with
a bilhop's lt:e. It is inhabited by the
Spaniard > and native Americans ; and is
30 miles s of the gulf of Mexico, and
120 NE of Campeadty. Lon. 89 58 w,
at, 20 45 N.
Merida, a town of S America, ii^
New Granada, feated in a country a-
bounding with all kinds of fruits, 130
miles NE of Pampeluna. Lon. 71 o w,
lat. 8 30 N.
Merionethshire, a county of N
Wales, bounded on the N by Carnarvon*
fhire and DenbighAiire, on th& E by the
latter county and that of Montgomery,
on the 5 by Cardiganfliire, and on the
w by the Irilh Sea. It extends 36 miles
from V to s, and is 34 wide in its
broadeft part. The face of this county
is varied throughout with a romantic
mixtuie of all the peculiar fcenery be>
longing to a wild and mountainous
region. The principal rivers are the
Dec and Dovy ; and it hat a ereat moun-
tain, the Cader Idris, one or the higheit
in Wales. Merion;thAiire contains fix
hundreds, four market-towns, 37 pariflies,
^nd fends one member to parliament.
Harlech is the capital.
Merit;, Meritch, or Merrick,
an important foftrefsi and city of the
Deccan of Hindpoftan. Jt was taken by
Hyder Ally in 1778 j and is fituatc near
the J4 bank of the river l^iftna, 70 miles
sw of Vifiapoiu*.
Me^k, a river of Auftriaifl Brabant,
which nmning n by Breda, afterward
tur/is w, and falls into one of the mouths
of the river Maele, oppofite the ifland of
Qveriiackee, in Holland.
MerP, a ftrong town of the kingdom
of Pegu, I4« n^ites sw of the town of
Pegu. Lon. 98 36 £, lat. 1,6 o N.
Merov, a tovm of'Perfia, inKorafan,
feated in a fertile coyntry, whicH pro-
duces folt, 1X2 miles sw of Bokhara*
Loa, $^ z^ i, lat. 37 40 N*
M E R
MET
I
lia, featcil
zino and
■no. Lon.
Mers. Sec Berwickshtrf.
MeRSBURC, a town of the elcfiorafe
of Saxony, in Mifnla, with :i biftiop's
fee. It is feated on the Sab, lo miles
5 of Halle, and 56 Nw of Ba-rden.
Lon. iz 6 E, lat. 51 28 n.
Mersey, si river, which rifes in the
j» extremity of the Peak in Derbyfliire,
i-feceives the Tame^ at Stockport; and
lower down, the Irwell ; it then partes
by Warrington, and receives the Weaver,
at Frodniam, where it forms a broad
eftuary, that contracts on its approach to
Liverjiool, below which it enters the
Iriin Se^. This river not only affords
ftlmon, bvit is vifited' by annual (hoals
of fmelts, here called fparlings, of a re-
markable fize and flavour.
Mersey-Island, an ifland in Eflex,
t/etween the mouth of the Coin and the
entran«e of Blackwater Bay. In the
reign of Alfred, it vVas leized by the
Danes for their winter quarters. It had
once eight parishes, now reduced to two,
called E and W Merfey.
' Merspurg, a town of Suabia, in the
blfhopric of Conitancei and the bifhop's
ufual place of lefidence. It is feated on
the N fide of the lake of Conflance, 1 1
miles from the town of that name. Lon.
$ 26 E, lat. 4.7 45 N. '
Mertola, aftrong town of Portugal,
in Alentejo, fer .d near the Guadic.no, 7; o
miles s of Evora, and io« s£ m{ Liibon;
Lon. 7 40 w, lat. 37 30 N.
Merton, a village near Oxford,
£tuate near two military waysi There
tvere intrenchments in the neighbouring
woods, fuppoled to be thrown iip by king
Ethelred, or the Danes, whom he defeated
m S71.
Merton, a village in Surry, feated
on the Wandle, fevert miles sw of Lon-
don. It had a celebrated abbey, founded
in the reign of Henry I, in which ieveral
important tranfa^ions took place j par-
ticularly, at a parliament held here, in
1236, were cnafted the Provifions of Mer-
ton (the moft ancient body of laws after
Magna Charta) and the barons gave that
celebrated anfwer to the clergy, Notumus
leges Angli^emutare — We will not change
the laws of England. Nothing remains
of this abbey, but the e window of a
chapel ; and the wralls that furroxmd the
premifes, which are built of flint, iare
nearly entire, and include about 60 acres.
Upon the fite of this abbey are two calico
manufactures, and a copper-mill j and
about 1000 perfons ate now employed on
a fpot once the abode of monailic indo>
jfjue.
' Merve, the north branch of the rlvtr
Made, in Holland, on>hich the city of
Rotterdam is Icatcd.
Merville, a town ef France, in the
department of the North unj lute French
Flanders, feated on the'Lis, 10 miles SQ
of C'afTel, and 24 sw of Mcnin. Lon. %
43 E, lat. 50 57 w.
Mesched, a;confidctabIe town of Pec-
fia, in Korafan,' ftimouii fbr the magrifir
cent fcpulchre of Iman Uife, of tbelam'ily
of Ali, to which "the ^erfians pay great
devotion. It is fortified with fever%l
towers, and feated on, a mountain, in
which are found fine Turcols itones, lop
miles E of Aftiabad. Lon. 57 45 e, jat*
37 o N,
Me SEN, a feaport of RufCa, in tlv go-
vernment of Archangel, capital of a dif*
tri^l of the fame name. It is feated on
the river M«fen, on the e coaft of the
White Sea, 160 miles. N of Archangel.
Lon. 44 25 E, lat. 65 50 N.
Meskirk, a town of Suabia, in the
the county <Jf Furftenburg, 1 5 miles N vf
Uberlingen.
Messina, an ancient city of Sicily,
'in the Val-di-Demona,' with a citadel,
Teteral forts, a fpacious harbour, and an
archbifhop's fee. It is 'five miles in cir-
cumference, and has foAir iaige fuburbs.
The public buildings and m'onafteries are
nu;nerous and magnificent, a^d it con-
tains 60,000 inhabitants^ The harbour,
whofe quay is above a miie in length, i&
one of the fafeft in the Mediterranean*
and in the form of a half moon, five miles
in circumference, and extremely deep.
The viceroy of Sicily rcfides here nx
months in the year : and it is a place of
great trade in filk, oil, fruit, corn, and
excellent wine, efpecially fince it has been
declared a free port. This place, in 1 783,
fuffered much by an earthquake, which
fliook great part of Calabria and Sicily
to their foundations, overturned many rich
and populous towns, and buried thoufaads
in their ruins. It is feated on the feafide,
no miles E'of Palermo, and 180 S£ of
Naples. Lon. i j 50 E, lat. 38 10 N.
MestHe, a town of, Italy, in the do^
gado of Venice^ ijS' miles N£ of Padua.
Lon. 122 E, lit.45 aS'.N,
Mesurata, a feaport of the king,
dom of Tripoli, from. whence a caravan
proceeds to Fezz^, and other interiot
parts toward the s of Africa. It it
i62 miles N of Mourzdok. Lon. 15 5Ef
lat. ?i 3 N.
Mete LIN, an ifland of the Archipela-
go, anciently called Lefbos, to the N of
Scio, and afmoft at the entnmce of the
Bb 4
i.u !U
•' ;l'?'
S'vl
#
«=•
MEW
M £ X
Hw i
mm
i
I^Bl
Wtk'
H
M'„
MB '.
i
^
T
§M •
I
wm .
Inl '
a^K
IB '
h
Hi
gulf of Oucftro. The (oil is very gotd*
«nd the ipouiitamt are cool, being covered
«vith wood in many placet. It produces
food wheat, excellent oil, and the heft
g& in the AicUipelago j nor have their
ivinei loft any thing of their ancient re-
putation. It is iubjeft to the Turks,
and Caftro is the capital.
Methwold, » town in Norfolk, with
a market on Tuefday, 15 miles nw of
Thetford^' and. and 86 litiE of LomCon.
Lon. o 40 E, lat. s* 34 N.
Melting, a ftrong town and caftk of
Germany* in the duchy of Cumiola*
f«ated on the Kulp, 40 miles &£ of Lau-
^ach. Lon. 15 fOE> lat. 46 zti.
Metro, a river of Italy, whichrlfes in
the territory of the CUurcn, runs into the
duchy of Urblno, and falls into the gulf
of Venice, near Fano.
Metz, an ancient and ftrong town of
France, in the department of Mofelle and
late province of Lonain, with a bilhop's
fee, whofe biftiop had the title of a prince
of the empire. The cathedral is one of
the flneft in Emope. The Jews, about
30O0p live in a part of the town by them-
fclves, where they have a fynagoguc.
The fweatmeats made here are in nigh
lefteem. Metz was formerly the capital
of the kingdom of Auftrafia ; its fortifi-
cations are excellent, and it has one of
the ftiongcft citadels in Europe, "il^he
inhabitants are computed at 40,000, be-
fide a numerous jpnifon, who have noble
'' irracks. It is leated at the confluence of
'C\e Mofelle and Seille, 25 miles NW of
Hanoi, 37 s of Luxemburg, and 190 ne
of Paris. Lon. 6 1$ e, lat. 49 7 n.
Meulan, ai^ ancient town of France,
jn the department of Seine and Oife and
late province of the IHe of France. It is
'built in the ' jrm of an amphitheatre, oa
the river Seine,, over which ai'e two
bridges, so mlks Nw of Paris. Lon. i
57 E, lat. 49 I N.
Meurs, a tOMvn of Germany, in the
ducliy of Clpves, feated on the Rhine, z 5
miles NW of Diiffeldorf. Lon.4^.i£,
lat. 51 25 N.
Meurthe, a department of France,
Including part of the bte province of Lor-
rain . It Is fo called from a river that rifes
in the department of the Vofoes, and
uatering Luneville and Nanci, falls into
the Moielle. Nanci is the epifcopal fee
of this department.
Me USE, a department Jp France, in-r
eluding the late duchy of 'Bar. It taloes
its name from the river Meufe, or Maefe.
Bar-le-Dtic is the eapitaJ. See Macse.
MbWARij a confideiahle town of Ja-
pan, in the iiland of Niphon, with a royal
palace. It is feated on a hill, at the foot
of which are vaft field* of wheat and
rice, with fine orchards, full of excellent
plums.
Mewat, a hilly and woody traA of
Hindpoftan Proper, lying on the sw bf
Delhi, confining the bw country, along
the w bank of tne Jumna, to a compara.
tively narrow flip, and extending \ eQ.
ward 130 miles. From n to s it is V9
miles. Although fituate ia the heart of
Hindooitan, witliin as miles of its former
capital (Delhi) its inhabitants, the Me-
watti, have been ever charaficrlzed as the
moft favage and brutal ; and their chief
employment has been robbery and plunder.
In 1265, 100,000 of thefe wretches were
put to the fword ; but they are itill fo
i'amous as thieves and robbers, that par-
ties of them arc taken into pay by the
chiefs of Upper Hindooitan, in order to
diftrefs the countries that are the feat of
warfai'e. Mewat contains fome ftiong
fortrefl'es on fteep or inaccelfible hills, and
was almoft entirely fubje^ to the late
Madajee Sindia, a Mahratta chief.
Mepat-Ali, a town of Petfia, in
Irac-Arabia, not fo confiderabk as for*
merly, but famous for the fuperb and rich
moic^ue of Ali, to which the Perfians go
in pilgrimage from ail parts. It is 100
tniles swofBagdad. Lon. 42 57 E, lat.
3a ON.
Mexat-Ocem, a confidaable town
of Periia, which takes its name fixMn a
mofque dedicated to Ocem, the fon of
Ali. It is feated in a fertile country, on
the river Euphrates, 70 miles n of Mexat-
Ali. Lon. 4a 57 E, lat. 33 o N.
Mexicano, or Adayes, a river of
N America, in Louifiana, which empties
itfelf into the gulf of Mexico.
Mexico, a town of N America, ca-
pital of New Spain. It was a floxuriibing
place before the Spaniards entered the
country, and was feated on feveral iilands,
in a fait -water lake, to which there wa^
no entrance, but by three caufeways, two
miles in length each. It contained about
80,000 houfes, with feveral large tem-
ples, full of rich idols, and three palaces
where the empoior of Mexico reiided.
The abbi Clavigero fays, that when the
Mexicans were iubjeJled to tJue Cdhuan
and Tepanecan nations, and confined to
the miferable little iflands on the lake of
Mexico, they cea&d for fome years to
cultivate the land, becaufe they bad none*
until necefiity taught them to form move-
able fields zr^i gardens, wliich floated on
the waters of !tA6 Jake. The mtthcd
M E X
fthich they p^rfved to malLe thefi:, an<)
which they ItiU pra£lil«, is extrftncly
i'lisplc. llkcy pl:ut and Cwilt wiUows
and ruots ot maiib plants or other mate-
rials to{^ether> which are light, but capa-
ble of iupporting the earth ot* the garden
Armly uinted. Upon this ioundation they
iiiV thu ligiu ^vUl^es which hoat oa th«
lukej slnd uver all, the mud and dirt
which they (kaw from the bottom «f the
I'aiue ^ke. Their regular Hgure is quad-
raogular i iheir lengtn and breadth vari-
ous i but generally they kie about eight
perches loiig, and not more than three i^
breadth, and have lei's than a foot of ele-
vatiou above the furface of the water.
Thefe wac the firft fields which the
Mexicans OMirned ai'ter the foundation of
Mexico; and there they firit cultivated
the roaUe, great pepper, and otl^r plants
nectrffary for their iupport. In progreis
of time* as theie fields grew numerous
iVom the ijoduitry of the people, there
wtre among them gardens of- flowers and
odoriferous plants. Every day, at lun-
rife, innumerable veflels, loaded with va-
rious kinds of flowers and herbs culti-
vated in thefe gardens, are ieen arriving
by the canal, at the great market-place of
the capital. The mud of the lake is an
extreviely fertile foil, and requires no wa-
ter from the clouds. In the iargeft gar-
dens there is commonly a little tree, and
even a hut, to /helter the cultivator and
detend him from rain or the fun. When
the owner of a garden wiihes to change
his fituation, he get« into his little vefiTel,
and by his own uren^i^ alone, if the gar-
den is fmaU, or with the afliftance of
others, if it is large, he tows it after
him, smd conducts it wherever he pleafes.
Mexico was taken by Cortez, in 1521,
after a iiege of three months. As the
Mexicans defended themfelves from ftreet
to flrcet, it was almoft ruined, but after-
ward cebttilt by the Spaniards. It is now
the capital of the province of Mexico
Proper, of the audience of Mexico, and
of all New Spain. The fkreets are fp
ftraight, and fo exa£Uy difpofed, tliat,
in point of regularity, it is the finelt city
in the world i and the great cauie^^ays
leading to it, with the want of walls,
gates, and artillery, render Mexico ex*
tremely remaurkable. The gfeat fquare
in the cenfire of tHe oit^, and the public
buildingB, ace magnificent. There are
29 cathedirals and churches, and at con*
vents, of the^ riches of which an idea
may be fortned ftPtn the revenues of the
grand cathedral amounting to ^o,oeQi< ft
7ear,«f wjiajch the accbl^i&op has t^cool.
M E X
There is alfo a tribunal of the Inquifi.
tion, a mint, and a univeifity. I'he
goldlinitlu here are immcnlely rich, and
it carries on a great trade to Europe bjr
St. Juan de Ulhua, and to Afia by Aca>
pulco. This {dace wa« overflowed by
an inundatioi) in OAober 1619, in which
40,000 pcrlons were drowned. This
obliged the Spaniards to make a great
conduit through a mountain, in order to
empty the lake ; which being done, part
of the town became fcated on dry land.
Mexico is fuppliud with frciliwata* by an
aquedu<^k thiee miles long. It is xoo
miles KN£ of St.' Juan de Ulhua, and »5*
NE of Acapulco. Lon. 100 34 w, lat.
zo a N.
Mexico, or New Spain, an exten-
five country in N America, bounded on
the N by New Mexico, and on tlie SE
by the ifthmus of Darien, where itf
breadth is not more than 60 miles; its
weltern coaft being waihed by the Pacific
Ocean and the gulf of California, and its
eartern by the gulf of Mexico and the
Caribbean Sea. It lies between 83 and
110° w ion. and extends from 7 30 to
30 40 N. lat. being aooo miles long,
and, in its wideft part, to the N) above
600 broad. In general, it is a moun-
tainous country, intermixad with many
rich valliesj but the higheft mountains
are near the coait of the Pacific Ocean,
many of which are volcanoes. The
ealtern fhore is a flat country, full of bogs
and moralTes, oyerdowcd in the rainy fea-
fon^ which is at the lame time as our
fummer. Although Mexico is within
th" torrid zone, the climate is temperate
and healthy. No country aboundi> more
with grain, fruits, roots, and vegetables j
many of them peculiar to the country, or,
at ieaft, to America. It is celebrated
for its mines of gold and filver, and has
quarries of jafper, porphyry, and exqui-
fite marble. Cochineal is almolt peculinr
to this country; its indigo and cucoa nre
luperior to any in America ; and its 1 )g-
wood has been long an important article
of commerce. Among the quadrupeds
are the puma and jaquar, bears, elks,
wolves, deer, &c. The puma and jaquar
have been inaccurately denominated, by
Europeans, lions and tigers ; but they
poiTels neither the undaunted courage of
the fornver, nor the ravenous cruelty rf
the latter. The domdtic animals of
Europe, particularly homed cattle, have
multiplied here, abnoft with incredible
rapidity. Numbers of thefe having been
iutfered to run wild, now range over the
vaft plains, inberds of from 30 to 40,000 ;
i'.i
'lip
:' nm
' 1
^'.
',;wP
\ 'N
in
k
M E Z
M I D
M
Ifc'fjkf!
they are killed merely for the fake of
Hheir hides, and the Haughtefy at certain
fealbns, is fo p;reat, that the ftench of the
carcifesi which are left in the field,
would infeA the air, if large packs of
wild dogs, and va(t flocks ot gaUinaxost
€r American vultures, the moft voracious
of birds, did not inltantly devour them :
thefe hides are annually exported, in raft
auantities, to Europe. New Sjiain is
ivided into the three audiences of Gua-
dalajara, Mexico, and Guatimalaj fub-
divided into provinces; the principal of
which, m each audience, being Guada-
iajara Proper, Mexico Proper, and Guati-
MBala Proper. The whole country is go-
verned by a viceroy, the extent or whole
jurifdifiaon, however, has been wifely
circumfcribed, in the courfe of this cen-
tury, by the ereflion of the four remote
provinces of Sonora, Cinaloa, Califor-
nia, and New Navarre, into a feparate
government.
Mtxico, New, a large country of
N America, bounded on the w by the
gulf of California, on the s by New
Spain, on the £ by Louifiana, and on
the N by unknown countries, fo that its
extHit cannot be afcertained. Gnat en-
comiums have been lavi(hed on the ferti-
lity of its ibil, the richncls of its mines,
»nA the variety of its valuable produfts ;
iind with refpeft to the favorabjcnel's of
the climate, it may be fufficicnt to lay,
that this country lies within the tempe-
rate zone. It is chiefly inhabited by na-
tive Americans, hitherto unfubdlied by
the Spaniards. 9anta Fe is the capital.
Mtxico, Gulf of, that part of the
Atlantic Ocean, on the coaft of N Ame-
rica, bounded on the s and w by Mexico,
and on the N by W and E Florida ; the
entrance lying to the e, between the s
coaft of £ Florida, and the ne point of
Yucatan.
Meyenfeldt, a town in the country of
the Grilbns, feated on the Rhine, in a
pleafant country, fertile in excellent wine,
15 miles NE of Coire. Lon. 9 36 e,
lat. 4.7 2 N.
Mezieres, a town of France, in the
department of Ardennes and late province
oi Champagne, with a citadel>'leated on
the Meufc, la miles NW of Sedan, and
127 NE of Paris. Lon. 4 4S e, lat. 49
46 N.
Mezin, a town of France, in thede-.
partment of Lot and Garonne and late
province of Guienne} feated in it coun-
try that abounds in wheat ; with vines,
fvom which is principally made brandy ;
and with the cork-tree, which is fold both
in its natural ftate, and in corki. It !«
nine miles nw of Condom.
Mia, or Mijah, a large" town of Ja.
pan, feated on the s coait of the iflc of
Niphon, with a fortified palace. Lon.
135 40 B, lat. 35 50 N.
MiCHA, a cape of Dahnatia, which
advances into the gulf of Venice, pear th«
town of Zara.
Michael, St. the moft fertile and
Populous of the Azores or Weftem Iflands.
ts two principal harbours are Ponta Del.
gada and Villa Franca : the former is the
capital of the ifland. Lon. 15 41 W|
lat. 37 47 N.
Michael, St. a borough in Corn,
walli which has neither market nor fair,
but fends two members to parliament.
It is eight miles sw of St. Columb, and
249 w by s of London. Lon. 4 5a w,
lat. 50 S3 N.
Michael, St. a town of France, in
the department of Meufe and late duchy
of Bar, remarkable for its hoipital, and
the rich library of a late BenedifVine ab-
bey. It is feated on the Meufe, 20 miles
NE of Bar-le Dxic, and lij E of Paris,
Lon. 5 38 E, lat. 48 51 N.
Michael, St. afeaportof NewSpain,
in the province of Guatimala, {t "d on a
Imall river, 180 miles SE of N 'uati-
maia. Lon. 87 45 Wi lat. 12
Michael, St. a t»wn of Peru, in the
province of Quito. It was the firft Spaniih
colony in Peru, and is featsd near the
mouth of the Piura, 235 miles s by W
of Quito, Lon, 80 50 w, iat. 50 s.
Michael de Ibarra, St. a town
of Peru, in tlie province of Quito, 6(j
miles NE of Quito.
Michael, Gulf of St. to the e
of Panama, that part of the Pacific Ocean,
which was firft difcovered by the Spani-
ards, after their march acrois the ifthmvis
ofDarien.
Michelohia, a country of Pruflia,
which is part of the circle of Culm, and
feparated fronr the bvher part by the river
Dribents^ It take:; its name from th;
caftle of Michelow.
Michigan, a ccnfidei-able lake of N
America, wholi n e extremity communi-
cates with the N w end of Lake Huron, by
the ftrait of MichiHimackinac* •
Michilumackjnac, a ftAit of N
America, which unites the lakes Michi-;'
gan and Huron, and lies in 85° w lon.
and 46" N lat. - * '
Mi^DLEBVRG, a large and' ftrong
commercial city of the United Provinces,
capital of the iiland of Walcheren, and of
alt Zealand, The fquiures and ^ublid
M I D
M I L
II
^uildinj;8 are magnificent. The Dutch New York. Mltldlctown is v'mlki sw
took it from the Spaniards, ini574, after ot New York, .nul 50 t Wy n of i ronton,
a fiege of a» month*. The inhabitants Middlbwich, a town ift Chelhirc,
are computed at 16,000. The harbour with a market on Tuciilay. It is Jcated
is large and commodious, and has a com- on the Crokc, and nutt J tor its I'alt-pits,
munication with the Tea by a canal, which and making fine i^tit. It is 24 niilcs s
will bear the largeft vcirels. It is ao of Chclter, and 167 .Nw of London. Lon.
miles NE of Bruges, 30 uw of Ghent, a 30 w, lat. 53 13 n.
and 7% »»w of Amfte;:dam. I<on. 3 39 Midhurst, a borough in Suflix, witli
E, lat. 51 31 N, ^ market on Thinliby. It li*i>'Js two
MiDDLEBURO, a town of Dutch Flan- members to parliament, anil is leated on
ders, which belongs tq the prince of the Arun) 11 miles n by e of Ctiichef.
Iflenghein. It is five milw SE of Sluys.
X,on. 3 *6 E. lat. 51 15 N.
MiDDLEBVRG. See EAOOWEt
M1DDI.EUAM, a town in the N riding
of Yorkshire, with a market on Monday,
feated on the Ure, 10 miles s of Rich-
mond, and Z5S nnw of X<ondpn. Lon.
J 37 w, lat. 54 17 N.
Lon. •
ter, and 50 w by s of Londaii.
46 w, lat. 51 o N.
MiECHAU, or MtEZAV'A, a town of
Poland, in Cujavia, Icatrd on the Viftuh,
10 miles 8 by E of Tliom. Lcn. iS 46
E, lat. 53 58 N.
M.'LAN, a city of Italy, capital of a
duchy of the lame name. It was the an-
Middlesex, a county of England, cient capital of Lombardy, and alti\ougk
bounded on the N by HertfoidHiire, on it is thouglit rather to exceed Naples in
the e by EHex, on the s by Surry and Hze, It does not contain above half the
Kent, and on the w by Buckmghamihirc. number of inhabitants. It is li^ated in a
It is the lealt county in England, except delightful plain, between the rivers Adda
Rutlandikire, being only ai miles from e and Tefin-; is 10 miles in circumference,
to Wf and 1 7 from n to s ; but it is far
the richeft. Ik contains 126 parilhesi
befide London, and four market-towns,
and fends eight members to parliament.
The air is healthy ; but the foil, in ge
and called by the Italians, Milan the
Great. It contains many fine palaces,
but ^hat of the goveraor is the molt mag'
nificcnt ; and a great nuinber of churches,
convents, hofpitals, and fchools. The
neral, being gravelly, it is not naturally cathedral is in the centre of tlu: city, and
fertile} though, by means of the vicinity next to St; Peter's, at Rome, is themoft
to the mccropolis, many parts of it are confiderable in Italy. The numl)er o£
converted into rich beds of manure, ftatutes, within and without, is prodigi-
clothed with almoft perpetual verdure, ous ; they are all of marble, and many of
There aie ftill, however, very extenfive them finely wrought. This vaft fabric,
trafts of uncultivated heath. Befide the which the Milaneie call the eighth wonder
Thames, the Lea, and the Coin, which ofthe world, is entirely built of iolid white
are its boundaries to the s, the S£, and marble, and Aipported by 50 columns,
the w, Middlefex is watered by feveral From the roof hangs a cafe of cry Hal, in-
fmall itreams; one of which called the clofing a nail, which, they fay, is one,of
■New River, is artificially brought from thofe by which our Saviour w. s fixed to
Amwell, in Herts, tor the purpofe of the crofs. The treal'ury belonging to
fupplying London with water. this church is reckoned the richelt in
Middlesex, a county of N America, Italy, next to that of Lorctto. The
in the ftate of Conne6licut, which, with college of St. Ambrofe has a library,
the county of Tolland, has been recently which,, befides a prodigioiis number of
formed f 'om that of Hartford. Middle- manufcripts, contains 45,000 printed
ton and Haddam are the county towns. books ; and its luperb galleiy is adorned
MiDDLETON} a commercial town of with rich paintings. Milan has confider-
N America, in the ftate of Conn^jlicut, able commerce in grain (cfpccially rice)
ieatedon the river Conne£licut, 15 miles cattle, and cheefe; and has manufaAures
s of Hartford. It is one of the county- of filk and velvet ftuft's, ftockings, hand-
towns of Middlefex. kerchiefs, ribands, gold and lilver lace
MiDDLETOwN, a town of N America, and embroideries, woollen and linen cloths,
in the ftate of New Jerfey, and adjoining glals, and earthenware in imitation of
Shrewft)ury, in the county of Monmouth. Chiiu. It has been feveral times taken
Sandy Hook (fo called from its fliape and in the wars that have defolated Italy ; the
foil) it included in this townlhip. On laft time by the French, in June 1796.
the point of the Hook ftands the light* It is the fee of an archbilhop ; and is 70
hpuht 100 feet high, built by the city of miks N^ Genoa, jt.9& oi Turin, and
I r
Hi.
n
KOm
M I L
MIL
\l :!;:U>;'
f
•45 nW a' T"frr;nce. Lon. 9 16 E, lat.
45 28 N.
Milan, or Milanese, a duchy of
Italy, 150 miles long and 78 broad;
bovnded on the N by SwiHerland and the
country of the Grilons, on the E by the
republic of Vt-nice and the duchies of
Parma and Mantua, on the s by the
duchy of Farma and the territory of
Genoa, and on the w by Piedniort and
Montterrat. The foil is every where
fertile in corn, wine, fruits, rice, a*Mi
•lives. The rivers are the Secchia, Te-
/in, Adda, and Ogllo ; and it has feveral
lakes, the principal of which arc tholi: of
Maggiore, Como, ard Lugano. This
country having formerly been pofleflfed by
fhe French, next by the Spaniards, ar'
afterward by the Germans, the troops of
thofe nations have produced a. ftylc of
manners, and ftamped a chara^r, in the
inhabitants of this duchy, dil&rent from
what prevjtils in any other part of Italy j
and nice obfervers imagine they perceive
in the m^unner f of the Milanefe, the po*
iitenefi, formality, and honeftv imputed
lO thofe three natios?, blended with tht
natural ingernity of the Italians. This
duchy is fubjefl to the houfe of Auftria,.
and governed by a german nobleman, re-
fidsnt at Milan, und'^r; the chara^ler of
minifter from Vienna.
MiLAZzo, a ftrong feapbrtiof Sicily^
in the Val-di-Demona. It is divided into
the upper and lower town; the u^ev is
very ftrorig, and the lower has a Hne
fqiiare, with a fuperb fountain. It is
feated on a rock, on the w fide of a bay
ci the fame name, i j mixes w of Meflii^a.'
Lon. 15 34- £, lat. 38 12 N.
MiLBORN-PORT, a borough in So-
mcrtletfliire, which has no market, but
fends two members to parliament. It is
leated on a Sranch of the Paxret, two
miles E by N of Sherbern> and 115 w by
s of London. Lon. z 38 w, lar. 50 53 N.
MiLDENHALL, a populous town in
Suifolk, with a market on Friday. It is
feated on the Larke, a branch of the Oule,
1 3 miles N by E of Newmarket, acd 69
NNE of London. Lon. o z6 £, lat. 5a
MiLEro, an ancient town of Naples,
in Calabria Ulteriore, with a bilhop's
fce. five nr iles from Nicotera.
MiLFORD, a town of N America, in
the ftate of Delaware, and county of
Sulfex, feated at the fource of a finall
river, 1 5 miles from the bay of Delaware,
and 1 ^o s of Philadelphia.
Mir.FORt> I^AVEV, a deep inlet of the
Iriih Sea, on the ccaft of PcruOirokefhirc.
It branches off into fo many creek i,
fecured from all winds, that it is e;.
teen'ied the fafed and moft capaciouji
harbour in Great Britain ; but its remote
fituation greatly impairs its utility. At
the entrance, on the w point, called St,
Ann's, is :m old lighthouie and a block-
houie. Here the ean of Richmorid, af.
terward Heniy vii, landed, on his enttr.
prife againlt Richard i i. A packtf-
boat fails from hence every day, ex-x^t
TuelHay, for Waterford, iu Ireland.
MiMANE, a town ot the llate of J.I-
giers, in Tremefcn, with a calHc. It it
leated in a country fertile in oran^re^,
ciuons, and other fruits, the belt in all
Barbary. Lon. z 35 E, lat. 35 15 k.
MiLHAUD, a town of France, in the
department of Aveiron and' late province
of Rourrgue. It was difiiiantled in 1629,
dnd is feated on the Tain, 50 miles nw
of Montpciiicr, and i4.» s of Paris.
Lon. 3 xi E, lat. 44 3 N.
MiLO, an ifland of the Archipelago,
50 miles in cu'cumference, with one of
the bell and largeil h'trbours iqiihe Medi.
terranaan. It produ.es excellent fruits
and Wine ; abounds in v4ry gbod cattle,
efpecially in goats } and has jdiines of
iron and lulphur. In the Ipringi the
fields are enamelled with anemonies of all
fortt. In this ifland are curious lubter.
raiiean g^leries, formed of ancient ftone
quarries. The walls on each r.de, which
are fix feet high, are covered with ahim,
foimod by the itpuntaneous operations of
nature. It is the fine and genuine capil-
lary or plume alum. I'his beautiful
fubftance, wiiich is here found in a ftate
of cryffallization, riiest in threads or
fibres like thofe of a feather, whence it
derives its name. Heie arc two bilhops ;
one of the Greek, iuid the other of the
Latin church. On £ the fide of the ifland
is a town of the iame name, wh'' 1 con.
tains 5000 inhabitants. It is 6c mil 3
N of Candia. Lon. 25 6 £, Idt. 36 41 n.
MiLTENBERG, a town of Franconia,
in the ele6lorate of Mentz, feated on the
Mainej 20 miles se of Afchaffenburg.
Lon. 9 19 E» lat. 49 46, N.
MiLTHORP, a'village in Wellmorlanif,
feated on a river, near the mouth df the
Ken, five lailes s of Kendal. As the
navigation of the Ken is^ftrvf^fd by a
catarai^ near its mouth, Milthorp is the
only pen in the county ; and hence the
fine Weflrnorland Hates are exported to
Liverpool, Loiidon, Hull, &c.
MiA-TOH, a town in Kent* with a
market on Saturday. It is featdd ou the
£ branch of th« Medway, sind noted i'vt
M I N
M I N
»ny creek i,
It it is e!.
capacious
t its ranote
tility. At
called St.
><1 a block-
niorid, af.
» his entfr.
^i. packet-
ay, ejt-f_nt
rtland.
ate of Al
iHc. It u
1 oranges,
belt in alj
15 K.
ce, in the
e province
i in 1619,
nii'les Nw
oi Paris.
:hlpelago,
th one of
Ihe Medi-
snt fruitj
oA cattle,
liiines of
•ing, the
lies of all
s lubter.
(ent ftone
ie, which
ith ahim,
at^ons of
ne capil.
beautiful
n a itate
■eads or
'^hence it
bilhops ;
I' of the
heifland
irith a
ou the
c4 i(ft
excellent oyfters. It is 14 miles NB of
Maidftone, &nd 4% e of London. Lon.
0 5% E> lat. 51 22 N.
Milton, a town in Kent, one mile E
of Gravelend, incorporated with it, by
queen Elifabeth, by the name of the por-
treeve, jurats, and inhabitants of the
towns of Giavefend and Milton. Henry
v/ii railed a blo<:khoiiJe here, for the
dcfeftce of Gravelujd.
MtLTON- Abbev, a town in Dorfet-
fhire, with a n^arkct on Tueiday. It is
famous for a fiunous abbey, built by
king AtheUtan, and for a magnificent
Gothic church. It'^ji 14 miles ne of
Dorchefter, and iiz W by s of London.
Lon. z 32 w. lat. 50 50 N.
MiNCH, a great found, or channel, on
the w coaft of Scotland. It has the inlands
of Lewis and Harris, N and S Ullt, and
Bara, on the w ; and the ifle or Skye on
theE.
MiNDANOA, the largeft of the Philip-
pine Iflands, next to Lucotua. It is 180
liiiles long and izo broad, and is governed
by a fultan, who is ablblute. It is »
mountainous country, full of hills and.
vallies ; and the mould is generally deep,
black, and fruitful. The fides of the
hills and vallies are ftony, and yet th«ve
are tall treet, of kinds nut known in Eu-
rope } fome of the mountains yield Very
good gold) and the vallits are well watered
with rivulets. The libby-trces produce
the fago, which the po<ir people eat in-
stead of bread, three or four months in
thf year. It produces all forts ol fruit,
proper to the climate, befidc plenty of rice.
Here are horfes, beeves, buffaloes, hogs,
■pats, deer, mbnkies, guanas, bats of a
large fiz^, lizards, and ihakes ; alfo ducks,
hen , pigeons, parrots, pnrroquets, and
turtle-doves, hefidc many fmall birds.
The air i» temperate } and the winds are
ealterly onp purt of the year, and welterly
the other : while the former blow, it is
fair weather ; but while the latter, it is
rainy, ftormy-. and tempeftuous. The
inhabitants are of a mean low ftature,
with linall limbs and little heads. Their
faces are ov&l, vnth flat foreheads, black
fmall eyet, fhort. low nofcs, and pretty
large mouth«< Their hair is blacK and
ftraight, and their complexion tawny,^
but more inclined to yellow than that ot*
other Indians. The chief trader are
goldfmithSf blackijfniths, and carpenters,
and thev can build pretty good veffels for
the ie The fultan has a qt-cr, befide
ao otherr women, and all the men have
feveral wiveti for their religion is Ma-
t<viiic!:attlm. Tt)tk boufc* uc built oa
pofts, from 14 to 20 feet high j and they
have ladders to go up out of the Itrtets *
they have but one floor, which is divided
into feveral rooms, and the roofs are co-
vered with palmeto leaves. The capital
is a large city, of the fame name, leated
on the E fide of theilland. Lon. 125 o w,
lat. 6 ON.
MiNDELHEiM, a town of Suabia, with
a caffle. It is the capital of a miali ter-
ritory between the rivers lUer ^d Lech,
liibjeifl to the honfe of Bavariti. It wa»
taken by the Auitrians after the battle of
Blenheim, who ere6led it into a princi-
pality in favour of the duke of Marlbo-
rougn; but it returned to the houiie of
Bavaria, by the treaty of Kaftadt. I^
ta %o miles SE of Uliu. Lon. 10 42 e«
lat. 43 3 N.
MiNOEN, atownof Weftphalia, capital
of a territory of the fame name. Near
this town prince Ferdinand of Brunfwick
defeated the French, in 1759. ^t is lub-
}eSi to the king of Pruina,.and is iieated
on th'' Weltr, 27 miles £ by s^of Ofna-
burg, and ^7 w of Hanover. Lon. 9 5 £»
lat. 52 22 N.
MiNDORA, oneof the Philippine lilands,
50 nxiles in circumference, feparated frona
Luconia by a narrow channel. It :: full
of mountains, which abound in pal.n-
trees, and all forts of fruit. The inhabix
tants are pagans, and pay tribute to the
Spaniards.
.Mine HEAD, a borough in Somerfct'
fhire, with a market on Wednelday. It
has a good harbour on the Briftd Chan*
nel, for (hips o{ large biuden : and car-
ries on a confidcrable trade in vrooi, ccaii*
abd herrings. It fend» two members to
parliament, and is 31 miles N of £xeter»
and x6x w by s of London. Lon. 3 34
w, lat. $1 12 N.
MiNCREtiA, a province of Afla,
which makes part of Georgia^ bounded
on the W by the Black Sea, on the £ by^
Imehtia, on the s by a part of Geor-
gia, and cm the N by Ciixailia. It i»
governed by a prince, who is tributary
to the fovereign of Imeritia. The face
of this couixtry, its produ(5t3, and the
cuftoms and manners of the inhabitants*
are fimilar to thole of Georgia,
MiNO, a river of Spain, which rife*
in Galicla, near Caffro del Rey^ and.
paflln^. ^y Lugv, Ortenfc, and Tey, it
then di idfis Galida from Pc^tugal, and
falls, bto dK AUaHtic Ocean, at Ca«'
minhat
MiNtATO, St. an cpifcopai tovm o£;
Xufcany, leated on the Amo, zo miles s\v
of Flor«nce» ton. t^ 45 k» latv 43 40 nv
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MIR
MiNORBiNO, atownofNapleSjinTer-
tadi Bari, with a bifhop's fee, z'^ miles N
•f Cirenza. Lon. i6 19 E> lat. 41 8 N^
Minorca, an ifland oi' the Mediter-
ranean, lying 50 miles to the ne of Ma-
jorca. It is 30 miles in length, and iz
in breadth ; and is a mountainons country,
"with fome fruitful vallies, where there
are excellent mules. Cittadella is the
capital i but the town of Mahon claims
greater confcquence, on account of its
excellent haibom-, called Port Mahon,
■which is defended by Fort 8t. Philip,
cne of the ftrong;eft fortrelfes in Europe,
and on the fate of which the whole ifland
depends. Minorca was taken by the
Englifh in J 708, and confirmed to them
by the treaty of Utrecht. The French
took it in 1756} but it was reftored in
3763. It was retnken by the Spaniards
in 1782, and confirmed to them by the
peace of 1783, Port Mahon lies in ion.
348E, lat. 39 50 N.
MiNORl, a iown of Naples, in Prln-
cTpato Citeriore, with a bifhop's fee. It
is feated on the gull" of Salerno, between
the town of that name and Amalfi.
MiNSlNGEN, a town of Suabia, in the
diuchy of Wirtcmburg, with a caitie.
ion. 9 35 Er lat. 48 32 N.
MiNSKi, a town of Lithuania, capital
mf a palati^^ate of the fame name, with
two citadels. The country is pretty
fertile, and has forcfts containing vaft
numbers *f bees, whofe honey makes
part of its riches. Minflci is 6.-; miles
» of Sluczk, and 100 se of Wilna. Lon.
z6 48 E, lat. 54 II N.
MiOLANS, a fortrefs of France, in the
department of the Lower Alps and late
province of Pro\'ence. It is leated on a
craggy rock, in the valley of Baixelo-
netta, fix miles NE of Montmelian. Lon.
6 10 E, lat. 45 35 N.
Mi OSS, a lake of Norway, in the pro-
vince of Hedemarke, 80 miles in circum-
ference. It is divided by a large penin-
fula, and contains a fertile iiland 10 miles
in circumference.
Mic^ELON, a fmall defert ifland, s\v
of Cape May in Newfoundland, ceded* to
the Fr«nch by the peace of 1763, for
drying and curing their fifli. They were
diljpollefled of it by the Englifh in 1793.
Lon. 56 10 W, lat. 46 4a N.
MiBANDA-DE-DouERO, a fortified
town of Portugal, capital of the province
of Tra>ios-Montes, with a bifliop's kc*
It Is feated on a rock, near the confluence
9f the Doucro and Frelha, 37 miles NW
of Salamanca, and 208 N by Eof Liibpn*
Lou* 6 0 w> lau 41 4.0 N»
JV1I9
MikANDA-bt-EBRO, a town of Spain,
in Old Caftile, with a ftrong cafixe. It
is feated in a country that produces excel-
lent wiiie, on the river Ebro, over which
is a bridge, 34 miles s of Bilbea, and
160 N of Madi-id. Lon. 3 low, lat. 43
49 K.
MiRANbP, a t6wn of France, in the
department of Gers, and late province of
Gafcony, feated on an eminence, near
the river Baife. Wool, dowrf, and the
feathers of geefe, dre its pi'incipal arti-
cles of commerce. It is 15 miles sW of
Auch, and 340 sw <ii Paris. Lon. o z6
E, lat. 43 30 N.
MiRANDOLA, a town of ttaly, capital
of a duchy of the fame name, with a
ftrong citadel and a fort. It is fubjeft
to the houfe of Auftria, und 20 miles ne
of Modena. Lon. 11 19 E, lat. 44 52 n,
MiREBEAU, a town of France, in the
department of Vienne and late province
of Poitou, famous for the beauty and
ftrength of the afles which its environs
produce. It is 16 miles N of Poitiers,
and 175 Sw of Paris.
MiREcouRT, a town of Fi-ance, in
the department of the Vofges and late
{irovince of Lorrain, famous for its vio-
ins and fine lace. It is* feated on the
river Modon, 27 miles s of Nanci, and
3osEofToul. Lon. 6 4 E, lat. 48 15 N.
MiREMONT, a town of France, in the
department of Dordogne and late pro-
vince of Perigord. Near it, is a remark-
able cavern, called Clufeau. It is feated
near the river Vizere, 1 5 miles E of Ber-
gerac.
MiREPOix, a town of France, in the
department of the Upper Pyrenees and
late province of Bigorre. It was lately
an epiicopal town, and is feated on the
Gets, 15 miles N of Foix.
Mi SEND, a cape of Italy, w of the
bay of Naples, between Puzzoli and Cu-
raa. On it are the ruins of the ancient
Mifenum.
MiSERDEN, a village in Gloucefter-
fliirc, fix miles NW of Cirencefter. Here
is a park, feven miles in circumference,
in a valley of which is a mount of cir-
cular form, now overgrown with trees.
This was the fite of an ancient caftle,
built in the reign of king John ; and part
of the moat, which encompalfed the build-
ing, is ftill to be feen.
Ml SIT R A, a celebrated town of Greece,
capital of the Morea, with a Greek arch-
bifliop's fee, and a caftle. It is divided
into tour parts, the caftle, the town, and
two lai-ge fuburbs. The church i« one
of Uie mkft in the woFld, and tlie Turki
6
M O C
hare turned it Into a mofauei near which
is a magnificent hofpital. There is a
great number of Chriitians, and Co many
i«ws> that they have three fynagogues.
ft was taken by the Venetians in 1687 ;
but the Turks retook it. It is feated on
the Valili[)otamo, 100 miles sw of Athens,
and 90 N by E of Lepanto. Lon. 22 30
E, lat. 37 6 N.
MisNiA. See Meissen.
Mississippi, a river of N America,
which receives the waters of the Ohio and
and Illinois from the E, and of the
MifTouri, and other rivers, from the w.
Its foui'ce is unknown; but its length, to
its entrance into the gulf of Mexico, is
fuppoied to be upwaid of 3000 miles.
It is the E boimdary of Louiilana. Jn
this river, in lat. 44. 30 N, aie the falls
«f St. Anthony, where the dream, more
than 250 yards wide, falls perpendicu-
larly about 30 feet.
Missouri, a river of N America,
Tvho!e fource is unknown. It joins the
MiflTiiTippi in lat. 39° N, but is a longer,
bi'uailer, and deeper river, and is, in »6l,
the principal fiream. It has been af-
ctnded by the French traders upward of
1100 miles, and from its depth and
breadth at that diftance, appeared to be
navigable much highju*.
MiTCHAM, a village in Surry, eight
r^les s w of London. It is leated on the
Wandle, on which are fome fnuff-mills,
and two calico-printing manufactures.
MiTTAU, a llrong town, the capital
of Courland, remarkable for its large
dacal palace. It is feated on the Bolde-
rau, 45 miles Kof Gol^ingen, and 270 N N E
of Warliiw. Lon. 23 50 £, lat. 56 40 N.
Mocha, or Moka, a conliderable
town of Arabia Felix, fiuroundtd by
walls. It carries on a great tr;idc, efpe-
cially In toftee j and the inhabitants are
computed at 10,000, withou> including
the poor Armenians, or the Jews, who
inhabit the lubxirbs. The women, ex-
cept a rmali number of the common lort,
jipver appear in the {treets in the day
time, but viflt each other in the evening.
\Vhen they meet any men in the way,
th.y (tind clofe up againlt the wall to let
rh.m pals. Their drefs is much like
that of ojiher women of the Ea(t, and
over all they wear a large veil of painted
calico, lb thin that they can fee through
It without being fcen. They have alfo
little bulkins of Monocco leather. Mo-
,cha is I'eated In a I'andy country, near the
ilralts of Babelmandcl, 240 miles ssw of
Sanaa, and 560 sse of Mecca, Lon. 44
^i fi,.lat. HQ**^. ....
M O G
MoDBVRT, a town in OevonfHifv,
with a maiket on Thurfday. It is leatcd
in a bottom, between two hills, 36 miles
ssw of Exeter, and 208 wsw of Londoiu
Lon. 3 5+ w, lat. 50 23 N.
MODENA, an ancient city of Italy,
capital of the Modenefe, with a bifhop's
fee. The cathedral, feverai of th ,
churches, and fome of the monafteries 41-e
handfome ftruftures ; and the ducal pa-
lace is richly fumiflied, and contains fine
paintings. The citadel is very regular^
but has been often taken, particularly hj
the king of Sardinia in 1742. The in-
habitants are faid to be 40,000; and thev
make here the beft malks for mafqueradea
in all Italy. It is feated between the rivers
Secchia and Panaro, 22 miles w by n of
Bologna, 34 s by e of Mantua, and So
NNw of Florence. Lon. hoe, lat. 44
34 N.
MoDENA, or MoDENESE, a duchy of
Italy, bounded on the w by that of Par-
ma, on the N by the duchies of Mantua
and Mirandola, on the e by the Bolog-
nefe and Ferrai'efe, and on the s by T«f-
cany and the republic of Lucca. It is
50 miles in length and 40 in breadth 5
and the foil is very fertile In corn, wine,
oil, and fruits of different kinds. It alio
feeds a great number of cattle.
Modica, a town of Sicily, on a river
of the fame name, 25 miles s\v of Syri-
cufe. Lon. 15 9 e, lat. 36 48 n.
MoDON, a ftrong town of the Morea,
with a fate harbour, and a bilhop's fee.
It is feattrd on a promontory, projefting
inr rhe lea of Sapienza, 1 5 miles E oi
Coi a, and 95 sw of Napoli-di-Roma
nia. Lon. ai 35 k, lat. 36 56 n.
MODZiR, a town of Lithuania, capital
of a dillrid of ' the fame nai.e. It is
leuteJ on the rivti Prypec, in a fertile
country, 85 miles SE ot Sluczk. Lon.
29 10 E, lat. 52 5 N.
Moffat, a town In Dumfrlesfhlr«,
near the river Annan. It as a manufac-
ture of coarfe woollen ItufFs; and it»
mineral fprings attract much genteel
company. It is 20 raiJes N oy e of
Dumfries.
Moffat Hills, the higheft moun-
tains in the s of Scotland. They occupy
the » part of Annandale ; and from thefe
defcend, in different directions, the Tweed,
Clyde, and Annan, whole fources are
but little diftant from each other.
MocAOOR, an ifland and jcaftle of
Africa, in the kingdom of Morocco, near
Cape Ozem. There are mines of gold
and fiiver in one of the mountains. Lon.
9 iSW, lat, 3t 38 iN.
!
• Y*--'
-I
1
>il''i
« 1 4
{#
" 4
'I i4
M O G
M 0 H
'i :'i
MocuLS, Country or the, or
Western Chinese Tartarv, is
botuuled on the n by Siberia, on the E
by Esiitern Tartary, on the s by the great
Wall and Lcao-tong, and on the \v by
Independent Tartary. The Mogul Tar-
tars have neither towns, villages, nor
hoiifes: they form themlelves only into
wandering lu>rdes, and live under tents,
which they traniport from one place to
another, a.ccordiiig as the temperature of
the different fealbns, or the wants of
their ilocks require ; they pais the lum-
mer on the banks of their rivers, and the
winter at the foot of fome mountain, or
hill, which fhehei'S them from the cutting
K wind. They are naturally clownifli,
and dirty in their drels, as well a^ in
their tents> where they live amid the
dung of their flocks, which when dried,
tliey ufe for fuel inftead of wood. Ene-
mies to labour, they choofe rather to he
iatisfied with the food with which their
flocks fupply them, than take the trouble
of cultivating the earth : it even appears
that they ncgleft agriculture from pride.
During the iummer, they live only on
milk} which they get from their flocks,
ufing without diltinftion that of the cow,
mare, ewe, goat, and camel. Their or-
dinary drink is warm water, in which a
little coarfe tea has been infufed j wirh
this they mix cream, milk, or butter,
according to their circumftances. They
have alio a method of making a kind of
fpirituous liquor of four milk, efpecially
«f that of the mare. The Moguls are
^c^ open and fincere. They pride them-
felves chiefly on their dexterity in hand-
ling the bow and arrow, mounting on
Iloweback, and hunting wild bealts. Pp-
Ivgamy is permitted among them ; but
l..ey generally have only one wife. They
burn the bodies of their dead, and tranf-
port the afhes to eminences, where they
mter them, and cover the grave with a
heap of Itoncs, over which tliey plant a
great number of Itnall Ibndards. They
are unacquainted with the ufe of money,
and trade only by barter. Although the
Moguls might appropriate to themlelves
the fpoils of a great number of animals,
the fkins which they ufe for clothing are
generally thofe of their fliccp. They
wear the wool inmoft, and the Ikin on the
outfide. Th^; religion of the Mogul
Tartars is confined to the worfhip of Fo.
'l"hey have the molt fuperftitious venera-
tion for their lamas, who are clownifh,
ignorant, and licentious pricltj, to whom
they attribute the pow^er of calling down
luui cr iciin : to tLcie IJUfM th«iy give tlic
9
moft vafuable of their tlFefls in return for
prayers, which they go about recitin;*^
from tent to tent. Thefe people are very
devout, and continually wear hanging at
their necks a kiftd of chaplet, over which
they fay their prayers. All the Moguls
are governed by kafts, or particular
princes, independent 6( each other ) but
all fubjeft to the emperor of China,
whom they confider as the grand kan of
the Tartars. When the Mantchews fub-
dued China, they conferred on the njoft
powerful of thti Mogul princes the titles
of vang, peile, peizt, and cong, which
anfwer to our titles of king, duke, count,
and marquis ; each of them had a revenue
afTtgned him, but far inferior to the ap-
pointments of the Mantchew lords at
Peking : the emperor fettled the limits of
their refpeftive territories, and appointed
them laws, according to which they are
at prefent governed. All the Mogul na-
tions under the Chineft government, may
be divided into four principal tribes,
which are the Moguls, properly fo called,
the Kalkas, the Ortous, and the Tartars
of Kokonor.
MoHATZ, a town of Lower Hungary,
in the county of Bataniwar, featcd at the
confluence of the Danube and CorafTe, 17
miles Nw of Bifeck. Lon. 19 56 E| lat.
45 46 N.
Mohawk River, a river of N Ame-
rica, which rifes to the N of Fojt Stan-
wlx, in the ftate of New York, paflei
by that fort and Skeneflady, and empties
itlelf, by two mouths, into Hudlbn's
River, eight miles above Albany.^ About
two miles above its junction with that
river it has a cataraft, where the ftream,
100 yards wide, falls perpendicularly
about 70 feet.
Mohawks, a once powerful tribe of
Indians, in N America, living on the
Mohawks River. Only one family arc
left of them in the ftate of New York, the
lelt having, in 1776, emigrated, with
llr John J(jhnibn, into Canada.
MoHiLLA, or Mohima, one of the
Comora Ulands, between the N end of
Madagafcar aud the continent of Africa.
The inland parts are mountainous and
woody, and there art villages ficattered
here and there, whole houfes arc made of
reeds and Itr v-. The people are blacks,
with great head*, large lips, flat nofcs,
fliarp chins, md f^rong limbs. They 50
quite naked, except only a few leaves.
Their fkiiis are cut and pricked, fo as t»
make fevtr;il figures on all parts of their
bodies. Some of the inhabitants are
MahoiOfiUnts^ who have a few wretched
M O L
mofques, built of wood and ftraw with-
out, and matted neatly within. This iiland
abounds in animals, I'uch as butfaloci,
goats, tortoifes, hens, large bats, and ca-
melious ; and here are a great number of
birds, whole names are not known in
Europe. It produces plenty of rice,
ptas, honey, cocoa-nuts, plantains,
oranges, Itinons,' citrons, pineapples,
cucumbers, tamai'mds, and fugar-canes.
There are feverai fine ftreains, and the
frafs and trees are green aJl the year,
on. 45 oE, lat. ii 5SSi. ,
MoHlLEF, a government of the Ruf-
fian empire, part of Lithuania, difmem-
bered horn Poland, in 1772.
MoHiLEF, a populous town of Lithu-
ania, in the RulFian goverament of the
iiime name. It has a conftderable trade,
and is feated on the Dnieper, 35 miles
s of Ortza. Loa. 31 * E, lat. 54. 1 5 N.
MoissAC, an ancient town of France,
in the department of Lot and late pro-
vince of Querci, It has a great trade in
com and flour, and is feated on the Tarn,
near the Garonne, 1 3 miles nw of Mont-
auban. Lon. i 17 E, lat. 44 6 n.
MOLA, an ancient town of Naples, in
Terra di Bari, feated on the gulf of Ve-
nice, 14 miles £ of Bari.
Mold, a town in Flintfliire, where the
alTizes are held. It is five miles s of Flint.
Moldavia, a province of Turkey in
Europe, 270 miles long and aio broad;
bounded on the N by Poland, from which
it is alfo divided on the TE by the Dni-
eHer 5 on the E by New Ruflia j on the
SE by Beffarabiaj on the s by Bulgaria,
from which it is parted by the Danube ;
on the sw by Walachia j and on the w
by Tranfylvania and Hungary. The
other principal rivers are the Pruth,
Moldau, and Bardalach. The foil is
rich, and it abounds in good naltures,
which feed a great number of horics, oxen,
and flieep: it alfo produces corn, pulle,
lioney, wax, fruits, with plenty of game
und fowls. The fovereign, who is ityierf
iKjlpodar, is tributary to the grand
ieignlor. The inhabitants are Chiiftians
ot the Greek church, and Jaffy is the
piincipal town. .-
Mole, a mountain of Savoy, which,
from its height and fine (loping peak, is an
cbjeft of great beauty, when liien from the
lake of Geneva. At its foot is the town
ot" Bonne^'illc, ao miles s of -Geneva.
Mqle, a river in Surry, which runs
to Darkiag, and palfing beneath Box
Hill, is believed to dilappear in its vici-
nity, and to rife again near Leatheihead.
Hence it is fuppofed t<> derive its name :
M O L
"but the f&Si is, that a traft offoft ground,
two mittts in length, called the Swallows*
in very dry feafons ablbrbs the walte
water in caverns in the fide^of the banks {
but not fo as to prevent a conftant Itream
from flowing in an open channel above
ground. The Mole, proceeding from
Leatherhead to Cobham, enters the
Thames at E Moulfey.
Mole St. Nicholas. See Nicmo-
L.\s, St.
MoLEK, a ftrong town of Lower Sax-
ony, in the duchy of Lawenburg. It
belongs to the city of Lubec, and is feated
on the Stekinefs, 12 miles e of Lawgn-
burg. Lon. 10 50 e, lat. 53 38 n.
Molfetta, a town of Naples, in
Terra di Bari, with a biOiop's fee, feated
on tlie gulf of Venice, 10 miles NW of
Bari. Lon. 16 52$, lat. 41 28 N.
Molina, a ftrong town of Spain, in
New Cafti'.e, feated on the Gallo, in a
territory abounding in paftures, 33 miles
SE of Siguenza, and 88 £NE of Maddd.
Lon* I 53 w, lat. 40 50 N.
MoLiSE, a territory of Naples, lying
between Tena-di-Lavora, Abruzzo Ci-
teriore, Capitanata, and Principato Ul-
terioie. It is in the form of a triahgle,
whofe fider are 39 miles long j and is a
raountainot 1 country, but, fertile im corn,
wine, ikftrc.i, and lilk.
MoLisE, a town of Naples, capital
of a territory of the fame, name, but. not
populous. It is 50 miles N of Naple»»
Lon, 1443 E, lat. 41 36 N.
MoLSHEiM, a town of France, in the
department of Lower Rhine and late pr<^-
vince of Alface, feated on tlie Brtifch,
10 miles \v by s of Straiburg, and aag
E of Paris. Lon. 7 35 E, lat. 48 32 N.
Moluccas, of Spice Islands, a
clufter of iflands in the rlndian Ocean,
lying E of Celebes. The principal are
Tcrnate, Amboyna, Tydore, Machian,.
Motyr, and Bachian. They produce
neither corn, rice, nor cattle, except
go:its J but they have 9ranges, lemons,
and other fruits 5 and are moft remark-
able forfpices, efpecially cloves. They
have large ihaket, which are not veno-
mous} but very dangerous land croco-
diles. The natives are idolaters j but
there are many Mahometans. They were
difcovered, in 1511, bythe Portugucfe,
who formed foitJo- frtilements ; but the
Dutch drove them away. See Band a,
MOLWITI, a town of Silsfia, in the
province of Grotika, remarkable for a bat-
tle gained by the Prulfiui.s over the Auf-
trip.ns in 1741. It is 40 miles s of
Brcllaw. Lon. 17 14 g, Ut. 59 13 n.
Cc
.'•A'
~H -i-
s
M
i J? J»
< I
I, "
tt
t%\
\ ,
M6ii
Mo N
IM
m
MOMBATA, a town of Africa, with 1
citadel, ftated in an ifUnd of the lame
.name, on tlie coatt of Zangiiebar, 75
miles ssw of Meliada, and Itibjeft t6
Portugal, Hence the Portuguele export
flavcs, gold, ivory, riee, <lem, and other
firoviftons, with whic^ they fu^pW the
fettlements in Brxfil. The king of Me-
thfida, betnig a Chriftiati, had a quarrel
wkh the Portugueft governor, took the
taftle of Moinbaza by aflfault, turned
Mahoknelan, a«d murdered aU the Cbiil-
tians, in 1651 j bnt^ in i7t9j the Portu-
guefe became matters of this territory
it^rin. hon. 39 }o S> ht. 3 '5 s.
MoNA, an iiland of Denmark, in the
lialtic, to the'sW of the ille of Zealand,
from which it is feparated by a narrow
channel. Lort. 12 30 E, lat. 55 20 K.
Monaco, AftnaU, but hand (bme-tdwR
«f Italy, capittil of a territory of th*' fum^
tiame, with a caitlc, a citadel, and a good
harbour. It J» naturally very ftrong,
being feated on a craggy rock that pro-
jefts into tlw fea. It has its owii prince,
under the proteftion of France, ami is
eight miles wsw of Vintimi^Ua* and la
-INE of Nice. Lon. 7 36 e, bt. 4.3 48 n.
MonacmaNi a bounty of Ireland, in
-the province of Ulfter, 32 miles in
length and 22 in breadth; bounded on the
* ^ Tyrone, on the e by Armagh, on
"the SB by Lovth, «n the sw by Cavaix,
and on tlie w by Fermanagh. It is full
«f Mraods and bogs, and a third p«rt of it
taken up by Lough Earne. It contains
•±4. parinies, and fends four members to
parliament.
Monaster, an ancient town of Afri-
ca, In the kingjdom of Tunis, feated near
the fea, 78 miles se of Tunis* Lon. ii
£e, lat 35 50'H.
MoNTCAiiLH^R, a town of Italy in
Piedmont, feited on the Po, five miles
SE of Turin. • Lon. 7 48 e, lat. 45 2 n.
MoKCAtvO, a ftrong town of Italy,
-in Moiifferrat, feated on a mountain, 12
wiles bw.of CW'at. Lbh. 7 15 E> lat. 45
-30 It* ■' '■■] -
" 'MOKCA*!*, OP MONZOK, a tovWi of
Pdrtugal, in Etitrc-DoScfo-c-Miliho, with
a fti-ong caftle. ' The Spaniards have often
attcmpteja to take it, but in vain. It is
■ei]^ht hnles SE of Tuy, and 26 N of
Br^ga. JLon. 8' 18 w, lat; 44 8 n.
MoNCHABOUj a cifcjrof Afia, in the
kingdom of Burmafa, Which, in 1755,
was the rcfidence of the kihg. It is 39
mlks N of A^'ii the prefent capital.
MON^ON, oi^MoN70N» a ftrong town
•if Spaih, in Aitagbn, feated at the con-
tinence of the Sofa and Cinca, fix miles
6
I loince near tjruaraa, ana croiiing
paflfes by Goimbra, and falls into
tfantic, near a cape of the fame
•! of Balbjftro, and 50 ne of SaragoiTu^
Lon. 0 28 E, lat. 42 2 N.
MoNCONTOUR, a town of France, ir>
the department of Ille and Vilaine and
hte province of Bretagne, 39 miles sw
of St. Malo. Lon. 2 36 e, lat. 48 15 x,
MONDEGO, a river of Portugal, wluth
hasi its fomce near Guai'da, and croffing
Beira, J "" ' ~ ' *
the At!
name.
MoNDiDisi^, a town of France, in the
departnjent of Somme and late province ot
Prcardy, whei'e the kings of France foi-
WJtrly had a palace, ft is feated on ^
mountain, 24 miles SE of Amiens, ami
57 N of Paris. Lon. 2 34 W, lat. 49
39 n.
MoNi>ONSEt)0, a towtt ©f Spain, in
Galicia, with a biihop's fee. It is leated
in a fertik countrj', on a frnall river, Cq
«fiile« NE of Conijwttclla. L»n. 7 10 vv,
lat. 43 30 N.
MoNrrouBLEAV, a"'town of Franc*^,
in the department of Loir and Cher ar,<i
late province of Biafois, with a caitle, : «
njiles .N of Ven«i6me.
MoNDOvx, the largeft and molt popj
ious town ©f Piedmont, with a citadel, r
univerfity, and » btfhop's fee. It yf^-.
taken by the French iij Aprii 1796. li
is feated on a mountain, near the riv.r
Elero, eight miles nw of Geva, ar..,
35 SE of Turin. Lon. 8 6 e, lat.44.
33 N.,
MoNroRTE, ji town of Portugal, ir
Beira, 30 miles N by E of P6rtaleg:3.
Lon. 7 21 w, lat. 39 3« n.
MoNFORTE, a town of Porttigal, i-
Alejitejo, 20 miles s of Pprtalegra. Lon.
7 31 Wi lat. 38 47 N.
MoNGHiR, a- town of Hindooftar.
Proper, with a fort. It is generally mads
a ftation for part of the Englifh troops,
and is feated on the Ganges, 110 miles e
by S of Patna, and 2^5 nw of Calcutta.
Lon. 83 30 E, lat. 25 15N.
MoNGULs. See Moguls.
MoNHEiM, a towji of Germany, iti
Bavaria, eight mile& N of Ponawert.
Lon.' 1 1 12 E, lat. 48 58 N.
MONiCKEpAM, afeaportoftheUnited
Provinces, in N Holland. In 1515. the
•whole town (the church of St. Nicholas
excepted)" vrzi deftroyed by fire. It is
leated at the entrance of the Monick into
the Zuider-Zee, eight miles ne of Am-
fterdam. Lon. 4 56 e, lat. 52 19 N.
Monmouth, the county town of
Monmouthfliire, with a market on Sa-
turday. It is feated at the confluence of
the Wye and Mynnow, wa» formerly
t
M O N
M O N
AiTrouiuled with a waU and a dicchi ind
ill the centre is a ca(tl« in ruins. It cMi-
tains two parifh churches : and that called
Monk's chut'ch is a very curi«us ftniclure.
Here was born the warlike Henry V, who
was catied Henry of Monmouth. It is a
handfome town, carries on a good trade
with Briltol by the Wye, lends one mem-
ber to parliament, and is 2 1 miles vy of
Glouceller, and 128 w by n of London.
Lon. 2 46 w, lat. 51 4$ n.
Monmouthshire, a county of Eng-
land, boumled on the n by Hereford (hire,
oil the E by Gloucefterfhire, on the S£
by the mouth of the Severn, and en the
W and sw by the counties of Bi^cknock
and Glamorgan. Its extent from n to s
is about 24 miles, and from £ to w 20.
It lies in thediocefeof LandafT; contains
fix hundreds, feven market towns, and
nj parishes i and fends three members
to parliament. The air is temperate and
healthy, and the foil fruitful, though
iBountainoui and woddy. Befide the
Wye, which parU it from Gloucefter-
ihire; the Mynnow, which feparates it
trom Herefordshire; and the Rhyney, or
Kumney, whidi divides it from Glamor-
ganihire, this county has almoft peculiar
to itfdf the river Uflc, which divides it
into two unequal portions. The eaftem
part, and the largeft, is a tiaSi fertile
in corn and pafture, and well wooded}
and it abounds with limeltone. The
weitem portion is mountainous, and, in
great part, unfavorable for cultivation ;
whence it is devoted to the feeding of
flieep and goats : Monmouthflvire was for-
merly rcck«ned one of the counties of
Wales J and from the names of its towns
and villages, its mountainous rugged fur-
nace, and its fituation beyond the Wye,
which ieems to form a natural boundary
between England and Wales in this part,
it certainly partakes moftly of the cha-
rafter of the latter country, though now
comprehended in the civil divifion of the
former. The higher ranks generally
fpeak EngHfh, but the common people
ule the Welch language. Tlie manufac-
ture of this county is Hannels.
MoNOMOTAPA, a kingdom on the e
coaft of Africa, bounded on the N by
Monomugi, on the E by the Mofanibique,
on the 9 by Sofala and Manica, and
on the W by unknown regions. It i^
watered by leveral rivers, ©f which Zatn-
ber» is the chief. The air is temperate,
"in J the foil fertile in rice f nd fugar- canes,
which laft grow without cultivation.
There are a great many oftriches and
elephants, with feveial ffiines of gold and
filver. The houics are buik of wood,
and covered with jplafter, but they have
very few towns, of which Monoinotapa
is the chief. The inhabitants are ne-
groes, who have as many wives as they
can get. Their religion is paganifm;
but they believe in one God that created
the world. The army of the king con-
ilfts pnly of foot, for they have no horfet
in the country. The Portuguefe had »
fettlement here in 1560, but they were
all mufdered, or forced away. It lies
between 23 and 33° E lon. and 14 afid i^"
s lat.
Monomugi, a region of Africa, lying
near the equator, between AbylfiniSi on
the N, Zangnebar on the e, Monomotap%
on the s, and Congo on the ^V. Tliis
country is very little known to the Euro-
peans.
MoNONOAHELA, a river of N Ame-
rica, which rifes in Virginia, and run-;
ning N into Penfylvaqia, meets the Alle-
gany at Fort Pitt, where their united
ftreams aflume the name of Ohio. It is
deep and gentle, and navigable for barges
50 miles from its mouth.
MoNOPOLi, an epifcopal town of Na-
ples, in Terra di Bari, ftated on the gulf
of Venice, a8 miles se of Bari, Lon. 17
37 E, lat. 41 20 N.
MoNS, a large and ftrong city of
Aullrian Hainault, with coniiderable ma-
nufactures of woollen ftuffs, aDd a good
trade. It has been feveral times taken
and retaken in the 16th, 17th, and prefcnt
centuries; the lall time by the French in
1794. It ftauds partly on a hill, and
partly on a plain, at the confluence of
the Hailne and Trouille, by which the
country about it may be overflowed at
plealurc. It is 17 miles NE of Toumay,
37 w of Namur, and 143 N of Pari«.
Loa.'4 3 E, lat. 50 27 N.
Monsanto, a ftrong frontier town of
Spain, in Eftramadura. Lon. 5 50 w»
lat. 39 40 N.
Monsaraz, a town of Portugal, in
Alentejo, feated on the Guadiana, 25
miles swof Elvas. ^on. 7 32 w, lat. 3S
26 N.
' MoNSTERBTRC, or MtlNSTERBERC,
a town of Silefia, in a province of the
fame name, 20 miles NE of Glatz, and
27 s of Breflaw. Lon. 17 16 b, lat. 50
37 N.
MoNSTiER. See Moutiek.
Montabour, a fortified town of
Germany, ip tlie cl:aorate of Trevei,
between Coblentz and Limboutg. Ion. 7
50 E, lat. 50 30 N.
MoNTACNiAC, a tovm of Nitoia, on
C « a
1: IPf
f»
; !■'
■■
i't
I*
M O N
M O N
the feaofMannora. It can ies on a great the Aliiine and Doubs, 53 allies w of
tiadf, ffpecially in fruits, and is teatcd Balk, and 45 NE of Bffan(,o«. Lon. 6
on a bay of tile faine naiTiL-, 70 miles ssiE 50 E, lat.4 31 N.
of Conllantinopie. Lon. 2910E, lat.40 Mont Blanc, on« of the htgheft
c N . mountains of tlie Alps, in Savoy, fo callecfc
Montague Island, one of the New from its imsomir.only white appearance,
Hebrides, in the S Pu«ific Ocean, n«ar It is 15,661 feet above the kvel of the
Sandwich Ifhnd. Lon. 168 31 E, lat. 17
26s.
MoNTAiGU, a town of France, in the
department of Vejidee and late province
of Foitou, 24 miles w of Mauleun. Lon.
..1 30 W, lit. 47 O N.
lea, which is 414 feet highei- than tlie
peak of Teneriff. The fummit waa
detnied ina^ccfnbla till 178ft, when Dr.
Paccard aiccndcd it. The Fi-cneh have.
given, the name of this mountain to the
conciuered duchy of Savoy, as an eighty-
KIoNTALEAN, a town of Spain, in fourth dopartmeni of France.
Arrigon, with a ifrong citadel, leated on Mon'iblanc, a town of Spain, in Ga-
the Rio-Martin, 44 miles s of Saragolfa, talonia, 15 miles N of Tanagona» Lon.
and 91 N by w of Valencia. Lon. o 30 i 5 E, lat, 41 10 N,
W, lat. 41 9 N. MONTBRISOM, a town of Fran*.?, ia
MoNTAi-ciNO, a populous town of the department of Rhpne and- Loire and
Tufcany, in the Sicnneie, with a bifhop's late province of JFotti, featedon the Ve-
fie. It i« feated on a mountain, 17 miks zize, 40 miles w of Vlenne, and 150
SSE of Sienna, and 32 e by N of Mafla. sby e of Paris. Lon.4 47 E> la'«45 3* "I"*
Lon. 11*30 E, lat.43 7N^ MoNTDAUPHiNy a town of France,in.
MoNTAtTO, an cpifcopal town of the department of the Upper Alps a.»d
Italy, in the marquifate of Anoona, late province of Dauphiny. It is feated
ftatetl on- the Monacio, 10 miles N of on a craggy mountain, almoft fuiTounded
AfcoH, and 45 s of Ancona. Lon. 13 by the Durance, eight raijes^ NJ.ol Em-
30 Gr lat. 42 54 N. bum. Lon. 6 45 £, lat.- 44 40 N«
MoNTARGis, a confidei^able town of MoNT-EiE-MAR.SA»,atownof France*
France, in the department of Loiret find i : the department of Landes and late
late province of Orleanois. Its multard province of Gafcony. It is the capital
and cutlery are excellent j and from the of the department, and feated on the Mi-
river Loirtg Is u navigable canal hence t6 doufe, 30 miles Ng of Dax. Lon. o 30
the Seine. It is feated near a fine fcrelt, w, lat. 43 55 N.
15 mifes £ of Nemours, a«d 62 s by e of MoiiTE-CASSiMO, a mountain of Na-
Paris. ' pies, in Tevra di Lavora, on the top of
MonTauban, a coir.mcFcial town of which is a . nediftine abbey. Lon. 13
France, In the dt:rartment of Lot, lately 44 E, bt. 41 39 N.
the epvfcopal fee ot theprovinee of Querci* Mostecchio, a town of Italy, in the
The inhabitants amount to 40,000 ; and duchy of Reggio. The French defeated
have manul'aflures of fdk ftcckings and the Auftrians neap this place, Auguft 3»
ftuffs, ferges, flialoons, &c. This town 1796. It it eight miles N\v of Reggio.
was taken from the Huguenots in 1629, Lon. »5 54 E, lat. 38 8 N.
and the fortifications were demoliflied. Monte-Fajuco, a townof Italy,in the
It is feited on an eminence, on the river duchy of Spalatto, feated on a mountain,
Tarp, 20 miles N of 'Touloule, and 30 near the river Clitunno, iz miles w of
A oi'Cahors.
MoNTBAZON, a town of France, in
the department of Indre and Loire and
hfe province of Touraine, I'cated at the
foot of a hill, on which is anancitnt cadle,
135 miles s\v
lat. 47 I N.
MONTBELLiARD, a ftrong toWaTof wlih a billiop's fee. It is feated on a
France, capital of » principality of. the mountain, near the lake Bolfena, 12 miles
German empire, of the fame nainP; be- s\v of Orvietto, and 45 NW of Rome.
tween the depaatment of Doubs and that Lon-. 12 4 E, lat. 42 26 N.
of Upper Rhine. It is kated at the t«ot Montego, a kaport, on a bay of the
©f a fockj on which is a citadel. It was fame name, on the n fide of the ifland of
tp.ken ill' 1674 by the French, who de- Jamaica. In June 1795, afire confumed
molKhcd the fortiricatioixs j but it was art iromenfe quantity of ftores, and great
;:eib>.c-.l t9 the piiucv. It :s kat«d lisai; part gf thu tQwsu JLQiu78 5W,.iat.iS4oN>
Spalatto. Lon. 12 40 E, lat. 42 58 N.
Monte-Falgone, a town of Italy, in
Venetian FfiuU, with a caltle, near the
rivtv Vonzofuf, 12 miles NW of Trieft,
Lon. 13 o e, lat. 46 4 a-.
of Paris. Lon.o -^^^Ih Monte-Fiascohe, a populous town
ftfT ef Itiily, in the territory of the Church,
M O N
M O N
MoNTFMMAR, a tommcicial town of
Trance, in the department of Drome anil
bte province of Dau|»hiny, with an an-
cient citadel. Its inhabitanrs, in the 1 6th
"century, were the firft to embrace the re-
formed religion. It is leated in a fertile
plain, 15 miles s of Valence, and 325
5 by £ of Paris. Lon. 4 55 e, lat. 44.
33 N.
Monte-Marano, a populous town of
Naples, m Principato Ulteriote, ftattd
on the Calore, i S miles s of Benevento.
Lon. 15 o E, tat. 40 48 N.
MoNTE-MoR-«-Novo, a town of
Portugal, in Eltramadura, 50 miles e by
b of Lifljon. Lon. 9 jfw, lat. 38 42 N.
Monte Mor-o-Velho, a towH of
Portugal, in Beira, w-tth a-caftle, 10 miles
sw of Coimbra, and S3 N of Lifbon.
Lon. 8 9 w, lat. 40 5 N.
Monte-Pel-oso, an epifcopal town
of Naples, in Bafilicata, fcated on n
mountain, near the river Bafiento, 14
miles E of Cirenza. Lon. 16 28 e, ht.
.40 46 N.
MoNTE-PuLsiANO, a town of Tuf-
cany, with a bifliop's fee. It is leated on
a mountain, near the river Chiana, in a
country note4 for excellent wine, 25 miles
SE of Sienna, and 50 s by E of Florence.
Lon. II 49 E, lat. 43 10 N.
MoNTESA, a ftrong town of Spain, in
Valencia. It is the ieat of an oi-der of
knighthood of the fame name; and is
five miles NW of Xativa. Lon. tj 10 w,
lat. 39 o N.
Monte-Sancto, formerly called
Mount-Athos, a moruntain of Turkw in
Europe-, on the gulf of ContefTa. It is
called Monte-Sanfto, or the Holy Mount,
4)ecaufe there are *2 monaftcries thereon,
in which are 4000 monks, who never fuf-
fer a woman to come near them. It is
77 miles s of Salonichi. Lon. 24 39 e,
lat, 40 27 N.
■ Monte-Verde, a town of Naples, in
Principale Ultei-iore, with a bifliop's fee,
60 miles E of Naples. Lon. 15 42 e,
Ut. 40 51 N.
Mont-Ferrand. ' See Clermont.
Montferrat, a duchy of Italy j
bounded on the e by the Milanefe and the
territory of Genoa, on the N and w by
Piedmont, and on the s by the territory
of Genoa, from which it is feparated by
the AppenhinsB. It^is very' tertllfe and
well cultivated* abounding in corn, wine,
bll, ^nd nik; ^hd iiiiibyea to the. king
of Sardinia. Gafal' is the capital.
' MoNtPoAt, a town of France, 'in- th.e
department of Seine and Oife and; late
fKoviiice o^<tle'< lA^ •(• France'} i4 imles
W of Verfailles. Lon. » 50 E, lat. 4I
45 N.
Montfok -. a town qf France, in the
department of Ulc and Vilaine and late
province of Bretagne, 12 miks w of
Rennes. Lon. i 58 w, lat. 48 8n.
Muntfoj<t, a ftrcng town of the
United Provinces, in Utrecht, with ao
ancient caftlt, leattd on the Ylfel, Icven
miles s by £ of Utreciit. Lon. S o E,
lat. 52 4N. -
MounvokT, a town of Suab'i*, capital
of a country of the fame name, fubieft to
tlfe houle vi Aiiftrja. It is 16 milJs s of
Lindau and the lake of Conilancc. Lon.
9 51 e, lat. 47 22 N.
Montfort-de-Lemos, an .mcicnt
town of Spain, in Galicia, with a niag-
nificent caltk-. It is ftated in a fertile
country, 25 miles ne of Orenfe, and 55
SE of Compollelia. Lon. 7 9 w, lat.
42 28 ti^
M0N1GAT7,, a town of Lower Hun-
gai7, in the county of Pereczas, with a
forli-cii compolL'd of three caftles, feate*
on a craggy rock. It is enconipafrcd by
a great morafs j and art and nature have
rendered it alinolt impregnable. It was
defended by the princels Ragotlky, wife
of count Tekeli, when brfieged by the
Aultrians, who were obliged to xaife the
£ege in 1688.
Mo NTGO ME-R V, a county of Pennfyl-
vanla, 33 miles long and 16 broad. In
1790. it contained 22,929 inhabitants.
:NoiTillown is the capital.
Mqntgomery, the county-town of
Montgomeryfliire, v/ith a market on Tuef-
•day. It fends ens member to pvHan^ent ;
and had once a towev and a caltle, which
were demoliihed In the civil wsys. It is
leated on the afcent of a hill, a6 miles
'SW of Hereford, and 161 iJW of London.
Lon. 3 5 w, lat. 52 26 n.
MotJTGOMERYSHiRE, acountvof N
Wales} bounded on the m by Merioneth -
ihire and Denbighshire, on the ne ^d r
•by Shropshire, on liie s by Radnorfliiiv,
on the sw by Cardiganlhire, and on fhr
W by Meiiionethlhire. It extends 3ft
miles from N to s, and nearly the fame
from E to w ; contains five market towns
and 47 parishes ; and fends tviro members
to parlian[ient. Though barren and moun.
•tainous in many parts, it has a greater
mixture of fertile vale and plain, than fe-
vera! of the Welfh c6untics. Its riches
f il
r^
ur^Bg 'the- fytmmer.
Cc
'•^ Tim cotinty iffe
M O N
M O N
\'\-
Iff f ^
ifford* mineral trcafiues, partiriiUiIy HuguMiot«, hut hai been partly rebuilt*
te-:d i and it abound* with flatc and lime ; The number of inhabitants is computtd
but theiv is no coal. Its jtrincipal rivtrs at 31,000. The trade confifts in filks,
tre t!w Severn, Vyrnew, and Tannat, blmktts, cotton goods, printed calicoes,
which are remarkable for l«lmon. gauzes, hides, cordials, perfumed waterjw
MoNTiviLLlERS, a town of France, haii-powdcr, and verdigrife. The air i*
\n the department of Lower Seine and extremely healthy, and many invalids re-
late province of Normandy, 95 niileb fort hither, from ail parts, to recover their
iJW of Paris. Lon. o zo W. lat. 49 health. MontptUicr is feated on a hilU
- , N. five miles from the Mediterranean, near
• MONTLOUia, a town of France, in the Lez, a fmall navigable river, and on
the department of the Eafttm Pyrcnnces the rivulet Merdanfon, which is conveyed
and late province of RoufiUon. It is the into different parts of the city by fubter-
capital of the French part of Ceidagna, raneous canals. It i| tj miles 8W of
and has a regular fortrcfs, on a reck, at Nilmes, ^7 ne, of Narbonne, and 180
the foot of the Pyrennees, built in 1680, s by w of Paris. Lon. 3 58 E, lat. 45
by Lewis xiv, tor the protefiion of the 37 n.
frontiers. It is 40 miles wsw of Per- Montpensier, a town of France, in
ftignan, and 430 s of Paiis. Lon. 2 5 e, the department of Puy de Dome and late
at. 4a 30 N. province of Auvergne, feated cr, a hill,
MontlueT, a town of France, in the 20 miles NB of Clermont, and 'lo SE of
department of Ain and late province of Paris. Lon. 3 14 B, lat. 46 4 k.
Brefle, feated on the Seraine, 12 miles Montreal, a fertile illaiid
^E of Lyons, and 205 se of Paris. Lon. hada, in the river St. Lawancf,
5 8 E, kt. 45 49 N.
MONTLUZON, or MoNTLuqoN, a
town of France, in the department of Al-
iier and late province of Bourbonnois,
feated on the Cner, 35 miles s w of Mou- whence there is a gradual eafy aicent to
lins, and 1 50 s of I'aris. Lon. z 45 £, what is called the Upper Town. It has
laf. 46 22 N. fuffercd much by fires fince it has been in
MdNTMEDi, a ftrong town of France, the pofleffion of the Englifti. It is no
in the department ot Meufe and late miles N of Albany, and i»o sw of Que-
duchy of Bar, feated on the river Chicr, btc. Lon. 71 20 w, iat. 45 55 E
oi L3.-
'i miles
in length and 10 in breadth It was fur-
rendered by the French to the Englifli, in
1760. It has a fortified town of the
fame name, built on the fide of the river.
"•I'hich divitles it into the upper and lower
icvm. It li 27 miles sw of Luxem-
Iiurgj and 1 70 N E of Paris . Lon. s 2 3 e,
lat. 49 32 N.
N^ONTM ELIAN, a town of Savoy, with
a caftle; taken by the French, in 17051
who dcmoliflied the fortifications. It is
eight njiles se of Chamberry, and 27
KE of Grtnoble. Lon. 6 15 e, kt. 45
30 N.
MoNTMORENCi, a town of France,
remarkable for the tombs of the ancient
dukts of Montmorenci. It ii^ ieated on
a hill, feven miles from St. Denis, and
10 from Paris.
MoNTMORiLLON, a town of France,
in the department of V,ienne and late pro.-
vince of Poitou, feated on the Gartempe,
fiver which, is a bridge, 24 niilcs se of
joUiers. .,. ,; , , .„
MoNJB|i»i.rER, one of the l^rpft and
^oiff IpejwjtVfiil cities, of France, in tlie
Montreal, a town of Spain, in Ar-
ragon, with a caftle, feated on the Xiloca,
25 miles NNW of Terruel, and 40 S by E
of Calatajud. Lon. i 2 w, lat. 40 53 N.
Montreal, a town of Sicily, in tlie
valley of Mazara, with an archbifhop's
fee. It is feated on a vivulet, five mites
w of Palermo, 9nd 50 ne of Mazarat
Lon. 13 31 E, lat. 38 14 N.
Montreal, or Montroyai., a for-
trefs of Germany, in the electorate of
Treves, i^ated on the Mofelle, 22 miles
NE of Treves, ton, 7 d E, ht. 49
59 N.
MoNTREUiL,a ftrong town of Fraocet
in the department of the Straits of Cal<iis
and late province of Picardy, witfa a caf-
tle. It is leated on a hill, near the rLv«r
Canche, ,10 miles, nw of Hefdin, and
117 N of Fvis. Lon. 1 52 E> kt. 50
MOiNTiEVlL-BELLAT, a tOWU of
^trpartmtnt of Hei;auH: and Isrte igfovince .Fr^e, i^ the df^p^tmcmt of Maine and
'4#Xap^udQf ; wi^acitftd^j fibifhop's Jrf>ife 4p4-kteppQviapq.,fi^ ApJQUb fe^te4
* n ^, ^j^e^U3f»45i W%^ '* a:<;(alej)ratt;d on thV.Tpwet, i» poi^s sjpw of SaMmtiff
^itvtmi>iFu»af '»
M O N
MO N
tlie department of Loir and Chei' and late
province of Bla*bis, with a cattle. It u
Seated near tlic Cher, ii miles se of Ain-
huiic, and 1 1 2 »w uf Paris. Lon. i ax e,
lat. 47 2?. N..
Montrose, a borough »nd feaport In
AngtHslhire, neru' t!ie eltu.try of the iouth
Elk. Over tins river, a new bridge was
erected in 1795. At high water the
t»\\'n is alnioii lurrounded by the lea ; and
the harbour is a fine rcinicircular balui,
with a ftone pier. A gteat number of
trading veffels belong to this port« Tlie
buildings are neat ; and the moft remark-
able are the townhoufe, the church, aad
an elegant epilcopal chapel. A great
quantity of ni^t is nnade here ; and there
rire conuderabie inanufa(^iu.(:!i of faiklotU,
linen, and thread. ,The falmon fisheries
on the N and S £ik tonn a valuable
branch of conimeroe. Montroi'e is 48
miles NE of Edinburgh* Lon. x 3Z w,
lat. 56 40 N.
Mont St. Michel, a- ftrong town
of France, in the department of the Chan-
nel and late province of Normandy, built
«n a rock in the.ica, wiilck is ai'cendecl at
low water. Its late behediAine abbey
I'erved at once for a caftle of defence, asd
a Itate prilbn, and was alfo much fre-
quented by pilgiims. The prior of the
abbey was governor of the town, and the
Jceys were brought to hira jcvery ev^ing.
This {^ace gave name to the late military
order of St. Michel* founded by Lewis
XI, in 1479. It is 16 m'des sw of Av-
ranches, and 180 w of Faris. Lon. i
30 w, lat. 48 37 N,
MoNTSAUjfON, a town of France, in
the depaitment of Upper Manie and late
province of Champagne, 15 miles ssw of
Langres, and 145 se of Paris. Lon. 5
i6 £, lat. 47 36 N.
MoNTSEJtRAT, a moufttaiii of Spain,
in Catalonia, on which is a famous mo^
nailery and chapel, dedicated to the Vir-
gin, reforted to by numbers of pilgrims^
It is inhabited by monka of feveral na*-
tjons, who entertain all that come out of
devotion or curiolity, tor three days, gra-
tis. This mountain is laid to be 10 milef
in circumference, and Hve high. It i^ 25
miles NW of Barcelona.
MoNTS£RRAT, one of the Leeward
Caribbee Ifland«, in the W Indies, dif-
corered. In 1493, by Columbus, and fo
named by him hx>m its rei'emblance to the
mountain mentioned in the preceding ar-
ticle. It is about nine mike in length
and br»adrth) and 'the hills are. eovcik-ed
with cedar aad oibcr trees. It belong^
io riic ]Ej>gltni> jtni is 39 mite? sw
of Anilgm. Lon. 6a 34 W, hi. ii
54 N.
MoNKA, a town of Italy, In the Mi-
lanel'e, icated on the Lambro, eight miles
NE of Milan. Lon. 9 to t, lat. 45
33 a.
Moon, Mountain* op the, moun-
tain* of Africa, extending between Abyf-
finia and Monomotapa. . They are Ijighet
than tholfoi Atlas.
MooRSHEDABAD, a {itv of Hindoo-
ftan Proper, the capital of Bengal befor*
the eitablifhment of the Englilh power.
It is feated on the wt-ltern arm of th(^
Ganges, I xe miles N of Calcutta* Lon.
a 28 E, lat. 24 15 N*
MooTAPiLLEY, a towK «f tfie f«nin>-
fvila of Hindooftan, in the Ount'oor Cir-
car, at the mouth of the Gondrgama.
Lon. 80 «o E, lat. 15 45 N.
JMoRA, a town of Spain, in New Caf-
tile, 18 miles se of Tokdo. Lon. ^
4 w, lat. 39 36 N.
MoHANT, Point, the moft eaftcrly
f>romoi.'ory of Jamaica^ Lon. 75 56 \v,
at. 17 56 V.
MoAAT, a commercial town of Sv/lC-
fierland, capital «f a bailiwic of the fame
name, belonging to the cantons of Bern
and Friburg, with a cadle. It is cele-
brated for the fiege it luftalned agairiit
Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy,
which was followed by the battle of Mo-
rat, in 1476, in v(4)Ich the duke was to-
tally routed. It is 10 miles vr of Bern>
and 10 ME of Friburg. Lon. S 5.\ Ey
lat. 46 52 It.
MoitAT, a lake of SmiTerkn^, ii a
bailiwic of the fame name. It is fi:^
miles long .nind two broad, lyiAg ^rallci
with the lake of Neruchatel, in^ which
it emptjps itfelf by the rivtr Broye;
MoRAVA, dr MaRAW, a rirer of
Germany, which has its foiKce on the
conHfics of Bohemia and Silefii. It crof-
ts Mora^ ii:, wliere it wafers Oln^ttz anJ
Hradifch, and peteiVing the Taya, from
th(i confines of Lower Hungary and Up-
per Aullria, feparates thefe two countries
as far as the Daliitbe, into which i:
falls.
MoRAVf, a river of Turkey in Eu-
rope, which liles in Bulgaria, and nin-
ning through. SSrvia, by Niffa;, falls itita
the Danube, at Semendriah.
Moravia, a niarqtiifa'te aiUriejt'cd to
Bohtttiia, by which it is bcnihdetl oinithV
w, by that kingdom and Silefja orftncUr;
by Silefia and IltAgkry on the t', and hf
Auftria on 't\yi W. ft is a itfouAtaitidii?
country, yet very fertile and pop^^ufef
and watered by a glreat tiurhb^ ot' riVcrs
C c .^
' <
^ 4-^
M O R
M O R
li
and br^gki. It takes Ita name fr. m Mie
river Morava, which runs through it ;
and hence the feft ot* Chriltians, call "1
Moravians, take their name, thtlr dic-
trines iuviug been Bril taught here. Ol-
iiuitr was the capital, but now Brinn
claims that honour.
MoRBACH, or MvRBACii, a town of
France, in the department of Lower
Rhini and late province ol: Allace, 41
miles SF. of Sirulburg. Lon. 8 95 £»
lat. 48 o N.
M0R8EGNO, a town of the country
cf the Giilbns, in the Valteline, where
the govejnor and the regency rcfidc. It
is the haiuiromclt and molt commercial
town in the Valteline, and (eated on the
Adda 12 miks S£ of Chiavcnna, and xo
»£ of. Lecco. Lon. 9 31 £, lat. 46
JO N.
MoRBiHAN, a department of France,
including part of the late province of
Bretagne. Vannes is the capital of this
department, which takes its nam • from a
fmall bay htrtwcen that town u-.d the
ifland of Bclleifle. Its entrance is nar-
row} but it expands within, and con-
tains about 30 little ilhiiids.
MoREA, formerly called Peloponne-
sus, a penini'ula on the s part of Greece,
to which it is joined by the ilHnnns of
Corinth, lying lietween the gulfs of Le-
{tanto and'Engia. It is 180 miles in
ength and 130 in breadth. The air is
temperate, and the foil fertile, except the
middle, -where there are many moimtains.
It is watered by feveral rivers, of which
the Alpheus, the Vafjli-Potamo, and the
Stromio, are the chief. It is divided
into three large provinces. The fangiack
of the Morea re;fides at Modon. It was
taken by the Venetians from the Turks
in 1687, and retaken in 1715.
Mo R ELL A, a town of Spain, in Va-
lencia, which was almoft dcllroyed, in
170^, by the army of Philip v. It is
f.ated among high mountains, 80 miles
N of Valencia.
Moresby, a harbour,, a little above
Whitehaven, in Cumberland ; in and
about which many remains of antiquity
have been dug up, fuch as altars and
ftones, with infcriptions on them ; and
feveril caverns have been found, ciUed
Pias' Holes.
Mo RET, an ancient town of France,
in the department of Seine and Marne
and late province of .he Ifle 0^ F*-nce,
w|th a" caftle, L-^*xd on the Loire, 35
sni)es S£ of Paris. Lon. z 5» £, lat.
48 X5 N.
MORCES, acomm{»rcial town of Swif-
frrlind, in the canton of Bern, and capi-
tal of a bailivvic, with a critic. By itn
cr.nal, merchanilile is tranfported jrom
the lake of Geneva toother purts. If n,
kated on a beautiful bay of the lake ot
Geneva, five miles wsw of Laulannc.
Lon. 6 41 E, lat. 46 29 n.
MoRliANGE, a town of France, in the
department <jf Mofellc and hte provincft
of Lorrain, 24 miles NE of Nanci, and
200 E ot Paris. Lon. 6 42 E, lat. 48
51 N.
MORLACHiA, a mountainous country
in Hungarian Dalmatia, the inhabitnnts
of which arc called Morlacks, or Mor-
iacchi. They inhabit the pleafant vallie*
of Koter, along the rivers Kerha, Cet-
tina, Narcnta, and among the inland
mountains of D.dmatia. They are laid,
by fomt, to be ot Walachian txtra^ion ;
but others think iheir origin involved in
the darknefs of barbarous ages. The
inliahitants of the feacoaft of Dalmatia,
tell many frightful ttories of their ava-
rice and cruelty ; but thefe, abbe Fortis
thinks, are all either of an ancient date}
or, if any have ha^ipened in later times,
they ought rather to be afcribed to the
corruption of a few individuals, than to
the bad difpofition of the nation in ^ene-
ral. For the molt pleafmg trait ot cha-
racter among the Morlacchi, is fr iendlhip.
They have even made it a kind of religi-
ous point, and tie the facred bond at the
foot of the altar. The Slavonian ritual
contains a particular benediction, for the
folemn union of two male or two female
frietids, in the prefence of the congrega-
tion. The male friends thus united are
called probratimi, and the females pofef-
treme, which mean half-brothers and half-
fifters.. Friendlhips between thole of dif-
ferent fexes are not bound with lb much
folemnity, though perhaps in more an-
cient and innocent ages it was alio the
cuftom. From thefe confecrated friend -
flaps among the Morlacchi, and other na-
tions of the fame origin, it fhould feem,
that the fwcrn brothers arol'e, a denomi-
nation frequent among the common peo-
t)le in many parts of Europe. If difcord
lappens to aril'e between two friends
among the Morlacchi, it is talked of over
all the country as a icandalous novelty ;
and there have been Ibme examples of it
of late years, to the great afRiftion of the
old Morlacchi, who attribute the depra-
vity of their countrymen to their inter-
courfe with the Italians.
MoRLAix, a feaport of France, in the
department of Finifterre and late province
of Bretagne, with a caftle and a tide har-
M 0 R
M O R
boiir. The church of Noti"e-Dnmc is a
ilngiilai Itruiihirt, and the hoipit.l vuy
liMiiilibm**. The iMh;ibItaht«i cany (ii a
cnurKlcrable tiade in linen, hi>t)j), and
tohacco. It is leattd on a livci' of :!•■.'
liiiue nrjuiL, 30 mlUs nk ot' B\xi\, and
^5 w ot St. iJ'itiix. Lou. 3 46 \\ ,
ht. 48 3^ N-
Morocco, an empire of Africa, com.
prtlunding a conUdcral)!*- part of the aii-
ticnt Mauritania, lyinj; hctwein '8 and
•(6° N lit. It is boum'cd on t!ie w hy
the Atlantic } on the e by the river
Miilvla, v/liich ft-paratts it from Alj,;Iers ;
cii the N by the Mediterranean j -in.l c.i
tiic s by mount Atl:^s. Its i>i-atelt
length, from Nu to s\v, is alidve t.;-?
vn\ki, and, where \vi>.!e!t, n.jt moie lii.m
a6o broad. The s part of the empire
c( ntalny the kingdoms of Sus, Tanidan,
Morocco Propel-, Tafdet, and Siigclinel'-
fa; and the N part thofe of Fez and Me-
(juine?. The air of this country is pret-
ty temperate, elpccially near moimt At-
las. The foil, though iandy and d:y in
Ibme places, is fertile in others ; and tlie
fruits, as well as the paftures, are CAcei-
lent, but the country is not properly cul-
tivated. The inhabitants are Mahome-
tans, of a tawny complexion, robult,
and very Ikilful in managing a horfe, and
wielding a lance; but they are jealous,
deceitful, fuperftitious, and cruel. There
are two forts of Inhabitants ; the Arabs,
who dwell in moveable villages, com-
pofed of about. 100 tents, and the Bere-
btries, who .','■ *he ancient inhabitants,
and live in cities and towns. There are
a great number of Chriftian flaves, and
fouie merchants, upon the coaft, befide
a multitude of Jews, who carry on almo.t
all the trade } efpecially by land with the
Negroes, to whom they fend large cara-
vans, which travel over valt defer ts,
almort deftitute of water. They carry
with them woollen goods, filk, fait. Sec.
and, in return, have flaves, gold, and
elephants teeth. They alio lend large
caravans to Mecca every year, partly out
«f devotion, and partly for trade, con-
fiHing of Itveral thoufand camels, horfes,
jind mules. Befide woollen goods, their
commodities are Morocco leather, indigo,
cochineal, and oltrich feathers ; in return
for which they have filks, muflins, cali-
ches, coffee, and drugs. In the deferts
are lions, tigerS) leopards, and ferpents
of feveral kinds. Tne fixiits are dates,
figs, almonds, lemons* oranges, pome-
granates, and many others. There is
^Ifo flax, and hemp, but little timber.
H^ frnpcror :s »t)fo1^te^ hi» will being
a law, and he often cxt-rcifes j»i'rnt cm-
cities. }Ii:i naval f.ntc ronliUs chietly
cf r.ivcri, who n'/.v :;nd th'.n take Luge
pii/es. He can bring 100,000 men into
t;ie ti;.!d, half of wl.itlj arc toot and h.Uf
lierle ; bvit they are puorly armed, ;ini
know little of the art oi' war.
Mouftcco, a city of the kingduin
ot Moiocco, iealed in a beautiful valley,
loriueil by a clialn of mountains on the N,
a!i(l tlioli; of the All is on the s and F.
'I'hci.gh cue L)i t\vj capitals of t!\e em-
pire (t(;r tlierc are ihive, Montco, Mc-
quine/, and Fe?) it has nothing to n;-
ciMunieud it but its great extent, and the
royal pahice. It is ir.clofvd by Itrpng '
walls, the circumference of which is ci«;lit
mihs: they are lianked by lijr.are towirs,
ami fiuTouuded by a wli'.c and deep ditch.
The moicjues are more numerGUs than
magnihceiit. Tlie belt houles are incloled
in gardens J but the generality of the.*ii
Icrve only to iinprefs t!ic traveller with
tlie idea of a mllt;rai)le and delbrted city.
The Je.vs, who are prclty numerous,
have a Icparato town, v.-alled in, and
under the charge of an alcaid, appointed
by the emperor. It has two gates, which
I'.re regularly fhut every evening at nine,
after which no perfon can enter or depart,
till they are openetl the next morning.
They have a market of their own j and
when they enter a Moorifli town, market,
or palace, tliey are compelled to be bare-
footed. Morocco Is 90 miles e of Mo-
gador, and 400 s of Gibraltar. Lon. 6
45 \v, lat. 31 iz N.
Moron, a town of Spain, In Anda-
lufia, in the neighbourhood of which is
a mine of precious ftones. It is 30
miles SE of Seville. Lon. 5 10 w, lat.
37 10 N.
' MoROTOi, one of the Sandwich Ifles,
feven miles WNW of Mowee. Yams are
its principal produce; hut it has little
wood. The coaft, on the :; and w fuK s,
forms feveral bays. Lon. 117 14 w,
lat. 21 10 N.
Morpeth, a borough in Northum-
berland, with a market on VVednelday. It
is fcated on the N bank of the Wentfbeck,
and on the oppofite fide is the church,
and a caftle in ruins. It fends two
members to parliament, and has a free-
I'chool founded by F.dward VI. It is i«;
miles N of Newcaltle, and 287 N by w
of London. Lon. i 28 w, lat. 55 15 N.
MoRTAGNE, a town of France, in the
department of Orne and late province of
Perche, famous for its ferges and tan-
neries. It Is 19 miles e of Stez, and
70 w ofParis; Lon. o 40 e, lat, 48 ; i k.
i- ■
i
1
w
- Mis
*■■ r.
f fill-.'.
J.
i-V 'tjiJ
% m
m
m
It
M O S
MORTAGNE, a town of France, in the
department of the North and late provinct;
of Frencli Flajiders, feated at the conflu-
ence of the Scarpe and ScheKl, eight
rniies sE of Tournay. Lon. 3 30 li, lat.
£o 29 N.
MoRr.MN, a (own of France, in the
«1epartnient of the Channel an.l late jiro-
viiicc of Normandy, IcatLd on the rivulet
Xances, almolt iurroiinded by c■rag^y
rocks, zo miles k of Avranchcs. Lon. o
54. w, lat. 48 37 N.
MoRTARA, y Itrong town of Italy, in
the Milanele, AibjeiSl to the king of Sar-
dinia. It is 15 miles se of Cafal, and
az sw of Milan. Lon. V 40 e, lat. 4.5
MORTLAKE, a village in Surry, feated
on the river Thames, fix miles \v of
London. Great part of this parifti is in-
doled in Richmond Park} and hi? majcHy
Jv'.s a farm here of 80 acres in hij> cAvn oc-
cupation, and in excellent cultivation.
MoRTLicn, a vilhgc in Banffshire,
fix miles sw of Keith. Here Malcolm
Ji, ill memevy of a vifiory gained over
the Danes, ionnded a bifhopric, which
was tranllated to Aberdeen by David i.
Morton, or Morton Hampstead,
a town in Dcvonfliire, with a noted
mai ket for yuni on Saturday. It is feated
on a hill, ntar Purtinoor, 14. miles sw
of Exeter, and 185 w by s of London,
Lon. 3 46 w, lat. 50 39 N.
MoRT«N, or MokroN in Marsh,
a town in GloxKelterfliire, with a market
on Tuefday, feated on a foflway, 29
nik's LiE oV Worcftter, and 553 w'nw of
London: Lon- i 36 w, lat. 52 o n.
Morvedro, a town of Spain, in
Valencia, on the file cf the ancient Sa-
srxmtnm, with the ruins of a Roman
amphitheatre. It is ieated on a river ot
the fame name, 15 mlifs bi of Vaiencia.
Lon. c 10 )-:, lat. 39 38 n.
MoRVEN,' a dlltriit In Argyleflijre,
who.'.e mountains are celebrated in tlie
ibngs of Oflian.
MosA, a town o- Aiabja Felix* 25
fnilcS NE of Mocha.
Mv^SAMBjqi/E, a ftralt or channel of
il'e Int?v.m Oceaii, lying between tlve E
fcoa^ of Al'rica and the iflan*' of Mada-
ga((:ar, afid between xi and 23° S bt. It
is narrcwelt in the middle, where it iji
54.0 miles over} and in this part, on the
coalt of Zanguebai*, is a kingdon*, ifland,
,and town of the fame name.
M0SAMBIQUE3 a kingdom of Africa,
on the w fide of a channel of the fame
jiame and on the coaft of Zanguebar,
conljfting of three iflaadSi The priji-
M O S
clpal I/land, called Mofamblauc, is tiot
more than three miles in length, and halt'
as much in breadth, and is about two
miles from the i-jntinent. It was feized
by the Fortuguele in 1497, and they have
kept pofleflion of it ever fince.
MosAMBiquE, the capital of an ifland
of the iiime name, on the E coall of
Africa, it is lar^e and well-fortifid,
having a Itrong citadel to defen.l the
harl):.ur. It belongs to the Portugueie,
^v!^o have gf-neially a ^'ooil garrilon here,
and trade with the natives lor gold, ele-
phants teeth, and llaves. 'lliey have
built feveral churches and monafteries,
and a large hofpital for fick failors.
Their fhjps always call here in going to
the K Indies } and tlie harbour is lb com-
modious, that whole fleets lijay anchor
lure, and refit their veflTels, as well as
provide themlelves with all netelfaries,
Lon. 40 10 E, Jat. 15 5 s.
MosBACfi, a town of Germany, ja.
the palatinute of the Rhine, with a
caltle, ic:ated on the Neckar, x6 miles
ENE of Heidell)erg. Lon. 9 21 E, lat,
49 28 N.
MosBjjRa, a town of Germany, i%
Bavaria, ii;attd at the confluence of tin?
Iler arid Ambert, nine miles w of
Landlchut. Lon. 11 55 E, lat. 48 30 n,
Moscow. See Ku^.&ia.
Moscow, formerly a duchy, but now
one of the 4J governments of Ruflia}
bounded on the N by the government ot
1 ver, on tlie E by that of Great Volo-
dliiiir, on the s by the govtrnmertts of
Kuhigo and Refan, ai>l on the w by thofe
■of Tver and Smolenlko. Its capital i«
of the iiime iiamc.
Moscow, a largo city of Ruflia, ca-
pital of the government of Mofcow, and
formerly of the whole empire. It may
be coiiluicred as a town built upon the
Afiatii: model, hut gradually becoming
more and moie European} exhibiting, in
its prefpnt (tatp, a ino;ley mixture of dii'-
corda))t aicliitetfture. It is diftributed
into the following divifions t. Kvemlin,
which is in the ceutrnl and higheft part
of the city, fuifoundtd by high walls of
ilone and brick, t\^o miles in circum-
fererrf. This divilion is uot deformed
by wooden houll's. It contains the
ancie»iit palace of the czars, now only
remarkable for bjeing the birthplace of
Peter the Great} alio feveral churches,
two convents, the patriarchal palace, and
frhe arcfmiJ now in ruins. 2. Tlio
Khitaigorifl, which is much larger than
theKremlm: it. contains the iinlverfity,
th^|)iinti»g-hi6uft; and many ttthcr public
M O S
M O S
builcUngs, with all the tradcfmen's iheps.
Tiie houles are mollly itnccoei) jr white-
wafhedj and it has the only ftreet in
Moicow in which the houles ftand dole
to each other. 3. The Bielgorod, or
White Town, which runs round the
two preceding divifions: it takes its
name from a white wall, by which it was
formurly rurrounded. 4. Semlainogorod,
v/hlch environs all the other three quar-
ters j and is lb denominated from a circu-
lar rampart of earth by which it is en-
co.Tipaired. The hft two divifions ex-
hibit a grotcf-^up group of churches,
convents, palaces, brick and wooden
houles, and mean hovels. ^ 5. The
Moboda, or fuburbs, which forin a valt
exterior circle round all the parts alfeady
delcribed, and are invefted by a low ram-
part and ditch. Thefe fuburbs contain,
bdide buildings of^all kinds, corn-fields,
much open palture, and fome fmall lakes,
which give rife to the Neglina. The
Moikva, fioni which the city takes its
name, flows through it in a winding chan-
nel ; but, excepting jn fpring, is only na-
vigable for rafts, It receives the Yaufa in
the Semlainogorod, and the Neglina at the
weftem extremity of the Kremlin; but
the beds of both thefe latt-mentioned ri-
vulets are nearly diy in furamer.
Mofcow exhibits an aftonilhing degree
of extent and variety, irregularity, and
contraft. The ftreets, in general, are
very long and broad. Some of them
are paved; others, particularly in the
fuburbs, are formed with trunks of
trees, or are boai'ded with planks like the
floor of a room. Wretched hovels are
blended with large palaces; cottaces of
one ftory ftand next to the moft ftately
manfions ; many brick fliniftures . are co-
vered with wooden tops : fome of the
wooden houles axe painted ; others have
iron doors and roofs. Numerous churches
appear in every quarter, built in a peculiar
liyle of architeflure ; fome with domes of
coppers, c rs of tin, gilt or painted
peeii ; and many are roofed with wood.
la a woid, fome parts of this vatt city
have the appeal ance of a fequeftered de-
fert ; other quarters, of a populous town ;
i'oinc, of a contemptible village; others, of
a great capital. Mol'cow is the largeft
city in Europe ; its circumference, within
the rampart, that indoles the fuburbs,
being z6 miles; but its population cor-
reiponds, in no degree, with its extent.
It contains within the ramparts 250,000
fouh, and is ftiJl the moft .populous city
in the empire, notwithlt-adiug the refi-
drnce qf the court ii« at Vttcrfbaigh, Th«
places of divine worfliip, including
chapels, amount to above 1 000 : of thefe,
484. are public churches ; 1 99 of which
are of brick, Ituccoed, or white walued ;
and the others of wood., painted red.
Some of their bells are of a ftupendous
ilze: they hang in belfries detached from
the church, are fixed invmovcably to the
beams, and nmg by a rope tied to the
clapper. It has alwayc been efteemed
a meritorious aft of religion to prefent a
church with bells; and the piety of the
donor has been nicafured by their magni-
tude. Accordingly, Boris Godunuf, who
g.we a bell of 288,000 pounds to the ca-
thedral of Mofcow, was the moft "pious
fovereign of Ruflia, till he was furpalfecl
by the emprefs Ann, who prefented a
bell that weighs 432,000 pounds, and is
the largeft in the known world. In the
cathedral of St. Michael, the fovereigns
of Rulfia were formerly interred: their
bodies are depofited in raifed fepulchres,
moftly of brick, in the Ihape of a coffin,
above the pavement. Each tomb has,
at its lower extremity, a fmall filvcr
plate, upon which is engraved the
name of the decc-afcd prince, and the
era of his death. Upon great feftivals, all
thefe fepulchres are covered with rich
palls of gold or lilver brocade, ftudded
with pearls and jewels. The cathedral of
the AiTuraption of the Virgin Mary is the
moft magnificent in the city, and has
been long appropriated to the coronation
of the Rullian Ibvereigns. Mofcow is
the centre of the inland commerce of
Rulfia, particularly connefling the trade
between Europe and Siberia. The navi-
gation to this city is formed lolely by
the Moikva, which falling into tiie Occa,
near Colomna, communicates, by that
river, with the Volga. But at the
Mofkva is navigable in the fpiing only,
upon the melting of the fnows, the prin-
cipal merchandile is conveyed uponfledgesi
in winter. This city is 555 miles SSB
of Petcrlburg, and laoo l 'y E of
Conftantiuupie. Lon. 37 31 £, lat. 55
45 N.
Moselle, a department of Francej
including part of the late province ©f
Lori'ain. It takes its name from a river,
which rifcs in the Vofges, waters Epinal,
receives the Meurthe below Nanci, and
palling by Mi:tz, Thionville, and Treves,
tails into the Rhine, at Cobicntz. Metz
is the capital.
Mjskoe. See Maelstroom.
Mosc^iTO Shore, a country of New
Spain, in N America, lying on the At-
lantic Ocenn. It extends eaftward from
i'M>'
li
: i
'I
'I
i^."
I'
'"!r|
i
{•"f'l
I
I'/
m 'I
Pi
'I
* .-f
•'I'^k.
mi'
It ,41
I
I
M OS
Point Cadlle, the bi^ndary dividing it
from the bay of Honduras, to Cupc Gra-
cioi-a-Dios, 87 leagues} ancl fouthward,
irom Cape Gracios-a-Dios to St. John's
Rivci , 94 leagues. The interior part of
tlie country is bounded by the lake Nica-
ragua, and fenced by mountains (hctiU-'
ii\g to the weft. In magnitude it exceeds
Portugal ; is well-watered by navigable
rivers and lakes ; abounds in fifl), game,
and prcvilions of all forts 5 furniflies every
ncccflary for railing cattle and itock, on
plantations of every kind and to any
extent: and is clothed with woods, pro-
ducing tinibe/ for every purpofc at land
or fea. The foil is fuperior to that of
the W India jflands*. the air and cli-
mate are more falubrious; and the ile-
flruiSlive ravages of hunicajies and earth-
tjuakes have never b«en known heie.
The Molquito Indians are ib fituate be-
tween morafles and inacceiTible mountaias,
and a coaft full of rocks and (hoals, that
no attempts againftthem by the Spaniards,
whom they mortally hate, could ever
liicceed. Neverthelefs, they are a mild
and inoflfenfive people, of great probity,
and will never trult a man who has once
deceived them. They had fo great a ve-
neration for the Englifh, that they fpon-
tancoufly put themlelves under the pro-
tertion of the crown of Great Britain.
This was firft done, when the duke of
Albemarle was governor of Jamaica ; and
the king of the Mofquitos received a
commiinon from his grace, under the leal
of that ifland 5 fince which time, they
were not only (teady in their alliance
with the EngliOi, but warm in their
affection, and very ufeful to them on
many occafions. When the king died,
the male heir went to Jamaica, to certify
that he was next in blood, and received a
cofnmiffion in form from the governor of
Jaifiaica, to be king of the Mofquitos;
till which, he could not be acknowledged
v» • fuch by his countrymen. So fond were
they of every thing Englifti, that the com-
Bton people were proud of every Chriltlan
cr lurnanie given them by our feamen,
who confei'red on their chief men the
titles of feme of our nobility. But the
connexion between the Engltfti and the
Mofquitos no longer fubfifts. By rt con-
vt'ution with Spain, in 17S6, the Englifh,
in confideration of certain ccflions on ?he
coaft of Honduras, agieed to tvacTiate tiiis
country totally; and it is now a province
of Sp:iin. See Honduras.
MosTAOAN, an ancient town of the
klugdonv of Algiers, with a caftic and a
M O U
good harbour, 50 miles NE of Ornn.
Lon. o 30 E, bt. 36 io N.
MosTAR, a lonfiderable town of
TurkiHi Dalniatia, with a Greek nicl..
bifhop'3 fee, 20 miles n£ of Martnu.
Loii. 18 37 E, lat. 4.3 4.8 N.
Mosul. See MousL'l..
Mot ALA, a town of Niiples, in T','irct
d'Otranto, with a b if hop's fee, isniiici
Nw of Tarauto. Lon. 17 14. E, lu,4o
MoTYR, an ifland of Afia, one of the
Moluccas, of great value to the' Dutch, on
account of its fpices. Lon. 128 20 t,
lat. o 10 s.
MoTKiLj a fcaport of Spain, In Gn-
nada, \Vith a good liarljour, I'cated on t!.e
Mcditen-.ine:m, 37 miles SE of Gran-.'.da.
Lon. 3 2U w, ht. 36 }2 N.
MouAE, a town of Arabia Fdif,
capital of Yemen, fcated in a fcitil*
country, 80 miles s of Sanaa. Lm. 4.6
35 E, ht. ii4 ao N.
MoUDON, :m ancient town of Swl/Ier.
land, capital of a bailiwic of the faire
name, in the Pays de Vaud, and formerly
of all that part of the •country which hi-
longed tcvthe duke of Savoy. The bniliff,
app »inted by the canton of Bern, nlidts
in the caftle of Lucens, built on the I'um-
mit of a mountain. It is 12 miles n
by E of Lanfanne. Lon. 6 58 E, lat.
4.6 4.1 NT.
MouG-DEN, or CllEN-YAN, the ca-
pital of the country of the Mantchew
Tarrars, in E Chincfe Tartary. It is
44.0 miles NE of Pckin. Lon. 122 45 e,
lat. 41 55 N.
MouLiNS, an eplfcopal town of
France, in the department of AUier and
late province of Bourbonnois. It is fcated
on tne AUier, over which is a modern
bridge of 1 3 arches ; takes its name fiom
the great number of mills [moulins] that
were formerly in its neigbbtmrhood ; and
contains nbove 16,000 inhabitants. Tiie
houfes of the late Chartreux, and of the
Vifitation, trre magnificeTit. Its manu-
fafture of cutlery is in great efteem. It
is 30 miles s oif' Nevers, and 55 N oi'
Clermont. Lon. 3 25 f, lat. 46 34. n.
Moulins-Engilbfrt, a town of
Franfce, in the department of Nievis
and late province of Nivcmois, feated -it
the foot of the mountains of Morvan, five
miles s\v of Chateaii-Chirion.
MoirLTAN, a province of Mindooftan
Proper, boimdc'd on the N by Lahoifi
on the E by Delhi and Agimef-e, on ihf
s by Gu7t;i*it, and on' tl^e w-by Ptiiia
and Caiidahar. Its produfts are ciottoh,
M O U
MOW
[,;gar, opium, gail«, fulpluir, &c. U was
imtd- to the Selks ; but its capital,.
Moultan, has been garrifoiied by the
ItliijT of Candahsu', cvtr lince 1779*
Moultan, one of thj; uwlt ancient
lities of Hlivlooltan Proper, capit;^! of a
njovlnce of. the fame ^lairie. It is of
I'mall extent for a capital, but Ih-origly
toitific'lj and has a Hindoo ftmplt of
great celebrity. K*re is a panlGul.ir
left of Hindoos, called Catry j a tribe
o{ warriors, iuppofed to be the Catheri
,;r Cathei, vvi^h whom Alexander warred
on the banks .of the Malli. Moultan is
katcd on one of the branches of the
Indus, 2 10, miles s\v of Lahore, and 310
S£ of Candidly. Lon. 70 40 e, lat. 29
Moui.TOiN, South, a corporate town
in Devuijfhire, with a market »i\. Satur-
day. It was anciently, with. North
Muulton, a royal demeliie, and font raeai-
i>ers to parliament in tiie reign of
Edward I. It is gtiverued by a mayor,
and has r.ianufadturfcs of itrges, fhaloons,
and felts. It is ftated on the Moul, 12
ir.iles SE of Barriitaple, and 177 w l>y s
sf London. Lon. 3 55 w, ht. 51 5 n.
Mount Edgkcumbe, h prodigious
high peak, on the w fide of tlie entrance
of Cook's Strait, in New Zealand. Its
lielght is fuppofed not to be much infe-
rior to tliat of the peak of Tcneriif.
MOUNTSBAV, a Ixiy on tlic s cgaft gf
Cornwall* between the Land's Ecd and
the Lizarci Point. It Is i'o named from a
lofty peninfulated rock, called Mount St.
Michael, which rifes within it. Among
the rocks, on this part of the coaft, breeds
the Cornifh chough, or red legged crow,
noted for ftealing and carrying away
v.'hatevtr it finds. In Mcuntlhay Is a
confiderable pilchard fifhery.
MouNTsoRREL, a tow'n in Lclcefler-
flilrc, at the fcot of a high mount or
rock, of a iorreUcolouied ftone, extremely
hard. Of rough (tone.'?, hewn out of this
rock, the buildlni's are erected and tlie
ftrcet IS paved. It luis a market on
Monday, and is featcd on the Stoar, 20
niiks SSE of Derby, and 105 nnvv of
London. Lon. i 9 w, lat. 52 4.5 N.
MouRA, a town of Portugal, in Akn-
lejo, with an okl clfllc; feated at the con-
fluence of the rivers Ardita and Gaadi;ma,
S7 miles SE of Lifbon. Lon, 5 59 vv,
lat. 38 o N.
.MouRzOOK, the capital of Fc/zan,
in Afiica, fituatc on a Imall river, and
iupplied with water from a multitude of
firings and wells. The medh-y which
it prcl'cnts to the eye, of the valt ruins of
.indent buildings, and the lui nible cottages
of earth and fand that form the dwellings
of its pre fen t Arab inhabitants, is fmgu-
larly grotelquc and Itrange. It is iur-
j'ounded by a high wall, with three gates,
at which is colle^ed a tax on all goods
(provifjoHs excepted) that aie brought
lor the fupply of its people. A caravun
arrives annually from Mcffurata at this
place 5 and hence the Fezzaners dii'paich*
every year, a caravan to CaiTma, and
another to Bornou. Mourzook is 2 6'2i
miles s of McflTuiata, 650 N\v of Boracu,
and 710 N by E of Caflina. Lon. 155
E, lat. 27 20 N.
MousTiERJr, a tewn of France, in
the department of the Lowei* Alps and
late province of Provcnce. It is noted for
a maniifarture of fine porcelain, and for
a once famous pilgrimage, ta^lled Out-
Lady of Bcauvezer, feated between twu
lofty and craggy mountains. It is five
miles NE of JRii;/, and 4.7 WNW of Nice,
Mou!>i;l, or Mosul, a town oC
Turkey in Afia, in DIarbeck, leatcd on
the Tigris, It is fiirroundcd by high
walls, and defended by a caftle aiid ci-
tadel j but the lioufes are in Ibveral places
gone to ruin. It has a great traJi:, par-
ticularly in cloth, and all forts of cottons
and fdks. At fotne diftunce from Mou-
ful is a mofque, in which they pretend
the propliet Jonah lies. The inhabitants
are Mahometans j but there are a great
number of Chriftians. In 1743, it was be-
fiiigeA by the Perfians, but to no purpofe.
In 1758, this city and tlie adjacent coun-
try were vifited by a dreadful famine, in
confequence of the preceding hard winter,
and of the innumerable locufls by which
the fruits of the earth were deftruyed. It
is 130 miles sE of Diarbckar, and 150
Nw of Bagdad. Lon. 41 15 E, lat. 35
4c N.
Moutier, or MoNSTiEa, a town of
Savoy, capital of Tarentefia, with an
archiepifcopal palace. It is fcat'.vl ou the
Ifere, 62 milts nw of Turin. Lon. .6
23 F, lat. 45 30 N.
MouzoN, an ancient town of France,
in the department uf the Ardennes and
late province of Champagne, with a late
rich Benedi^line abbey. It is feated on
the Meufe, eic;h.t miles sE of Sedan,
and 110 NF. of Purls. Lon. 5 10 E, 'at.
49 37 N.
MowEE, wnc of the SrmJv/Ich lilands^
162 miles in circumtcrence. A low
il'ihnius diviihs it into two ciicular pe-
iiirjulas, of which the taltcrn is dr.ible
the fize of the v>e(tcrn. I'he mouutains
in both fiiV to a great heighi., but the
.^^
* , .1
If
i \>i
(^'
1 ^ f '
Mr 'f
j-'Pi
^',
%:■
t^
i f'r
f* 'si . BU'^
M a L
M U N
\
.'.'\
ill
m
'.:;'$'■
hi- f-
\m.
country prefcnts an appearance of Ver-
<iuic and fertility. Near the w point
of the fmaller peninfula is a fpacious
bay,, with a fandy beach Hiaded with
cocoa-nut trees : the hills behind rife in
a great variety of peaked fonns} and
their fteep fides, and the deep chaiins
between them, are covered with trets.
The inhabitants are computed at 65,000.
Lon. 17s 56 w, lat. ao 53 N.
MoYENVic, a town M" France, in the
department of Meurthe and late province
of Lon-ain, renrarkable for its lalt-pits.
It is three miles from Vic, and 10 sse of
Nanci.
MozciSLAW, a ftrongtown of Lithu-
ania, capital of a palatinate of the fame
name. It was almoft ruined by the Ruf.
fians in 1660, but is rebuilt. It is feated
on the Sofz, »a miles s of Sraolenflto.
Lon. 32 3a E, lat. 54. 28 N.
MuciDAN, a town of France, in the
department of Dordogne and late pro-
vince of Perigord, feated pn the river
Ifle, iS miles s\v of Pcrigucux.
MuEHR, a river of Germany, which
rii'es in the archbiftiopric of Saltzburg,
crofies Stiria, palfin^ by Judenburgh,
Luben, Muehr, and <5ratz, ^.nd falls into
ihc Drave, near Kanii'ca, in Hungary.
Muehr, orMuERAw, a confiderable
town of Germany, in the duchy of Stiria,
on the river Muehr, 25 miles Nw of
Gratz, and 4.0 sw of Ntuttadt. Lon. i^
4E, lat. 4.7 16 N.
MuGGfA, or MuGLiA, 3 town of
Jtaly, in Venetian iftiia, wjth a caftJe,
feated on a g:ivlf gf the fame name, five
miles SE of Triell. Ion. 14 if, lat. 45
MyiRKiRK, 0 town \f\ Ayrlhire, feated
pn tlve river Ayr, suid noted for a cou-
fiderable iron- work.
Mull, one «f the Welbrn Iflands of
Scotland, 25 miles in length, and, in
Ibme places, of equal breadth. There
iare many cood natin*al harbovns; but
there is only one village, calj^'d Tohcr-
piorey. The foil is, for the nioft p'ut,
rocky and barren j but the hills ahoiiini
with Iprings, and are covered with cittlc :
thele, with the lilhery, and a conikitTaide
t[uantjty of kelp, arc the only aiticles of
commerce, The ruins of iVveral ancient
caftles arc I'een en this ifland.
MvLL OF Cantyre. See Can-
TYRE.
Mull of Galloway, a rocky pro-
montory, the njolt foutherly point of
fecothuki, in the county oi Wigton.
MuLDAVv> a river of J^jhemja, which
rifes on the confme* of Moravia, and riiit.
ning by Budweis and Prague, falls into
the Elbe, at Melnicfc.
MuLDORE, a toAvn of Germany, Jn
the archbifhopric of Saltzburg, I'eated on
the Inn, 37 miles nw of Saltzburg, »nd
40 E of Munich^ Lon. 12 25 e, lat. 48
ION.
Mulhausen, an Imperial and han.
featic town of Germany, in Thuringia,
under the proteftion of the eltx^br of
Saxony. It is feated in a fertile country,
on the Unftrutht, 15 miles NE of Eilc
nach, and 45 E by s of Caffel. Lon.
10 49 E, lat. 51 13 N.
Mulhausen, a town of Alface,
whicii, though intireiy inclofed -Vvitliii
the dominions of France, is not only in
alliance with the Helvetic confederacy,
but is confidered as a part of it, and en-
titled to all its privileges. The walls of
the town indole a circumference of not
more thaft two miles: and its whole ter-
ritoiy is confined within a precinft of
eight miles. The town contains 6000
inhabitants, who are proteftants; and
there are 2000 fxibje6ts in its adjacent
villages. It owes its prcfent ilourifhing
flate to its manufaftures, which are chiefly
<jf printed linens and cottons. The go-
vernment is arifto-democratical. The
fupreme powei: rcfides in the great unj
little council, confifting together of 78
perfons, and drawn frotn the burghers,
whoff number amounts to 700, diftribxited
into fix tribes. Mulhaufen is 15 miles
N w of Bafil, Lon. 7 24 e, lat. 47 48 n.
MuLHiEM, a town of Germany, in
the electorate of Cologne, feated near the
Rhine, three miles from Cologne. Here
the few proteftanti in Cologne'^are' obliged
to go to perform divine fcrvice.
MuLLERAS, a town of Germany, in
the middle niarclie of Brandenburgh, leateil
on a canal cut between the bpree and
Oder, 40 mile* se of Berlin. Lon. 14.
31 e, lat. 52 14N.
Mulling AR, the county town of
Weft Meath, in Ireland. It holds a
great wool mart, Is a place of good trade,
;nul fends two members to parliament.
Ir is leated on the Foylc, 38 miles w of
Dublin. Lon. 7 50 w, lat. 53 30 n.
MuLviA, a large river of Africa,
which has its fburce in Mount Atlas, and
dividing the empire of Morocco from the
kingdom of Algiars, falls into the Medi-
terranean Sea.
MuNDA, an ancient town of Spain, In
Granada, 30 miles WNw of ^Ialaga.
Lon. 4 35 w^ J4t. id pa.
Ml
V;t{.cd
Ulm.
Ml
in tht
was
a pro
and CO
niagn:
decay.
nnd lo
aiid
i.lt. 2 3
Ml
Uppei
an ill
rock,
or,
Ml
ronf:
Nile,
are ol
duties
M U N
MUN'DERKINGEN, a tovMi of Siiahia,
rutcd on the Danube, *5 miles SW of
Ulm. Lou. 9 43 e. lat. 48 1 5 N.
MUNDU, a Kity of Hindoollan Proper,
in the province of Malwa, of which it
wiS anciently tl»e capital. It was then
a prodigious city, ^^ miles in circuit,
amt contained many montiments of ancient
magnificence } but it is fallen much to
decay. It occupies the top of a large
find lofty mountain, 46 miles s of Ougein,
jud 45+ KE of Bombay. Lon. 75 47 e,
i.it. 21 50 N.
MuNOATS, or MuNKATS, a town of
Upper Hungary, with a bifhop's ftc, anil
an impregnable caitle, feated on a hi[;!i
rock, fomiles KE of Tockay. Lon. zt
er, lat. 48 30 N.
MuN'iA, or Menie, an ancient and
ronliderabie town of Egypt, feated on the
Nile. The veirtls that go down the river
arc obliged to ftop here and pay certain
duties. There are feveral mofques and a
great number of granite pillars. It is
140 miles s of Cairo. Lon. 31 20 £,
lat. 27 45 N'.
Munich, one of the moft populous
cities in Germany, capital of tlie duchy
«f Bavaria. The houfes are high, and
♦be ftreets ipacious^ with canals in many
of them. Tlie palace of the eleftor pala-
tine of the Rhine, as duke of fiavarja,
is a ftupendons ftiuchire, magnificently
adorned. The cabinet of curiofities, the
library, the arienal, and ducal gardens,
merit attention. The cathedral contains
25 chapeli. and 30 altai'sj aUb the tomb
of one of the emperors, of black marble,
ituorned with ftatues of bronze. The
market-place is very beiutiful j aiid here
are manufaftures of fdk, velvet, woolleii
cloth, and tapeilry. This place has often
been taken and retaken in the wars of
Germany; and, in September 1756, it
was attacked by the Frencli, but the
Auftrians coiopelled them to retreat. It
is feated on the Ifer, 15 miles '3E of
Aiigfburg, and 6z s by W of Katifbon.
Lon. II 36 E, lat. 48 ION.
MuNSTER, a province of Irelv^d, 135
miles long and 120 broad ; bounded on
the N by Connaught, on the E by Leinf-
ter, and on the s and vv by the Atlantic.
The chief rivers are the Sure, Audluffe,
Lee, JBandc, Leane, and Cafhon. There
are a great many bays and harbours, and
many rich towAs, and the air is mild and
temperate. Some places are mountainous,
but the vallles rre fruitful. The m.oft
general commodities are corn, cattle,
wood,» wool, and filh. It contains fix
Cttuntiesi one sirchbiihopric, ftre bilhop-
M U R
r'ics, and 740 parlfhes. The counties art
(1are,_ I'ipperary, Waterford, Cork,
Limerick, and Kerry. The principal
to«ii is Cork.
MuNSi;:R, a fovcreign bifliopric of
Germany, in Uie circle of Weftplulia,
110 miles in length and ,80 in breadth.
'ITie river Embs runs acrofs it, from e tp
\v. It is bounded on t!ie N by the
counties of Bentheim aad Scenfort, on
the E by the biflioprics of Ofnaburgh and
Padcrborn, on the s by the county of
Marck, and on the w by the duchy of
Cleves and county of Zutphen.
Mjb'wyj liH, a large and populous rjty
of Weftphalia, capital of a bilhopric of
tlie fame name, and of all Weftphalia-
It was frte and imperial till 1661 j but:
to keep the inhabitants in awe, a citadel
was built, which Itands dilVmft frojn the
crty. In 1333, a taylor, called John of
Leyden, made himfelf malter of the city,
and drove away the bifliop and magif-
trates j but it was retaken in 1536, after
14 months liege, and this fanatic wa?
tortured to death with redhot plncers-
The fauTOus treaty, called tlie treaty of
WeftpVialia, was concluded here in 1648,
which ended the religious wars of 30
years continuance. It is feated on the
Aa, 7o'mile3 N by e of Cologne, and 77
s by w of Bremen. Lon. 7 39 e, lat. 52 o n.
MuNSTER, a town of France, in tKa
department of Upper Khine and late pro^
vince of Alface, with a late rich Bene-
diiiline abbey, 30 miles sw of Strafburg,
Lon. 7 s^> lat. 48 8n.
MUNSTERBURG. SiC MONSTER,
BERC.
MuNSTER-MriNFELD, a tov^n^ of
Germany, in the elecioratie of Treves,
li miles sw of Coblcntz. Lon. 7 j8 E,
lat. 50 19N,
MtiRANO, an idand and town of Italy,
a mije from Venice, foimerly a very
fiouilililng place, and has ftill fome
palaces tlut bear thi; marks ef former
magnificer;cc, though now in a ftate of de-
cay. The illand is laid to contain 20,000
inhabitants. The frcat manuta^urcs cif
looking-glafs are L.ie only inducements
for ftrangers to vifit this place, which
formerly ferved all Europe with looking-
glalTes. Lon. 12 5 £, lat. 45 26 n.
MuRCX.^, a province, formerly a king-
dom of Spain J bounded on the n by
New Caftlle, on the £ by Valencia, on
the w by Andalulla and Granada, and
on the s by the Mtditcirancan. It is 6x
miles long and 58 broad ; and the prin^
cipal river is Segura. The foil is dry,
and it produces little corn ot wine : but
I'' ;
.^
.' .,
t-Ai
Uf '
\n
tc
n
'^^L' >
•:•»'
m
'-k
M U S
MY S
11 I
I
m
i
there Is plenty of oranges, citrons, lemons,
olives, almonds, miilhenleii, rice, pulle,
and fugar. It has alio a great deal of"
lllk.
MuRciA, 3 populous city of Spain,
capital of a province of the lame name,
with a bifhcp's fee. It has a fujei b ca-
thedral, the ibirs of whofe Iteeplc are fo
contrived, that they n;ay be afcendtd
tlther on horfcback or in a coach. There
aie fine gardens about the city, in which
are the beft fruits in Spain. It is feated
on the Segura, 47 miles N of Carthagena,
and 2ia s£ of Madrid. Lon. o 36 w,
lat. 38 2 N.
ivIuRET, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Upper Garonne and late pro-
vince of Ga(cony, feated on the Garonne,
10 miles s of Touloufe. Lon. 1 18 E,
lat. 43 a6N.
MuRO, an epifcopal town of Naples,
in Bafilicata, I'eated at the foot ot the
Appennines, 12 miles be of Conza. Lon.
*S 45 E> lat. 4-0 46 N.
Murray Frith, a confidpyable inlet
of the fea, on the E coaft of Scotland,
between Tarbetnels, in Rofsfliire, on
the N, and Brough Head, in Munaylhire,
on the s.
• MURRAYSHIRE, Or ELGINSHIRE, a
county of Scotlaiid, bounded on the N by
the frith of Murray, on the E by Banft-
/hire, on the s by Aberdeenfhire ami In-
vernefsfliiie, and on the w by that county
and Nairneflure. It extends 50 miks
from sw to NE, and 20 along the coalt.
Its foil, for the greatelt part, is rich, and
produces wheat, barley, oats, and flax.
The principal rivers are tlie Spey, Find-
horn, and Loij'.'.-. The county town is
Elgin.
MuRRHART, a town of Suabia, In the
rfuchy of Wiitemburg, with a Benedi<5line
abbey. It is Itated on the river Mur,
ti^ht miles s of Halle. Lon. 9 51 E,
lat. 49 14 N.
MussELBURG,a fe^ipoit in Edinbiirprh-
fliire, on the frith of Fortii, at the mouth
of the river Efk. Here a victory was
obtained by the Englifh over the Sco;s,
in the reign of Edwaid vi. It is fix
miles E of Edinburgh. Lon. 3 5 w, lat.
56 ON.
MuswELL Hill, a village in Middle-
frx, five miles N of London. It takes its
iiamc! from a famous well on the hill,
which belonged to the fraternity of ijt,
John of Jerulalem, in Clerkenwell ; and,
as this was deemed a miraculous cure for
all Icrolulous and cutaneous dlforders,
tluy ht-re built a chapel, with an image
of cur Lady of Mufv.-ell, to which there
9
n:
was a great refort of patients. This
well ftilf belongs to the parifli of Clerktn.
well.
MusTAGAM, a feaport of the klngduin
of Algiers, with a caltjc, 140 miles w
of the city of Algiers. Lon. o 3 w, lat.
36 30 N.
MusACRA, a feaport of Spain, in Gra-
nada, with a Itrong caftle, feated on u
mountain, 27 miles ne of Almeria, and
62 s\v of Cavthagena. Lon. i 36 \v,
lat. 37 UN.
Ml'vden, a town of Holland, feated
on the Vecht, on the s coalt of the Zuider.
Zee, fcven miles E of Amfterdam. Lon.
5 1 E, lat. 52 22 n.
Mycene, formerly the capital of a
famous kingdom in the Morea, but now
reduced to a fmall village.
MvcoNt, an ifland of the Archipela-
o, 30 miles in circumference. The
arbour is very open, and deep enough
for the largeft fhips, where they may ride
fecure from the N wind. The foil is dry,
and the mountains are of a great height.
Water is very fcarce in Aunmer ; but in
the town is a large well, the only one in
the ifland. Here are plenty of partridges,
quails, woodcocks, turtledoves, rabbits,
and wheateai's ; alfo excellent grapes and
figs. Almoft all the inhalntants are
Greeks, who have 50 chiyches in all;
but many are chapels j and fome monaf-
terles. Lon. 25 51 E, lat. 37 28 N.
Mysore, a kingdom in the peninfula
of Hindooftan, fubjeft to a celebrated
prince, named Tippoo Sultan, who flyles
himielf regent of the country. His do-
minions comprehend, generally, the pro-
vinces of Myfbre Proper, Bednore, Colm-
bettore, Canara, and Dindigul; befide
the conquefts of his father Hyder Ally
(who ufurped the throne) to the north-
ward, which are Meritz, Soonda, Chit-
teldrocg, Harponelly, Sanore, Banca-
pour, l<oydioog, Gooty, Condanore, Ca-
noul, and Cuddapa. The extent of liis
territoiy, from N to s, is 550 miles ;
its breaihh, in the wideft place (the n
part of the peninfula) 330 miles, but
pro'.eediug to the $, it dimlnifhes, till
it ends in a point. Its r,rea has been
compared to that df Great Britain. By
the peace of 1782, Hyder Ally was to
rcilnquifli all but his ancient pofTefTions.
How far his fucceflbr fulfilled the terms
of that treaty, cannot eafily be afccr-
tained j but, on the termination of the
war in 1792, that prince agreed, over
and above a large payment in money,
to cede one half of his dominions to
the EngUOi £ India Company, and d^ik
N A K
NAN
ftilies, the Mahrattas and the Au4m of
the Deccan. Mylore, in general, is drv,
rugged, mountainous, and bairen. It
lies between lo and 16'' N lat. The
capital is SeringapataiJt.
Mysore, a town and fortified po(t of
the peninfula of HinJooltan, the ancient
capital of a kingdom of the fame name,
eight miles s of Seringapatam, the prefect
capital. •
1 . ' • ' ' ' ,■ .
/■ • ' ■: '■. •• '■
NABURGv a town of Germany, in
Bavaria, Icated on the river Nab>
10 miles SE of Aniberg. Lon. 12138,
lat. 59 23 N.
NaDHEGSDA« SefcKURtLES.
Naerden, a ftrong town of Holland,
at the head of the canals of the province.
It has experienced many calamities j par-
ticularly in 1572, when it was taken by
Fernando de Toledo, fon of the duke of
Alva, and all the inhabitailts, without
diftinftion of age or fex, were maflacred.
It is feated oh "the Zuider Zee, 14. miles
E of Amfterdam, and 15 N of Utrecht.
Lon. 5 9£, lat. 51 zon.
Nagera, a town of Spain, in Old
CaitilCi with a fort, three miles N\v of
Calahorra, and 138 N cf Madrid. Lon.
a low, lat. 4.2.14 N. .
Nag OLD, a town of Suabia, in the
duchy of Wu'temburg, with a Itrong
caftle, 10 miles w of Tubingen.
Nagpour, a city of the Deccan of
Hindooftan, capital of that part of Berar
which is fubjeft to a chief of the Eaftern
Mahrattas. It is extenfive and populous,
but meanly built ; and, excepting a f nail
citadel, is open and defencelels. It is
560 miles w by s of Calcutta. Lon. 79
46 E, lat. 21 S'n.
Nahe, a river of die palatinate of the
Rhine, which flows by Birkent'eld, Ober-
ftein, Kreuzenach, -and Bingen, and falls
into the Rhine. <;
Nairne, a borough and feapoift^ the
county-town of Nairnefhire } feated at the
Entrance of the frith of Murray, 10 miles
S of Invernel's, and 104 N of Edinburgh.
Lon. 3 51 w, lat. 57 33 N.
Nairneshire, a county of Scotland,
15 miles long and 12 bruad; bouiidi.'(l on
the N by the frith of Murray, and incioied
on every other fide by the counties of Inver-
nel'j and Murray . The foil, tliough rocky,
it rich, and, in general, well cultivated.
Naksivan, a city of Armenia, capital
^f a province of the fame name, with an
uchbi&op's iVe. It is feated bfitw«n tht
towns of Erivan and Tatirls. I on. 45
30 K, lat. 38 40 N.
Namari, a mountain of Sicily, in th«
Val-di-Demona, between Medina, Taor-
mina, and Melazzo.
Namptwich, a town in Chefhire,
vith a market on Saturday. It is well
built, and has a large church, in the
form of a crofs, with the tower in the
middle. Here are I'alt fprings, on the
banks of a frefh-water ftream, trom which
are madfe great quantities of white fait.
The principal dairies of Gliefliire are
about this town, and it has a confiderable
trade in cheele and fait. It is feated 011
the Weaver, 26 miles se ofChefter, and
162 NW of London. Lon. 2 25 \v, lat. 53
6 N.
NaMur, a county of the Auftriart
Netherlands, 30 miles long and 20 broad ;
bounded on the N by Brabant, on the e
and s by the biftiopric of Liege, and oa
the W by Hainault. It is pretty fertile j
has feveral forefts, marble quarries, and
mines of iron, lead, and coal. Ihe rivers
Maefe and Sambre divide it into three
parts, nearly of equal extent.
Namur, a city of the Auftrian Nether-
llnds, capital of the county of Namur,
and a bifliop's fee. It has a cattle, in
the middle of the town, on a craggy rock»
and feveral forts. In 1692, it was taken
by Lewis XI v» in perfon, alter a ficge of
fix days onlyj and in 1695, it w.s re-
taken by king William, after a long and
bloody fiege, although defended by 1 6,000
men, and an army of 100,000 more, in
the neighbourhood. On the death of
Charles n of Spain, the French feized
this city ; but it was ceded to the houle
of Auftria by the peace of Utrecht. In
1715, it was allovired to be garrjibned by
Dutch troops, as one of the barrier towns
of the United Provincts. In 1746, it
.was taken by the f rench, but reltored in
1748. In 1781, the emperor Joleph de-
itroyed the fortifications of all the barrier
towns, except thole of Namur, from
which, however, he expelled the Dutch
garrifon. In 1792, it was again takea
by the French, who were compelled to
evacuate it the following year, but they
retook it in 1794. It is leated between
two mountains, at the confluence of the
Maefe and Sambre, 24 miles ws.w of
Liege, and 32 s£ of BruflwU. Lob. 4 50
2, lat. 59 29 N.
Nanci, a famous city of France, in
the department of Meurthe and late duchy
of Lorrain, with a bifliop's fee. Ft
contains 34,000 inhabitants, and is di«
vidcd, ]»r a caoal, into lYx oU tcwu and
u
it i
,f^
U
> 1!
it
NAN
titvr. Th« firft, though ii regulaviy built,
]» ^Ich and populouii, aud contuiuii the
palace of the uncicnt dukes of Lftirain }
and their t(Hubs arc ia a rich faloon, which
adjoins the church of the lute Cordeliers.
The new town, wliofc itrects are ptvtedly
ftraight, wa» already otie of the fineft. in
£iirope, before the magnificent works
with which Stanidaus i, titular king of
Poland, and duke of Lorruin, enriched
it. The cathedral is a fui^erb ftruclure.
Nanci is 15 mi'es s by e of M!etz, and
aiz £ of Paris. Lon. 6 17 E, lat. 43
41 N.
Nanpio, an idand of the Archipelago,
a little to the n of that of Santortnl. It
is 16 miles in circumference, and abounds
with partridges, but has no harbour, nor
fprings fuflicient to water the fields. The
inhabitaniS' are all Greeks, and their
trade is in onions, wax, and honey. The
ruins of the temple of Apollo are yet to
be feen, and coniilts chiefly of marble co-
lumns. Lon.z6 10 E, lat. 36 15 n.
Nangasacki, a city of Japan, in the
illand of Ximo-f ifen, with a well-fre-
quented harbour. The inhabitants carry
on a great trade with the Chinele and
Dutch. The latter aje never I'utftred to
come into the city, unlefs when their fhips
arrive, and then they deliver up their
guns, helms, and fails, as pledges of
their good behaviour. Lon. izg 51 £,
lat. 32 3» N.
Nang-kang-fou, a city of China, in
the province of Kiang-fi, feated on lake
Po-yang, and containing four cities of the
third clafs in its dillrift.
Nan-king, or Kiang-ninc-fou, a
city of China, capital of the province of
Ki:mg-nan. It is the largeft in China,
being 17 miles in circumference, and
three diltant from the river Yang-tife-
kiang, from which canals are cut, I'o
large, that veflels may enter the town.
This place is greatly fallen from its an-
cient fplendour; tor it had a. magnificent
palace, which is quite deltroyed, as well
as many ancient momnncnts ; and a third
part of the city itfelf is delolate. The
.itrcets are narrow, but handlbme and
well paved. The public haildings are
mean, except a few temples, the city
gates, and a tower of porcelain, 200 feet
high. It is 500 miles SSE of Pekin.
Lon- 119 25 £, lat. 32 4.6 N.
Nan-ngan-fou, a beautiful and po-
pulous city cf China, in the province of
Kiang-fi, containing, in its diftrict, four
ri'ics of the thii"d dafs. It is loo miles
• N by E of Cattton.
. Nan jctt/iMc-FOx;, a city of China,
.*
NAP
capital of the province* of Kiang-fi. It is
the rciidence of a viceroy, and compre-
hends eight cities in its diltric^.
NaNTES, ijin ancient and flourifliing
commtrcial town of France, in the de-
partment of Lcwcr Loire and late pro-
vince of Bretagne, with a bifiiop's ice,
and a univerfity. It was formerly tht
reCdence of the dukes of Bretapne, wh»
built a ftrong caftk on the fide of the
river, which ftill exitts. The cathedral
contains the tombs of the ancient dukes.
The bridges over the Loire, in which are
fome illands, are almoft a league in length.
The fuburbs are fo larg«r,' that they ex-
ceed the city. The inhabitants are com-
puted at 6o,ooa. Since the peace in
1783, Nantes has had a confideru.ble (hare
in the commerce with the United States.
A great quantity of fait is made in the
territory of Nantes, both at the bay of
Bourgneuf, and in the fait marfhes of
Guerande and Croific. Large veflels can
come no higher than Port Launai, which
is II miles from Nantes. It was in this
place that Henry iv promulgated the
famous edift, in 1598, in favour of the
proteftants, which was revoked in 1685,
by Lewis xiv. In 1796, the theatre
here took fire, during a time of perform-
ance, aiMl leveral perlbnft loft their lives.
Nantes is 58 miles s by E of Rennes, and
217 sw of Paris. Lon. i 43 w, lat. 47
13N.
Nantva, a town of France, in the
department of Ain and late province of
Breffe, C^tuate at the extremity of a gieat
lake of the fame name, 18 miles S£ of
Bonrg.
Nantucket, an ifland of N America,
in the ftate of Maflachufets, of which it
is a cotmty. It lies to the s of Cape
Cod, and had once the moft confiderable
whale fifhery on the ccaft; but it was al-
moft ruined by the civil war. As the
ifland is low, landy, and barren, the in-
habitants depend almoft intirely on the
watry element for fubfiftence. It has
but one town, called Sherburne, which is
So miles s of Bofton. Lon. 70 30 w,
lat. 41 o N.
Napaul, a province of Hindooftan
Proper, bounded on the s by Bahar, on
the w by 6ude and Rohikund, on the
Nw by Sirinagur, and on the ne and E
by the ridge of mountains called Himma-
leh, by which it is feparated from Thi-
bet. Catni^ndu is the capital*
Na.^'les, a kingdom of Italy, bounclv'd
bathe NW by the Ecclefiaftical State, or>
the s and w by the Mediterranean, and
«n tl» E by the guli" of Vemcc. Its cs^
NAP
NAP
in the
vince of
a gleat
s"e of
Lmerica,
vhich it
of Cape
'devable
was al-
As the
the in-
on the
It has
which is
30 w,
joundv.'(t
itate, on
;an, and
Its cx^
tent frotn NW to se is 180 mltes> and
fioin NE to sw iVoin 96 to 100. It is
diviiled into twelve provinces; namely,
Terra tli Lavora (the ancient Cainpania
Ftlix) "Principato Citeriore and Ulteri-
ore> Mnlife, Balilicata, Cabbria Citeri-
ere and Ulteriore, Abruzzo Citeriore
a}id Ulteriore, Capitanata, Terra di fiari,
and Terra d'Otranto 5 the laft three
foiTning the ancient Apulia, now called
Piiglia> on the e fide of the kingdom.
After many revolutions, the Normans
became matters of this country, in the
eleventh century ; and the fovereigns were
called counts, then duices, and afterward
kings of Puglia: but, in 1182, Peter iii,
king of Arragon, caufed all the Nomians
in the iftand of Sicily to be niailacred;
and this mallacre wa^ called the Sicilian
Vefpers. After this, Puglia was joined
to Sicily ; and hence the i'overeigns took
the title of King of the Two Sicilies.
It has aifo been called the kingdom of
Naples^ from its capital. France and
Spain contended for the fovereign):y in
the fequel, and bloody wars and, revolu-
tions.were the coofequence. The French
being defeated by the Spaniards in 1 504.,
Lewis xri foimaliy renounced all preten-
lions to the crown, and the country was
goverjied by Spanifli viceroys. In 164.7,
happened the dreadful infurre^ion of
Mallaniello in the city of Naples, by
which the Spaniards were nearly expelled.
The people, however, returning to their
allegiance, on the aflalfinatian of Mafia-
niello, the' Spaniards continued in peace-
able poiTeiUon of the kingdom till 1707,
when it was conquered by prince Eu-
gene, and ceded to the emperor by the
treaty of Kaltadt in 17x4.. It was reco-
vered, however, by the Spaniards in 1 734;
and the eldelt fon of the king of Spain is
row king of Naples and Sicily. The title
of ;hc king's, eldelt fon is Prince of Cala-
bria. The climate is extremely hot, ef-
pecially th'Jaiy, Auguft, and September;
and is liiid to be one of the moik incon-
ftant and unfavorahlifto. valetudinAVians:
in Ibnie feajbns it rains every day for fix
er I'eytn weeks together. But tke moft
diliagreeable part of the climate is the
firocc, or- se wind, whtch is vei-y com-
mon in. May,, and is infinitely more re-
laxing, and gives the vapours in a much
higher degree, than the wortt of the
rainy, month of November, in Great Bri-
tain. In winter t-bere tSjlSttdom any ice
or ihow, except on the ihouritaJns. Tht
•ountry, on account of its fertility, is
termed a teireltrial paradlfe: it abounds
Vfith gr^n, th< finelt fruits and v«g^trt»-
Wrt, rice, iax, oil, wine, faffron, an4
mannai and .rffords alum, vitriol, fulphur,*
rock-cryftal, marble, minerals, and fine
wool and filk. Bcfide the manuiafturcs
noticed in the account of the city of Na-
ples, waiftcoats, caps, Itockings, and
gloves are alfo made of the hair or fila-
ments of a flicUfifh, which are warmer
-than tholis of wool, and of a beautiful
glofly green. The principal mountains
are the Appcnnincs, which trawrle this
country from s to N j and the celebrated
volcano, Mount Veluvius. One of the
greateft inconveniences to which this
kingdom is expofcd is earthquakes (liie
Calabria) which the eruptions of
Mount Veluvius contribute, in Icme mta-
fure, to prevent. 7 he eftablilhed reli-
gion is the Roman catholic j and the
clergy and convents poliefs two tliirds of
the whole kingdom j but the Jews are
allowed to lettle here. The inhabitant!
of this country have, at all times, bom
but an indifferent tharacler among other
nations : gluttony is here a predominant
vice, while inftances of ebriety me com-
paratively rare. In the female fex, the
pafiion for finery is almoft luperi^r to any
other ; and though chaltity is not the cha-
rafteriftic virtue of the country, yet a
Neapolitan woman would, for the moft
part, prefer a prefent to a. lover. That
furious jealoufy, for which the nation
was one J fo remarkable, is now greatly
abated. The breach of the conjugal vow
fometimes ocjafians quarrels and affalTma-
tions among people of an inferior rank {
and, in the metropolis, aflfaflinations are
often perpetrated from much lefs cogent
motives. Of thefe vices, many are doubt-
lefs owing to the flavery and oppi-elfion
under which they groan, and to a radical
defe<St in the adminifti-ation of juftiee.
Naples, an ancient and large cotMh.
mercial city of Italy, capital of a king-
dom of the fame name, with an archbio
fliop's fee, and a univerfity. It is feateA
at the bottom of the bay of Naples, and
is built in the form of a vaftr amphithe*
atre, floping from the Mils to the Tea.
Altlwttgh the Ityle of architecture is infe-
rior t-o what prevails at Rome, and it cJUi-
not vie with that city in the number of
palace*, or in the magnificence of the
churches, the private houfes, in general,
are better built, and the Itreets are broad-
er and better paved. The houfes, in ge-
neral, are five or fix ftories in height, and
flat at the top ; oft which are placed
numbers of flower vafes, or frwlt trees,
in boxes of earth. The fortreis of St.
Elmo is built on a mcruiitai|t of tlie fame
■u ..- . I
'^ '<m
HA P
N A R
1^
name, and has the intire command of the
town. Lower down on the lame moun-
tain, in a <I»-iightt\il fituation, is a con-
vent of Carlli'iiians, on wiiich much cx-
pencc h?.s been livifhed, to render the
building ami the j;,'..'den.'* equal to the
filiation. Naples is adni r-ihly fituate
for commerce, and h is all the neceflfaries
and luxuiies of life in grcit profufion j
but tiade is in a Iniu-uiniing condition.
The chief articles m muf;irtuied here are
fdlc ilor.k'^n^•:i, Ibap, fiuiff-boxes of tor-
toircfhell and of the lava of Mount Ve-
I'uviiisj tables, and ornamental furniture,
of marble. They urc thought to em-
broider hue better than in France; and
thi-ir macaroni, confei!:\ion8, and cordials
are in the hlgheft efteem. The inhabi-
tants are computed to he •550,000; which
is very piobalile ; for though Naples is
not one third of the fize of London, yet
many of its ftrcets are more crowded, and
a great proportion of the pcoreft ibrt ar«
obliged to fpend the night in them for
want of habitations. There h not a
city in the world, perhaps, with the fame
number of inhabitants, in which fo few
contribute to the wealth of the commu-
nity, by ufeful and produilivc labour, as
t^Iaples i for the number of priefts, monks,
fidlers, lawyers, nobility, footmen, and
lazzaroni, or vagabonds, fvirpalTes all rea-
fonable proportion ; and the laft alone are
computed at above 30,000. The nobi-
lity are excelfively fond of fplendoiur and
ftow; as appears by the brilliancy of
their equipages, the number of their
attendants, the richnefs of their drel'a,
and the grandeur of their titles. The
king, it is faid, counts a hundred perfons
with the title of prince, and ftill a greater
number with that of duke, among his
fubjefts. A few of thefe have eftates,
from 10 to 13,000!. a year 5 a confiderable
number have fortunes of about half that
amount ; and the annual revenue of many
is under 2000I. The inferior orders of
nobility are much poorer; many counfs
and marquifes not having 400I. a year
paternal eftate J many ftill lei's ; and not
a few enjoy the title without any eftate
whatever. Although the churches and
convents of Naples are itpt to be com*
pared with tbofe at Rome in point of ar-
chitefture, they furpafs them in rich
jewels, and in the quantity of filyer and
golden crucifixes, veiTels, and other or-
naments. The cathedral is a qoble Go-
thic edifice, in which are kept. the head
and blood of St. Januarius, the tutelary
faint of Naples j the latter in two glafs
m- «iyUal VMlst The preteiujcd liquefac-
tion of the dry blood, as foon as broxight'
near the head of the faint, is well known j
and Mr. Addifon fays, it U one of th«
molt bungling tricks he ever faw. Of
all the palaces, that of the king Ifi not
only the molt magnificent, but in the
belt ftylc of archtttL^ture. The harbour,
which is fpacious, is protected by a mole,
two caltles, and feveral batteries, but
thefe could net nroteft the city from a
bombardment. The bay of Naples is
one of the fined in the world, being al.
molt of a circular figure, 30 miles in di-
ameter; (hut out from the Mediterranean
by the ifland of Caprea, and three parts
of it fheltered by a noble circuit of woods
and mountains. Naples is no miles se
of Rome, »i7 sse of Florence, and 300
» by E of Venice. Lon. 14. 20 E, lat.
40 55 N.
Napoh-di-Malvasia, a feaport of
the Morea, capital of the ifland of Mal-
vafia, feated on a rock, at the entrance
of the bay of Napoli-di-Romania. It is
defended by a good citadel ; has a fine
harbour, and a long wooden bridge, which
joins it to the mainland. It gives name
to that excellent wine, called Malmley ;
and was anciently noted for the temple of
Jl jlapius. It is 42 miles se of Na-
poh-di-Koraania. Lon. »3 az B* lat.
36 37 N.
Napoli-di-Romania, a feaport of
the Morea, and an ai*chhifhop*s fee, feat-
ed at the bottom of a bay of the fame
namet It has a large harbour, with a
narrow mouth, through which cne fhip
only can enter at a time. It is inhabited
by 60,000 Greeks, befide people of dif-
ferent nations, and very ftrong both by
nature and art. It is 56 miles sw of
Athens. Lon. 13 4 e, lat. 37 36 n.
Nara, a town of Japan, in thf ifland
of Niphon, with a magliificent caftle, 25
miles NW of Meaco. Lon. 134 15 E,
lat. 35 50 N.
. Narbarth, a town in Tembrokfl-
ihire, with an old caftle, and a market on
Wednefday. It is feated pn a kill, i>
mile; ne of Pembroke, and 229 w by
N o'. -^London. Lon. 4 46 w, lat. 51
50 i,
Narbonmb, an ancient city of France,
in the department of Aiide and late pro>-
viiKc of Languedoc. Before the revo],i>
tioa of 1789, it was an archiepiiicapal
fee. In the time of .tlic Romans, it was
the capital of that part of Gaul, called
Gallia Narbonenfis ; and here the em*
peror -Marcus Atirelius was born. Some
Roman infcriptions, in different parts of
tjhc city, arc (UU vifibU ; and Che caOal)
N A R
isr A V
frnm the river Awde, through the city,
to the Molite? rantnti, • was cut by tlie
Komani. N.irbonne is famous for its
Inonty, and tlw cathedral is remarkable
for its noble choir. It is five miles from
the Mediterranean, and 75 t by s of Tou-
loufe. Lon. 3 6 E, lat. 4.3 11 n.
Narborough, an ifland of S Ame-
rica, on thecoaft of Chili, where fir John
Narborough refrefhed his men, wlun lent
to the South Sea in the reign of Charles
II. Lon. 7+ 3y w, lat. 45 o n.
Nardo, a populous town of Naples,
in Terra d'Otranto, with a bifhop'j lee,
»o miles Nw of Otranto. Lon. 18 16 E,
lat. 40 18 N.
Narenta, a town of Dalmatia, with
a bi/hop's lee, leated on a gulf of the
fame name, 46 miles ne of Ragufa. Lon.
x8 27 E. lat. 43 3S N.
Narni, an ancient town of Italy, in
Sabina, with a bilhop's fee. Here are
the ruins of a marble biidge, built by
Au;.;uftus, one of whole arches was 1 50
feet high, and aoo broad ; as alio of an
aqutduft that brought water from a ipring
at the diitance of 1 5 miles'. It contains
a great many noble familes, .^nd is leated
«n the Nera, ao miles iW of Spoletto,
and 40 NE of Rome.
Narova, a river of the Ruflian em-
pire, which iffues from the lake Peipui,
and watering Narva, flows into the gulf
of Finland, eight miles below that town.
It is noted for two catara£ls, pompoully
defcribed by travellers, but they are far
inferior to that of the Rhine, at LaufFen.
Narsingapatan, a town of the pe-
piniula of Hindooltan, in the territory of
Bifnagur. It was the refidence formerly
of a king, and is fituate 400 miles se of
Bombay. Lon. 76 10 e, lat. 15 30 N.
Narva, a ftrong town of the Rullian
empire, in lugria, or the government of
Pettrlburgh. The houfes aic built of
brick ftuccoed white j and it has more
the appearance of a German thati of a
Ruflian town. In the fuburbs, called
Ivangorod, aie the (tupendous remains
of an ancient fortrefs, built by Ivan
Vaflilivitch the Great, which impend
over the ^teep banks of the Naro\a. In
1700, Charles xii of Sweden obtained a
great viftoiy here over Peter the Great.
Five years after, the czar took the town
by aflault j and, notwithftanding his na-
tural favage charafter, faved the town,
by his own perfonal exertions, from pil-
lage and maflacre. The principal ex-
ports from Narva are hemp, flax, timber,
and corn. It is fituate on the Narova,
%ki milet from its mcuth,^ and i«o w
of Pcterfburgh. Lcn. »7 51 i. In 59
li N.
Narwah, or Narwha, a town of
Hiiidooltau Pioper, in the province of
Agra, li;ated iuar,the Sinde, which falls
below it intj the Jumna. It is 117
niiK'! 0 cil iigii. Ltin. 79 r? E, lat. 15
40 N.
Naseby, a village in Nort ampton-
ftiire, famous for the decifive vidory gain-
ed by the army of the parliair.ent over
that of Cha]!;s 1, in 1645. It i^ 1%
ir.iles N of Northampton.
Nassau, a county of Germany, in the
circle of the Upper Rhine ; bounded oft
the N by Weltphalia, on the e by the
county of Solmes, on the s by the terri-
loiy of Mentz, and on the w by tlie elec-
torate of Treves. It is very fertile, and
contains mines of iron, copper, and lead.
Nassau, a town of Germany, capital
of a county of the fame name, the houl'e of
whole fovereign is divided Into leveral
branches. It is feated on the river Lahn,
12 miles SE of Coblentz. Lon. 7 41 £,
latt 50 18 N.
Nata, a leaport of S America, in the
government of Panama, feated in a fertile
country, on the bay of Parlta, 70 miles
sw of*^ Panama. Lon. 81 15 w, lat. S
10 N.
Natal, a coimtry on the £ coaft of
Africa, laying ne ol the Cape of Good
Hope, inhabited by the Bolhman Hotten-
tots. See Hottentots, Country or
THE.
Natchitoches, a river of Louifiana,
which falls into the MiirilTippi* at Point
Coupee.
Natolia, a country, formerly called
Alia Minor. It is the molt weftcm part
of Turkey in Afia, extending from the
Euphrates as far as the Archipelago, the
ftrait of Gallipoli, the lea of Marmora,
and the (trait of Conftantinople. It is
bounded on the N by the Black Sea, and
on the s by the Mediterranean. I'he air
is tcmperaie and wholelbme, and the Ibil
generally tertlle. It Is crofled by a chain
of mountains, formerly called Taurus,
from E to w, and watered by a great
number of rivers.
NavaAino, a ftrong '■nd populous
tbwn of the Morea, with an excellent
lal'ge harbour, defended by two forts. It
is leated on a hill, near the lea, eight
miles NE of Modon, and 17 NW of Co-
ron. Lon. ii 40 E, lat. 37 2 N.
Navarre, a kingdom of Europe, ly-
ing between France and Spain, and di-
vided into the Upper and Lower. The
Upper belongs t9 Spain, and is 75 mil9s
Dd 3
'"> l'
i'in
'4*
r_
IHft.sl
i
HHH^ffi^
; ■
l|
i
H:
1^
N A X
in 1 ngfh and ^o in breadth. The air U
niore nill, temperate, and whildbme,
than in the neighbouring pioviiuxs of
Spiiiii and, though a mountainous coun-
try, it is j-retty tuiiliu uhcuniUng in all
forts of game, ami in iron minus. It it
divided into five diiirids, whole capital
towns are Pampi'luni, Ellclla, Tudcla,
Olita, and Ht. Ouel'ci. Lower Navarre
l)elongs to France, and ih includ d in the
territory ui' Bal'ques and department of
the Lower Pyrenees. It is feparattd
from Spauilh Navarre by the Pyrenees,
and h a mountainous, barren country,
ao miles in length and iz m breadth.
From this country, the late king of
France took his other title of king ot'
Navauv. See Palais, St.
Navarreins, a town of France, in
the tiepartinent of the Lower Pyrenees
and late territi^ry of Beam, feated on the
Cave d'Okron, 26 miles sii of Bayonne.
Lon. o 45 \v, lat. 4-5 i.; n.
N A VI DAD, a leanort of New Spain,
feated on t!ie Pacihc Ocean, 350 miles
w of Mexico. Lcn. 106 o w, lat. 19
o N.
Is'avigators Islands, a clufter of
jflaudo in the S Pacific Ocean. The in-
habitants ure a llrong and handfome race ;
fcurcely a man to be lecn anions; them
lefs than fix tect high, and well propor-
tioned. The women are delicately beau-
tiful J their canoe., houfes, &c. well
conftru.-'ed; and they are much more ad-
vanced in internal policy, than any of the
iftands in this ocean. Lon. 169 o w,
lat. 14 19 s. See MaCUNA.
N AUMBURG, a town of Upper Saxony,
capital of the dnchy of Saxe Naumbmg,
leatcd on the Sala, 37 miles ne of Er fort,
and 60 w of Drefden. Lcn. la 20 e,
ht. 51 12 N.
Naxkow, a town of Dennurk, in the
ifle of Laland, with a harbour commo-
dious for tiade, and a plentiful filhery
litre. It is 60 miles sw of Copenhagen.
Loji. II 31 E, lat. 54 52 N.
Naxos, or. Naxia, a corf^derable
ifland of the Archipelago,. 25 miles in
length and 88 in circumference. It
abounds with orange, olive, lemon, cedar,
citron, pomegranate, fig, and mulberry-
trees ; and, though it has no harbour,
carries on a confuierable trade in barley,
wine, oil, figs, cotton, filk, flax, cheefe,
ialt, ox.-n, fheep, and mules. It is inha-
bited bj!.h by Greeks, and Latins, has
four archiepifcopal fees, and a great
many villages j but the whole ifland does
not contain above 8000 inhabitants. Tl)e
ibigheft mountain is Zia, wbiclv fignifies
the mountain of Jupiter; But there are
N E A
no antiquities, except foitie final! jTmnIm
of a temple of Bacchus, Th<? ftin ile
drefsi of tnis iilind haii fomething lidi-
culous in its appearance. The two wings
of black vtlvet, which they fix behind to
their Ihouldcrs, are altogether prepofte-
rous. llic Greek women at Smyrna co-
ver their brvails with a fingle gau/e ; at
Naxia, they wear a heavy (tomachcr or
breaft-piece of velvet, covered with em.
broiiicry and fit::;!! peailjj. If vie^ved
behind, it is difgulting to fee round their
loiwa what, for want of a better name,
may be called a circular Hiclf, calculated
to Uipnort the ends of a kind of laced
lappets hanging down from their flioul-
ders. They add to this romantic cum-
l)rous drefs ail the coquetry of behaviour
they can aiTume. They paint, blacken
their eyebrows and eyelafhes, ar.d cover
their faces with patches, made of a black
fliinini talc, which they find in the iiland.
TSnXOS, or Naxia, the capital of the
ifle of Naxos, with a caflle and two ar-
chiepiicopal lees, the one* Greek and the
other Latin. The greateft part of the
inhabitants are Greeks. Lon. 25 59 e,
lat. 37 !^ N.
Nazareth, a town of Paleftine, fa-
mous for being the refidence of jefus
Clirift, in the early part of his life. It
is now nothing but a village, where the
monks of St. Francis have a convent,
Lon. 35 20 E, lat. 32 30 N.
Nazareth, a town of the United
States, in Pennfylvania. It is a fiouriJh-
ing fettlement of the Moravians, and is
fituate 10 miles N of Bethlehem and 63
of Philadelphia.
Naze, or Cape Lindenas, the moft
fouthern promontory of Norway. Lon,
7 20 e, lat. 57 30 N.
Neagh, Lough, a lake of Ireland,
fcuate in the counties of Armagh, Down,
Antrim, Londonderry, and Tyrone. It
is. the largeft in Europe, thofe of Ladoga
and Onega in Ruflia, and that of Geneva
in Swiflt:rland, excepted ; being 20 miles
long and 15 broad. It is remarkable
for a healing virtue, and alio for petrify-
ing wood, which is not only found in the
water, but in the adjacent foil, at a ton-
fiderable depth.
Neath, a corporate town in Glamor-
ganfhire, with a market on Saturday, fitu-
ate on the river Neath, over which is a
bridge, where fmall veflijls come to load
coal. In the neighbourhood are iron for-
ges, fmelting works for copper, and coal
mines; and on the other fide of the river
are the ruins of. a fine monaftery. It is
govefned J^ % portreeve, vvl)o i^^fworn in
by the depnty conftable of the caftle of
NEC
N E I
Neath, and fratid near the firiftol Chan-
nel» 32 miles nw of Laiidaff, and loo
w by N ot Lond'4i. Lon. 3 45 w, lat.
5» 41 N.
Neath, a river in Glainorgannilre,
which runsi into the Riillol Channel, be-
low the town of Neath.
NtB, a river in the Kle of Man, whl^h
runs into the Irifh Sea, at I'etl Caftle.
Nebio, or Nehbio, a ruined city on
the N fide of the illand of Corfica, with a
hifliop's fee, whole bifhop refides at St.
Fiorenzo, a mile diftant.
Neckar, a river of Germany, which
rifes in the Black Foreft, erodes the duchy
of Wirtembnrt!;, and the palatinate of the
Rhine, and falls into the Kiiine, at Man*
heim.
N£ckars-Gemund, a town of Ger-
many, in the palatinate of the Rhine,
feated on the Neckar. Lon. 9 55 E, lat.
4.9 26 N.
Neckars-Ulm, p. town of Germany,
in the circle of Franconia, leated on the
Neckar. It belongs to the grand-malUr
of the Teutonic order. Lon. 9 5 E, lat.
49 ZZ N.
Needham, a town in Suffolk, with a
market on Wednefday. It has fome
trade in Suffolk-blues, and cloths ; and
women are employed in fp'^nning and
weaving bontlace. It is feated on the
Orwell, 10 miles NW of Ipiwich, and 73
HE of London. Lon. i 23 E> lat. 52
15 N.
Needles, two rocks at the w end of
the Ille of Wight, lb called from their
fliarp extremities.
hlEEHEEHEOW, onc of the Sandwich
iflands, five leagues w of Atooi. The
£ coaft is high, and rifes abruptly from
the lea j the reft of it confifts of low
ground, except a round bluff held on
the SE point. It produces plenty of
yams.
Neerwinden, a village of Auftrian
Brabant, a little N by w of Landen.
Hence the two celebrated battles of Lan-
den are fometimes called by the name of
Neerwinden. See Landen.
Nefta, a town of the kingdom nf
Tunis, 250 miles s by of Tunis. Lon.
9 25 E, lat. 33 o N.
Negapatam, a city of the penlnfula
of Hindooitan, on the coaft of Coroman-
de). It was firft a colony of the Portu-
guefe, but was taken by the Dutch. The
latter were difpolieffed of it by the En-
glifhmi782j but, by the peace of 1783,
it was agreed to be reitored to the Dutch,
whenever they fhould give an equivalent
for it. Negapatam is 183 miles s of
Madras, Lqr, 79 56 i, lat. 10 .^6 n.
Neoambo, a feaport on the w cOaft
of the iile of Ceylon. It has a toit
built by the Portutjuele, which was taken,
in 1640, by the Dutch, who evacuated
it to the Englilh in February 1796. Lon,
83 45 K, Ifit. 7 30 N.
Net, rajs, a Icaport on the E fide of
the bay of Bengal, 240 miles wuw ol
Pegu. Lon. 94 4 B, lat. 15 50 N.
Neoril- Point, the molt wcUerly
promontory of the iHand of Jamaica.
Negro, Cape, a promontory of Af-
rica, on the \v coatt of Angola, being
the moft foutherly country to which tlur
Europeans uiunlly rclort to purchalie
Haves. Lon. 10 40 e, lat. 15 54 N.
Negro's-Island, one of the Philip-
pine Klatids, between Panay and Zebu.
Necroland, or Nigritia, a country
of Africa, tln-ough which the river Niger
is fuppoied to run. It has the great de-
fert ot Zahaia on the n, and Itrctches far
to the s, but the inland puits are very
Utile known. The Europeans have many
lottlcinents on the coaft, where they barter
European goods for Haves, gold duft, and
elephants teeth.
Negropont, an ifland of Turkey in
Europe, the largeft in the Archipelago.
It was anciently called Euboea, and in
near the n coaft of Livadia, ieparated
from it by the ftrait of Negropont, over
which is a bridge. It is 90 miles in
' length, and 25 in breadth, though in
fome places much narrower. It abounds
in corn, wine, and fruits.
Negrotont, a Itrong city, capital of
an ifland of the lame name, and a Greek
archbilhop's lee. It has a good harbour,
which is commonly the ftatiou of the
Turkifli fliips. The walls of the city,
in which the Turks and Jews reiide, are
two miles and a half in circumference j
but the fuburlw, where the Chriftiana
live, are much larger. It v*ras taken, in
1469, ♦rom the Venetians, who attempted
to reta.'<:e it in 1688, without effect. It
is featv-d on a ftrait of the fame name, 30
miles ne of Athens, and 260 sw of Con-
ftantlnople. Lon. 24 8 e, lat. 38 30 N.
Nehavand, an ancient town of Per-
fia, in Irac Agerni, famous for a battle
fought near it, between the calift* OmajT
and Yez Degerd, king of Perfia, in 1632^
when he loft that kingdom. It is 179
miles NW of Ifpahan. Lon. 47 10 £, lat.
34 20 N.
Neidenburc, a town of Pruifia, with
a caftle on a mountain, 75 miles £ of
Culm. Lon. 20 20 e, lat. 53 22 N.
Neilston, a viUage in Renfrcwfbirp,
to the s of Paifley. It is noted tor 4k
cotton manufaflure. . .
' n
i"i<'
)i -^
mm
I
N E P
NET
'i'']
iM'^:
i i
Neisse, a tcwn of Siiefia, fnrroundcd
by thick v nlh :.;:d 4ei;p ditches. The
biihop of lircdaw gentrally refides hurt,
and has a magnificent paiacc. The in-
habitants carry on a confiderable trade in
linens and vine. This place iuffcicd
greatly In 1729, by an inundation and a
fire. It was taken by the Pruirians in
1 74 1, who, after the peace, in 17+t,
built a c'tadcl, to which they gave thi
name of Pr u/Tia. It is featcd 0:1 a river
of the ;ame name, 27 niiks ne ot Glatz,
and ;?5 st; ot Jirellaw. Lwi. 17 35 E,
kt. 50 31 N.
Nellenburg, a town of Suabia, ca-
p'.;al ot a .andgravate of the fame name,
2 2 milcs N of C'onltance, and 20 ne of
Schafiliaui'er,. Lon. 9 8 E, hit. 4.7 59 N.
Nklson, an Rngllfh lettlem.ent in N
Aniaic.i, on the w tide of Hudton's Bay,
at the mouth of the river Nelion, a 50
miles sr. of Churchill Fort. It bclGUgs
to tiie Huiir-^n''s B".y Company. Lon,
52 35W, lit. 57 7 N- .
NiM/EA, a village of the Morea, fa-
mous for tlie Kcinxan gamea aucicntly
cclibra'cd h.re.
Nl;.!Ours, a town of Fiance, In t'f.
tlepartinent of Seine an.l Marne and late
province of the !• e ot France, with an old
calHe, between two hills, on the fpot
where ftcod the town of Grex: in the
time of Cefar. It is feated on the Lolng,
xo miles s of Fontainblcau, and 15 se
of Paris. Lon. 2 37E, lat.48 16 N.
Nen, the principal river of Northamp-
tonthire, which riles in the vv part of the
county, and is made navigable at Nortk-
ampton. It leaves the county at Peter-
borough, and crolfing the Il!e of Ely,
forms part of the w boundary of Norfolk,
and falls into the Line Inlhlre Walh.
Jt likewifc cemmunlcates, by feveral
channels, with the Great Oufe.
Neocastro, a fort of Turkey in Eu-
rope, in Romania, where the Turks al-
w.iys keep a good garri'on. It Ls feated
in the middle of tne itrait of Conftantl-
rople, 12 miles from- Conftaatinopk.
Lon. 29 4E, lut.41 -"0 N.
Neots,St. atowninlluntingdonflilre,
vf;th a market onsThurldsy. It is well
built, has a handfome church, with a
fin': Iteeple, and a confidcrahle trade in
. coal. It i.s Icated on the Out, over
v'hich i!( a iloue liridge, 20 niiks wsw
01 Cambridge, and 56 nnw of London.
Lon. o 30 w, lat. 5a 7 N.
Nepean Island, an Ifiand of the S
Pacific Ocean, opnofjte Port Hunter, rn
• the 5 coaft of Norfolk Ifiand. It conilfts
. iiititel'y of am niafs of fand, held together
.i?y the i'urrcunding clitfs, which jutjC a
border of hard rocks. The furt'acc was
covered with a kind of coarle gra:a
and upward ot 20c hr.; ^)inci were grow,
ing on it.
Nepi, an ancient town of Italy, in the
patrimony of St, Peter, with a bilhop's
lev, fcLttcd 00 tiic Triglia, 20 miles N ot
Rome. Lon. 11 34. e, lat. 42 14 n.
N2RAC, a town of France, in tiie de-
parlmcut of Lor and Garonne and ltti»
province of Guienne, divided by the rlvir
Baiie into grear and little Nerac. In the
fvudal times, this was the refdcnce and
capital of the lords of Albiet. Their
Itupcndovis caftle is r\ow in ruins ; but,
betore the aboii'ion of royalty, no true
Frenchman could viut it without lenti-
mentj of vcniratinn} !or here their onte
favourite Henry iv, Iptnt part of his.
youth. Nerac is 20 miles sw of Agcn,
and 380 s by w of Paris. Lon. o 13 t,
lar.44 2 N.
NtRBUDDA, a river of India, which
ili'ues from a lake en the Ibuthcrn confines
ot the province of Allah.diaKl, forms the
boundary between. Hindoolian Proper and
tiie Deccan, and falls into the gulf of
C:i)nl)ay, beiow Baroach.
Nericia, apjovinceof Sweden Proper;
bovmded on the n by Weftmania, en the
a by Sudermania, on the s by E Gotli-
land, and on the w hy W Gothland,
Orebo is the capital, and the only ccn-
fiderah\i place in it,
Nero, an Kland in the E Indies, the
fecond of the Kanda Illaiids, where th>
Dutch have a fort called Fort N.itlaa.
Here are large terpents, but not venomous,
':nd ihe mountainu r.re covered with treis,
in which are birds (J'a very fingularkind.
Lon. 129 45 e, laf,4. 4aN.
Nertchinsk, pr.tj of the four pro-
vinces of the Ruffian government of Ir-
kutzk, Its capital, pi the fame name, :s
feated on the Neitcha, v/hich falls ir^to
the vSehilka,
Nesle, a town of France, in the de-
partment ofSomme and late province of
Picardy. It is feated on the Liugoi),
eight miles NE of Royes, and 66 n by E
ot Paris. Lon. a 59 e, lat. 49 51 N,
Ness, I.och, a lake in Invemefsfhire,
22 miles in length, and, for thei^ioft pwt,
one in breadth. It is Iheltcredon the N\v
by the high moinitalns of Urquhart and
Mealfuurvoiity, and edged with coppigcs.
oi birch and oak.
NesS; a river of S(;ot[and, which 1$
the outlet of Loch N*;!;;, ajid fall? into the
frith of Murray, below Ij;iveruefs.
NETHtRLANDS,0rL0\vC0VN'TRIE.'»,
a large country of Europe, ;iincie»tly
tailed Gallia Bcig^ica. Ju t,\\e ijimli cvjj •
A
NET
N E tr
Audi is
into the
tui j'f tlie Tens of the emperor Lewis the Pruffia. The late emperor, Jofeph it,
Pious having divided the dominions of liaving proiefled many innovations, and
their father, who poifelTed Germany, entoicinj theui with viokuce, a univErliil
France, and Italy, a new kingdom was fpirit o^ revoh broke out ; an ai'my of
formed, comprehending Germany and 4.0,000 men role, a* if by magic, to I'up-
France J and a part of the Netherlands. It port the j-cnunciation or all ailegiancr,
%vas called Lotharia, hut did not long wiiichleveralot'the provinces openly made;
lubfift; for it was foon divided into two j ;i congrels was fi.Tmed from the uitfcrent
snd that featcd near the Moditurrantan Hates, in whom the tupreiue government
was called the kingdom of Bingundy ; was ve^ed ; and by the end ot 1790, ti)e
while the other, to the N, had the .'anie Aui'iiians were expelled. Tiie new go-
of Auitrafia. Neither did this luft conti- vernnient, however, was not of long du.
nue long,„it being divided into 17 pro- ration, for Leopold Ii (the luc.:fc!ior of
vinces, under different names, which lliil Joleph, who died in the early part of 1790)
depended on the empire of Germany, and was enabled, partly by lorce, partly by
were called Lower Germany. In pro- conciliatory mea. ires, and partly by ihe
cei's of time, the Uoiile of Burgundy pur- mediation of Grear Britain, Pruiiia, and
chafed many of them, and was about to Holland, to recover the entire poU'eflion
form tliem, with Burgundy, into a king- or' his authority ; the mediating courts
dom J but Charles the Bold, the laft di.'kr
01' Burgundy, beii.g killed by the Swil's ir
1477, his part of the Netherlands devolvtu
on Mary !iis only child; by whofe mar-
riage with the emperor Maximilian, the
Netherlands were an ucquifition to the
houieof Auftria. Theemperor Charles v,
king of Spain, in 1555, abdicated the
ioverelgnty of the Netherlands, and.
havuig guarantied the reftoration of the
ancient Belgic conititution. In 1792,
i.he iM-ench overran the Aultrian Nether-
lands : they were ilriven out of the coun-
try in 1793 ; but they returned in 1794.,
and lubdued every part of it. The Ne-
therlands, in general, are 360 miles long
and 260 broad ; lying between z and 7°
K Ion. and 49 and 54.° n lat. They are
icon alter, the Spanilh crown, in favour boiuided on the w and n by the German
of his Ion Philip. The tyranny of this Ocean, on the E by Germany, and on the
cruel bigot, Philip ll, who endeavoured s by France. Tliey once conltituted a
to introduce the inquifuion into the Lov/ part of the German empire^ unJer the
CounLries, with the barbarities exerci.ed name of the circle of Burgundy. The
by the duke of A>a, exafpcrated the principal rivers are the Sciield, Rhine,
people to luch a degree, that they threw Maeic, Molelle, Sambre, and Lis ; and
off the Spanifh yoke, and, under the con- there are many fine navigable canals.
du6t of William i, prince of Orange, The air is temperate ; but the moviths of
formed the famous league of Utrecht, m the rivers and harbours are frozen in
I 579, which proved the foundation of the winter. The foil is extremely fertile;
republic ot' the Seven United Provinces, and there are tine mamifacfures of lace.
After a long war (with the interval of a lawns, cambrics, tapeltry, ice. Brullels,
truce of 12 years) Philip IV exprefsly the capital of Brabant, is the capital,
acknowledged the independence of tliele likewile, of all the Auflrian Netherlands,
provinces, by the treaty of Weilphalia, See United Provinces of the Ne-
in 16+8. The other jo provinces, how- therlands.
ever, returned under the dominion of Nettuno, a town of Italy, in Cam-
Spain, but with very favorable ftipula- pagna di Koma, feated in a fertile ibil,
lions with refpeft xa theiv ancient liber- at the iT\outh of the Loracina, 24 miles s
ties. On the acceflion of a branch of the
home of Bourbon to the Spanifti monar-
chy, it w'ls ftipulated, in 1714, that the
Spanifh Netherlands fhould return to the
German branch of the houfe of Aultria ;
but fome coniidcrable parts wercobtainud
by conqueft or celHon, by the French
atid Dutch. The Dutch have pait of
Brabant, Limburg, and Flanders. The
French have Ariois an^l the Cambrefts ;
with part of Luxemburg, Flanders, and
Hainault. On the other hand, part of
Guelderland, one of the United Provinces,
Itiong? tp Aullria, a^d ar,Qlher part tu
of Rome. Lou. 12 29 e, la^. 41 32 N.
Neva, a river of Rullia, which ill'ues
from the lake Ladoga, ?nd fails into the
gulf of FinJlaivJ, below Peterlburg.
Neuburc, a town of iSualiia, in the
Briigaw, lubje'H to the iioai'e of Aidfria.
It is featcd near the Rhine, 12 miles N
of Balle and 12 s of Brifach. Lon. 7 35
B, lat. 47 47 N.
Neuburg, a town of Lower Auftria,
with a fauious munaltery, ieated on the
Danube, five miles irom Vienna. Lon,
16 2OE, lat. 48 13 N.
NtVXiURO, a town of Gcunany, in
m
ti
wf
,'!i:
m
N E U
N E U
i
J
1 >
■/^■hj. :
the Juchy'of Wirtemburg, %vltli a caftle
I'eated on the Entz, 25 miles w of Stut-
gard. Lon. 8 3+E, iat. 4-8 51 N.
Neuburg, a town of Germany, in
the ciide of Bavaria, capital of a duchy
of the fame name, fubjeft to the t*kC:lor
palatine. It is i8 miks NE of Auglburo^,
and 40 sw of Katilbon. Lon. 11 10 £,
lit.^^ 45 N.
N^EUCHATEL, a territory of Swiller-
land, v/hich,vvi;hthatof Vallcngin, forimi
one principality, between the lake of
Nciichatcl and the borders of France;
extending 36 mik-s from N to s, and 18
in its grcateft breadth. By the death
uf the due hefs of Nemours, in 1707, the
fdvereignty of Nenchattl and V'allengin
was claimed by F'reaeric i ol Pniffia, as
heir to the prince of Orange; ard iiis
right was acknowledged by the Itates of
the coimtry. The conftitution is a kind
of limited monarchy. The inhabitants
aiT proteltants, except in the twodillriils
of Landeron and Cjeliier, wheie the ca-
tholics are predominant. In 1529, this
principality entered into an alliance with
the cantons of Bern, Friburg, Soleure,
and Lncern. The air is healthy and
temperate ; and it is watered by feveral
lakes and rivers. The foil is not equally
fertile, but there are large vineyards that
produce white and red wine, which laft is
excellent. The paltures on the mountains
feed a great number of all ibrts of cattle,
and there are plenty of deer in the forelts.
Neuchatel, a town of Swilkrland,
capital of a principality of the fame name.
It contains not more than 3000 fouls, and
is fituatc partly on the plain between the
take of Neuchatel and the Jura, and
partly on the declivity of that mountain.
'I'he chief article of exportation is wine,
produced from the neighbouring vine-
yarris, and mucli eiteemed ; and it has
manufaflurts of printed linens and cot-
tons. Many public works have btei^
J;iU ly executed, among which are the
new townhoufe, and a fuperb caufeway
Icadino- toward the valley of St. Imier.
Neuchatel has a great and little council;
the firit is competed of 40 perfons ; the
fccond confifts of 24 members, compre-
hending the mayor, who is prelident. It
}„ -": miles NE of Laufanne, and 25 w of
Bern. Lon. 7 o E, lat. 47 5 N.
NfUCHATtL, or YvKRDUN, a lake
of Swifferland, which ftretches about ao
miUs in length from the town of Yvtrdun
to that of Neuchatel, in a dircflion from
sw to NE, at which extremity it has a
communication with the lake oftBitinic
by a narrow outlet.
Nevf.rn, a village in Pembrokcfliir.-,
near a river cf the iamc name, one niil<;
NE of Newport. In the churchyard, on
the s fide, itands a fingle Itone, of a
iiquare fonn, 1 3 feet high and two broad ;
the top is circular, charged with a croi.->,
and all the fides are neatly carved with
knotwork of various patterns. There are
feveral other ancient tnonununts in the
pari ill.
Nkvers, a confidera'.)le town of France,
in the department of Nievre and late pro.
vince cf Nivcniois, with a bishop's ice.
It is built in the form of an aniphitiieatre,
and co!Hain:j iirvcral fine biiiklings ; par-
ticulaiiy the ancient ducal palate, in
which John CiJiiner, kii-;g of Poland, ex-
pired in 1672. It is ftattd on the Loire,
over which is a hancUbme hridg- , 15
miles NW of Moulins, and 145 se o»
Paris. Lon. 3 14 e, lat. 46 59 N.
Neufchatil, a town of France, in
the department of Lower Seine and latf
f>rovince of Normandy, noted for excel-
en*- cheefe. It is leated on the Arques,
20 rhiles se of Dieppe, and 75 NW of
Paris. Lon. i 30 e, lat. 49 46 n.
Neufchateau, a town of Auftriati
Luxemburg, 27 miles WNW of Luxeui-
burg. Lon. 5 30 e, lat. 49 53 N.
Neufchateau, a commercial town
of France, in the department of the Vol'-
ges and late province of Lorrain. It is
leated in a loil fertile in corn and good
wine, on the river Mouzon, 25 miles sw
of Nanci, and 1 50 E by s of Pari*. Lon.
5 47 E, lat. 48 24 N.
Neuhaus, a ftrong town of Bohemia,
in the circle of Bechin, with a caltlc.
Lon. 15 30 e, lat. 49 8n.
Neuhausel, a ttrong town of Uppir
Hungary, feated in a mar(hy plain, on
the river Neytracht, 1 5 miles >* w of Co-
mora, and 40 SE of Prelburg. Lon. 18
10 e, lat. 48 I N.
Nevin, or Nevvin, a town in Carnar-
vonfhiie, with a market on Saturday.
It is feated on the Lifli Sea, 20 miles s
by w of Carnarvon, and 149 wnw of
London. Lon. 4 25 \v, lat. 52 51 n.
Nevis, one of the Leeward Caribbee
Iflands, in the W Indies, divided from
the E end of St. Chriftophtrs by a narrow
channel. It has but one mountain, which
is in the middle, very high, and covered
with large trees up to the top. Here is
a hot b;ith, much of the fame nature a^
thofe of Bath, in England. It is a imar
i<land, but very fruitful, and fubjc6l tJ
the Knglilh. Charlclton is the capital.
NeumiRK, a town of Tranfylvania,
on thv.' river Mtrifch, 56 nvles N of
NEW
Claufenburg. Lon. zj 55 E> lat. 47
NeUmark, a town of Bavaria, 30
miles NNW ot' Ratifbon. Lon. ia25E,
ht.49 18 N.
Neomark, a town of Silefia, in the
jirincipnlity of Breflaw, X5 miles w by
N ov Bfeflaw. Lon. if> 4z E, lat. 515 n.
Ntus, a river of N Carolina, which en-
ters Pamlico Sovnid, below Newbcru^
wliere it is a mile and a halt broad.
Neui TADT, a town ol Lower Saxony,
in the ttuchy of Holltein feated on the
Baltic, 32 miles nne of Lubec. Lon.
II oE, lat. 5.J. 10 N.
Neustadt, a town of Lower Saxony,
in the duchy of Mecklenburg, 15 miles s
ol Schweiin» Loi;. 11 50 E, lat. 53 24 n.
Nevstadt, a town of Lower Saxony,
In the duchy of Br mfwick-Luntubmg,
with a calHe, 15 iniles NW of Hanovei-.
Lon. 9 55 K, lat. 5a 54- N.
Neustadt, a town of Lower Anftrin,
with a bilhop's lee, a Ciftle, and an arft-
nal, 30 miles s of Vienna. Lon. 16 a; e,
Jat.47 48 N.
Neustadt, a town of Franconia, in
the bifhopric of Wurtzburg, leated on
the Sale, 12- miks ne of Schweinfiirt.
Lon. 10 25 E, iat. 50 24 N.
Neustadt, a town of Germany, in
the duchy of Wirtemburg, feated on the
Kocher, 12 miles nne of Hailbron. Lon.
9 20 c, Jat.49 17 N.
N."-:usTAUT, a town of Germany, in
the palatinate of the Rhine, nine miles
N by w of Landauv Lon. 8 7 e, iat. 49 20 N .
Neuwied, a flcurii'hing ccnnmerciai
city of Germany, in the circUr ot t:he
Upper Rhine, capital of the principality
of Wied. I'he nurriber of irhabitan<:s
is bt.tv/een 6 and 7000 i the Calriniit is
the ellabliflied religion, but ail others are
tolerated ; and the Moravian^!, in particu-
lar, have here a very relpeftabit leitiement.
Neuwied is 10 milts NNW of Cobientz.
Lon. 7 25 E, lat. 50 32 N.
Newark, a flourifliing town of the
United States, in New Jerfey, with one
epifcopal and two pref[)ytcTian claaxhcs.
It has the reputation ot making the htii
cider in the world, and is nine miles w
of New York. "■
Newark upon Trent, a borough
in Nottinghamshire, with a raarket ou
Wtdnelilay. It is feated on the T ent,,
over which ig a bridge, and once had a
handlbme caitle, now in ruins. Here,
in the midit of troubles, died the inglori-
oiw king John j ad here the unfoi tunate
Charles r, after bi« defeat at Nal'eby, put
bimfelf into A« luuMk of the Scotch »Tmy,
N E \V
who aftenvard gave him up to his '.vorft
eneiiiies. Newark has a good trade, is
governed by a m.iyor, and iLmls two
members to parliameiU. It i;. 17 miles
NE of Nottingham, and 1:14 N by w of
Lon.lon. Lcin.o45\v, lat. 5} 6 n.
Nkwbern, thecounty towuof Craven,
in the llate of N Carolina, fituate at the
confluence of ihc Neus and the Trent,
499 miles s by vV of Philadelphia. Lon,
77 5 w, lat. 35 20 N.
Newburoh, a corporate town in the
li]c of AnglelL'y, with a market on Tuef-
day. It is governv'd by a mayor, and
feated on ;he Brant, 1 5 miles s\v of Beau-
maris, and 257 iS'W of London. Lon.
4 27 w, lat. 53 10 N.
Newkvrn, a village in Northumber-
land, on the w fide of Ntwcalfie, inha-
bited chiefly by colliers. Here, a part of
the army of Charles t, under ioid Con-
way, was defeated by the Scotch in
1640.
Newbury, a corporate town in Berk-
fhire, with a market on Thurfday. it i«
governed by a mayor, has a manufaduji'
of drugget;;, and its poor are chiefly em-
ployed in fpinning, Two battles were
fought near this town with dubious fuc-
ceis, between the forces of fJharles 1 and
tlie parliament, in 1643 and 1644. New-
bury is feated on the Kennet, z6 miles
s of Oxford, aitd 56 w of Londo:;. Lou.
1 12 w, lat. 51 25 N.
Newbury-Port, a town of the-
United States, in Mailachulets, where
the bufmefs of ihip- building is carried
on largely. It is fitua<-e on the river
Merrimak, iv/o miles fro:!-; the fca, and
45 E of Bodon, Lon. 71 5 w, l.-u. 42.
45 *^-
Newcastle, a town, in Carmarthen-
fl:ire, with a market on Fri<iay. It had
a fine cattle, now in ruins j :md is li;ated
on the Tyyy, jy r\iiLs n\v of Cisrinar-
then, and 219 WNW of I^ondnn. Lon,
4 30 w, lat. 5?. 4 N.
NcWCAbTl.E, or NeWCAS iV K UN-
DER LiN'E, a borough in St:!if(.>idihire,
with a market on Monday. It h.d four
churches, now reduced to one; a\id the
cartle, whence it had its r;ame, is quite
deniolilhed. It has a m-mufav-fure of
hats, is governed by a mayor, and lends
two members to parliameHt. It is itated
on a rivul'.ir, j i; miles N of Stafford, an4
149 NNW of London. Lon. 2 2 w, lat.
53 I* N.
Newcastle, or NEWcAPTt,F. t.vpom
TvNF, a huge boioiigh and fcaport in
Northumberland, fituate bet^vecn the Px6ls
Wall aa«l the Tyne,. The river is f«
I ,i).- ■::.v.(.'
-I
1 ::
m
)"v i
■ y^'i
N E W
NEW
m
m^
Hetp, ihnt (hips under 400 tons h\irdefi
may co.iiu up to the town, though the.
iargc colliers aie ftationed below, at
Miiiiiils., The town may be conrulered as
divided into two parts, of whiah Gates-
luad, on the Durham fidi;, is one ; and
V)Oih were joined hv a (lone 'oridpi:, which
orsgin-tny conlUted of 1 z arches j hut hy
the tiiibankrncnt cf the river to form
ihc qu^ys on the N fide, the.y were re-
duced to nine. In X771, a dreadhil
fiocd carried away four of thefi* archui-,
with ihmc houies that (tood upon them ;
and tJMS part of the bridge; was rebuilt in
1779. Through thiK place went part of
tliut wail which extended from fea to
lea, and was built by the Romans to
dcrrend the Britons a'c-ainit the incurfn/ns
of the l-'ifts. The town is defended i)y
a lirong wail, in which are feven gates,
and as m;u)y turrets, with feveral cafe-
inents liomb- proof ; but the caftle l.s old
and ruinous. Here is a noble exchange i
and the wall of the town, running pa-
rallel with the river, leaves a ipatioT.is
piece <jf ground between the water and
ilic wail, which being faced with free-
fone, lorms the longtit ard largeft quay
in Env/laJid, except that at Great Yar-
iruvuth. Here are four parifh churches,
b^.iide one at Gateihcad. St.. Nicholas'
eUurch itamb on the top of a high hitl,
and has a lofty fteeple of curious archi-
tcfluro, Auiorii:; the other public build-
ings is a ni;!ni!on-houfe for ihc mayors
a hail lor the furgeons , a large hoijjital,
luilt by the contributinn of the ktelmen,
for the maintensnte of tne poor of their
fraierniiyj and u;V;;ral charitable founda-
t'lon3, fituatt in the centre cf the gn.'2.t
€:;iiiei ico, wluch h;-:vc for centuriea fup-
filled London and nioft of the fouthern
farts oi the kingdcra with coal. This
trade hus bten the fouvce of great cpu-
kr.ct to Newcartlej it alio poiVeiier. manu-
fat.tu''.'S of iltei, iron, glal,i, and woollen
ciuth i and exports large quantities of
itiadi fait, falmon, butter, tuliow, aiid
j:rlf,d:h'.nes. SLips are fent hence to the
Grtt'nl md fiihery. The itrttts in the old
par': 01" the town are nairow, and the
buildings crowded together j but fouie
of the newer parts are handfoine and
coinn-.caious. 1 he iuburbs are chieily
inhabited by k^-el men } a rcugh and
fturdy r;;ce, cnn-loycd in carrying the
coai tliAvn the river in keels, or lighters,
to the huge lliips. Newcal'tle was made
a borc\ij;li by William i, and the firlt
ch:ir".v.r tcr dii:p;i'ig coal was granted by
Kenrv lij in 123,9. It is 34. jiiiles K of
Air»V'i''i v* *' ^^ York, aiid 1171 N
by w of LondoB, Lon. i a/ w, ht
55 3 ^'
NewcasYIe, a town of the United
fftatcs, in Delaware It was lettkd by
the Swedes in 1627, aiid called Stock-
holm; afterward taken by the Durch,
and culled New Amftcrdam; and falllrig
iiito the hands of the r.nglilh, it wis
called Newcaitle, It WtS the firlt town
fettled on the river Delaware, and Is 3 1;
miles, sw of Philadelphia. Lon. 75 ■;§
w, lat. 39 37 N.
Newcastle, a town of the United
States, in Virginia, leated on the Pa-
niunkey, a branch of York River, 40
miles Nw of Williandburg.
Newdzgate, a village in Surry, five
miles SE of Darking. Hurt is a nitdi-.
cinal ipring of the lame natui'e as that
of Eplom.
NewI'Nham, Cave, a rocky point of
confiderabie height, on the w ccaft of N
America, forming the N extremity of a
Va(t bay called Briftol Bay, of which the
pramontory of Alalka is the s boundary.
h was tlifcovered by captain Cook in
177S. Lon. i6a 14 w, lat. 58 4X N.
Newent, a town in Glouceiurilure,
wifh a market on Friday, fcatcd near a.
branch of the Severn, eight miles n\v of
Glouceftcr, and 114. VVNW of London.
Lon. -a :io M-', lat. 5X 56 N.
Nf.wfjdls-r.-Sea, a lake of Hungary,
T7 miles long and fix broa.d, and ao s
by \v of Fj-erburg,
New Fore. ST, a foreft in Hampfhlre,
fituate in that part of the county which
is botjnded on the E by Southampton
Water, and on the s by the Engiilb
Channel, it is ao miles in Jenglh, and
IS i" breadth 5 and has advant.iges of
fituation, wiih refped to conveyance by
waver carriage, and vicinity to the dock-
yards, (iiperior to every other foreft^ hav.
mg, in its neighbourhood, feveral places
tor fhipping timber. It w,as afioreifed by
William the C^cnqueror, who expelkd the-
inhabitants for that puvpoie, and was
then 10 miles longer than it is now.
His Ton William Kufus was killed in tiis
foreft, by an arrow fiiot by Walter,
T'yrrel, which jiad accldentaiiy glanced
again)}: :i tree, 1 ii.« ipot is pointed out
by :i triangular fltwje
Newfoundla.n.t, .-1 large ifland on
the E coail: of N America, between 4.'»
and 51° N lat. Its form is tiianguiai ;
tjie N point is feparatcd from Labrador
by the ttfait of Bt'lU'iHe, and troni this
apex it is 350 miles 1?:^ lengU; to the baitr,
which is 100 in breadth, it is a moun.
tainows;, y^'vody cyuatry, snii very cttiS,
h M-' '-^ ■*™ 1 '
ar w. hr.
the Uniied
icttkd Uj
Ikd Stock.
the Dure!),
and f'nilirig
flij it wis
: tirlt towi>
, and is
.on. 75
3 5
the United
n the Pa,
River, 40
Surry, five
is> a niedi..
rc as th;it
^y point of
coall of N
emity of a
which tlie
boundary.
Cook iij
8 41. K.
cclitrrtiirc,
:cd near a.
iltS NW of
F London.
Hungary,
and ao s
biTipfhIre,
My which
ithaniptiai
i J^ngiiilj
igih, and
ntagfs of
;yance by
ihe dock'-
ert^ hav.
i'al places
)rtnfed by
lelkd the-
and was
now.
d in tris
Wnlta,
giivviced
,ur.<:d out
lb,nd on
Nvecji 4T
ini.'ii.iiai ;
■abrador
cwu rhia
■.he baie,
}. moi-n.
NEW
Istiing covered with fnow five months in
the y«ar. It Items to have no inhabitant*
oi its own, but in the rumiirer-time n
vifited by the ElqiJiniaux Indians. It
has leveral bays and harbours, and there
aie about 500 Englifh families who con-
tinue htrc all the ytiJf, belide the garri(bn
of St. John's, Placentia, and other forts.
In the fifhlug f«albn, which begins in
May and ends in Septcnibe; , it iv refortetl
to by at leaft 10,000 people, on account
of the great fifliing-banks to the SE of
tills iiland ; for here they cure the cod,
vvlilch is carried not only to England,
but to all parts of Europe and the VV
Ijidi^. In winter, the chief tinploy-
nieiit of the inhabitants is to cut woo<l ;
and the Hnalleft kind, uied for luel, is
ijrawn by their large dogs, trairjed up
und hiirnefled for that purpofe. There js
great plenty of game, filh, and fowl, but
vojy little corn, fruit, or cattle. St.
John's is the principal lettlement.
Newhavjjn, a town of Sufl'ex, at
the mouth of the river Oufe, with a
(^«ay on the k fide. It is fcven milcis s
by E of Lewes, and 56 s of London.
Lon. o 5 E, lat. 50 48 N.
Ni-WHAVEN, a town of the United
States, in Connefticut, with a univerfity,
confilttng of one college, called Yale
College. It can-ies on a coHfiderable
trade with New York and the W India
itlaixls ; and lies round the head of a bay,
four Jiiiles N of fhe Sound, and 132 nne
vt' New York. Lon. 71 58 vv, lat. 41
JIT N.
Nkw MARKET, a town partly in Cam-
britlgeftiire, and partly in Suffolk, with a
niarket on Thurliiay. It has one parifh
in each county, but all the town is in
Suifolk. It is the mod celebrated place
in England for horferace.? i and here
Charles u built a houle for the lake of
thi« diver fjon. It is 14 miles e of Cam-
bridge, and 60 N by E of London. Lon.
0 15 E, lat. sz 40 N.
Newnham, a corporate town in
Gloucdter/hirr, with a markvi on Friday.
It IS governed by a mayor, and ftated on
tlie Severn, tight miles sw of Gloucelter,
and 112 WNvV ot J^godgfi, Lon. 2 13
W| lat. 51 46 N.
Newport, a bofou^ii In t|)# Ide of
Wight, with a market on Wcdiicfday
and Saturday. It is governed by a
mayor, and femif two member's U) par-
liament. It is fealed on the river Cowts,
which it |i4vig.tl7il« for <hiall velfels, 17
niiUs i hy s of Southampton, and 91
$w of l.tn4ifii, i^titu I li Wj lav, i?
40 N.
NEW
Newport^ a borough m ComwaJti
which has no market, but l«;nd3 two
members to parliament. It is three miles
N of Launcelton, and 214 w by s o*"
London. Lon. 4 36 Vv', lat. 50 4; n.
Newport, u town in Shropfliire,
with a market on Saturday, and a hanii-
tome frcefcliool, 17 miles E of Slircwf-
bury, and 140 NW of London. Lon. i
18 w, lat. 5z 45 N.
Newport, a town in Monmouthlliirc,
with, a market on Saturday, leated oa the
river Ulk, over which is a bridgii, 19
miles ssw of iMonmouth, *nd 151 w
by N of London. Lon. 3 4 w, lat. 51
36 N.
Newport, a corporate town in Pem-
brokelhire, with a market on Saturday,
and the ruins of a cultle. It is governed
by a mayor, ami leated at the toot of a
high hill, at the bottom of a bay of the
lame name, 18 miles ne of St. David's,
Hiid 235 WNW of London. Lon. 4 50
\v, lat. 5a 6 N.
Newport, a Icaport of the United
Stares, in Kliode Iliand. Its harbour is
one ot tlie fiaelt in the world ; and to the
w of the t()vvn is Goat liland, on which
is a fort. Newport has a hand fume ftafe*
houfe and an elegant public library. It
is ?o miles ne of New York. Lon. 71
6 w, lat. 41 35 N.
Newport-Pagnel, a town in Buck-
inghamftiire, with a market on Saturday.
It has a manufadure of bonelace, and
is feated on the Oufe, 14 miles ese of
Buckingham, and 51 nnw of London.
Lon. o 43 w, lat. 52 4 N.
New River, a fine artificial flream,
bruu^rlit from two ipiings, at CliaJwell
and AmwcU, near Wa/e, in Hertfordlliive,
for the fupply of the metropolis witlt
water. It was finiflied in 161 3, by fir
Hugh Middh ton, a citizen of London,
who expended hi? whole fortune in tluj
undertaking. This river, with all its
windings, is nearly 39 miles in length,
and is under the manag^^nient of a cor-
poration called tt»€ New River Company.
See IsiLINGTON.
NEvviiy, a borough of Ireland, in the
touaty of I>owii, /iruatr on the lid>/ cf a
Ueep hill, at the foot of which is Ntwry-
water, having over it two Itone bridges;
and there is a thiid bridge over a navi-.
g-ibie canal, by whi'.h it iias a commu-
nication with Lough Naagh and Carling,
ford Bay. It has iuifercd gt«--:ly by the
reheiUons in UUter, and was oumt by
the duke of Berwick in 1689; but it is
now to mucl' improved in trade aui
buildings, tlat it is the I;trgv^ St^-^u .a
-1^
!V V''
N E W.
tfic bounty. It 13 49 miles N of Dnhlui.
Lou. 6 20 w, lat. 5+ 15 N.
Nkwry-wai i:R, a river of Irelniul,
which kparatcs the touiuits ot ArnuuTh
and Down, ami watering Newiy, enters
Cariiiigt'ord Bay.
Newsh AM, a village in Durham, fituafe
on the Toes, hve miles from Darlington.
This being the ufiial rorcl over the river
ironi the s, the bilhop of Durham is
met here, at his Hrll: coming to the lee,
when tlie lord of S toe k bourn, jult below it,
being at the head of the country gentle-
men, advances into the middle of thC/
river, with his truncheon, and prefents
it to the bifhojj, who returns it, and is
then conduiled along amid the acclama-
tions of the populace. Here was formerly
a, nunnery.
Newsoi», a town of Upper Hungary,
with a large caftlej in which is a church,
coveretl with copper. Neai' it are the
greatcll copper-mines in all Hungary.
It is i'cated on the Gran, 10 miles N of
Chieninitz, and 50 ne of Leopolftadt.
Lob. 19 29 E, lat. 49 9 N.
Newton, a borough in Lancalhire,
with a market on Saturday. It lends
two members to parliament, and is five
miles N of Warrington, and- 190 N\V of
London. Lon. 2 45 w, lat. 5-3 2S n.
Newton, a borough in the Ifle of
Wight, which fends two members to par-
liament, but has no market. It is 14
miles s of Southampton, and 93 sw of
London. Lon. 1 16 w, lat. 50 43 N. -
Newton, a tovi'n in Montgomery-
Ihire, with a market on Saturday, leated
on the'Severn, leven miles sw of Mont-
gomery, and 169 WNW of London. Lon*
3 14 vv, lat. 52 a 1 N.
Newton-Bushel, a town in Devon-
fiiire, with a market on Wednel'day, leated
on the Teign, 1 5 miles s by w of Exeter,
and 188 wsw of London. Lon. 3 38
W, lat. 50 32 N.
Newtonstewart, 3 town in Wig-
tonftiirc, fituate on the Cree, which is
navigable for Imall veflels to within two
miltki of the town. I'here is a hafidlbme
bridge over this river, whofe month, In
Wigton Bay, affords a valuable falmon-
fifhery. Several manufai^ures have been
commenced with fuccefs in this town,
which is indebted for its rile and name
to the family of Stewart earl of Gal-
loway. It is 26 miles E by N of Port
Patrick.
Newtown, a village in Renfrewshire,
to the s of Paifley. It is noted forieveral
L'lrge print- fieldsj.
■ n.
TJ I A
Nkwtcvvn, fhe capital of the
of Bucks, in Fenniylvania,
county
five miles
i'roin the DeUiw v., and so NNt of Phi-
iad(.li)hi;i. L- . 7? i w, lat. 40 14 n.
Newtown Limavady, a boroxigh
of Ireland, in the county of Londonderry,
leattd near the e coalt of Lough Foyle,
15 miles ENii of Londonderry.
New-Year's-Harbour, a part of
Staten Land, in S America. Lon. 64
II w, lat. 54 48 s.
New-Year's-Islands, fmall iflands
of S America, en the N fide of Staten
Land.
Neylanu, a town in Sufiblk, with a
market on Friday, and a manufa6\ure
of fays and bays. It is feated on the
Stoui-, over which is a bridge, 16 miles
sw of IplWich, and 57 ne of London,
Lon. I 5 e, lat. 52 1 N.
Neytracht, a town of Upper Ilun-
gaiy, capital of a county of the fame n nne,
with a birtiop's fee. It is feai:cd on the
Neytra, 40 miles ne of Prelburg. Lcr
17 49 E, lat. 48 28 N.
NfjAN-KiNG-FOU, a rich commercial
city of China, capital of the w part of
the province of Kiang-nan. It has fix
iities of the third clafs under its jmif-
di«5tion ; is governed by a viceroy ; and
is defended by a fort, feated on the river
Yang-tfe-kiang, 175 miles Sw of Nan-
king. Lon. 116 45 E, lat. 30 35 N.
NoAN-LO-POU, a rich and populoui
city of China, in the province ot Hou-
quang, contabiing, in its diftriift, two
cities of the fecond and five of the third
clafs. It is 425 miles w by S of Nan-
king.
Niagara, a river of N America,
which forms the communication between
Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, and runs
from s to N nbout 30 miles. At the
entrance of this river, on its eaftern lliore,
is Fort Niagara; and 18 miles N of this
are thofe remarkable falls, which are
reckoned among the greateft natural cu-
riofities in the world. The waters that
fupply the river Niagara, rile near 2000
miles to the N w, and after palfing through
the l:ikes Sui>erior, Michigan, Huron,
and Erie, they rufti, with aftoniftiing
grandeur, down a ftuptndous precipice ot
140 feet perpendicular; and in a ftrong
rapid that extends to the diftance of nine
miles below, fall near as mvith mere.
The riwr then Idfes itfdf in Lake On-
tario. The noife of the Niagara Fallsr,
ia a clear day and fair wind, may be
heard above 40 miles. When the water
Itrikes xijft bottom, it rebounds to a grcsit
#
N I C
Jieif^tj and caufes a thick, cloud of
yupours, on which the I'un, when it
fiiines, p:iints a beautitiil rainbow.
NiBANO, u town of Itniy, in the duchy
of Paiina, 57 miles \v of Paima. Lon.
JO 0 E, lat. 45 5 N.
NiCARAOUA, a province of New Spain,
ill the amliencc or Guatimaia, bounded
en the N by Hondiiias, en tiie ?. by the
Atl:intic Ocean, on tlu.- SE by CcllaKica,
ami on the s\v by tlw Pacific Ocean. It
U +00 miles from e to \v, and 120 from
N to s. It is one of tlic moil fj-ultfvil
provinces in Mexico, and i^ well watered
by lakes and rivers. The ?,Ir is temjic-
jate and wholeiome; aiu! the country
produces plenty of fiigar, cochineal, and
tin;; chocolate. Leon de Nicai'agua ib the
eapttal.
Nicaragua, a lake of N America,
in a province of the lame n;ime. It
is aoo miles in circumference, has foiiie
Ulands in it, and ifretching from the city
ef Leon Nw to sE, curamunicates with
the Atlantic Ocean by the river St. Juan.
NiCARiA, an iliand of the Archipe-
kigo, between Samos and Tina, anciently
tiilkd Icaria. It is 50 miles in circum-
ference, and full of rocks; the caverns
ef which, the inliabitants, wlio are very
poor, make their abode. Thty are of
the Greek religion, about 3000 in number,
and apply themfelve$ to fwimming and
iliving for fponges, and for toods loft by
fcipwreck. Lon. a6 30 E, lat. 37 40 N.
NiCASTRO, an epifcopal town of
Naples, in Calabria Ulterlore, 17 miles
s of Coftnza. Lon. i6 21 E, iat. 39 3 N.
Nice, a county of Italy, bounded on
Ibe w by the river Var and the Mari-
time Alps, which divide it from France ;
on the N by Piedmont; on the E by the
territories of Genoa; and on the s by
the Mediterranean. It was anciently an
appendage of ProveBce> in France, but
has, for many years, belonged to the
king of Sardinia. In 1792, it was con-
quered by the French. It is 60 miles
long and 30 broad, and contains about
125,000 inhabitants.
Nice, an ancient and confiderable city
ef Italy, capital of a county of the fame
name, wiih a citadel and a biftiop's lee.
It is of a triangular form, and confined
in its htuation, having a high rock on tlie
E, the river Paglion on the w, and the
Mediterranean on the s ; from which lalt
it ib feparated by a beautiful and exten-
five terrnce, ufed as a public walk. The
harbour is on the E fide of the rock, and
callud Litnpia, from a Ihiall river that
iiAi ittto it. The exports are filk, lvv>iet
K I C
oil, wine, cordl ' rice, oranges, kmons,
and ail forts of (t itd fruits. It has liecrt
feveral times taken by the French, ami
laft of all in '791. It is four miles e of
the mouth of the Var, arul ?5 s by w of
Turin. Lon. 7 23 e, lut. 43 4a N.
Nicr, a ciiy of Alia. See Isnic.
NicHABURG, a city of Perfia, the
largell and iich'.ft in Korafan, famoin
for a mine of turcols-ftones in its neit^h-
bourhood. It is 37 mileii s of Mclched.
Lon. 57 48 L, lat. 36 30 N.
Nicholas, St. a town of France, in
the depai-tment of Meurthe and late pro-
vince of Lorrain, with a handlbme church,
dedicated to St. Nicholas, to which pil-
grims formerly relorted. It is featea on
die i\Ieurthe, five miles SE of Nanci, and
265 E of Paris.
Nicholas, Sip. a feapoit of Ruflla, In
the government of Archangel, feated at
the mouth of the Dwina, on tlxe White
Sea, fix miles s of Archangel . "
Nicholas, St. or Mole St. Ni-
cholas, a town, harbour, and cape
of the W Indies, at the nw extremity
of St. Domingo, commanding the ftrait
called the Windward Paffage. The har-
bour is nine furlongs broad at the entrnnce ;
and fhips of any burden may ride at
anchor in the bafin, even during a hur-
ricane. It vf&s taken by the Englifh,
aided by the French royalills, in 1793.
Lon. 73 20 w, lat. 19 15 N.
NiCKLESBtJRG, a town of Germany,
in Moravia, with a caftlc, 27 miles N of
Vienna.
N1CO8AR Islands, feveral Iflands at
the entrance of the gulf of Bengal.
They are almoft entirely uncultivated j
but the cocoa-nut, the mellori or lerum
(a kind of bread-fruit) and other tro-
pical fruits, grow fpontaneoufly to the
greateft perfeftion. Dogs and hogs are
the principal animals. The inhabitants
are few, and their indolence extreme.
They are tall, and well proportioned, with
black eyes, black lank hair, and dark
copper- colon red Ikins. They live in little
huts, having no towns, and go quite naked,
except a cloth about the vi^aift. They
have neither temples nor idols ; nor does
there feem to be any great fuperlority
among them. Thefe iflands extend north-
ward, from the N point of Sumatra.
The largeft of them, which gives name
to the relt, is 40 miles in length, and 15
in breadth. Its s extremity is in lon. 94
23 E, lat. 8 o N.
Nicolas, St. rne of the largeft of
the Cape de Verd Iflands, between St.
Lucia and St. Jago. It is 75 miles in
mm
\'\
N ID
N 1 G
lengthy and the land is (lony, nioui>*
tainous, and barren. Lon. 14 10 w, lat.
i6 3a N.
NicoLO, St. the moft confiderable of
the ifles of Tremeti, in the gulf of Ve-
nice. It has a harbour, iletencled by a
forti'efs, in which i« an abbey and a
church. Lon. 15 37 E, lat. 4.1 lo N.
NicoMEDiA, a town of Natolia, now
called Il'chmich, or Schinit. It was
formerly much larger, as appears by the
tine ruins } but is Itill a pbce of confe-
qutnce. It cairies on a trade in fillc,
cotton, glafs, and earthen ware ; and con-
tains 30,000 inhabitants, who confilt of
Greeks, Armi nluns, and Turks. It is
the lee of a Greek arclihilhnp, and is 50
miles s\v of Conftantinople. Lon. 29
30 E, lat. 40 30 N.
NicoroLi, a town of Bulgaria, fa-
mous for the firft battle fought between
the Turks and the Chriltians in 1396,
when the emperor Sigilmund lolt the
day, and had 20,000 men killed. It is
ieattd on the Danube, 130 miles NW of
Adrianople. Lon. 25 33 E, lat. 44. a6 n.
NicopOLi, or Glanish, an ancient
town of Armenia, built by Pompey the
Great, in memory of a vidlory gained
ovei" Mithridates. It is feated on the
Cerauna, 165 miles sw of Erzerum.
Lon. 37 55 E, lat. 38 15 Ni
Nkosia, a ftrong town, capital of
the ilUnd of Cyprus, feated between
the mountain Olympus and a chain of
other mountains. It was formerly well
fortified bv the Vemtlans, but now the
works are n ruins. It is three miles in
circumference j and there are plantations
of olives, almonds, lemons, oranges,
mulberries, and cyprefs-trces, interfperfed
among the hoult^s, which give the town
a delightful appearance. The church
of St. Sijphia is an old Gothic itru6lure,
which the Turks have turned into a
mofqiie. It is 100 miles w of Tripoli,
and 160 sw of Aleppo. Lon. 34 45 E,
Uit. 34 54 N.
NicOTEKA, a feaport of Naples, in
Calabria Ulteriore, with a bi(hop"s fee,
35 miles NE of Keggio, and 185 SE of
Naples. Lon. 16 30 e, lat. 38 34 N.
NicoYA, a town of New Spain, on
tlie Pacific Ocean, at the liottom of a
bay> 4,5 miles SE of Leon i.. Hccragua.
Lon. 88 o vv, lat. 10 15 N.
KiDAW, or NiDOW, a handlome town
of Svvifllrland, capital of a bailiwic of
the lame name, in the canton of Bern,
with a catUe. It is lituate on the lake «f
Bienne, 15 miles NW of Ben)> aud 60
bvv of Zurk.
NiKBLA, an ancient town ofSpalrt, in
Andalufia, feated on the Rio Tinto, 40
miles w of Seville. Lon. 5 56 w, lat.
37 a6 N.
NiEDERBiEBER, a village of Ger
many, in the principality of Witd,
three miles from Neuwied. Many va-
luable antiquities, and the traces ot a
Roman city, were dilcovercd here ia
1791.
NiEMECZ, a ftrong town of Moldavia,
between Soczoway and BralTaw, beirc
25 miles from each. Lon. 26 16 e, lat.
46 58 N.
NiEMEN, a large river of Poland,
which riles in Lithuania, and pafles hy
Bielica and Grodna : it afterward runs
through part of Samogltia, and Eaficni
Priiinn, where it falls into the arm of the
fea, called the Curifch-haff, by feveral
mouths, of which the molt northern is
called the Ruls, being the name of the
town it pafles by.
NiENBURG, a town of Lower Saxony,
In the duchy of Brimfwick-Lunenhiug',
with a flrong caftle. It carries on a
confiderable trade in corn and wool, and
is feated on the Wefer, 30 miles nw
of Hanover, and 37 SE of Bremen. Lon.
9 26 E, lat. 52 45 N.
NiEN Closter, a town of Lower
Saxony, in the birtiopric of Schwerin,
three miles E of Wifmar.
NiENHUis, a town of Germany, in
the bifhopric of Paderborn, feated on the
Lippe, 20 miles e of Lipftadt. Lon. i
55 E, lat. 51 50 N.
NiEPER. See Dnieper.
NiESTADT, a town of Lower Saxony,
in the duchy of Mecklenburg, 1 5 miles
S of Schwerin. Lon. 11 46 £, lat. 53
59 N.
NiESTADT, a town of Germany, in
the middle marche of Brandenburg, feaied
on the Fuyhre, 25 miles NE of Berlin.
Lon. 14 I E, lat. 52 49 N.
NiESTER. See Dniester.
NiEUPORT, a feaport of Auftrlari
Flanders, feated on the German Ocean,
at the mouth of the Yperlee. In 1383,
it was burnt by the rebels of Ghent. In
1583, it was taken by the prince of Parma.
In 1606, prince Maurice gained here a.
great viftory over the Spaniards. It has
been taken and retaken in the lubl'equent,
wars; the laft time by the French in
1794. It is nine miles sw of Oftend,
and 16 NE of Dunkirk. Lon. 2 4^ E,
lat. 51 7 N.
Niger, a river, fuppofed to be one of
the largelt in Africa. Its rife and tenni-
natioii are unknown; but its courfe i>>
I M'
N I L
N I O
fifnti E to w, running s of the em-
pire of Caflina, toward TombuiScu, on
rhc s of which country it is fuppoled to
be loft in the fands. The Africans have
two names for this river j namely, Nfvi
il Abced, or River of the Negroes, and
Netl il Kibeer, or the Great River. They
alfo term the Nile, Neel Shem, or the
Egyption Riverj fo that the term Neel,
whence our Nile, is nothing more than
the appellative River, like Ganges or
Sinde. So great is the rapidity with
which the Niger travcrfes the empiri. of
Caflma, that no veffel can afcead the
Itream ; and in the rainy feaibn, it fwells
above its banks, floods the adjacent lands,
and often Iweeps before it the cattle and
cottages of the inhabitants.
NiGRITIA. See Negroland.
NiKOPiNc, a town of Tenmark, ca-
pital of the ifland of Fr»liier, or Hulfter,
in tlie Baltic, with a ftrong fort, 55 miles
sw of Copenhagen. Lon. iz 7 E, lat.
54 50 N.
NiKOPiNG, a town of Sweden, m Su-
(iermania, 60 )niles sw of Stockholm,
ton. 16 40 E) lat. 58 40 N.
Nile, a great river of Africa, which
rifes at the foot of a high mountain in
Abylfinia. It runs firft through the great
lake Dambia, and tlien makes a long
circuit toward its fource, which it leaves
25 miles to the E, fornaing a fort of pe-
ninl'ula; after this it runs through the
remaining part of Abylfinia into Nubia,
and then into Egypt, till it arrives at
Cairo; a little below which it divides
itfelf into two great branches, which,
with the Mediterranean Sea, form the
illand called Delta. The ancients reckoned
1 1 mouths of the Nile, of which feven
were confideiable ; but at prefent there are
only two that are navigable at all times ;
and thole are at Rofetto and Damietta.
In the middle of this river, between Old
Cairo and Gize, is feated the ifland of
Rodda, which is almoft as long as Old
Cairo, and 500 paces in breadth in the
middle; and the front of the Mokias takes
up ail the breadth of the fouthem part.
This is the work of the Saracens, and
derives its name from ifts ufe, for it fig-
nifies meafure. In reality they obferve
there every day, by means of a graduated
cohimn, the increal'e or decreafe of the
waters of the Nile; and thence the public
criers regulate the prociamations they
nuke of ^thefe events, at different hours,
through the city. On fome places of
this river there are reeks, -whence the
water falls fcvcral feet, and thel'e arc
©alltd the catarafts of the Nik. It over-
fliAvs ngulaily every year, from the i ^fh
of June to the 17th of Sept. when it
begins tu dicrealb. The fertility ci
Egyjit depends up(;ii the ovoi flowing of
tlie Nile; and they r-ckon it will be a
bad year when it is lefs than 14. cubits,
and above 18, but 16 cub;(s is the proper
lieight. During th6 inundation, the li.tie
towns, i^anding upon eminences, h.ok like
16 many illands; and they go uom one
to the other by boats. In Cairo there is
a canal culled Khalis, which is opened
when the water is high cnoi:..;.; thence
it is conveyed into relervoirs and (litems,
and is afterward diftributed into the fields
and gardens, as occafion requires. This
inundation of the Nile is caufed by the
periodical rains which fall every year
between the tropics, and more particu-
larly in Abyflinia, which is full of high
motmtains. See Niger.
NiMEGUEN, a large and commercial
city, capital of Dutch Gueiderland, with
a citadel, an ancient palace, and fcveral
forts. It is noted for the peace concluded
here in 1695; and has been often takea
fmce, the laft time by the French in 1794.
It is feated on the Wahal, 35 miles se
of Utrecht, and 70 ne of Antwerp. Lon.
545 E, lat; 51 ss N.
NiNG-KOUE-FOU, a cityof China, in
the province of Kiang-nan, noted for its
manufaftures of paper, made of a fpccics
of i-eed } and containing, in its diftritl, fix
cities of the third clafs.
NiNG-PO-FOcr, called by the Europe-
ans LlAMPO, "an excellent feaport of
China, in the province of Tche-kiang.
The filks manufaiJlured here are much
eftcemed in foreign countries, efpecially
in Japan, where they are exchanged by
the Chinefe for copper, gold, and filver.
NIng-po-fou has ionr cities under its ju-
rildiftion, befide a great number of fcr-
Irefibs, and is feated on the e coaft, op-
pofite Japan, 850 miles se of Pekin.
Lon. 120 18 E, lat. 29 57 N.
Nino VE, a town of Auftrisya Flanders,
on the rirer Dender, with an abbey,
13 miles w of BruflTels. Lon. 4 5 e, lat.
50 $i N.
Nio, an ifland of the Archipelago, to
the s of Naxia, anciently called Ics. It
is 35 miles in circumference, and fertile
in corn, but has very little wood or oil.
The regular manners, and the behaviour
of the inhabitants to eacli other, revives
an idea of the fimplicity of the piimitive
sges ; and their kind trea:;ment of (tiamjeis,
appwirs to be the genuine remains ot an-
cient hofpitaiity. Lon. 25 35 w, lali
36 43 N.
E "
'I
-m )
^lU(iiA
N I T
N O I
m 1 '
NiORT, n town of p'l-ancc, in the de-
}iai tiiicnt of the Two tJevrts and lute pro-
vi\ice oi i'oitou. }Ieic arc i) aniuailurtd
rl: u^gets, I'ci gcs, and oth.v co.irle vvoolltn
t^oods; and Us dry fweetnicuta are much
titcumed. It is 28 miles ne of RochcUe.
Lt'H. o 3-5 \\, lat. 46 zo N.
NiPlioN, the Lugtft ifland of Japan,
6co niilfs long and 150 broail, contain-
ing 55 provii'CfS. It VIS diicD^ertil, in
J 54i, bv the Portvguel'e, who wtre caft
on lliovc liy a tDiipert. 'Jlic chief town
ib Jcdo.
NiSHNEi - N0VOGOR.OD, a town of
Riilfia, in a govcinnient of the fame
n.imc, with a citiulel, and an archicpifcopal
fes. It is ftated on a mountain, at the
confluence of the Voig.i and Occa, 2•J^o
nilks E hy N ot Moicow. Lon. 46 30 E,
lat. 56 34 N.
NisiBEN, or Nes.tin, a vei-y ancient
and celebraied town of Diarhecit, now
only the ihadow of what if was,- and I'eated
in a valt pb.in, 70 miles sw ot Diarbekar.
Lon. 38 zd E, lat. 36 10 N.
NisiTA, a fniall iiland on the coaft of
Naples, very fertile, and would be more
fo but for the great number, of rabbits.
It has a, harbour, called Porto Pavone.
NisMES, a fiourllhing city of France,
in the departintnt of Gard and late pro-
vince of Languedoc, with.a bifhopls fee.
Here are feveral monuments of antiquity,
of which, the amphitheatre, iuilt by the
Romans, is the principal, 'I'he Mailbn
Quarree, or the Iquare. houfe, is a piece
of archite<Rure of the. Corinthian order,
and one of the fineft in the world. The
fcmnle of Diara is, in part, gone to ruin.
Nilmes was tukcn by the Englifli in 141 7.
The inhabli:ants were all Calvlnilts; but
Lewis XIV ^IcmoUflicd their church, in
16S5, and built a caltle to keep them in
awe. The population 0} Nil'mts is com-
puted at near 50,000. It is leated in a
plain, abounding in wine and oil, 12
mik's Nvv cf Aries, and 75 nh of Nar-
bonne. Lon. 4 26 e, lat. 43 51 n.
NissA, cr.NESsAVA, a town of Tur-
nkey in Europe, ip Servia. It was burnt
by the imperialilts in if.ti9, and is Itated
on the Moruva, 20 miles e of Pit cop, aud
120 SE of iljl^Tade, Lon. 22 32 H, lat.
43 32 N.
iSiTH, a river in DumfuLsflnie, which
riles in the iru-unraiii-s to Uie nvv, and
gives tl:e nauK; of Nithldaie to that part
of the county through which it fiov/s.
A little above Dumfries, it joins tl>e
Gairne, and ihclr united ifrcams form a
^ine eftuary in Sol way Frith.
KiiRiA. a famous defert of Egypt, 37
i
miles in length, on the coaft of the Me-
diterranean Sea. It !wd formeiiy a griul
number of munalteries, which arc now
reduced to four} and it takes its name
from a fait lake, out of which is got tiie
natruin of the ancients.
NiVELLE, a town of Auftri.m Brn-
bant, remarkable for its abbey of noble
canoneiVes, whole abbess is /tylcd princefs
of Nivellj. Here ;dlo is Jch;i ot Nivdle,
fo tnucii admireil by the cuinnion peophj
wliich is the figure of a m.'n in iron,
Itauding on the top of a tower near the
clock, who ftrikus the hours with a ham-
mcr. The place enjoys great privili^es,
and has a manufacture of camlirics.' It
is 15 miles SE of BrulTels. Lon. 436
E, lat. 50 35 N.
NivERNOis, a late province of France,
between Burgundy, Kdurbonnois, and
Jierry. It is pretty fertile, contains minis
of iron, and is Watered by a great nuinbtr
of rivers, of which the Loire, AUier, and
Yonne, are tlit,- principal. It now forms
the department of Nievre.
NiXABOUK, a town of Perfia, in
Korafan, 80 miles SE of Mefched. Lon.
61 32 B, lat. 35 40 N.
NiXAPA, a confiderable town of New
Spain, with a rich Dominican convent.
The country near it produces a great deal
of indigo, cochineal, and fugar. It is
30 rniles SE of Antetiuiera, Lon. 97 15
w, iat. 16 42 N.
Nizza-della-Paglia, a town of
Italy, in Montferrat, feated on the Belbo,
15 miles sw of Alexandria. Lon. 8 36
E, lat. 45 15 N.
NoANAGUR, a town of Hindooilan
Proper, capital of a diftrift, on the s coaft
of the gulf of Cutch, inhabited by a pira-
tical tribe, called Sangarians. It is 300
miles Nw of Bombay.
NocERA, an ancient town of Italy, in
the duchy of Spoletto, with a bilhop's
fee ; leated at the foot of the Appennints,
18 miles NE of Spoletto. Lon. 12 49 e,
lat. 43 I N.
Nogera-di-Pagani, a town of Na-
ples, in Terra di Lavora, 15 miles s of
Naples. Lon. 14 20 E, lat. 40 36 N.
NoGENT-suR-SEiNE,atownof France,
in the department of Aubc and late pro-
vince of Champagne, feated on the Seine,
25 miles NW of Troyes. Lon. 3 40 E,
lat. 48 30 N.
NOGENT-LE-ROTROU, a town of
France, in the department of Ji)ure and
Loire and late province of Bcauce, feated
on the Huifne, 35 miles NE of Mans.
Lon. o 50 E, lat. 48 26 N.
NoiR, Cape, a promontory of S
Ainei
lueg<
No
near i
miles
or bo
I'ht i
on it
the 1.1
No
Terr;
iUik'S
(
I'Oud
111
NOR
NOR
w
America, at the s extremity of Terra del R Gothland. It covers a large fpnce of
lueLja. Lon. 7 :; 3 w, hit. 5+ 31 s
grouinl, being lomilrs in circuniiirtnci
NoiPMOTiiR, [\i\ illand uf France, hut the hovilts arc Icatteiod, and the
m-
iiiui' t !ie mouth ol the i iver Loire. It is 1 7
n'lki in length and eigiht in breadth, lull
or" bogj, and yet tlieie uie gooil palliues.
The Knglilii n'.ade an unluceelst'iii attaci:
oil it in 1795. J he prineipal town is of
the la;iic naiuj. Loi. z 10 \v, hit. 47 o N.
NoLA« an ancient tuwn of Naples, in
Tcri I di Lavora, wiih a liiiIio)rs lee, 10
wnki M' of iSaples. Lon. 14 a8 t, hit.
+0 56 N.
Noli, a town of Italy, in the tcrri-
r^;y ot (/i.n;;a, Vvltli a billion's I'te, and u
I'ood harbour. It is nve mdes Nu ot Fi-
1 il, and 30 s\v or Genoa. Lon. 8 41 e,
111. 44 J 8 N.
NoMBRH-DE-Dios, a lown of Terra
Fivinu, in t.'te province of iJarlen, a little
1: ot Por;o-ijefloj to which its once flou-
niliing trade is now transferred. Lon.
yi! Vt W, lat. 9 4c M.
i\oMENV, a to-.v;-) of France, in the
...Dannient of iVIeurthe and late pro-
' 'i. ■)t Lorrain, icated on the Selle, 15
I? ■„ ;■ N ci Nar.ci. Lon. 6151:, lat. 48
56 . .
NoN, Cape, a promontory ot Africa,
oppolite the Canary Illands. The Por-
t»igu>.*lt;, iu tiicir firlt attempts to explore
the \v coalt of Al'rica, loni; confideied
this promontory as an impatlable boun-
dary. 'Ihis its name imports ; but they
liuubled it, at iait, in 14 12. Lon. 10
30 w, lat. 28 30 K.
Nona, a ftrcng town of Hungarian
Dalm:'.tia,\vith a bilhop's lee. It io Hat-
ed near the lea, leven miles N by w of
Zaia. Lon. 16 10 E, lat. 4.4 35 n.
N00R.DEN, a corliderable town of
Wdtphalia, 1 2, miles N of Lmbdcn. Lon.
7 5 i^y lilt- S3 3'^ w-
KooTKA. bee King George's
Sound.
NoRCiA, a town of Italy, in the duchy
of Spoletto. It is a kind of republic,
and leated among the- mountains, ;o miles
SE of Spoicito.. Lou. 13 4 E, lat. 41
36 N.
NoRD. See North.
NoRDBURc;. a town of Denmarkj at
♦he N extreiniry ol the ilie of Alfen, with
a caltle, nine miles ^^sw of Sundeiburg.
NoRDGAw. bee Bavaria, Upper
PALAflNATE OF.
NoRDHAUbEN, an imperial town of
Lower Saxony, under the protection of
the eledor of Saxony. The inhabitants
are pioteltants. It is 2,5 miles sw of
Halberitadt. Lon. 11 3 E, lat. 51 45 n.
NoROKiopiNG, a town of Sweden, in
habitants do not exceed 10,000. The
river Motala flews through tlie town,
iuims a leiies 'if CataratHs, and is divided
into lour principal (ticams-, which encir-
cle itvtial rocky iflands, covered with
buik'llngs: at the extremity of the town
it is navigable for fmall vefiels. Hera
:Me iiiaLutadtui-es of cloth ; fomc Aigar-
lAHiles, and a brafs foundry. Corn is
exported hence in great quantities j ar.d
a lahncii-fifliery gives employment and
ilthes to rtcMiy of the inhabitants. It ij
90 miles sw of Stockholm. Lcn. ij
50 R, lat. 53 -8 N.
NoRor./vNn, a province of Northed
Norway, included in the government of
Drontlitim.
NoKni.iNCEN, a commercial and free
imptrinl town of Suabia, fcated en the
Aigre, 38 miles n,v of Augfburg. Lon.
II 49 E, lat. 48 57, K.
NoRDSTRAND, an iilanc! of Denmark,
in the duchy of Slelwick, which was
entiiely oversowed in 1634.' Lon. 9 15 E,
lat. 54 40 N.
Norfolk, a coiin'y of England, jr
miles long and 45 br;;ad 5 bounded on th<i'
N and E by the Gtrmnn Ocean, on the'
W by Cambridgefliire and Lincolnihire,
and on the s and se by Suffolk. It con-
tains 31 hundreds, one city, 32 market-
towns, and 660 pariihes j'and fends la
members to parliament. The proda!-^s'
vary accourding to the Ibil and lituation.
The ligluer aiabk lands piod'.xe baiky
in great plenty; wheat is cuhiv.'ted in
the Ifronger Ibiis; and turnips arc moio
generally grown here than in any other
part of the kingdom. ' Much buck-wheat
is alio grown in the light icils, and uii;d
for feeding I'wine and poultry. T he fen-
ny parts yield great quantities of butter,
which is iisnt to London under the nmig
of Cambridge butter. The ftieep are a
hardy linall breed, much valued for their
mutton. Turkies are reaied here to a
larger iize than eliewhere ; rabbits are
extremely numerous on the fandy heudis j
and there is abundance of game, el'peci-
ally of pheaCants. The air is fliarp r.nd
piercing, v/hich throws the Itiafcns moit;
backward than in other counties under
th& fame latitude; but it is vtry whole-
fome, particularly in the inland parts.
The manufaifureb of Nortolk are worlted,
woollen, and Clks. Its principal rivers
are the Great Oul'c, i^ien, Little Ouk-,
Waveney, Yare, and Eure. Norwich is
the capital.
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NOR
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I
Norfolk, a town of the Unite4
States, the moft populous in Virginia,
feiitcd on James Kiver, 105 miles se of
Hicbinond. Lon. 76 25 w, iat. 35 40 n.
Norfolk Island, an illand in the
Pacific Ocean,' lying E of New S Walts,
and fettled by a colony of cunvifls, fub-
ordinate to that government. It is very
hilly, but ibine of the viUics are tolerably
large. Mount Pitt, the only remarkable
hill, is 11,000 feet high. The whole
idand is covered by a very thick forcft,
choked with underwood, and tlw princi-
pal timber tree U the pine, which is very
ufcfnl in buildinjr, and leenis to be du-
rable. The foil, wh«n cleared, mav be
rendered very prodkicllve ; and the air is
very wholelbme. The fpring is percep-
tible in Augufi: ; but the trees are in a
conftant fucccffion of flowcjing and fruit-
ing the year round r In fummer, the
heat is exceffive} fioin February to Au-
guft may be called the rainy leafon ; and
the winter, from April to July, is veiy
pleafant. This iiland is fupplied with
many dreams of good water, which
abound with very hne eds. The cliffs
round the coaft are 240 feet high, quite
gerpendicular ; and the want of a fate
arbour is a great inconvenienc. The
fetlement is formed in Sydney Bay, on
the S fide of the iiland, in lon. t68 12 B,
Iat. 29 4 s.
Norland, one of the five general di-
vifions of Sweden, comprehending the
provinces of Geftrikeland, HeWlngland,
Medelpadia, Hiemtland, Herjedalia, On-
germania, and Well Bothnia.
Normandy, a late province of France,
bounded on the \v by the Atlantic, on
tlie N by the Englifli Channel, on the E
by Picardy and the Ifle of France, and en
the s by Perche, Maine, and Bretagne.
It is one of the moft fvrtile in France, and
abounds in all things except wine, but
tliat defe^ is fupplied by cider and perry.
It contains iron, copper, and a great
number of rivers and harbours. This
province now forms the departments of
Calvados, Eure, the Channel, Ome, and
Lower Seine.
NORRiSTOWN, a town of the Uaited
State*, capital of the county of Montgo-
mery, in rennfylvania. It i» feated on
tlve river Skuykill, 12 miles HW of Phi-
ladelphia. LoN. 75 24 w, Iat. 40 7 N.
North, or Norp, a department of
France, including the late French pro-
vinces of Hainault, Flajiders, and the
• Cambrefls.
North Cape, the mofl northern pro-
montory of Europe, on the coaft of Nor-
M-^), Lon. jj 57 £, ht, 71 zc a.
North Coast, a department ot
France. See Cotes dv Nobd.
Northallerton, a borough in the
N riding of Yorkfhire, with a vnaikct on
Wednelday. It fends two n-^fmbers to
parliament, and is feated on a fmaH
brook, which, a mile below, runs into
the river Wifk. It is a well-built trad-
ing place, 30 miles NNW of York, and
223 N by \v of London. Lon. i 20 w,
Iat. 54 -23 N.
Northampton, a county of Pennfyl-
rania, 1 1 1 miles long and 35 broad. In
1790, it contained 24,250 inhabitants.
Eafton is the capital.
Northampton, the county-town of
Northamptonfliire, with a market on Sa-
turday. It is feated on the Nen, which
is navigable to Lynn, and its principal
manufa^ure is that of boots and fhoc«,
of which many are made for exportation.
The horfe fairs of this place are greatly
relbrted to. It is a handfome town, has
a fpacious market-place, and had feven
churches, which are now reduced to few.
It was almoft intirely deflroyed by fir«
in 1675, but was loon rebuilt. It fends
two members ,:o parliament, is governed
by a mayor, and has a good freefchool,
and' a county infinnary and gaol. la
the meadows below the town, a battle
was fought, in 1460, between Henry vi
and the Yorkifts, in which the former
was defeated and made prifoner ; and near
it is a fine Gothic ftrufture, called Queen s
Crofs, crefted by Edward i in memory of
his queen Eleanor. Tliis town is 30
miles SE of Coventry, and 66 Nv/ of
London. Lon. i 11 w, Iat. 5% 11 n.
Northamptonshihe, a county of
England, 60 miles long and 22 where
hruadefl; bounded on the s by Bucks and
Oxfordfhire, on the w by that county and
Warwickfhire, on the NW by Leiceftei-
fhire and Rutlandfhire, on the N by Lin-
colnfhire, and on the E by the counties of
Cambridge, Huntingdon, and Bedford.
It lies in the diocefe of Peterborough ;
contains 20 hundreds, one city, 12 mar-
ket-towns, and 33oparifhes; and fends
nine meml)ers to parliament. The air
is very healthy, except in the NE part
near Peterborough, which is the com-
mencement of a fenny traft extending f
the Lincohifhire Wafh. With this fin-
gle exception, NorthampCosAiii'e is faid
to contam lei's wafte ground^ and moic
feats of the nobility and gentry', than any
other country. Its greateft bcfefl is a
fcarcity of fuel, which is but Icantily
fupplied by its woods j and though coal
is brought by the river Nen»^ it is at a
very dew rate, TM$ county, b»wcvej>
NOR
fofTcflcs fome confiderable remains of its
old forefts, particularly thole of Rock-
ingham on the NW, and of Salcey and
Whittlcbury on the s. Its nrodufts are,
jn general, the fame with thole of other
farming counties ; out it is peculiarly
celebrated for grazing land. Horned
cattle, and other animals, are fed to ex-
traordinary fizcs ; and many horles of th»*
large black breed are reared. Woad for
tlie^ diers is cultivated here ; but the
county is not difttnguifhed for manufac-
tures. Ihe principal rivers arc the Nen
and Wei land j befide which it is partly
watered by the Oufe, Leam> Chei-wel^
and Avon.
NoRTHCURRY, a town in 5omerftt-
ihiie, with a market on Tueiilay and Sa-
turday. It is feated on the Tone, lo
miles SW of Wells, and 134 W by s of
London. Lon. 3 o w, lat. 51 o n.
NoRTHFLEET, a Village in Kent,
fcatcd on the Thames, one mile w of
Gravefijnd. The church is very large,
and contains fi-agraents of monuments as
ancient as the fourteenth century. Vaft
quantities of lime are made, and great
numbers of extraneous folHls have been
dug up here.
NoRTHEiM, a commercial tows of
Lpwer Saxony, in the duchy of Brunf-
wick, ieated between the Khume and
Leina, 4.5 miles s of Hanover. Lon. 7
10 E, lat. 51 4^ U.
NoRTHLECH) a corporate town in
Glouceilerfhire, with a market on Wed-
nefday, feveral almAioufes, and a free
grammar-fchool. It is feated on the
Lech, 25 miles E of Gloucefter, and 80
y,' by N of London. Lon. i 43 w, lat.
51 4.6 N.
Northumberland, a county of
England, which received its name from
being fttuate N of the Humber. In the
Saxon heptarchy it was a part of the
kingdom of the Northumbrians, which
contained alfo the counties of York, Lan-
cafter, Durham, Cumberland, and Weft-
tnorland. It forms the N extremity of
England, and is bounded on the E by the
German Ocean, on the s by the bifliopric
of Durham, on the sw and w by Cum-
berland, and on the NW and N by Scot-
land, from w' ich it is feparated by the
Tweed. It extends 70 miles from n to s,
and 50 from E to w. It lies in the dio-
cefe of Durham; contains 11 market-
towns, and 460 parishes ; and fends eight
members to parliament. The air is ex-
tremely healthful ; and, from the fitua-
tion ot the county between two feas, in
{he nairowelt pm of Great Sritain, it ii
NOR
not fo cold as might be imagined from
the latitude in whi"ch it lies. The foil is
various j the E pirt fiuitfal in moft forts
of corn, with rich meadows on the banks
of the rivers ; but the w part is mofUy
heathy and mountainous. The se part
abounds with coal ; and the sw angle hag
rich lead mines. The principal rivers
are the Tyne, Tweed, and Coquet. Aln-
wick is the county-town j but the largeft
is Newcaltle.
Northumberland, a county of
Pennfylvania, 180 miles long and to
broad. In 1790, it contained .7,161 in-
habitants. Sunbury is the capital.
Northumberland, a town of Penn-
fylvania, ieated in the angle formed by
the junaion of the w and e branches of
the Sufquehannah, j«ft above Sunbury*
and 138 miles N\v of Philadelphia.
Northwich, a town in Che(hire|wirh
R niarket on Friday. It is feated on the
river Dane, and noted for its falt-works.
Vaft pits o*' Iblid rock fait have been dug
hei-e to a gieat depth, from which immen<e
c]uantitieti are raif«jd j and much of it, in
its crude llate, goes to Liverpool by the
river Weaver, to be exported. North-
wich is so miles NE of Chefter, and 17 j
Nw of London. Loo. % 36 w, lat. 5}
16 N.
Norton, or Chipping Norton, a
crrporate town in Oxfordfhire, with a
market on Wednefday. Roman coins
have been frequently found here, and it
formerly fent members to parliament. It
is 12 miles sw of Banbury, and 74
NW of London. Lou. i 17 w, lat. 51
55 N.
Norton Sound, an inlet of the fea*
on the w coait of N America, difcovere^
by captain Cook in his laft voyage. Lon.
16a 47 w, lat. 64 55 N.
Norway, a kin^om of Europe, the
moft wefterl^ part of the ancient Scandi*
navia. It is bounded on the n and w
ly the Noriliem Ocean, on the e by Swe-
difli Lapland and Sweden, and on the s
bv the Categate ; extending from the
Naze in lat. 57 30, to the North Cape
in lat. 71 20. Its breadth, which is very
unequal^ is from 30 to 280 miles. It
is divided into the four governments of
Aggerhuys or Chriftiania, Chriftianfand,
Bergen, and Drontheim. From its rocky
foil and northern pofition, Norway is not
populous in profiortion to its extent. Mr.
Coxe has calculated the number of inha>
bitants to be 750,000. They maintain
their own army, which conlifts of 24,009
foot and 6000 cavalry. Their troops aie
much cj^ecmed for their bravery, a^d»
Ee 3
I
*t*|
NOR
NOT
h
I
If
like the Swifs mountaineers, are exceed-
ingly attached to thi.ir country. Nor-
way U blefled with a particular coile,
called the Norway Law, compiled by
GriefFclkld, at the conunaiiJ ot' Chril-
tian V, ibe great legill;itor of his coun-
try. By this law, pealants are free, a
few only excepted on fome nohle eftates
near Frcdericrtadt ; and the bmefits of
this code areviiible in the great diHerence,
in their appearance^, b-twcen the free pea-
sants in Norwr.y and the enilaved vallals
of Denmark, though both living under
tlie faiiie government. The Norwegian
peufawts pofTels much fpiiit and fire in
tht;ir manner. ; are frank, open, and un-
<iaunted, yet not infolent j never fawn-
inj; to their fuperiors, yet paying proper
refp^ft tt) thole above them. The fame
caulls which iifFe.51 the population of Nor-
way, operate likewiie on the ftate ct til-
lage, for the country docs not produce
fuHIcient corn for its own confuinption }
hut it is rich in palhue, and produces
much cattle. Tlie filheries; particularly
on the w .cor.il, find employment and
wealth for ih*' natives, and iupply the
iineft failors fo,- the Danilh fleet. 'I'hc
>rlncipal fifli, which, dried and. failed,
iurnifli a confidcrable article cf expor-
tation, are cod, ling, and whiting ; their
livers alio yield trainoil } and the fmallelt
nre giveri as winter fodder to the cattle.
The extenfive foreds of oak and pine
produce timber, fpars, beams, and planks,
befide chaixoal, turjtutine, bark, fuel,
and even manure ; and the birch (tlie
jiark of which is uied as a covering for
the roofs of houfts) not only iiipplics
fuel, but alfo a kind of wine. 'J'he gc-
reral exports are tallow, butter, fait, dried
^fli, tiinber, planks, horlcs, horned cattle,
fdver, alum, Frulfian blue, copper, and
iron. It abounds in lakes and rivers j
the former i'o huge, that they ap ear like
inlets of the leu. Norway was formerly
governed by its own hereditary ibvireigns.
On the dcniiie of flagcn v, in 1 3 1 <;, with-
out male iirue,his grandl'un in the female
linj, Magnus Smck, united in his p^rfon
the kingdoms of Sweden and Nc,r\v;;y.
MaQ;niis \vas fuccctdcd in the kingdcm
cf Norway by his fon Hagen vi, luii-
band of the celebrated Maigaret; and,
at his dcceafp, in 1^80., Norway was
vnited to Denmark by tlieir ion Okf v,
who dying witlj^ut illue, Marg::ret hcr-
ielf was raifed to the throne by the una-
nimous yoice of the nation. On. her
death, it dclceijded, with Denmark and
Swvdtu, to her nephew Eric. Sweden
was afterward ; feparated liom Denmark
by the valour and addrtls of Gullavus
Vafa; but Norway continues united to
Denmark. TJie capi al is Chriltiania.
Norwich, an ancitn*- and populous
ci:y, the capital of Norfoiic, with a mar-
kel on Wedneiday, Friday, and Satur-
day. It is furroundcd by a wall, now
much decayed, and feated on the Yare,
which runs through it, and is navigable
to Yarmouth, without locks. Although
of confiderable extent, vke population is
not lb great as might be cxj;e(!:"ted, as it
contains a number of gardens and or-
chards within the walls. It is a county
of itiielf, governed by a mayor, and iends
two nie.iiljcrs to parliament. 'I here aie,
befide the cathedral, 36 parifli churchts,
fome of which were tonntrly cov^ red witli
thatch; two diur<;hes for the Flemings,
fome dirt'enting meeting- houfis, and a
Roman catholic chufitl. It has a (tattly
caitie, on a hill, which is the (iiiro-houie
aiid the county gaol ; the alilz'^s for tin-
city being l;cid at the Guild'.iall. Kcie
is alio a city and county hoipital, a tlit-
atre-royal, an elegani airembly-room, and
a lofty market- houle of freeltone. Th,e
ancient dukes of Norfolk had a palace
here, which is iiill in exifttnco as a work-
houi'c. Here alio is a freelchcol, tctinded
by Edward vi, and fevtral other chiri-
tahle foundations. Near this city are the
ruins of the caltle cf Kctt, the tanntr,
by whofe rebellicn, in the reign of Edr
ward vt, the city was reduced to a nin-
ous ft;il.e. Norwich long took the had,
in point cf confequcnct, among the in-
l-.n^.d towns : for tlilo it was indebted t'j
its great nianufa6'tu:es of crapes, boni-
bi/ines, and itufTs of various kinds, which
are ft ill confiderable, though fomewhat
declined, on account of the rivah.:ip of
the cotton brandus. It is 4.;; miles N of
Jpiwich, and 109 sz of J-oiuion.^ ' Lon. 1
20 E, lat. 51 4.0 N.
NoRwtfH, a town of the Unite!
States, jti CcnnfCfifUt, feated at«the hind
of the Thames, i:'- miles N of Ntw
London ; at v.-hlc'i place anil Norwich the
ex>;cutive co'irtK of \:.\\ a;-e held alternate-
ly. Here ait- made paper of all kirds,
ftockings, dnc butters, (lone and earthen
ware, and all kinds of Targe work.
NoTtBLRGH, a town of Ruflla, in
the governn-.tnt of Feteifljurgh, leated cii
an ilLuivl ia the lake Ladoga, at the
place w'.iere tlie river Neva proceeds from
this lake. It h.s a good citadel, and v/a^
capital of Ingriu, before I'tterfi)urgh was
built. It is 15 miles e of Peterjburgh.
Lon. ■^i 9 £, lat. 59 56 N.
NoTO, an ancient town of Sicily, ca-
NOT
NOV
pital of Val-di-Noto. It was ruined by
an earthquake in 1693, but another town
was built at Ibme diltance from it, called
Noto Nuovo. It h 22 roil^s sw of 6y-
racule. Lon. 15 19 E| lat. 36 50 N.
NoTTiNr.HAM, the county-town of
Nut tinghamfliire, with a market on Wed-
oelciay and Saturday. It is fltuate on »
rocky eminence, crov/ned by its caftlej a
magnificent modern lb'u£lure, belonging
to the duke of Newcaltle, and built on
the lite of an anci<;nt fortreiis, celebrated
in Englifli hillory. It is a populous and
handlome town, didlnguiihed by its ipa-
cious market-place, and noted tur its ex-
cellent ale. It is one o( the principal
feats of the (tocking manufa(5liu'e, par-
ticularly of the finer kinds, as thole of
fiik and cotton; and has ahb a manufac-
ture of coarfe eaithcn ware. It has three
parifh churches, and fevtral meetings for
the dilTenters. It is remarkable fur its
vaults^ or cellars, cut into the rock ; and
in the neighbourhood are many coalpiti>,
which afford plenty of fuel, at little ex-
pence. At this^ town Charles i let up
bis ftandard, at tUe commencement of tiie
civil war, which terminated in his de-
ftruftion. Nottingham is governed by a
mayor, fends two members to parliament,
and is feated on a river, which comn.u-
nicates with the Trent, one mile to the
s. It is 16 miles e of Derby, ana 1x3
N by w of London. Lon. i 2 w, lat.
5* 58 N-
Nottinghamshire, a county of
England, 48 miles long and 20 broad;
bounded on the N by Yorkfhire and Lin-
colnfhire, on the e by the latter county,
on the s by Leiceltcrihire, and on the w
by Derbyfhire. It lies in the diocele of
York ; contains eight hundreds, nine mar-
ket-towns, and 168 parilhes} and fends
cigiit members to p rliament. It enjoys
I'uch a temperature of foil and cliir.atc,
as 10 render it one of the molt fertile and
pleai'ant counties in England. The prin-
cipal rivers are the Trent and Idk-. Al-
niolt the whole of the middle and weftern
parts of the county were formerly occu-
pied by the extenlive forelt of hhirwood,
which is the only roy;d forcft N of the
Trent ; but the wood has in many parts
been cleared, and tlie ej^tent of the. t;<rL'ft
much contrailed. The chiet produl-ts of
this county are coal, yf which there is
great plenty ; a kind of ftone Ibmewhat
like alabalter, but not lb hard, which,
when burnt, makes a plalter exceedingly
hard, and with, .this the,>inhabitant;i^ gene-
rally lay the Aoofs pf tUcir upper ruuins,
inftead of boarding them : its other crm-
modities are mult, wool, licoiice, and
wooil. The nianufaiitures chiefly ccnfilt
of f I amework knitting, ^lais, ar.d earthen-
ware.
NovALLE, a fmall town of Italy, 10
miles NE of Padua, and iz sw ot Tre-
v^ib. Lon. 12 ICE, lat. 45 19 n.
No VARA, an ancitnt and ftronij town
of Italy, in the duchy ot Milan, capital
of the Novarele, wi;h a bilhop's fee. It
is feated on an eminence, 12 miles ne of
Verceil, and 25 w by s of Milan. Lon.
8 35 E, lat. 45 25 N.
Nova Scotia, or Arcadia, acoim-
ti7 of Eritl/h North Anieric), bounded
on the w by th.e United State j, on the N
by the river St. Lawrence, on the e by
the gulf of that name, and on the S l^y
the Atlantic and bay ot Fimdy ; bein^
lb indtnted by the latter, that its ealteru
part foiuis a peninfula. It extends from
Cape Sable, its molt Ibuthern point, in
lac. 43 23 to 49 30 N, and from 60 15
to 67 o w lon. In 1784, part of this
country was formed into a new province.
See New Brunswick. Tlic atmo-
fphere, ior a great part of the year, is
clouded with a thick fcg, which renders
it unhealthy , and, for four or five months,
it is intenlely cold. A great pan of the
country lies in foreft ; and tie foil (ex-
cept on th.- bunks of the rivcrs) is thin
.aiid barren. Hali:ax is the capital.
Novellara, a town of Italy,. capi-
tal of a iinall dilhiff of the lame name,
witii a cattle, where the ibvereign retides.
It is 17 miles E by n 01 Parma, and 20
s by w of Mantua. Lon. a 4 e, lat.
44 48 N.
Noyi, a town of Italy, in the terri-
tory of Genoa, zz miles NW of Genoii.
Lon. 8 29 E, lat. 44 45 n.
Novi Bazar, a coniidcrable town of
Turkey in Europe, in Servia. In 1788,
the iVuftrlans were repullcd at this place,
but they afterward took it at a lecond
afliiult. Novi ii ieateJ near tht; Oreico,
72 miles w of Nilla, and 103 s of Bel-
grade. Lon. 21 I E, lat. 45 35 N.
NoviGRAD, a Jtrong town of U" «|.
Ilungary, capital of a CGun;y of' tne
fame name, with a caltlc. It is leated on
a mountain, near the Danube, 25 miles
N of Buda. Lon. 18 20 e, lat. 47 56 n.
NovioRAD, a Itrong town of Turkifh
Dainiatia, with a calllc, leated on a lake
of the. fame name, near the gult of Ve-
nice, 17 miles E of Nona, and 25 NW of
Zara. Lcn. i6 35 e, ht 44 36 n.
NoviCRAD, a Itrong place of Turkey
F e '4
ll^'il
NOV
T^i: U M
in Europe, in Set via, feated-near the Di-
nube, ^5 miles n ot Nifla. Lon. sz
31 u, litt. 44 6 N.
Nou-KiAN, a river of Afia. See
AVA.
NovoooRon, once a powerftil inde
name, feated in a vaft i>lain, 70 miles 8 of
Wilna. Lob. *6 8 E, Jat. 53 35 n.
NOYA, an ancitnt town of Spain, in
Galicia, fcattd oh the Tamara, 15 iniies
w of Compottella.
NOYERS, a town of France, in the
pendent republic, finally reduced by Ivan dcpartnwnt of Yonne and late province
Vaffilivitch ji, in 1570, and united to the of Burgundy, feittd on the Senn, in a
Rulfiuii empire, of which it now forms a valley furiounded by mounuins, 17 miles
goveinment. SE of Auxerre. Lon. 4. » E, lat. 47
NovofJOROD, oneof themoft ancient 39 n.
eitiesi of Ruflia, capital of a government NoYOM, an ancient town of France,
«f tUe fame name, and formerly called in the department of Oife and late pro-
Great Novogoroil, to diftin^uifli it from vince of the I(le of France. It gave
other Rufium towns of the lame appella birth to the famous Calvin ; and was
tions. U was, for a long time, governed lately an epifcopal fee. It is feated near
' / it., own dukes i and was, in faft, a the Oife, a* miles NW of Sotflfons, and
republic, under the jurifdiftion of a no- 60 N by t of Paris. Lon. j 6 E, lat.
minal ibvercign. Its territory extended 49 35 N.
to the N as far us the frontiers of Livonia NozEROY, a town of France, in the
and Finland j comprifing great part of the department of Jura and late province of
province of Archangel, and a large dif- Franche-Comte, with a caftle. It is leat«
triil beyond the nw limits of Siberia. It
was the gre:it mart of trade between Ruf-
fia and the hunfeatic cities, and made the
molt rapid auvances in opulence and po-
pulation. Its power was fo great, and
Its fituation fo impregnable, as to give
rife to a provci'b. Who can refill the gods
and Great Novogorod ? But, in the 15th
century, this independent republic was ob-
liged to fubmit to Ivan VuiJilivitch I, grand
duke of RulTia. It continued, neverthe-
lefs, the largeft and moit commercial city
in RuHla, and contained at ieaft 400,000
fouls. It was firft defolated, in a man-
ner, by the cruelties of Ivan Vaffilivitch 11 ;
bat its fplendour was not totally eclipfed
until Peter the Great built Peterfljurgh,
to which he transfeued all the commerce
of the Baltic that had before centered here,
it now contains fcarce 7000 fouls; but a
vail number if churches and convents
ed on a nrxumtain, lo miles se of Salines,
and 30 s of Befan^on. Lon. 6 1 3 e,
lat. 46 47 N.
Nubia, or Sennar, a kingdom of
Africa, bounded on the N by Egypt, on
the E by the Red Sea, on the s by Abjrf-
fmia, and on the w by Bornou. The
Nile runs through it; on the banks of
which, and of the other rivers, it is fruit-
ful, but in other places barren^ fandy,
and deftitute of water. The inhabi-
tants make their bread and drink of a
final 1 round feed called doca, or feif, which
is ve'y ill tailed. Their houfes havQ
mud walls, ai^ very low, and covered
with reeds. The dreft of the better ftrt
is a veft without fleeves, and they have
no coverings for their heads, legs, and
feet. The common people wrap a piece
of linen cloth about them, and the chil-
dren go quite naked. They are a fhipid
(land melancholy monuments of its for- debauched people, but profefs to be Ma-
mcr magnificence. The town (Iretches hometans. Tnepi"oduclionsof thecoun-
©n both fides of the Volkoff, a river of try are gold, elepnants teeth, civet, and
confidcrable depth and rapidity, which fandal-wood ; and a great many (laves are
It'paratrs it into two divi lions ; namely, lent into Egypt. I'he principal towns
the Trading Part and the quarter of St. known to the Europeans are Dangolaand
Sophia: in the latter is a cathedral of Scnnar.
the fame name, in which feveral princes NuiTZ, a town of France, in the de-
of the ducal family of Ruifia are interred, partment of Cote d'Or and late province
Novogorod is fituate near the lake Ilmen, of Burgundy, famous for its excellent
125 miles ssE of Peterfburgh. Lon. 31 wines. It is feated at the foot of a moun-
ts E, lat. 58 ao N.
Novogorod Severskoi, a town of
the Ruffian empire, in the government of
Kiof, feated on the Defna, 140 miles nne
of Kiof.
Novogorodeck, a town of Lithua-
tain, 15 miles sw of Dijon^ and 150 se
of Pais. Lon. 50 E, lat. 47 ion.-
Numancia, anciently a coniiderable
town of Spain, in Old Caftile^ celebiated
for the long fiege it maintained againft the
Romans, who Onall/ (bbdued and de-
jxia, capital of a palatinate of the fame ftroyed it> in the year 133 B. C. Th«
N U R
ruins of it are ftill to be feen, near the
Ikad of the river Douero, four miles
above the town of Soria.
Nuneaton, a town in Warwickfhire,
with a muixet on Saturday. It has a
nismifafture of woollen cloth, was for-
merly noted for its nunnery, and is feated
on the river Anker, eight miles N by e
•f Coventry, and 99 nnw of London.
Lon. I 25 w, lat. 52 36 n.
NuNEHAM, a village, five miles E by
s of Oxford i remarkable for its Spinning
Feait, an annual feftival, inftituted by
lord and lady Harcourt, for the encourage-
ment of virtue and induftry.
NuREMBURC, or NuRENBERG, a free
imperial city of Germany, capital of the
circle of Franconia, with a univerfity.
It is fix miles in circumference, furrounded
by high walls, flanked with 365 towers ;
and tlie river Pegnitz, over which are 1 2
ftone bridges, runs through the middle,
and divides it into two parts. The govern-
ment is ariftocratical ; and the townfmen
are divided into eight quarters, each of
which has a captain. The burge^Tes are
very induftrious, and the beft workmen
in arts: their maps and prints are in
high efteem, as well as their mufical
and mathematical inftniments; nor are
they lefs curious in clockworic, and in
the feveral manufaflures of iron, Iteel,
ivory, vraod, and alabafter. The beft
toys are made here, which are commonly
known in England by the name of Dutcii
toys. Here is a famous academy for
painting, an anatomical theatre, and a
public librarv. The ancient and fuperb
caftle or palace, which the inhabitants
bought of the burgraves, is flill ftanding
at tne extremity of the city; and the
arfenal is one of the heh in Germany.
The houfes are built of freeftone, and are
four or five flories high. Though their
religion is the Lutheran, the church of
the Holy Ghoft has a variety of relics,
as alfo the imperial crown and fceptre,
the globe of the empire, the fword of St.
Maurice, the imperial mantle, the white
robe of the emperors, called the dalmatic,
the golden furplice, the mantle of the
choir, and the gloves, flippers, and he-
reditary crown ot the emperor Rodolplt ii.
All thefe rarities are placed in a cheil,
which is fufpended by a rope in the dome,
and they aie never talcen down but at the
coronation of an emperor, or when any per-
fon of high diflinf^ion wants to fee them.
No Jews are fuffered to lodge a fmgle
nijght here; nor can they enter the city at
all without paying a certain tax. Nu-
remburg, in procdfs of time, has obtained
OAK
a conHderable territory, 100 mlKs In clr^
cumferencc, in whfch are two large for'.-fts^
It is 55 miks Nw of Ratifbon,' 6» n of
Augfburg, and 150 w by n of Vienna,
Lon. II itE, lat. 4.9 17 N.
Nuvs, a t» ■!; of Germany, in the
elertorate of Cologne. It was taken hy
the French in 1794.; and is (eatcil on thu
Erftt, five miles siv of Duirddorf, and
20 NW of Cologne. Lon. 6 51 e, lat. 51
11 N.
NvBC iG, a town of Denmaik, in the
ifle of Funen, with tin- vcmains of an old
fabce, in which Chrittian li was born.
t is feated on a commodious bay, 10
miles E of Odenfee. Lon. 10 ^m e, lat.
55 30 N.
Nylano, a province of Sweden, in
Finland, lying on the gulf of Finhnd, to
the w of Carelia.
NvoN, a commercial town of SwilTer-
land, in the Pays de Vaud, capital of a
bailiwic of the fame name, with a caftle.
Here are a gieat many Roman infcrip-
lions. It is feated near the lake of Ge-
neva, 10 miles NNE of that city. Lon. ^
12 E, Iat.46 21 N.
Nyons, a town of France, in the
department of Drome and late province «f
Dauphiny, feated at the foot of a chain
of mountains, on the river Aigues, with
a lofty bridge of one arch, the work of
the Romans. Here is a mineral fpring,
named Pontias, and fome manufaftures of
- foap and wodlled Itufts. It is eight miles
NwofBuis. Lon.sifE, lat.44.26N.
Nyslot, a ftiong town of Ruflia, in
the government of Livonia, v/ith a caftle.
It it: feated on the Narova, amsng large
marfhj^s, 20 miles sw of Narva, and 60
NofWiburg. Lon. 29 10 E, lat. 61 56N.
"Nystadt, a town of Sweden, in Fin-
land, noted for a peace concluded here,
in 1 72 1, between the emperor of Ruffia
and the king of Sv^eden. It is feated on
a bay of the g^xilf of Bothnia, 55 miles nw
of Abo. Lon. 21 i £, lat. 61 ion.
O
OAKHAM, or Okeham, the county,
townof Rutlandfhire, with a market
on Saturday. Near the church remain
the decaying walls of an old caftle ; and
four filver pennies of the later Mercian
kings were found here in 174.9. ^^ ><
feated in the centre of a fertile valley,
called the Vale of Catmofe, 2S miles s by
E of Nottingham, and 98 n by w of
London. Lon. 0 4.6 w, lat. 5 s ^2 n.
m
■A i
m
I f .r,|
.* if
O G H
O E L
P!
Ml
Oakhampton, or Ockhampton, a
borout^h in Devonfhire, with a market on
Saturd^ay. It lends two nicuibers to par-
Uamcnt, is governed by a mayor, and has
large r«niaii)s of a caftle, dll'mantled by
Henry viii. It is feated on the river
Ock, 24 miles w of Exeter, and 195 w
by s of London. Lon. 4 5 w, lat. 50
48 N.
Oaks Crkfk. Sec Caniaderago.
Oban, a village In Argyleflilre, ftattd
on the feacoaft, to the s of Loch Etive.
Here is an excellent fifhing flation, and a
cuftomhoufe.
Obdach, a town of Germany, in the
duchy of Stiria, feated at the confluence
of the Achxa and Tiaun, three miles
below the lake Chienzee, and 35 w of
Gratz. Lon. 1443 E, lat. 47 3 N.
Oberkirch, a town and caftle of
France, in the department of Lower
Khine and late province of Alface, three
miles fi'om Straftiurg, to whole late arch-
biHiop it belonged. Lon. 7 50 e, lat. 48
3SN-
Oberndobf, a town of Suabia, in the
Black Foreft, fiibjeft to the houfe of Aui"-
tria. It is divided into the Upper and
Lower Tow»i, and leatcd on the Neckar,
14 miles N of Rothweil. Lon. 8 45 e,
lat.4S 22 N.
Obernperc:, a town of Bavaria, with
a caftle, feated on the Inn, 15 miles s of
P:iirau, to whofe bifhop it belongs. Lon.
13 36 E, lat. 48 15N.
Oberstein, a town of Germany, in
the palatinate of the Rhine, capital of a
county of the fame name. It is feated on
the Nahe, 30 miles E by s of Treves.
Lon. 7 z6 E, lot. 49 42 N.
Oberwesei* a town of Germany, in
the eleftorate of Treves, foimerly impe-
rial. It was taken by the French in
1794, and is feated on the Rhine, 40 miles
EME of Treves. Lon. 7 48 e, lat. 50 1 N.
Obollah, a ftiong townof Perfia, in
IraC'^Agemi, feated on a branch q{ the
Tigris, near Buffarah. Lon. 45 15 E,
lat. 30 15 N.
Obskaya, a bay of the Frozen Ocean,
in Afia. Lon. 72 15 e, lat. 70 o n.
Oby, a river of Ruifia in Afia, which
riles in the defert of Ifchimfka, and run-
ning n joins the Irtylh, near Tpbolfk,
and falls into the bay of Obfkaya.
OcANO, a town of Spain, in New
Caiiile, feated on 9 plain, 18 miles e of
Toledo. Lon. I 50 >v, lat. 39 52 N.
OcusENEURT, a ttiwn of Franconia,
tn the bifliopric of Wurtzburg, feated on
fhe Maine, 10 miles se of TVurtzburg.
Lon. so 10 E, lat.4g 35 n*
OcCa, a river of Ruflla, which fall*
into the Volga, near NIflinci Novogoiod.
Ocker, a river of Lower Saxony,
whtct) liks in the s part of the duchy of
Brunrwick, runs by (^oflar, Wolfeiibut-
tle, and firunfwick, and falls into the
Aller, EofZell.
OCRIDA. SeeLOCHRIDA.
OtZAKOW, or OczAKOFF, a town
and fortreis, iiuAy of Turkey in Europe,
but now included in the Rulfian govern,
ment of Catharinenflaf. It has been fre-
quently an obje6\ of conteft between the
I'urks and tlie RuffianS) many thoufands
of whom, on both fides, have fallen in
the different fieges it has undergone. It
was taken by Itorm by the Ruffians, in
17S8, and was confirmed to Ruifia, by
the fuljfequent peace. It is feated at the
mouth of the Dnieper, oppofite Kinbui-n,
50 miles w of Cheribn, and 190 N by e
of Conftantinople. Lon. 30 50 E, lat. 46
50N.
On EN SEE, an ancient town of Den-
mark, capital of the ifle of Funen, with a
bidiop's fee. It is leated on a fmall
river, two miles from the bay of Stegei-
trand, and 75 w of Copenhagen. Lon.
10 17 ii, lat. SS 30 N.
OdeK, a river of Germany, which has
its fource near a town of the fame name,
in Silefia. It runs N by Ratibcr, Oppelen,
Breflaw, Glogaw, and Croffen, in Si-
lefia; Francfort, Lebus, Cuftrin, and
Frinwalt, in Brandenburg; and Gartz,
Steiin, Cammin, Wollin, Ufedom, and
Wolgaft, in pomerania. Below Stetin
it forms a large lake, afterward falling
into the Baltic Sea by thrc* mouths j be-
tween which lie the illands of Ufedom and
Wollin.
Oder, a town in the sw extremity of
Silefia, at the foivce of the river Oder,
1 6 miles s vv of Troppaw. Lon. 17 30 e,
lat, 50 46 N.
Oderburg, a town of Sllefla, near
the confluence of the Oder and Ella, 10
miles s of Ratibor. Lon. 18 10 E, lat.
50 2N.
Odernheim, a town of Germany, In
the palatinate of the Rhine, feated on the
Seltz, 20 miles s of Mentz. Lon. 8 20 E,
lat, 49 31 N.
Odiham, a corporate town in Hamp-
shire, with a market on Saturday, 24 miles
Ng of Winchefter, and 42 w by ; oi Lon-
don. Lon.o 56 w, lat. 51 18 N.
Oelanp, an iflaiid of Sweden, in the
Baltic Sea, feparated from the coaff of
Gothland, by a ftrait 10 miles in breadths
It is 84 miles long, but not more than
liine bi'oad, and v^iy fvrtik. Sorl^oto
O H I
OLD
ji the cliief town. Lon. J7 5 E, lat. 56
44N.
Oi-LFELDT, ri towivof Lowef Saxony,
in tlic tluchy of Magdeburg, featecl un
the Aller, 15 milts E of Biunfwick.
Loll. II 20 E, bt. 5% 27 N.
Okskl, an iflund of the Bnltic, on the
cos(t of Livouia, at the entrance of the
gulf of Kiga, It is 74 miles long and 50
broad, and defentled by two forts. It
fonntrly belonged to Denmark, but now
to Rudia. Arenlburgh is i e capital.
Oetinc, a town of Upper Bavaria,
with an old chapel, to which there is a
refort of jiilgrims. It is divided into the
Upj)er and Lower Town, and feated on
the inn, eight miles Nw of Burkhaulen,
LC'n>i2 44.£, lat. 43 14 N.
Oeiing, or Oetingen, a town of
Suabia, capital of a county of the fame
name. It is feated on the river Wiinjtz,
J 2 miles NNW of Donawert, and 35
wNvv of Ingolftadt. Lon. 1040H, lat.
48 58 N.
Offa's Dike, an entrenchment c^ft
up by Offa, a Saxon king, to defend
£nglaii.-i againft the incurfions of the
WtUh. It runs through Herefordshire,
Shropftiire, Montgomeryfliire, Denbigh-
fliiie, and Flintflme.
Offanto, a river of the kingdom of
Naples, which rifes in the Appennines ;
pafles by Conza and Monte Verde j fepa-
lates Capitanata frpm Bafilicata and Ter-
ra-di-Bari; and falls into the gulf of
Venice, near Bai'letta. It is the ancient
AuHdus.
Offenbach, a town of Germ; ny, in
the circle of Franconia. It was taken by
the French in July i79'6, and is feated on
the Maine, five miles E of Francfort
Lon, 8 45 E, lat. 4^ 54 N.
Offenburg, an imperial town of
Suabia, under the proteftion of the houfe
of Auftila. It is feated on the Kintzig,
12 miles se of Strafburg, and 28 s of Ba-
den. Lon. 8 1 E, lat. 48 ji N.
Offida, a town of Italy, in the mar-
quifatf of Ancona, z6 miles S of Loretto.
ton. 1346 e, lat. 4a 53 N.
Oheteroa, an ifland in the S Pacific
Ocean, 13 miles in circuit. It h^s no
harbour, and is neither fo populous nor fer-
tile ar; the irtands to the N of it; yet its
manufaftmvs are of a fuperior kind. The
cloth is of ^. better die, and the fpears and
clubs are better carved and poliQied. The
people are lufty and well made, and rather
browner than thofe of the Society lilands,
Lon. 150 47 w, lat. 22 27 s.
Ohio, a river of N America, which
has its iburce in the Allegany mountains,
and is callcil the Allte;any, till Its junflJon
with t'lie Monongaheia at Fort Pitt, whcu
It fij'lt receives tlic name of Ohio, It
bounds the Ibtt of Kentucky in its whole
length} and tlie only diladvantage it has,
h a rapid, one mile and a half long,
in lat. 38 3 N, aoout 400 miles from h%
mouth. In tliis place the river rvns over
a rocky bottom, above looa yards broad,
und ti»c dektnt is lb gradual, that the
fail does not probably in the whole ex-
ceed ten feet. When the Aieain is low,
empty boats cn!y can pafs this rapiSj
but, when high, bouts of any burden
Hiay pal's in fafety. The Oliio carries a
great unifonnity of breadth, from 400 to
600 yard.;, except the lait 150 miles,
where It i> from Fco to looo yards.
Atter a cotuie of near laoo miles from
Pittfburg, ia which it receives numbers
of large and imall rivers, it enters the
MifTillippi in lat. 36 43 n.
OiGH, Locii, a lake in Invemefsfliii*,
extending four miles from c to w. It
contains fonie little wooded iflands; and
its waters flow through Loch Nefs int«
Murray Frith.
OiRA, an ancient town of Naples, in
Terra d'Otranto, with a bifhop's fee,
and an old caftle. It is feated at the f«ot
of the Appennines, 20 miles ne of Ta-
rento. Lon. 17 54 e, lat. 40 38 N.
OisANs, a town of France in the de-
partment of Here and late niovince of
Dauphlny, 28 miles se of Grenoble.
Lon. 6 25 £, lat, 45 on.
OiSE, a department of France, inclu-
ding part of the late province of the Ifle
of France. It takes its name from a
river, which has its fource in the Arden-
nes, and lalls into the Seine, near Pon-
toiie. Bcauvals is the capital.
Okeham. See Oakham.
Okjnoham, or Wokingham, %
town in Bcrkfliire, with a market on
Tuefday, eight miles se of Reading, and
32 w of London. Lon. o 59 w, fat.ff
25 N.
Okotzk, a piovince of the govern-
ment of Irkutzh, in Kulfia. Its capital,
of the fame nan^e, is leatcd at the mouth
of the Okota, in a bay of the Eaftera
Ocean.
Oloenuuro, a town of Weftphalla,
capital of a county of the fame name.
The church of St. Lambert contains the
tombs of the lait counts of Oldenburg,
which are very curious. It is noted for
Its horfes ; and is feated on the Hunta,
?2 miiei w of Bremen, and 45 se of
F.mbden. Lon. 8 8 t;, lat. 53 7 n.
Oldenburg^ a town of Lower Sax«
m
t
m.
O L I
O M E
eny, in tlie duchy of (lolltein, fcated near
the Baltic, 30 miles N of Lubec. Lon.
le 47 E, lat. 54 IS N.
Oloendorf, a town of Lowrr Snx-
•ny, in the duchy of Lunrnhurg, fcated
nn the Wtnaw and Elca. Loa. 10 35 e,
kt. 53 16 N.
Oluendokf, a town of Weftphalia,
in the territory of Schawenbur^, feated on
the NVeCer, »8 miles sw ot Hanover.
Lon. 9 31 E) lat. 51 16 M.
Oldf-NZeel, a town of the United
Provinces in Overyflel, 30 miles E of
Dtveuter. Lon. 6 57 E, lat. 51 10 N.
Oldeslo, a town of Lower Saxony,
in the duchy of HoUtein, Icated on the
Trave, 17 miles w of Lubec, and 25 ne
•f Hambuig. Lon. 10 iS E, lat. 53
OleRON, an tile of France, five miles
from the coalts of Aunis and Saintonge.
It is i£ miles long and five broad; is
populous and fertile, and defended by a
caftle. In the reign pf Richard i, this
>{Iai\d was part ot the poHeflTtons of the
crown of England } and here that monarch
compiled the code of maritime laws, called
the Laws of Oleion, which are received
by all nations in Europe, as the ground
and iubllruilion of all their marine coniti.
tutions. Lon. I zow, lat. 46 3N.
Oleron, a town of France, in the
'" tment of Lower Pyrenees and late
'xce of Beam, with a bi/hop's fee.
.... ieated on the G^"e, 10 miles sw of
Pau. Lon.o 14 w, lat. 43 7N.
Olfsko; a town of Poland, in Red
Rnllia, 38 miles ENE of Lemburg. Lon.
i.$ 10 E, lat. 50 »3N.
Olika, a town of Poland, in Volhi-
nia, with a citadel, 20 miles E of Lucko.
Lon. 26 8 E, lat. 51 15 N.
Olinda, a town of Brafil, feated on
the Atlantic, with a very good harbour.
It was taken by the Dutch ni 1630, but
retaken by the Portuguefe. Lon. 35 o W,
lat. !i 13 s.
Olita, a town of Spain, in Navarre,
where their kings formerly refided. It
i« ieated in a fertile country, 20 miles N
•f Tudela. Lon. i 46 w, lat. 42 22 n.
Oliva, a celebrated monafteiy of
Weltern Pruflia, three miles W of Dant-
zic. It contains feveral tombs of the
dukes of Pomerania, and is remarkable
for the peace concluded in 1660, between
the emperor of Germany and the kings of
Sweden and Poland.
Olivenza, a ftrongtown of Portugal,
in Akntejo, feated near the Guadiana,
X 3 miles s of Elvas, and 40 E of Evora.
Lon. 7 4W, lat. 38 30 N.
Olmedo, a town of Spain, in 0)4
Calhle, feated on the Adaja, 30 milrs :,
of Valladolid. Lon. 4 29 w, lat. 41
20 N.
Olmutz, a commercial town of Mo.
ravia, with a bifhop's fee, and a famous
univerfity. It was taken by the king of
Piuflia, in 1741. In 17S8» he befiet^tii
it again; but was obliged to rail'e the
flcge. It is feated on tlie Morava, 80
miles N by e of Vienna, and 97 s of
Brellaw. Lon. 17 35 E, lat. 49 26 n.
Olney, a town in Bucks, with a
market on Monday, and a confideruble
manufafture of bonelace. It is feated on
the Oufe, 12 miles, se of Northampton,
and 56 NNW of London. Lon.o 54 w^
Lit. 52 5 N.
. Olone, an Idand, town, caftle, and
harbour of France, in the department of
Vendee and late province of Poitou, 30
miles NW of Roclielle, and 258 sw of
Paris. Lon. i 43 w, lat. 46 30 N.
Olonetz, a government of Ruflia,
included formerly in the government of
Novogorod. In this diitrift are fonie
confiderable iron works.
Oloketz, a town of RuiTia, in a go-
vernment of the fame name, famous for
its mines of iron, and its mineral water.
It is fituate on the river Olonza, which
falls into the lake Ladoga. Lon. 34 20
£, lat. 6 1 26 N.
Olse, or Oelse, a ftrong and con*
fiderable town of Silefia, with a caftle,
where tiie duke generally refides. It is
17 miles ne of Breftaw. Lon. 17 26 e,
lat. 51 19N.
Olsnitz, a town of Upper Saxony,
in the territory of Voigtland, feated on
the Elfter, 60 miles sw of Drclden. Lon.
12 27 e, lat. 50 40 N.
Olten, a town of Swiflerland, capital
of a bailiwic, in the canton of Soleure. It
is dependent on the bifliop of Bade, and
is feated a little to the N of the Aar, be-
tween Arberg and Araw. Lon. 7 45 e,
lat. 47 16 N.
Olympus, a mountain of Natolia, one
of the higheft and moft confiderable in all
Afia. The ancients fuppofed its top
reached the heaves ; and, from that cir-
cumftance, placed the refidence of the gods
there, and made it the court of Jupiter.
Ombrone, a river of Italy, which
rifes in the Sicnncfe, and falls into the
Mediterranean.
Ombronk, a town of Italy, in the
Siennefe, between the river Ombrone and
the lake Caftigliano, three miles s ot
Groffetto.
Omegna, a lown of the duchy of Mi-
ONE
k)fi, in the Novarefe, with a tnHle, five
iiiilci N of Oiia.
Omer, St. a fortified, lirge, nnd po-
puluus town of France, in the dtparttiicnt
•f the Strait* of Calais and late province
of Artois. It was anciently a villugc,
lallcd Sithleu, and cwck its prelcnt name
and importance to a faint, who built a
niinalteiy here in the leventh century,
'j he piincipal church, und that of St.
Bcrtiii, arc magnific;:nt, as is ttie lute
ubbcy of that laint. In 1677, it was
taken by the French, and confirmed to
them by the treaty of Nimegiien. About
a league from St. Onier, is a great morats,
!o which are iome Heating iliands, that
may be dircfled at plealiue, nearly like a
boat. They produce good palture; and
the trees that grow upon them are kept
low, that the wind may not have too
much power over them. St. Oiner is
ieated on the Aa, on the fide of a hill,
light miles riw of Aire, and 135 n of
Paris. Lcn. a »oE, lat. 54 45 n.
0mm EN, a town of the United Pro-
vinces, in Overyffel, feated on the Vtcht,
17 miles NE of Deveutcr. L«a. 6 10 £,
lat. 52 "Hi N.
Ommenburg, a ftrong town of Ger-
innny, in the eleitorate of Mentz, feated
•n the Otbem, nine miles ss of Marpurg,
and 45 N£ of Francfort. Lon. 9 13 £,
lat. 50 30 N.
OmmirabiHi a river of Africa, which
rifes in Mount Atlas, iep.'U'ates the king-
«loui of Morocco from that of Fez, and
entering the Atlantic, forms a capacious
bay on the E fide of Azamor.
Onandaco, a lake> and river, in the
ftate of New York. The river flows w
from the lake till it meets the Seneca,
when its courfe turns N, to Oiwego,
where it enters Lake Ontario. It is
beatable from its mouth to the head of
the lake, except one fall which caufcs a
portage of 20 yards. See Oneida.
Onano, a town of Italy, in the pa-
trJriiony of St. Peter, ieated between Ac-
(^tiapeiidente and Petigliano, five miles
from each.
One, a cape of Baibary, in Africa,
near the mouth of the leaver Muivia.
Oneeheow, one of the Sandwich
IHands, in the N Pacific Ocean, five
leagues w of Atooi. Its eaftem coalt
is high, and rifes abruptly from the fea,
but the other parts confift of low ground,
except a round bluff head on the se point.
It produces plenty of yams, and of the
Tweet root caliea tee. Lon. 161 ow,
iat.ui 50 N.
Oniqa, a rirw and lake of KufTu, in
O O D
the goTcrnment of Olonctz. It U iso
miles long and 40 bread, and has a cuiu-
munication with lake Ladoj^a, and cun-
liquently with Peterlburg. The river
gives its naint to a country, full of woods»
and fnlls into the Wliite Sea.
Oneglia, a principality of Italy, fur-
rounded by the territory of Ccnua, but
lubjcct to the king ot Snrdinia. It.
abounds in olive-trees, fiuit^,* und wine.
Oneglia, a leaport uf Italy, in a
principality of the fame name. Surdiiiia»
as well as the province, abounds iu
olive-trees, fruits, and wine. It has
been often taken, being an open place ;
the ia(t time by the French, in 1 794. It
is feated on a iVnall rivvr, 30 miles se of
Cogni, and 50 w by s of Genoa. Lon.
7 51 E, lat. 43 58 N.
Oneida, orONoNOAGO, a lake of N
America, in the itate of New York. It
is 2o miles w of Fort Stanwix, and ex>
tends wettward about 25 miles, where its
•utlet, the Onondago Kiver, nms into
Lake Ontario, at Oiwego. At the s ex-
tremity of the lake is Wood Creek, on
the banks of which live a tribe of Indian.^t,
called Oneidas } and the On?.ndagOk,
another tribe, occupy the cotintry s of'
the lake and river.
Ongar, or Chipping Onc ar, a toK-.n
in Elfex, with a market on Saturday, 12
miles w of Chelmsford, and 21 bne of
London. Lon.o 16 e, lat. 51 43 N.
Oncole, a town of Hindoollan, in the
Carnatic, Ieated on a river, not far from
its -ntrance into the bay of Bengal, 829
mile., sw of Calcutta. Lon. 80 5 fi, lat«
15 30N.
Onore, a feaport of Canara, on the
coaft of Malabar, 398 miles s by £ uf
Bombay. Lon. 74 45 E, lat. 14 20 N.
Onoth, a town of Hungary, 50 miles
N£ of Buda. Lon. 19 22 e, lat. 48
ION.
On RUST, a fmall ifland, at the ipouth
of the harbour of Batavia, wher« the
Dutch build and careen their ihips.
Ontario, a lake of N America, fituate
between 71 and 74*' w lon. and 41 and
45** N lat. On its sw part it receives
the waters of Lake Erie (by means of the
river Niag^ara) and near the se the Onon-
dago River; and on the ȣ its waters enter
the river Iroquois. It is 600 miles in
circumference, and abounds with fHh of
an excellent flavour, among which are
the Ofwego bafs, weighing three or four
poimds.
Oodooanullah, a town of Hindoof-
tan Proper, in Bengal, feated on the w
bank of the Ganges, at the loot of a chain
Hi
<;!;'
4
!i
mV "Jm
l^
*:|'
o o s
O R A
fir:
rtf hills. The fitu:ition is cftecmcd urv-
hc'.ilthy> on account oi the fort-its in its
vicinity. It was tlie (tat of the govirn-
nicnt of Bengal, un'.Ur lult:in Sujah, till
he Itrll in the conteff tor einiurc with his
brother Auriinp;zebe. The numlteilcli*
niins here, sind in the ncii^lil)oi;rhood,
attord a proof of his mngnilictnce; ami
there Hill remains a part of the palace,
which, in his time, wus nt .iily ileltroyeil
by fire. Here is an ele£j.'tnt l)rid;<,e over
the Ganges, built hy the Ihnic prince,
famous tor the viiflory t>;iini.it over Mter
Coflim, in 1764, by iinjor Adams.
Oodooumillah is 8» miles N hy w of Moor-
fliedabad. Lon. 87 55 e, hit. 24 58 N.
OONALAsiiKA, one of the Kfmds of
the Northern Archipelago, vilited by cap-
tain Cook in his lalt voyage. The natives
appeared to he very peaceable, having
Deen much polifhed by the Kutfians, who
now keep them in a Itate of lubjeftiou.
As the ifl.nnd furni/lies them with ftib-
fiftence, fb it does, in feme rr.e:ilurc, with
clothing, which is chiefly comj'o';.'d of
flcini. The up-,.er g:ir;nent, which is
made iike a w.-.g-poncr's frock, reaches
down to the knees. Befide this, ^hey
wear a waiilcoat or two, a pair of hietches,
a fur cap, and a pair of boors, the legs of
which are fomitd of Tome kind of ffroiig
gnt ; but the Toles and upper leather are
of RuHia leather. Fifli and other lea ani^
mals, birds, roots,- terries, ami even fea-'
weed, compofe their footl. They dry
quantities of fifli during the fummer,
which they lay "up in linall huts for their
^ili; in winter.- 'Phey did not appear to
be very defirous of iron, nor to want any
other inftrument except fewin^ neeiliei,
their own being formed of bone. With
theie they few their c.moes, and make
their clothes, aiKl alio work very curious
embroidery. They u!e, inltead of thread,
the fibres of plants, whicii tliey iplit to
the thickncfs required. All lowing is
performed by the females, who arc Ihoe-
niakers, tailors, and boat-bulklevs. They
manUfafturc mats, and bafktts of grals,
which are both (trcng and bt-autiful.
There is, indeed, aneatnti's andptifeiilion
in moft of their works, that Ihows they
are deficient neither in ingenuity nor per-
feverance. Lon. 165 ow, lat. 55 5 n.
OOROOP and OOSHESHEEK. SceKu-
RILES.
OOSTBORCH, a town and fort of Dutch
f landers, in the ifle of Cadland, four
miles NE of Sluys. Lon. 3 29 £, liU. 51
22 N.
OoSTENBY, a town of Swed«n, in the
ifle of Ociand, 27 miles s of i>odLi;olni,
Oporto, oc Porto, a flourifliinp
feaport of Portugal, in the puivince ot
Kntre-Duuero-e-Minho, with a bilhop's
fee. It is by nature :diMo(^ impregnable}
and is noted for its Itrong wines, of •vhith
large quantities are exjiorttd to lingl.unl ;
whence all red wines horn bpain or Poi.
tugal are called Port wines. It is Icaial
on the declivity of a mountain, near iiic
river Douero, which forms on excclkiit
harbour, and is 147 miles N by e of
Lifbon. Lo.^. 8 21 w, lat. 41 10 n.
Oppet-en, a ftronK town of Jjilcfia,
capital of a duchy of the lame name, with
a caftle. The chief tribunal of juftice,
and the firft confiltory of Silefia,' wcic
fettled here in 1742. It is leated on the
Oder, in a pleafant plain, 35 miles sk of
Breflaw, and 40 N of Troppaw. Lon.
17 50 E, lat. 50 41 N.
OppENHEiM, a town of Germany, in
the palatinate c/ the Rhine, capital of a
bailiwic of the fame name. It is leated
on the declivity of a hill, near the Rhine,
eigiit miles s of Ment?, and ix N of
Worms. Lon. 8 20 E, lat. 49 43 n.
OpplDO, an epifcopal town of Naples,
in Calabria Ulteriore, featcd at the foot
of the ApJ)ennine8, 25 miles ne of Reg-
gio. Lon. 16 21 E, lat. 38 19 N.
Orach, a town of Turkey in Europe,
in Bofniaj near the river Drinoi 60 miles
8W of Belgrade.
Orak, a ftrong and important feaport
in the kingdom of Algiers, and province
of Tremelen, with leveral forts, and an
excellent harbour. It is leated partly on
the fule of a hill, and partly in a plain,
almoft oppofite Carthagena, in bpain. It
w «i> taken by the Spaniards in 1 509, and
retaken in 1708. In 1732, the Spaniards
became mafters of it again, and have kept
it ever fmce. In 1790, it was deltroyed
by an earthquake, nothing but the ex-
terior walls being left ftanding ; and 2000
ptrfons perifhed. The bey of Mafcaii
took advantage of the dilfrelTed Itate of
the garrifon, to attack it with a confide-
rable force, but was compelled to retire,
af;er three obltinate attacks. It is 12^
miles w by s of Algiers. Lon. o 8 w,
l-it. 3r» a N.
Orangi;, an ancient city of France,
in the department of Drome and late pro-
vince of D.iuphiny. It was an important
place in the time ol the Romans. A tii-
umplial arch. 200 paces from the town,
was forn>trly within its limits ; and here
are alio th«s remains of a fine amphitheatre,
iome aqucduds, &cc. whicli efcaped the
fury of the Goths and S:i','.\:i->. 'ibefci'-
tificutions were deiHoiiih': a t-iy Lewif.XlVi
ORG
ORE
\n i<)^>. Orange is the capitnl of a prin-
cipality of the lame name, 17 miles long
antl 1* brond. It was given by Ch;»rlc-
ma^c, in 79^, to William an Comet,
M a reward for his uiilltary fVrvices.
FofTrded IvccoHively by the hou'es of
Baux nm? Chalons, it d(.volved, in 1531,
on that of Nall.iu ; and w^s polfcircil hy
VVilli:im ill, king oi' £ni;Urd, who
dying in 1701, FrcHeric- William, king
of Pruflla, claimed this princijiality as
his heir. Lewis xiv had Icizcd it during
the war with king William. He ex-
changed it, however, in 171 3. with the
king ot Pruflia, for the town of Gutldre* j
but liibjcil to a compenfation to th^ prince
of Nartau-Dietz, whom king William
had named his heir. Tiie city of Orange
was an epifc pal lee bcibre the late revo-
lution. It is feated in a fine plain, on
the river Aigues, 1* miles N of Avig-
nun, atld 50 ne of Montpellier. Lon. 4
49 k, lat.^ 9 N.
Oratavia, the capital of Tcneriff,
one of the Canary Ifiands, i 50 miles w
of the conft of Africa. Lon. 16 20 w,
lat. a8 z3 N.
OrBalsan, a town of Piedmonr, be-
.veen Turin ^nd Pignerol. Lon. 7 30 e,
lat. 45 2N.
Or BE, an ancient town of Swiflcrland,
in the Pays de Vaud, capital of the h^'ll-
wic of Echallens, the fovereignty of • hich
is divided between the cantoris -of Bern and
Friburg. Its romantic fitt>aticn, and the
boldnefe 'of ifts fingle-arched bridge pro-
jeftihgover the Orbe, arc- the admiration
of air travellers. It is '24 tnilcs' w of
Friburg, and 40 w by s of Bern. Lon. 6
43 E, ht.46 49 N. •• '■ '■
Orbitello, a ftrong feaport 6f Tuf-
cany, in the Siennei'e, defended by fcvcral
forts, and ieated near the Albegnn, 58'
miles 8 by w of Sienne, and ^5 s of Flo-
rence. Lon.' II 10 E, lat. 47. 18 N.
Orbre, a' fiver of France, which riles
in the Cevennes, waters Bcziers, and falls
into the gulf of Lyons, five miles below
that town.
Orcades, or Orkneys, a clutter of
iflands to the N of Scotland, from which
they are feparated by Pentland Frith.
They are 26 in number, of which one
greatly exceeds the other in extent. This,
like the principal one of Shetland, is dig-
nified with the appellation of Mainland :
it is alfo frequently called Pomona. See
Mainland. Beyond this ifland, to the
NE, ai-e feen, among others, Rowl'ay and
Weftra, Snappinlha and Edda, Stronl'a,
Sandfly and N Ronalfha; and to the s
^HHfitoy} and S Ronallhaj with others
of inft-rior rote. The currents anJ tide*
which flow bftwten thele illands arc ex-
tremely rupiil ind dangciouj; and, near
the fmuU ille of Swinna are two whirl-
Eovls, that have been known to ihaith in
oats and light vcirds, which weie in-
liantly fwalldwtd up. S;iiitigs of puic
water arc found in all the mountainous
parts of thel'e iftands ; and there are nu-
merous lakes and rivulets :i')oandiug in
fifli. The heath, on thcle mountains,
(heltcrs groult-, plovers, (nipes, Sec. but
here are neither partridges, hares, nor
foxes. Thcfe are numbers of flicep and
(mail black-cattle. The produils of the
vallies and plains are big and oa^i, but
no other Ibrt of grain. In {;encral, the
air is moift j and they arc often vifited
by dreadful Itorms ot wind, rain, and
thunder. For about three weeks in mid-
fummer, they enjoy the fight of the fun,
almoft without in'.ermilfiwn : but, for the
laiviL Ipace in winter, that luminary hardly
rifes ajove the hori/on, and is commonly
o'^'cuied by clouds an<l milts. In this
gloomy fealbn, the ablcncc of day is fup-
plied partly by moonlight, and partly by
the radiance of the Aurora Borealis. Sea
Shetland. The chief exports are linen
and woollen yarn, ftockings, butter, dried
ftih, herrings, oil, feathers and jlcins of
various kinds, and kelp. The EngUlh
language prevails in all thefe iflands, al-
though there are many words in the
Norlie, or Norwcghn, Hill in ufe. The
churches are pumerous ; but the office of
a minifter is truly laborious, the parochial
duty being often extended to feveral di.lant
i Hands.
Orchies, an ancient town of France,
in the department of the North and late
province of French Flanders, 14 miles SE
of Lifle. Lon. 3 15 E, lat. 50 28 N.
Orchii.la, anilland of the Caribbean
Sea, 80 miles n of the coaft of Ten*
Firma, and 160 E by s of Ciu-a^ao.
Lon. 65 10 w, lat. 12 o N.
Ordunna, a ieaport of Spain, in Bif-
cay, Ibated in a valley, furrcunded by
high mountains, 20 miles svv of Bilboa.
Lon. 3 26 w, lat. 43 1 t n .
Orebro, a town of Sweden Proper,
capital of the province cf Nericia, feated
near the w extremity of tiic lake Hiclmar.
In the middle of the town, on a fmall
ifland for.ned by two branches of the
Swart, ftands the caftle, formerly a royal
refidence. Here ai^ manutuftures of fire-
arms, cloth, and tapeltjTy; and it has a
confiJerable trade with Stockholm, acrols
the lakes Hielmnr and Maclcr, by means
of the canal of Arbo^a j fending iiooj
,1 < I
< '■■''•tl
" i£
! ' ■ 1
•.a ■
'U
\''r:^M
. .|l
ORG
p R L
m
¥i':
vitriol, and red piiint, In particular, to
tliat capital. Orebio is 95 miles bw of
Stockholm. Lon.15 12 E, lut. 59 12 n.
- Oregrund, a Icaport of Sweden, on
the coalt of Upland, in the gulf of Both-
nia, oppofite the foiall idand of Ginibn,
60 miks N of Stockholm. Lon. 18 15E}
lat. 60 ION.
Orel, a government of Rulfia, once a
province o.'thc government of Biclgoiod.
Its capital, of the lame, is feated «n the
Occa and Orel, 207 miles ssw of Mpf-
cow. Lan. 35ZOE, lat. 53 on.
Orellana. See Amazon.
Orenburgh, one of the two pro-
vinces of the government of tjfa, in Kul-
£a. Its capital, of the fame name. Is
feated on the Ural, formerly called the
Yaik, 480 miles NE of Aftracan. Lon.
55 o E, lat. 51 46 N.
Orense, an ancient town of Spain, In
Galicia> with a bIfliop''s fee', and famous
for its hot baths. It is feated at the foot
of a mountain, on the river Minho, over
which is a bridge ©f one arch, 47 miles
SE of Compoftella. Lon. 7 36 w, lat. 42
19 N.
Orfa, a confidfrable townof Afia, in
Diaibeck. It formerly belonged to Ptr-
ila, but Is now in the Turkifh .dominions,
and has a good trade, particulaily in car-
pets of feveral Ibrts, foiue of vwiich are
made here. It has a ftately caftle on a
hill, and is feated on the Euphrates, €3
miles NE of Aleppo, and 100 svv of Diar-
bekar. Lon. }8 20 E, lat. 16 50 n.
-Orford, a feaport and borough In
Su^lk, with a market on Monday. It
is i'aid to have had twelve churches, but
now only one, whofe (teeple is a feamark ;
and near It are the ruins of an old caftle,
a prior)', and St. George's chapel. It is
governed by a mayor, fends two members
to parliament, and Is feated on the Ger-
man Ocean, between two channels, 18
miles E by N of Ipfwich, and 88 NE of
London. Lon. < 40 E, iat. 52 ji n.
Organford, a village, near Poole, in
Dorfetftiire, remarkable for the prodigi-
ous quantity of pennyroyal, here called
organ, produced In the neighbourhood.
Orgaz, a town of Spain, in NewCaf-
tile, with a caftle, 1 5 miles s of Toledo.
Lon. 3 22 w, lat. 39 36 n.
Orgelet, a town of France, in the
department of Jura and latr province of
Franche-Comte, feated at the fourceof
the Valoufe, 30 miles N by E of Bourg.
Lon. 5 39 E, lat. 46 36 N.
Orgiva, a town of Spain, in the pro-
vince oi Granada^ 25 miles s of Granada.
Lon. 3 50 W, lat. 36 43 N.
Oria, a decayed town of Naples, In
Term d'Otranto, with a citadel, and a
bifliop's fee. It is feated at the foot of
the App;:nnines, 40 miles NW of Otranto.
Lon. 17 48 E, lat. 40 39 N.
Orient, or Port l'Orient, a re-
gular and handfome town of France, in
the department of Morbihan and late
province of Bretagne, built in 1720, by
the Flench "E India Company, who made
it the exdufive mart of their commerce.
The harbour, which Is defended by a ci-
tadel, oppofite Port Louts at the bottom
of the lame bay, can contain but a fmall
number of men of war. The EngUfti at-
teniptc(l to become raafters of it in 1746,
but mifcarried. It is five miles sw of
Henne^on. Lon. 3 20 w, lat. 47 46 n.
Origuela, a town of Spain, in Va.
lencia, with a bilhop's fee, a univerfity,
and a citadel built on a rock. It is
feated on the Segura, 33 miles N of Car-
thagena. Lon. i 3 w, lat. 38 10 N.
Orio, a town of Spain, in Guipufcoa,
at the mouth of the Orio, eight miles sw
of St. Sebaftian. Lon. z 19 w, lat. 43
23 N.
Orissa, a province of the peninfula of
Hindooftan, bounded on the N by Bahar
and Bengal, on the w by Berar, on the
s by Qolconda, and on the e by the bay
of Bengal. The dilirift of Midniapour,
in this province, is fvbjeft to the Engllfli
£ India Company ; but all the* reft be-
longs to the Berar Tii-'^rattas.
Oristagni, an ancient town of Sar-
dinia, with a good larbour and an arch-
biftiop's fee. It is laige, and well forti-
fied, but thinly inhabited, on account of
the unhealthy air. It is feated on the w
coaft, on a bay of the fame name, 42
miles NW of Cagliari. Lon. 8 51 E, lat.
40 a N.
Orkney Islands. See Orcades.
Orlamund, a town of Upper Saxony,
in Thuringia, belonging to the duke of
jSaxe-Gotha. It is feated on the Sala,
oppofite the mouth of the Orla, 50 miles
sw of Leipfick. Lon. 11 24 E, lat. 50
53 N- '
Orlando, a cape on the n r aft of
Sicil) , I j miles w by N of Patti. Lon.
15 4E, lat. ii ^4N.
ORLEANOis^alate province of France,
now forming the department of Loiret.
It is divided by the river Loire into the
Upper and Lov^^r, and is a very plentiful
country.
Orleans, an ancient city of France,
capital of the department of Loiret and
late province of Orleanols, with an epii
copal fee. It is feated on the Lmtk,. in
O R M
fhe form of an oval, ahd Is Aippofed to
contain 4.0,000 -fouls. Under the fons of
Clevis, it was the capital of a kingdom.
It ftood a memorable fiege in 1418, againft
the Englifti, which was railed by the
cclebi-ated Joan of Arc, called the Maid
O R T
dioufnefs of the hai.>our. It Is almoft
deferted: for it produces nothing but
fait, which Ibmetimes ia two inches deep
upon the furface of the earth. Lon. 56
25 E, lat. 27 aoN.
Ornans, a town of Prance, In th«
of Orleans. The ftreets of Orleans are department of Doubs and late province of
fpacious and pleafant, and that of the Franche-Comte. In its vicinity it a well,
huxbourg of Paris is of a prodigious which, during the time of great rains,
length. Its commerce confifts in wine, overflows in luch a manner as to inundats
brandy, com, grocery, and particularly the adjacent countiy ; and the fifties that
lugar, which is brought raw trom Nantes |t dilgorges are called umbres. Ornans
and Rochelle. Sheep Ikins, and ftockings, is leated on the Louve, eight miles S£ of
both knit and woven, form alfo a conlider- Belan^on.
able article of trade. The fauxbourg or Orne, a department of France, inclu-
iiiburb of Olivet, on the left fide of the ding the late province of Perchc and part
Loire, has a communication with the of that of Nonnandy. It takes its nam*
city by a bridge of nine ai ches, the centre from a river, which falls into the Engliflk
one 100 feet wide. Near the city is a Channel, eight miles below Caen. TU«
forcft, containing 100,000 acres, planted capital is Aren»,t)n.
with oak and other valuable trees. Or- Oronoko, 2^ river of S America^
leans is 30 miles N£ of Blois, and 60 which riles in Popayan, and, after a
ssw of Paris. Lon. i 59 JE, lat. 47 54 n. courfe of 755 leagues, enters the Atlantic
Orleans, Canal of, commences at Ocean, in <f n lat. where its impetuofit/
the river Loire, five miles above Orleans,
croffes the foreft of Orleans, joins the
Loing, near Montai'gis, and palling by
Nemours, falls into the Seine. It was
finiflted in i68a, and has 30 locks in its
courfe, which is above 50 miles in ex.
tent.
Orleans^ an ifland and town of N
IS lb great, that it ftems the molt power>
ful tides, and preferves the frefhnefs of
its waters to the diftanct of i» league*
out at fea.
Oronsa, a fmall fertile ifland of Scot-
land, one of the Hebrides^ feven miles W
of Jura. Here are the ruin* of an abbey,
with many fepulchral ftatues, and foin«
America, a little to the £ of Quebeck. curious ancient fculpture
Lon. 69 50 w, lat. 47 oN.
Orleans, New, a city of N America,
capital of Louifiana, built during the re-
gency of the duke of Orleans. In 1788,
leven eighths of this city were deftroyed
by file. It is feated on the £ fide of the
MidiflTippi, 105 miles from its mouth.
Lon. 89 S3 w, lat. 30 » N.
Ormond, the northern divifion of the
county of Tipperary, in Ireland.
Ormskirk, a town in Lancaihire, with
a market on Tuefday, 30 miles S of Lan-
ca/ter, and 206 NNW of London. Lon.
3 3W, lat. 53 37 N.
Ormus, a imall ifland of Alia, in a
Ihait of the fame name, at the entrance
of the gulf of Perfia, nine iriles s of
Gcn/broon. It was taken, in » 507, by the
Poi'tnguefe, who fortified it j and it was
altenvird frequented by a number of rich
niei chants. In 1622, the Perfians, by
the affiltance of the Englilh, conquered
this place, and demolifhed the houles,
which were 4000 in number, containing
40,000 inhabitants. Some time after, the
Perlians rebuilt the fort ; and though
they could never bring it to be a place of
Oropesa, a town of Soain, in New
Caftile, 22 miles E of Placentia, and
50 w of Toledo. Lon. 4 36 w, lat. 39
50 N.
. Oropesa, a town of Peru, feated at
the foot of the moufltains, 150 miles nm
ofPotofi. Lon. 63 30 w, lat. 18 o s.
Orr, a river in Kirkcudbrightftiire,
which rifes near New Galloway, waters
the town of Orr, and enters the Soiway
Frith. '
Orsova, a town of Upper Hungary*
in the bannat of Temel'war, feated en the
N fide of the Danube, almoft oppofitc
Belgrade. It is fubjeil to the '1 urks.
Lon. 22 o E, lat. 45 30 N.
Ok SOY, a town of the circle of Weft*
phalia, in the duchy of Cleves, taken, ia
1672, by the French, who demoliflied th«
fortifications. It is 20 miles ss of Glevee*
Lon. 6 43 E, lat. 51 28 N.
Orta, a town of Italy, in the patri*
mony of St. Peter, with a bifhop's fee*
It is feated on the Tiber, 10 miles e of
Viterbo, and 30 N of Rome. Lon, is
37 w, lat. 42 22 N.
Ortegal, a c.ipe and caftlc on the N
trade as before, it is Itill the key of the coaft of Galicia, in Spain, 30 miles NN|
(uifjlPcriia, oa accouat of tb« commo- of Ferrvl, Lon. 7 30 w, lat. 43 46 n. i
■«3
i AM
.mm
■ipl
m
.■i
m
i^i
.#
i
I
O 5> M>
O S T
il
w
ORTEiJBURC, a t 'Vi. of Auftrla, and is feated on the Douero, 80 miles n
feated on the s bank of the Drave, op- by E of Madrid. Lon. a la w» lat. 41
{^ftte its confluence with the Lifer. Lon. 30 N.
ty 38 E, ht.+S 55 :;. OsNABURO, a bifhopric of Germany,
Orthez, a town of France, in the de- in the circle of Weltphalia, 4.0 miles long
partnlent of the Lower Pyrenees and late and 30 broad. It is remarkable that this
province of Beam, feated on the declivity biftiopric is polTeflfed by the papiih and
of a hill, on the river Gave de Pau, 17 protcftants alternately, according to th«
miles sw of Pau. Lon.o 24- w> lat. 43
5R.
Orton, a town in VVeftmorland, with
a market on- Wednefday, 12 miles sw
of Appleby, and 271 nnw of London.
Lon. 2 40 w, lat. 54 28 N.
()RTZA, a town of Lithuania, in the
]^alatinate of Witepflc, with a caftle. It
is^feated at the confluence of the Orefa
arid Dnieper, 50 miles w of Smolenfko.
Lon. 31 SE, lat. 5445 N,
treaty of Wcftphalia. The proteftant
bifliop i$ always chofen by tlie houl'e of
Bruni'wick Lunenburg, and the catholic
by the papifts. The preftnt biihop is
Frederic duke of York, fecund fon of the
king of Greai Britain. The inlpe^tion
and adininiltration of eccleiiafticai affairs,
however, belong to the eleftor of Cologne,
as metropolitan.
OsNAEURG, a city of Germany, ca-
pital of a bifhopric of the fame name.
Orvieto, a tov/n of Italy, capital of with a univerfity, and a caifle. It is re-
a territory of the fame name, in the pa- markable lor a treaty of peace, concluded
trimony of St. Peter, with a bifliop's between Germany and Sweden, in 1648,
fee, and a magnificent palace. In this in favour of the proteftant religion. The
f(.kce is a deep well, into which mules proteft^nts have two of the churclies,
defeend, by one pair of ftairs, to fetch \t^> The beei- of this place is liighly efteemtd
Water, and afcend bv another. It is in Germany. It is feated on the Haze,
feated on b craggy rook, near the conflxi-
ence of the rivers Paglia and Chiuna, 10
rtllles WW of Viterbo, aftd ^q'n by w of
Kome. Lon. 12 20 B, iat. 4s 42 N.
Orwell^ a river in Suffolk, which
runs SE by.Ipfwich, and uniting with the
Stour, forms the fine harbovr of Har-
wich. Above Iplwich, it is called the
Gipping.
35 miles NK of Munfter, and 75 w of
HanoVer. Lon. 8 20 e, lat. 52 24 N.
•OasMtVKGt an ifland in the S Pacific
Ocean, difcovei'ed and named by captain
Wallis, in 1767. It is called Miatea
by the natives. Lon. 147 30 w, lat. 17
51 s.
OsoRNO, a town of Chili, feated on
Rio-Bueno, in a territoiy where thtie
OSAQA, a large town of the ifland of are mines of gold. So miles s of Baldi
Niphon, in Japan, with a magnihcent via. Lcn. 73ao\v, lat. 40 58 s.
caftle. It has a harbour, and is one of Ossetia, thecountiy oi the Ossi, 01
the moft commercial pbces of Japan. OssETi, onie of the fevcn Caucafian na-
The hours of the night are proclaimed tions, between the Blac': Sea and the Cal-
i)y the found of difiercnt inltrnments of pianj bounded on the N by Great Ca-
mufic. Lon. 1 33 45 e, lat. ^5 20 N. baida, on the E by the Lefguis Tartars,
• OsERO, or OsoRO, an ifland in the and oh the s and w by Imeritia. It
gulf of Venice, belonging to the Vene- contains 19 diifrids, of which one is fub-
tians, having that of Chcrfo to the n, to jed to Imeritia, and the others to Georgia.
tivbich it is joined by a bridge. The ca- Thel'e diftri6ls are of veiy unequal fize ;
:pital is of the fame name, with a bifhop's fome containing only five, and others 50
lee. Lon. 1530 E, lat. 45 on. villageSf tach of which comprifes from 10
OsEV, an iiiand in Blackwater Bay, to 100 ^milies. Their language has fome
•near Maiden, in Elfex. It is covered
iDfrith wild fowl, at certriin lealbns; and
llicre the conl ftiips for Maiden unload their
cargoes.
OsjMO, :'n ancient town of Italy, in
ihe marquilatc of Ancona, with a rich
analogy with that of the Perfian. Their
hiltory is intirely unknown. T'le Cir-
cafTians and Tartars c«iil>thera Knfha.
O s s o R V , t he weftern divifion of Queen's
Counfy, in Ireland.
Ossut)A, an ancient and confiderable
bifliop's (ee, aiul a magnificent epifcopal town of Spain, in Andalufia, with a uni-
palacc. It is feat«.d on the Mulone, 10 verfity, 40 miles E of Seville. Lon. 4 31
miles s of Anrona, and 1 10 NE of Rome, w, lat. 37 24 n.'
Loi. 13 3.1- E, lat. 43 19 N. OsTAGio, a town of Italy, in the ter-
■ OSMA, an ancient town of Spain, in litoiy of Genoa, 1 5 miles NW of Genoa.
Old Caftiic, with a bifhop's fee, ahd a Lon. 8 31 e, lat.44 36N.
univtr&ty. It i« almoiV sejie to ruin, Ostauric; atow^of £^>u%iKCat»-
6 -
*♦•
o s w
OTA
I.^nla. Tt had a Ihong caftle, taken by
the Freik'h, aiid denioliihtd in 1695. It
is iiatetl on ibe Tordeia, 38 milL-s ne of
Barcelona. Lon. x 55 £, lat. 41 41 n.
OsrcND, a tbrtifttfd icaport of Am-
ti Ian Flanders, iamous for tht lon(»- liege
it fiiltaihed agaijitl the Spaniard*, troni
July 5» i6oi, to Scpteinlier az, 160+,
when it (urreiidwed, by a honorable ca-
pitulation On the death of Charles 11,
of Spain, Ft ench lei^ed Oltend ; but,
in 1706, aitv ihe battle of Kamtliies, it
was retaken by the allies. It was again
taken by the French in 1745, but rc-
ttored in 1748. In the war of 1756, the
French garriibned this town for the em -
prei's-qaeen Maria Therei'a. In the lalt
war, as a neutral port, it became a great
mart for trade ; and it was greatly aug-
mented both in pop 'iation and buildings.
In 1792, the French once more took 6i-
tend, which they evacuated in 17931 and
repofleiled. in 1794. Oltend is leated
among a number of canals, aad is ai-
moft liirrounded by two of the largeft of
them, into which ihips of great burden
may eater with tlie tide. . It is 10 miles
w of Bruges, 22 NE of Dunkirk, and
60 NW oi' Bi^u^els. Lon. 3 i S> lat. 51
14 N. •'.■ .'• .. . • • .. s .
OsTiA, .a' once celebrated but decayed
feaport of Italy, in Conipag»a>di Koroa,
leated at the mouth of the fiber, with a
biftiop's fee : the harbour is choaked up.
It is 12 miles sw of Rome. Lon. iz
s4 E, lat. 41 44 N.
OsTianA, a town of Italy, in the
duchy of Mant-a, iVated on th^^ Po, 1 5
miles E of Mantua. Lou. 11 ii K, iat.
45 7 N.
OsTROGOTHiA, the eaftern part of
Gothland, in Sweden.
OsTUNi, a town of Naples, in Terra
dOtranto, with a bifliops fee. It is
leated on a mountain, near the gulf of
Venice, 16 miles NW of Briiidici, and
24 NE of Tarento. Lon. 17 59 E, lat.
40 51 N.
Oswald, St, a village in Northum-
berland, on the Pifts' wall, N of Hex-
ham, by tome called Heavensfield, on ac-
count of Olwald's total defeat of Ced-
wall, a Britilh ufurper, who was killed on
the firft onfet. Here Ofwald, who was
afterwai-d fainted, fet up the firft crofs in
the kingdom of Northumberland.
Oswego, a fort of N America, feat-
ed on the s fide of Lake Ontario, at the
mouth of a river of the fame name, 156
miles wNW of Albany. Lon. 76 15 w,
lat 4^ 15 N.
OlWJSiczfiN^ % town of PoUnd, in the
palitinate of Cracovia. It has a great
trade in I'alt, and is feated on the Vif-
tula, 15 miles sw of Cracow. Lon. 19
44. E, lat. 50 o N.
Os WE STK.V, a corporate town in Shrou-«
iliire, wi: h a market on Wedncfday. It
had a wall and a caltie, long ago demo>
liihcd ; and has Ibme trade from Wales
in ilannels. It is 18 miles Nwof Shrewf-
bury and 174 of London. Lon. 3 3 W»
lat. 52 52 N.
OsvTH, St. a village in EfTex, nine
miles SE of Colchetter. Here are the re-
mains of an ancient monaftery, now the
leat of the earl of Rochford.
Otaha, one of the Society Klands, In
the S Pacific Ocean. It lies n of Ulitea ;
and is divided from it by a Itrait, which,
in the narroweft part, is not more than
two miles binuad. This ilUnd is fmaller
and more barren than Ulitea, but has two
very good harbour;.
Otaheitee, one of the Society Iflands,
in the S Pacific Ocean, lying in 18° s lat.
and 150° \v lon. and firft difcovered, in
1767, by captain Wallis, who called it
George the Third's Ifiand. Captain
Cook came hither, in 1769, to obferve
the tranfit of Venus; failed round the
whole illand in a boat, and ftaid three
months: it was vifited twice afterward
by that celebrated navigator. It confift*
of two peninfulas, great part of which
is covered with woods, confiitin'g partly
of bread-fruit trees, palms, cocoa-nut
trees, plantains, bananas, mulberries, fu-
gar-canes, and others peculiar to the cli-
n)ate, particularly a kind of pineapple
aiwl the dragon-tree. The birds moft:
common are two Ibrts of parroquets, one
of a beautiful fapphirine blue, another
of a green ifh_colour, with a few red ipcts ;
a king s fiftier, of a dar!: green, with a
collar of the iame hue round his white
throat ; a large cuckoo ; levera! Jbrts of
pigeons or doves j and a biuifli heron.
The only quadrupeds found on the ifland
are hogs, dogs, and rats, which Ire fuf-
fcrcd to run about at plealure. The peo-
ple have mild featuiej, and a pleafirtg.
countenance. They are about the ordi-
nai-y fize qi £uro;>eans, of a pale maho-
gany brown, with fine black V.air and
eyes, and wear a piece of cloth round
their middle, and another wrapped about-
the head, like a turban. The women
wear a. piece of cloth, with a hole in the
middle, througli which they pals their
heads, lb that one part of the garment
hangs down behind, and the other before,
to the knees ; a fine white clolh, like
muflio» pa(re» «ver this in various elegant
'Mm
..*..•
O T R
O U D
il
I
h
turns round the body, a little below the
breaft, forming a kind of tunic, of which
one turn fometimes falls gracefully acrofs
the fliouldcr. Both fexes are adoitied, or
- rather distig;ured, by thole black Itains,
occaTioned ny punfluring the ikin, and
. rubbing a black colour into the wounds.
Their houfes confift only of a roof, thatch-
ed with the long prickly leaves of the
, palm-nut tree, and fupported by a few
pillars made of the bread-fruit tree. As a
roof is fufficicnt to flielter the natives
from rains and nightly dews, and as l'ac
climate is one of the happielt in the
world, the houfes have feidom any walls,
but are open on all fides. Their cloth is
, made of the fibj-oua bark of the mul-
berry tree, which is beaten with a kind
of mallet } and a glue, made of the hi-
biicus efculentv.,, ,is employed to make
the pieces of bark cohere. Some of thei'e
pieces are two or three yards wide, and
, 50 yards long. Though the natives far
excel moil of the Americans in the know-
ledge and praAice of the arts of inge-
nuity, yet tney had not invented any me-
thod of boiling water ; and having no
veflel that could bear the fire, they had
no more iJea that water could be made
hot, than that it could be made folid.
Long nails on the fingers are a mark of
diftin£lion among them, as among the
Chinefej for they imply that fuch per-
fons only as have no occafion to work,
could fufter them to grow to that length.
The two fexes here eat feparately, as in
many other countries. Their provifions
are chiefly fifti, pork, cocoa-nuts, bread-,
iruit, and bananas ; and they employ fea-
water as a fauce both to filh and pork.
Nothing can exceed their agility in fwim-
tning, diving, and climbing trees. Mr.
Forfter is lavlfti in his praifes of the gen-
tienefs, goodnature, and hofpitality of
this people ; and alio of the beauty, ele-
' gance, and gracefulnefs of the air, fea-
tures, and perfons of many of them, ef-
pecially of the better fort. The hiftory
of Omai, a native of this ifland, who
was brought over to England, and cai--
rled back by cnpta.n Cook, in his lait
voyage, is well known.
Otley, a town in the w riding of
Yorkfliire, vvith a maiket on Friday.
ft is feafed on the Wharf, under a high
craggy cliff, 25 miles w of York, and
aoi NNw of London. Lon. i 4.8 w,
lat. S3 54 N.
an ifland of S America, in
Panama. Lon. 81 10 w
Otoque,
the b' 7 of
lat. 7 50 N.
Otranio, or Terra ^'OtrantOi
a province of Naples, bounded on the n
b^ Terra-di-Bari and the gulf of Venice,
on the E by the fame gulf, and on the s
and w by a great bay, between that and
Bafilicata. It is a mountainous country,
abounding in olives, figs, and wine. Here
is a kind of fpider, called a tarantula,
whofe bite is venomous j and the country
is often vifited by locufts.
Otranto, a city of Naples, capital
of Terra d'Otranto, with a commodious
harbour, an archbiftiop's fee, and a cita-
del, where the archbiftop refides. It
was taken, in 1480, by the Turks, who
did a great deal of milchief, but it has
fince been reftored. It has alfo fuffered
greatly by the Algerine pirates. It i$
Itrated on the gulf of Venice, 37 milts
SE of Brindici, and 60 SE of Tarento.
Lon. 18 35 E, lat. 40 20 N.
Otricoli, a town of Italy, in the
duchy of Spoletto, feated on a hill, two
miles from the Tiber, and 3a N of Rome.
Lon. 12 23 E, lat. 4z 26 N.
OsTBGO a narrow lake of N America,
in the ftate of New York. It is nine
miles long, and lies at the head of the
river Sufquehannah.
Ottsry, or Ottery St. Mary, a
tovtrn in Devonfliire, with a market on
Tiiefday. It is feated on the fmall river
Otter, 10 miles e of Exeter, and 162 w
by s of London. Lon. 5 18 w, lat. 50
44 N.
Ottona, or Ortona, an epifcopal
town of Naples, in Abruzzo Citeriore,
feated on the gulf of Venice, 10 miles N
of Lanciano, and 43 E of Aquileia. Lon.
14 50 E, lat. 42 28 N.
OuDE, a province of Hindooftan Pro-
per, fubjeA to a nabob, whofe domi-
nions lie on both fides of the Ganges, oc-
cupying (with the exception of the dif-
trift of Rampour) all the flat country
between that river and the northern moun-
tains, as well as the principal part of that
fertile traft, lying between the Ganges
and Jumna,' known by the name of Dooab,
to within 40 miles of the city of Delhi.
Oude and its dependencies are eftimated
at 360 miles in length from E to w, and
in breadth from 1 50 to 180. The nabob
is in alliance with the Britifti ; and a
brigade of the Benp al army is conltantly
Rationed on his weften frontier} which
anl'wers the purpofe of covering Oude as
well as Bengal, and of keeping the wef»
tern itates in awe ; and, in confideration
of this, the nibob pays an annual fuhfidy
of 420,0001. His capital is Lucknow.
Oude, an ancient city of Hindooftja
Proper, in the province of Oude> ^re*
OUL
mains of which arc feated on the Gogra,
nearly adjoining Fjrzabad. It is faid to
have been the firft imperial city of Hin-
(iooltan, and to have been the capital of a
great kingdom, iioo years before the
Chriftian era ; and it is frequently men-
tioned in the Mahaberet, a famous Hin-
doo work in Sanfcrit, under the oame of
Adjudiah. But whatever may have been
its former magnificence, no traces of it
are left. It is confidered as a place of
lanftity ; and the Hindoos frequently
come hither, in pilgrimage, from all parts
of India.
OuDENARD, a ftrong town of Auf-
trian Flanders, in the middle of which
\i a fort. Here is a manufa(5ture of very
fine linen and of curious tapeftry. This
towr was befieged by he French in 1708,
but tney were obligee to raife the fiege by
the dnke of Marlbokough, who intirely
routed their army. It is feated on both
fides the Scheld, 12 miles s of Ghent,
15 NE of Tournay, and 27 w of Brulfels.
Lon. 3 49 E, lat. 50 51 N.
OuDENBURG, a town of Auftrian
Flanders, eight miles SE of Oltend, and
10 w of Bruges. Lon. 3 o e, lat. 51
9 N.
OuDiPou^. See Cheitore.
OvERFLACKEE, an ifland pf the Uni-
ted Provinces, in Holland, between the
mouths of the Maefe. Melifand is the
principal town.
OvERYscHE, a town of Auftrian Bra-
bant, feated on the Yfche, fix miles ne of
Bruffels, and nine sw of Louvain. Lon.
4 30 E, lat. 50 53 N.
OvERYSSEL, one of the United Pro-
vinces, bounded on the e by the bifhopric
of Munfter, on the N by Friefland and
Groningen, on the w by the Yflei, and
on the "s by the county of Zutphen and
blfliopric or Muntter. It is divided into
three diftrifts, called Drente, Twente, and
Saljand. There are many morafTes in
this province, and but few inhabitants,
in comparifon with the reft. It» greateft
riches confift in turf, which itedug up
here, and fent to the neighbourftig pro-
vinces, particularly Holland.
OucEiN, a town of Hindooftan Pro-
per, in the province of Malwa, capital of
one of the Weftern Mahratta chiefs. It
is a place of great antiquity, 452 miles
sw of Poonah. Lon. 75 56 e, lat. 23
26 N.
OviEDO, a town of Spain, capital of
Afturia d'Ovledo, with a bifliop's lee,
and a univerfity. It ii feated at the con-
fluence of the Ove an^ Deva, which form
the Mib 50 miles Nw- of Leon and
O W H
208 of Madrid. Lon. 5 44 w, lat. 45
25 N.
OuLz, a town of Piedmont, 12 miles
w of Sufa. Lon. 6 46 e, lat. 45 20 n.
OuNDLE, a town in Northampton-
ftiire, with a market on Saturday. It is
ieated on the Nen, over which are two
bridges, 26 miles ne of Northampton,
and 8 3 N by w of London. Lon. o 42 w, .
iat. 52 26 N.
OuREM, a town of Portugal, in Ef-
tramadura, with a caftle, on a mountain,
between tlje rivers Leira and Tomar.
Lon. 7 40 w, lat. 39 34 N.
OuRK^E, a town of Portugal, in
Alentejo, remarkable for a vi'lory ob-
tained by Alphonfo, king of Portugal,
over five Moorilh kings, in 1139. The
heads of thefe five kings are the arms of
Portugal. It is 32 miles s£ of Lilbon.
Lon. 8 49 w, lat, 38 26 n,
OusE, a river in Yorkfliire, the pa-
rents of which are the Ure and 8wale,
rifing near each other in the romantic
traft, called Richmondftiire. Thelc, after
coUeiting all the rills from this moun-
tainous region, unite at Aldborough, and
thence take the name of Oufe, which
nov/ forms a large river. It flo /s through
York, where it is navigable tor conlider-
able veflels ; and afterward receiving the
Wharf, Derwent, Aire, and Don, it falls
into* the Humber.
OusE, a river in Suffex, rifmg from
two branches, one of which has its fpring
in St. Leonard's Foreft ; the other, in the
foreft of Worth ; but they unite near
Lewesj and entering the Englilh Chan-
nel, form the harbour of Newhaven.
OusE, Great, a river, whJch rifea 1
in Northamptonfliire, near Brackley, and
waters Buckingham, Stony Stratford,
Newport-Pagnel, Olney, and Bedford,
where it is mivigable. Thence it pro-
ceeds to St. Neots, Huntingdon, St. Ives,
Ely, and Lyun, below which it enters
the Lincolnihire Wafh.
OusK, Little, a river, which rifes
in the s part of No."folk, and dividing
that county from Suffolk, as it flows
weftward, becomes navigable at Thet-
ford, and fails afterward into the Great
Ou/e.
OwERRA, or OvEiiio, a town and
territoiy of Guinea, in the kingdom of
Benin. The air is unwholefome, and
the Ibil dry and lean ; but there are feve-
ral kinds of fruits, fuch as bananas and
cocoa-nuts. Lon^ 6 o e, lat. 6 o M.
/ OwHYHEE, the eafternmoft and largeft
of the Sandwich Inlands, in the N Pacii-
fie Ocean... Its length from ^ to :> is
I' i" 3
Li!
c •
I
Mi
O X F
OX P)
'iis
,1
ill.
at leagues, and its breadth 24. It is di-
vided into fix diitrifls, two of which, on
the NE fide, are leparated by a inoun- The colleges are, Univerfity, Baliol, iVIer.
In the halls, the ftudents live, either
wholly, or in part, vt their own expencL',
ton, Exeter, Oriel, Queen's, New, Lin-
coln, All bouls, Magdalen, Brazen Nole,
Corpus Chritti, Chrift Church, Trinity,
St. John Baptitt's, Jei'us, Wadhim, Pem-
broke, Worcelter, and Hertford. Of
ihele, the molt ancient is Univerfity Col-
tain, that rifes in three peaks, perpelu
ally covered with Ihow, and may be iecn
clearly at 40 leagues diftance. To
the N of th'.s mountain, the coait con-
fifts of high and abrupt clitis, down
which fall many beautiful calcades } and
the whole country is covered with cocoa- le{;e, foundai bifore the year 872; and
nut and bread-fruit trees. The peaks to Chrilt Church College, l)cgun by cur-
of the. mountain on the NE tide appear dinal Wollly, and fmiflied l)y Htnry viii,
to be about half a mile high. To the belongs the cathedral. The halls are
s of this mountain, the coatt prefents a Alban, Edmund, St. Mary's, New Inn,
prolpeft of the moft dreary kind, the and St. Mary Magdalen. Among the U,
whole country appearing to have under- braries in the univerfity, the molt diftin-
gone a total chan.;e, from the efFefls of guiihed is the Bodleian, founded by fir
ibme dreadful convulfian. The ground
18 everywhere covered with cinders, and
jnterfefted in many places with black
ilreaks, which feem to m.uk the courfe
of a lava, tiiat has flo'ved, not many ages
back, from, the mountain to the ihove.
The fouthem promontoiy looks like the
mere dregs of a volcano. The projecting
headland is compoied of broken and crag-
gy rocks piled iiregularly on cne another.
Thomas Bodley ; thofc of All Souls Col-
lege} Chrilt Church, Queen's, New, St.
Johns, Exeter, and Corpus Chriiti.
Among other public buildings, are the
Theatre, the Alhmolean Mufeum, the Ck-
rendon Printing-houie, the RadcliiF In-
firmary, and an Obfcrvatory. Magdalen
Bridge, befide the beauty of its architec-
ture, has this fingularity, that more than
half of it is on diy ground, ancl the reft
and terminating in (harp pohits ; yet, amid covers two iinall flripes of the Cherwel ;
theie ruins, are many patches of richlbil, this bridge is 526 feet long. At Oxford,
carefully laid out in plantations. 'Jhe kin^j Johr, compelled by his barons, fum-
£elds are inclofed by ftone fences, and moned .1 pat-iiament to meet, in 1258 ;
are interfperfed with groves of cocna-nut the procetdhigs of which were i'o difor-
trees. There are fuppoied to be 150,000 derly, that^it \"as known afterward by the
inhabitants. Here captain Cook, in name of the Mad Parliament. Charles i
3 779» ^'^1^ * viftim to the fury of the na-
tives, with whom he unfortunately had a
difpute. Lon. 156 o w, lat. 19 »8 n.
Oxford, the capital of Oxfordlhire,
•with a market on Wednefday and Satur-
«lay. It is a bifliop's A e, and a univer-
fty, and, befide the, cathedral, has 13 pa-
ri/h churches. It is ieated at the con-
fluence of the Thames and Cherwel, and,
^with the fuburbs, is of a circular form,
thi-ee miles in circumference. The uni-
verfity is faid to have been founded by
the great Alfred, but is generally fup-
pofed to have been a feminary of learning
before his time, although it owed Its re-
vival and confequeflce to his liberal pa- 58 w> <Vy N of London,
tronage, receiving from him grants of lat. 51 45 n.
many privileges and large revenues. Oxfordshire, a county of England,
About the middle of the twelfth ceutyry, bounded on the e by Buckinghamlhire,
tJublic leftures on the civil wai- were read oji the w by Gloucetter!hi/e, on the s
iiere, not more than ten years after a by Berkfliire, and on the n by Warwick-
copy of Jultinian's Inftitutes had been Ihire and Northamptonfiiire. Its extreme
found in Italy. Here are 20 kolleges, length ii 48 miles; its greateft breadth
and five halls, feveral of which itand in a6. It contains 14 hundreds, one city,
the ftreets, and give thecity ani-air of la market-towns*;. and aSq pari/hesj and
ma^niftcmice. The ccrllegts are provided itnds nine memberji to parliaments The
with fufHeient reverwtk liar/ the mainte- air is mild and healthy j- the- leij^ t^ougn
(lance of & mafter; lelldwi^/anditudents. vaiiousi fertile in corb. and grjtflu' The
■■■ ■■ • - ' T » .'; . _ ■ . - • ;
aflembled a parliament here, in 1625, in
confequence of the plague then r?ging in
London} and, in 1644, he iummoiied liich
ot the members of both noufes as were
devoted to his intcrefts : thele were ie-
ceders from the parliament then fitting at
V/e!lminfter. This city was diitingui?lied
tor its attachment to that unfortunate kmg,
who here held his court during the whole
civil war. Oxford is governed by ^
mayor, dependent on the chancellor and
vicecliancelior of the univerfity ; and
fends four members to parliament, two
for ti\e univerfity and two for the city.
It is ^o;{(niles s\v of Buckingham, and
Ltin. I 10 w,
P A C
6 part; of the country, erpecially on the
borders of BuckingUamfliire, is hilly and
woody, having a continuation oi the
Chiltern hills running through it. The
NW part is alfo elevated and llony. The
middle is, in general, a rich country,
watered by numerous ftreams, running
from N to s, and terminating in the
Thames. Of thefe, the moft confuler'able
are the Windi-ufh, Evenlode, Chcrwel,
and Tame ; the lat*er, although an in-
confiderable rivulet, has obtained fome
importance from having been fuppofed to
give name to the Thames. The pro-
duels of Oxfordlhire are chiefly thole
common to the midland farming counties.
Its hills yield ochj'e, pipe-clay, and other
e:uths, uleful for various purpofes. Corn
and malt are conveyed n-om it, by the
Thames, to the metropolis. Good cheele
is made in the grazing parts. The
greatelt want in this county is that of
t'vA J for the woods, with which it once
abounded, being greatly diminished, it
is neceflary to fupply the deficiency with
coal, brought by a long and troublefome
navigation from London. The junction
of the Thames with the Trent and Merfey,
by the canal from Braunflon to Hampton
Gay, and by another canal from Braunfton
to Brentford, will greatly remedy this
inconvenience.
OzwiEZXN, a town of Little Poland,
feated on ihe Weitchfel. The houfes are
built of wood ; and the town is covered
on one fide by a great morafs, and on the
other defended by a caftle, whole walls
are of wood. It is 34. miles \v of Ci*acow.
X>on. 19 10 E, lat. 50 10 N.
PACEM, a town in the N part of
Sumatra, in the £ Indies. Lon. 97
15 E, lat. 5 o'^.
Pachamac, a valley in Peru, cele-
brated for a magnificent temple, built by
the incas, in which the Spaniacds, when
they conquered Peru, found immcnfe
riches. It is 10 miles s of Lima.
Pachsu, a fmall ifland in the Medi-
terranean, near the coatt of Albania, s
of Corfu, and w of the gulf of Arta.
It is fubjeft to Venice.
Pacific Ocean, otherwife called the
South Sea, lying between Afia and
America, and upwai^d of 10,000 miles in
breadth. When Magellan entered this
ocean through the dangerous ftrait that
bears bis name, he faUed three months
PAD
and 20 days in a uniform direflion to the
NW, V >hout dilcovering land. In the
dirtrels iie fuffered in this iroyage, bef<H'e
he dilcovercd the Ladrone IHands, he had
the conlblation of enjoying fuch uninter-
rupted fair weather, with favorable wind»,
that he gave this ocean the name of Pa-
cific. The Spaniards having paflfed the
ifthmus of Daritn, from N to s, at the
firlt difcovcry of this ocean, named it
the South Sea ; but, with refpeit to Ame-
rica, it is more properly the weftem
ocean. On one fide of the eq^uator, it is
called the N Pacific Ocean j and on the
other, the S Pacific Ocean.
Pact, an ancient town of France, in
the department of Eure and iatc province
of Normandy, Icatcd on the Eure, eight
miles s by E of Vernon. Lon. i 41 B»
lat. 48 s^ N.
Padano, a feaport on the w coall of
Sumatra, in the £ Indies, in the poflef-
fion of the Dutch. Lon. 99 46 e, lat. 6
50 s.
Paddington, a village in MiddlefeX)
w by N of London. Though contiguous
to the metropolis, it contains many beau-
tifully rural fpots; and its new church,
ere£led in 1 790, is in a fingularly pleann|r
ftyle.
Paderdorn, a bifhopric of Germany,
in the circle of Weltphalia, 32. miles
long and 20 broad. In the middle of it
are high mountains, ard Iron mines ; but
the relt.jof the countiy is fertile in com
and pastures. It is moft remarkable for
its bacon and venifon^
Paderborn, an ancient and populous
town of Weltphalia, capital of a bishopric.
It takes its name from the rivulet Pader,
which riles under the high altar of the
cathedral. It has a celebra;:ed univerfity,
and i& 37 miles s\v of Minden, and 43
ESE of Munfter. Lon. S 55 E, lat. 51
46 N.
Padron, a town of Spain, in Galicin,
feated ou the UUa, iz miles s of Com-
poftella. Lon. 8 17 vv, lat. 42 40 N.
Padstow, a feaport in Cornwall, with
a market on Saturday. It is feated at
the mouth of the Camel, on the Briftdl
Channel, and has lume trade to Ireland.
It is 30 miles w of Launcelton, and 245
w by s of London. Lun. 445 vv, lat.
50 42 N.
Padua, an ancient and celebrated city
of Italy, capital of the Paduano, with «
univerhiy and a.biAiop's fee. It is feven
miles in circumference, and much )e^
confiderable than foiwerly; for great part
of the circuit within the walh is unti^lti
and the town in general fo thml};,iiHbA,«
F f 4
''^mi
wm
'I^IH
'''hIH^^^
I ''■ ■ "■/ ill
iifl
i i«
P A E
PAL
B
m
!!i
bilcd, that grafs is feen in many places,
between the ftones with which the Itrtets
are paved. The lioufes are built on
piazzas, which, when the town was in a
ilourifliing ftate, may have iiad a magni-
^cent appearance; but they now rather
give it a more gloomy air. The Fran-
cil'can church is dedicated to St. Antonio,
the great patron ot' the city, whole body
is inclofed in a larcophagus, under an
altar in the middle of the chapel, and is
faid to emit a very agreeable and ret'refliing
flavour. Pious catholics believe this
to be the natural effluvia of the faint's
body ; while heretics aflert, that the per-
fume proceeds from certain balfams rubbed
on the marble every morning, before the
votaries coir.e to pay th-.'ir devotions.
The walls of this churcli are covered with
votive offerings of ears, eyes, arms, legs,
Doles, ^nd every part almolt of the human
body, in token of cures performed by this
faint; for whatever part has been the
feat of the dircale, a repiefentation of it
%& hung up in filver t>r gold, according to
the gratitude or wealtn of the patient.
Near this church is a place, called the
School of St. Antonio, where many of
the actions of the faint are painted in
frefco J fome of them by Titian. The
church of St. Juftina, built from a defign
by Palladio (one of the moft elegant he
ever gave) is remarkable for its rich Mo-
faic pavement. The hall of the town-
houfe is one of the largeft in Europe,
and contains the cenotaph of Livy, the
hiftorian, who was a native of. Padua.
Th<i univerfity, once fo celebrated, is
DOW on the decline. Here is a cloth ma-
nufacture; and it ^? faid that the inha-
bitants of Venice wear no other cloth
than what is made here. The city, how-
ever, fwaiTOs with beggars, who aik
charity in the name of St. Antonjo. Pa-
dua was taken by the Venetians, in 1706.
It is feated on the Brenta and Bachiglione,
in a fine plain, ?.o miles se of Vicenza,
and 2*5 n of Rome. Lon. la i e, lat.
45 a* N.
Phduano, a province of Italy, in the
territory of Vepice, 40 miles long and
35 broad; bounded on the e by the Do-
g^ado, on the s by the Polefmo di Kovigo,
on the w by the Veronefe, and on the N
by the Victntino. Its foil is well wa-
tered, and is one of the moft fertile in
Italy. Padua is the capital,
Paeebnhoefen, a town of France,
in the depart .-nent of Lower Rhine and
lat^ province of Alface, feated on the de-
fliv^ty of a jnountjaiq, near the river
«r;i
U. ii
Motter, eight miles w of Haguenau.
Lon. 7 38 E, lat. 48 48 N.
Pago, a^i itland in the gulf of Venice,
feparated from Venetian Dalmaila by a
narrow Itrait. The air is cold, and the
Ibil barren; but it is well peopled, and
contains lalt-works.
Pahano. See Pan.
PaimboeUF, a leaport of France, in
the department of Lower Loire and laie
province of lirctagne, at the mouth of the
Loire. Hencf all the (liips belonging to
Nantes take their departure, and here they
anchor on their arrival. It is »o miks
w of Nantes. Lon. i 53 w, lat. 47
15 N.
Painswick, a town in Glouceftcr-
fhire, with a market on Tutfday. It has
a manulaClure of white cloths for the
army, and for the India and Turkey tiade ;
and hence is brought a ftone, remarkable
for its beauty and neatncfs, foi* the pave-
ment of floois. Painfwlck is fituate lb
high, as every way to command extenfivc
views, over a vale of valt richnels and
variety, of the windings of the Severn,
Malvern Hills, and parts of the counties
of Salop, Hereford, and Monmouth. It
is itvtn miles SE of Gloucelter, and loi
w by N of London. Lon. 2 1 1 w, lat.
51 4.6 N.
Paisley, a large manufa6luring town
in Renfrewihire. Its ftreets have names
defcriptive of the various employments
of the inhabitants ; fuch as Silk Street,
Cotton Street, Lawn Streetf &c. The
principal manufaftures are in fdk and
thread gauze ; and it has extenfive cotton
work*. The magnifice.it abbey, for which
Paillcy wjs once noted, is now partly in
ruins ; but there is a chapel intire, which
is uied as the faaiily burial-place of the
martjuis of Abercora, and is famous for
a furprifing echo. Paifley is fuppofed to
contain about one third of the number
of the irhabitants of Glafgow; but it
ltand$ on nearly as much ground, and is
fix miles w of that city. Lon. 4 ao \v,
lat. 55 5a N.
Paita, a feaport of Peru, in the au-
dience ot Quito, with an excellent har-
bour. It has frequently been plundered
by the buccaneers i and, in 1741, it was
plimdered and burnt, by commodore
Anion, becaufe the governor refufed to
ranfom it. Lon. 81 19 w, lat. 6 la s.
Palacios, a town of Spain, in An-
dalufia, 12 miles 6 of Seville. Lon. 5 24
W, lat. 37 ao N. rb..;: ^i '
Palais, a town of Frai^ce, capital of
the iAand of Belleiilej oft' the (:Qaft of
.«^
■m
PAL
PAL
Bretftgne. It has a (Irong citadel, which
Aood a long fiegc againlt the Englidi, in
1 76 1, and then lurrendered on honorable
terms. Lon. 3 2 w, lat. 47 18 N.
Palais, St. a town and dilhift of
France, in the department of the Lower
Pyrenees, which, with the town and dit'-
tricl of St. John-Pied-de-Port, forms
nearly the whole of the late province of
Lower Navarre, a mountainous country,
which produces fcarccly any thing but
millet, oats, and fruits of which they make
cider. This is only a very moderate
portion of ^the kingtlom or Navarre,
wrefted, in 151*, from John d' Albert,
by Ferdinand king of Arragon and Caf-
tile. This portion, feparated from Upper
Navarre by the Pyrenees, made part of
the kingdom of France, ha\ ing been an-
nexed to it by Henry iv, who held it in
right of his mother, Jeanne d'Albert. St.
Palais is ieated on the Bidoiife, 1 5 miles
SE of Bayonne. Lon. 1 4 w, lat. 43 21
N. See Navarre.
Palamboang, or Palambang, a
town of Java, capital of a kingdom j
feated at the £ end of the iiland, on
the ftraits of Bally. Lon. 114 o £, lat.
7 10 s.
Palamcotta, or Tinevelly, a
town of Hindooftan, in the Carnatic, 410
miles sw of Madras. Lon. 77 54 £,
lat. 8 43 N.
Palamos, a ftrong feaport of Spain,
io Catalonia, feated on the lyfediterranean,
47 miles NE of Barcelona. Lon. 2 58 h,
ht. 41 58 N.
Palanka, a town of Upper Hungary,
feated on the Ibola, 37 miles N of Buda.
Lon. 18 23 E, lat. 48 9 N.
Palaos Islands. See Philippines,
New.
Palawan. See Paraco.
Palazzuolo, a town of Sicily, in the
Val-di-Noto, 80 miles s of Mefllna. Lon.
15 5 E, lat. 37 3 N.
Palazzuolo, a town of Italy, in the
Erei'ciano, feated on the OgliOf 30 miles
NE of Milan. Lon. 9 56 e, lat. 45 40 n.
Palencia, a town of Spain, in Leon,
with an archbiihop's fee. It is feated on
the Carion, 40 miles sw of Burgos, and
J 10 N by w of Madrid. Lon. 4 42 y/,
lat. 42 10 N.
Palermo, an ancient city of Sicily,
in the Vai-di-Mazara, fituate near the
extremity of a kind of natural amphi-
theatre, formed by high and rocky moun-
tuins. The country between the city and
the mountains, is one of the richeft plains
in the world ; the whole appearing a mag-
plEcent garden, filled witn fruit-tiees of
every fpecics, and watered by ckar fcMm-
tains and rivulets. The inhabituiu* of
Palermo aie ertimated ut 150,000. Two
great Itreets interlctl each other in tlie
centre of the city, where tlicy form a
handlbme iqiiarc, called the Ottangolo,
adorned with elegant uniform buildings.
From the centre of this fquare is lun Mic
whole of thcfe noble Itrttts, and the lour
elegant gates which terminatw th^m, cacii
at the dillancf of half a mile. The Porta
Felice opens to the Marino, a diliglitful
walk, that has on one lide the wall of the
city, and on the other the lea; and in the
ccntr" is an elegant kind of temple, which,
in fummer, is jiiade ule of as an orclieftra.
The concert docs not begin till midnight 4.
at which time the walk is crowded with
carriages and people on foot: the better
to favour plcalure and intrigue, there is
an order that no perfon (hall prcfume to
carry a light ; and the company generally
continue an hour or two togetlicr ir utter
darknei's, except when the intruding moon
comes to dilhu'b them. The churches of
Palermo are upward of 300, and many of
them very rich and magnificent. The
cathedral is a large Gothic Itiufturc,
fupported within by 80 columns of ori-
ental granite, and divided into a great
number of chaptis, lijme ot which are
extremely rich, particularly that of St.
Kofolia, the patronefs of Palermo, who
is held in the greateft veneration. The
relics of the I'aint are preferved in a
large box of filver, curioufly wrought,
and enriched with precious ftones : many ^
miracles, it is pretended, are performed by
them; and they are confidered as the
greateft treafures of the city. The mo-
numents of their Norman kings, leveral of
whom are buried here, ve of the fineft
porphyry, fome of them near 700 years
old. The city is crowded with Itatues
of fovereigns and tutelar faints, placed in
fmall courts and fquares, upon pedeftals of
coloffal proportion and taftelefs form. In
the ftreets the women hide their he«ds n
black veils ; a veiy ancient mode of dreft
in this ifland. This city has fuflfered
greatly, at different perioids, by earth-
quakes or inundations. The harbour Is
dangerouily open to the fweli and fea from
the NE; and, even at the anchoring place,
fliips lie in peril whenever a welterly
wind blows, as it ruihcs with great im-
petuofity through the valley of Colli be-
tween the mountains. About a mile
from Palermo is a celebrated convent
01 capuchins, in which is a vault made
uie of as a receptacle for the dead. It
cunfifts of four wide palTages, each about
J ^r'n
PAL
PAL
forty ffct in IcngtFi, with arrlies along
the ficiis, in which fhi' bodies are fct
Upright, clothed in co.iifie gmments, with
fh-ir he:uls, arms, and ftt-t hare. They
arc pripnred for this (ituation by broiling
ihfin fix or ll-ven months upon a griiliron,
over a flow fire, till all the tat and mcifturc
•re coniumod. In Ibmc of the higher
witches they are laid out at full length,
and at the top are children of fix or (even
years of age. On th.; floor are handfomc
tiiiiiks, containing the bodies of perfons
ef diltinilion, the keys of which arc
fcept hy the relations. Palermo is feated
€m the N fide of the ifland, at the bottom
of a gnlf of the fame name, ito miles
W of MefTini, and 162 s by w of Naples.
Loii. T3 23 E, lat. 38 15 N.
Palestine, a country of Turkey In
Afia, ib called from the Philiftines, who
inliabited its feacoaft. It is alio called
Judaea, front the patriarch Judah j and
the Holy Land, from its having been the
feene of tlie birth, miniftry, and death
of Jcfus Clirift. In the Scriptures it
is (iyled the Land of Canaan, and the
Promifed Land. It is dividfd from Syria
on the N, by Mount LIbanus, or Le-
iMMion; from Ara'na Deferta on the h,
by the mountains oi Scir; and it has the
tlefeits of A)abia Petrea on the s, and the
Mediterranean on the \v. It is, in gene-
ral, a fertile country, abounding, where
cullJvated, with corn, wine, and oil ; and
it might fupply the neighbouring country
^ith all thel'e, as it anciently did, were the
pre.int inhabitants equally induftrious.
The parts about Jeru ft lem, its capital, are
the moil mountainous and rocky; but
they feed numerous herds and flocks, and
yield plenty of honey, with excellent wine
and oil ; and the vallies produce large
trops of corn.
Palestrina, anciently Praenefle, a
town of It'ilv, In Canipagna di Roma,
with a bifliop"s fee. It is the capital of a
principality of the fame name, and was
famous for the Temple of Fortune, the
nilns of which may yet be feen. It is
»5 miles E of Rome. Lon. 13 5 e, lat.
41 52 N.
Palestrina, one of the largeft of
the iflands called the I.agunes. near
Venice, where the moft confidcrable of
the nobility have country houles. The
principal harbour has the fame name.
Palicata, a feaport of Hindooftan,
on the coaft of Coromandel. The Dutch
iiave a faftory here. It is 25 miles N of
Madras. Lon. ?i 33 e, lat. 13 30 n.
Palimbum, the capital of a kingdom
iff the famine name, in the ifland of Sumatra}
i^f,
featfd on the E cnnff, 110 iritei Nf <«r
Hencoolen, and fubjeiV to the l^tch.
Lon. 103 31 E, lat. 30 s.
Pai.i isi:r"s Islands, n group ot
illands in the S Pacific Ocean. L«ffl
JO w, lat. 15 30 s.
Palma, a town of Portirjiial, in Ak-n-
ttjo, icattd on the river Cadoan, r.o
miles E of St. Ubes. Lon. 8 40 w. Lit.
38 37 N.
Pal MA, a town of S America, in
New (Tranada, 50 milts N\v of tit. Fe-
de- Bogota. Lon. 73 40 w, lat. 4 ?o N'.
P\:.f.i\, one of the Canary lilaici^*,
lying to the N of Ferro. Lun. 17 50 w,
lai. 28 ;7 N.
pAl MA, or Palma Nuova, a ftroiii;
town of Italy, in Venetian Friidi, It iV,
a very important place for the defence ot
the Venetians againft the Auitrians and
Turks} and is ('atcd on the gulf of
Venice, 10 miles se of Udina, and 55
NE of Venice. Lon. 13 15 E, lat,
46 2 N.
PALMASjOneof the Philippine flland;;,
16 leagues se of Mindanao. Lon. 127
o E, lat. 5 33 N.
Paljvias, Cape, a promontory of
Africa, on the Ivory Coaft of Guinea.
Lon. 5 34 \v, lat. 4 26 N.
Talmela, a town of Portugal, in Ef
tranuidura, with a cartle on a reck, leated
on the Gadaon, 19 miles se of Lifbou.
Lon. 8 56 w, lat. 38 29 N.
PALXJFRfiTON's Island, an iiland in
the S Pacific Ocean, difcovered by cap-
tain Cook, in 1774. It confifts of about
ten iflets, connected by a reef of coral
roc.'cs, and lying in a circular direftion.
This place admits of no anchorage, not
are rhere any inhabitfints en it, tncui^h
it abounds with cocoa-nuts, icurvygiaVs,
and the wharra-tree. It does not exceed
a mile in ciicumference, and is not ele-
vated more than three feet above the level
of, the lea. It confifts intirely of a corril
fand, v/ith a fmal! mixture of blackifl>
mold, which appeared to be produced
from rotten vegetables. With re("j)ecl to
the animal creation, the moft fingular that
captain* Cook obferved, were fome large
eels, beautifully fpotted, which, when
followed, would raife themfelves out of
the water, and endeavour, with oj)eii
mouth, to bite their purfuers. There
was alfo a bfown-fpotted rock fifli, about
the fize of a haddock, (b tame, that, in-
ftead of fwimming away, it would re-
main fixed, and gaze at them. Lon. 162
57 w, lat. 18 o s.
Palmyra, formerly a magnificent
• city of Afia, m fl;e4fcferts of Aiabia, oi"
P A M
PAN
Lit.
xcted
tk--
cor:: 1
CXifl)
uce<i
:c\ t.<>
that
large
whtii
It ot
o])eii
. here
ibout
M in-
re-
i6z
icent
which Zenobia was queent who held it feft, of N Carolina, loo miles long and
out a long time agaitUt the Romajis, but tVuin lo to 20 broiiJ. It is iisparatrd, in
was at iengtii talscn captive, and led in iis whole Itnj^th, fro r ihe Atlantic, by
triumph through tht ftieets ot' Komc. :i beach o( land, hardly a nulc wide, ge-
The Itupendous ruins of th^i city were ncrallv covered by .mall trees* or bufhes.
vifited by meifievu's Wood and Dawkins, It has iLvcrd inlets j but tl.al ol Ocre-
in i7S* » and Mr. Wood publifhcd a cock is tlic only one tl-.at will admit vef-
I'plendid account ot them, iilultrtie.t by lets of burden. This inlet is in lun. 76
jjatcs, in 1753. This place is li!s.ewiie 20 w, lat. -^s 10 N.
called Tedmor in the Dclert. The pre- Pampelonne, a town of France, in
lent inhabit.ints, confiiting of 30 or 40 the ikpartr.cnt ot Tarn ;tnd late province
families, have creftcd their nmd cott.igcs of Lanpiadoc, 15 miles n by a of Alby.
witiiin the fpacious court of a m:igiiiH
cent temple of the fun. Palmyra is 200
miles se of Aleppo. Lon. 38 50 E, lat.
33 »o N.
Palnaud, a diftrift of the pcninfula
of Plindoultan, belonging to the Canux-
tic, but fituate toward the river Kiltna, to
the w of the Guntoor Circar.
Palos, a town of Spain, in Andalu-
fia, with a pretty good harbour; remark-
able for being the place whence Chrltlc-
Lon. 2 17 E, lat. 44 10 N.
Pampeluna, a town of Spain, capi-
tal of Upper Nsvarre, with a iirong ci-
tadel, ami a rich bifliopric. Its Iquares
are han.'.lome, and adorned with ihops
full of rich merchant. 4IC. It is leated on
the Ary;a, 42 miles s of Bayonne, and
167 NE of Madrid. Lon. i 35 w, lat.
42 47 N.
Pampeluna, a town of S America,
in New Granada, famous for its minei
pher Columbus failed on his firlt advtn- of gold, and numerous Hocks of Hieep.
turoiis voyage in 1492. It is ll.ited nt " ' . - .
the mouth of the Rio Tinto, 46 miles
sw of Seville. Lon. 6 39 w, lat. 37
14 N.
Palos, Cape, a promontory of Spain,
in Murcia, to the s of a town of. the
It is 150 miles n by e ot St. Fe-de-
Bagota. Lon. 71 30 w, lat. 6 30 N.
Pan, or Pah ANG, a t(.w:i of Afia, on
I'he E coaft oi the peniniiili of Malacca.
It is the capital of a kingdom of the
lame name, remarkable for the ereat
lame name, 20 miles E of Carthagena. number of elephanrs, and for the plenty
of pepper it produces. Pan is 140 miles
NE ot' Malacca. Lon. 103 20 E, lat. 3
55 N-
Panama, a city of S America, the
capital of Terra FIrma Proper, and the
feat of a royal audience and of a bifhop.
It was built in 1517, and was facked
and burnt by the Englifli buccaneers in
1670. Before the abolition of the trade
by the gaieons, in 1 748, the Spaniards
of Chili and Peru, in order to be fup-
plied with the produfls and manufa6lures
of Europe, were obliged to repair to
Porto Bt'Uo or Panama; but, fince that
period, the commercial intercourlie has
been carried on by lingle veflels, called
regifter ihips, which tail round Cape
Horn, and convey direftly to the ports of
Chili and Peru the merclandile, which
was foinierly conveyed acrofs the ifthmus
of Darlen to Panama. In the harbour
of Panama is a fine pearl fifliery. This
city is feated on a bay of the fame name,
70 miles s of Porto Bcllo. Lon. 80 35 W,
lat. 8 48 N. ■
Panari, one of the Lipari Iflands, in
the Mediten'anean, between Lipari and
Strombolo. It is barren, and only five
miles in circumference. Lon. 15 41 E,
lat. 38 38 N.
Favay, one of the Philippine Iflandt,
Lon. 6 39 w, lat. 37 37 n.
Palota, a town of Lower Hungary,
in the county of Alba Regalis, taken
from the Turks, in 1687. i^ is 40 miles
sw of Buda. Lon. 18 o £, lat. 47
ON.
Palte, a famous lake of Thibet, ly-
ing to the s of Lafla, about three days
journey, and 12 miles s of the river San-
poo or Burrampooter. It is 1 50 miks in
circumference ; and in the middle of it is
one large ifland. On the w fhore of this
illand, or congeries of iAands, is a mo-
naltery, and the i'eat of the Lamilfa Tur-
cepamo, or the Great Regenerate, in
whom the Thibetians think that a divine
ipirit is regenerated, as it is iathe Grt •:
Lama. The word Lama fignifies a prielt,
or miniller of religion, and LamiJJ'a is the
feminine of Lama.
Pami'Ers, a town of France, in the
department of Arriege and late territory
of Foix, with a bilhop's fee. . It is not
fo confiderable as formerly, nor peopled
in proportion to its extent. Near it is a
mineral fpring> faid to cure the gout and
ebftru6tions. Pamiers is {bated on the
Arriege, eight mijea N of Foix, and 30
s of Touloufe»...i.op. Jli.3» E* lat. 43
■J"N. .. ■,., cr] v.: ^VBti ^ A' !,"'■'
■T<«P4Muco SoTJUDiwa kuait: o£ uiland
I
!H:i-,i
•i[*
-A
PAN
PAR'
III
V«twcen tliofe of Paragoa and Negro.
It is 250 miles in circumteience, ami the
mod popiilouH and fertile of them all. It
is watcitcl by a great number of rivers
and brooks, and produces a jjreat quan-
tity of rice. Iloiia is the capital.
Panc ras, St. a village in Middle-
fex, a little to tli-: N\v of London. It
has a church didicatcd to St. Pancras j
and the churchyard is remnrkable for be-
ing the principal place of interment for
the Roman catliolits. At a public houfe
rear the church is a meilicinil fpring.
Here is the Veterinary C«>lkgc, i(tabli(hed
in 1791, for the improvenient of far-
riery, and the treatment of cattle in ge-
neral: the noble ftahlcs, and anatomical
theatre, are finifhed 5 but the pnlent col-
lege is only a temporary building.
Pang A, a town of Africa, in the
kingdom of Congo, capital of the pro-
vince of Bamba. Lon. 14 15 r lat. 6
30 s.
Panjab, a country of Hinc* an
Proper, being that watered by t » rive
eaftern branches of the Indus. It wag
the fcenc of Alexander's laft campaign,
and the termination of his conviueftu. It
Ibrms a fquare of 250 miles, and includes
the whole of Lahore, and a great part of
Moultan Proper. To the fewer part of
Moultan it is flat and mru-lhy, and inun-
dated by the periodical rains which fall
between May and Ot^ober.
Pannanach Wells, a village in
Aberdecnlhire, fituate a little below the
waterfall, called the Lin of Dee, in the
valley of Glenmuick. It is noted for its
mineral waters 5 and a lodge has been
ereiEled for the accommodation of the
company that frequent this place in fum-
mer.
Panniput, a town of Hindooftan
Proper, fituate in an extenfive plain be-
tween the cities of Delhi and Sirhind.
This plain is celebrated for an obllinate
battle fought, in 1761, between an army
of 200,000 Mahrattas, and Abdallah,
king of Candahar, at the head of 1 50,000
Mahometans, when the former were to-
tally defeated. Panniput is 72 miles
NW of Delhi. Lon. 76 45 e> lat. 29
15 N.
Pantalaria, an ifland in the Medi-
terranean, between Sicily and the coaft
of Tunis. It is 17 miles in circumfe-
rence ; abounds in cotton, fruits, and
wine ; and is l'ubje£l to the king of Naples.
Lon. 12 31 E, lat. 36 55 N.
Pan u CO, a province of New Spain,
in the audience of Mexico. The capital,
of. the fame name, is a bifliop's fee, and
is fituate on the river Pamico, 170 miles
N by £ of the city of Mexico. Lon. 9H
5 E, lat. 23 o N.
Pa-oom, one of the New Hebrides, in
the S Pacific Ucean, to the s of Malicollo.
Lon. 168 28 w, lat. 16 30 s.
Pao-ting-pou, a ci»y of China, fl.e
molt confiderable in the province of Pe-
tcheli, next to that of Pekin. Its dif-
tri£l contains three cities of the fccond,
and 17 of the third clals. It is 60 miles
s by w of Pekin.
Papa, a ftrong town of Lower Hun-
gary, in the county of Velprin. It was
taken from the Turks, in 1683, after
the railing of the ficge of Vienna. It is
I'eated on a mountain, near the river Mar-
chaltz, 45 miles w of Buda. Lon. 18
20 E, lat. 47 26 N.
Papoui, St. a town of France, in
the department of Audc and late province
of Langucdoc, feated on the Lembe,
eight miles E of Caltlenaudary, ml 35
SE of Touloufe. Lon. 2 10 E, lat. 43
21 N.
Pappenheim, a town of Franconia,
capital of a county of the fame name,
with a caftle, where the count refides.
It ii feated near the Altmal, 17 miles
NW of Neuburg, and 32 s of Nuremburg.
Lon. to 51 E, lat. 48 58 N.
Para, a fort of Brafd, feated near the
mouth of* the river Amazon, and to the
E of the eaftern branch of it. Lon. 50
o w, lat. 20 s.
Paraco, or Pala\/an, a large
ifland in the Indian Ocean, between the
Philippines and Borneo, which has a
king, tributary to Borneo. The Spa-
niards have a tort here.
Paraguay, a large country of S
America, bounded on the N by Amazo-
nia, on the E by Brafd, on the s by Pa-
tagonia, and on the w by Chili and Pe-
ru. It contains fix provinces 4 namely,
Paraguay Proper, Parana, Guaria, Ura-
guay, Tucuman, and La Plata, from
'••hich the whole country is alio called
La Plata. It has numerous lakes and
rivers : of the latter, the three principal
are the Paraguay, Uragua, and Parana ;
the united ftreams of which form the ce-
lebrated Rio-de-la- Plata. Thefe rivers
annually overflow their banks j and, on
their recefs, leave them enriched by a
llipie, that renders the foil extremely
fertile. This valt country is far from
^beii>g wholly fubdued or planted by
the Spaniards ; many parts being (till
unknown^ The-'prmcipal province of
which we have any knowledge is that
called £ia Plau, toward the mouth of liie
PAR
R lo-de-la- Plata. This province, with all
the adjacent parti, i% »ne continurd plain
for IcVf ral humlred milci j extremely fer-
tile, and producing cotton in great abun-
dance, tobacco, and the valuable herb
called Paraguay, which is peculiar to
this country, and the inf^ifion of which
is drunlc, in all the Spanifh provinces of
S America, inflead of tea. They have
alio a variety of fruits, and very rich
paftures { but the country is deftitute of
woods. The air is remarkably fweet and
ferene. The Spaniards difcovered this
country, by failing up the Rio-de-la-Pla-
ta, in 131 5, and foumled the town of Bue-
nos Ayrcs. In 15?©, the Jefuits were
admitted into thcfe fertile regions, and in
the next century, founded the famous
miflions of Paraguay } which were a
number of colonies, each govenied by two
Jefuits, one of whom was rertor, the other
his curate. They undertook, not only
to make profelytes, but to open a new
Iburce of wealin to the mother coimtry.
To this end they reprefented, that they
ought to be independent of the Spanish
governors ; and that, as the vices of the
Europeans might contaminate their new
converts, and deltroy the great objefls of
the miflions, no other Spaniards fhould
be permitted to enter the coimtrv. To
thele terms the court agreed; the holy
fathers confenting to a certain capitation
tax on the natives, and two other ftipula-
tions in favour of the crown. In procefs
of time, merely by the moft wondertui
addrefs, they acquired an abfolute domi-
nion, both fpiritual and temporal, over
the natives. In 1757, Spain exchanged
the colonies on the e fhore of the Ura-
guay, for the Portuguefe colony of St.
Sacrament, which caultd that river to be-
come the boundary of the relpeftive pof-
feifions of the two crcvims. In 1767* the
court expelled the Jefuits, and the natives
were put upon the fame footing with the
ether Indians of tlie Spanilh part of S
America.
Paramaribo, the capital of Surinnra,
in Guiana, and the chief place of the
Dutch colonies in S America. It has a
fmall but ftrong citadel ; and a noble road
for ihipping, where there are feldom lefs
than 80 veflels loading cotfee, fugar, cot-
ton, and indigo for Holland. The Itreets
are perfeftly ftraight, and lined with
orange, Ihaddock, tafnarind, and lemon
trees, in everlafting bloom. It is fituabe
on the E £de of the rivtr Surinam, a 6
jniles from its month. JLon. 55 25 w,
Jat. 5 48 »j.
Pwui AiB4« a x<nm «f 3n>^ «n a xi vcr
PAR
of the fame name. The Dutch frnt pof-
fcflion of it, in 1655, and fortificJit viith
a flight rampart j but the Pcrtu^uefe re-
took it foon after. The foil Is pretty
fertile, and produces fugar-caius, and a
E-eat number of trees uf Brafil wood.
on* 49 53 W, lat. 6 50 S.
Paramousic, one of the Kurile
iflands, lying s of that of Shoomlka.
SeeKuRiLEs.
Parana, a province of Paraguav, fo
named from ?. 'arge river, which unitin,
with the Paraguay, and aftei-ward w
ith
the Uraguay, form's the Kio-dc h-Plata.
P ARC HIM, a town of ^ower Saxony,
in the duchy of Mecklenburg, feated on
a fmall river which falls into the Elbe.
It is 10 miles SE of Schwerin. Lon. i«
0 E, lat. 55 34. N.
Pakenzo, a Itrong town of Venetian
Iftria, with a bifliop's lee, and a good
harbour, on the eult of Venice, 65 mi lea
E of Venice. Lon. 13 56 E, lat. 45
24 N.
Paria, or New Andalusia, a pro-
vince of Teira Pirma, on the bunk» of
tlte Orojnoko, near its mouth.
Parilla, or St. ParillAi a town
of Peru, in the audience of Lima, feated
at the mouth of the river Santa, 50 mites
SB of Truxiilo, and ajo NW of Lima*
Lon. 77 50 w, lat. 8 36 s.
Paris, the capital of France, one of
the iargeft, finefl, and moft populoos cities
of Europe. The river Seine, which
crofles it, ionna two linail iflands ; and it
is fix leagues in circumference, includhi|r
the liiburbs. The inhabitants are com-
puted to be 800,000. There are nine
princijpal bridges in Paris, two of which,
and the molt diifingui/hed, occupy the
whole breadth of the Seine j namd]r«
Pont Neuf and Punt Royal ; to which
may be add^d, the new bridge, begun ia
1787, and called Pont de Louis Seht.
fint it is here to be obl'erved, that all tiie
names of buildings, fquares, ItreetSj tec,
in compliment t^ royalty, have beem
changed, fmce the abolition of monarchjr,
in 1791. The other bridges are, Pont
St. Michel, Pont au Change, Petit Pent*
Poni Notre Dame, Pont *ie Ja Toiv-
nelie, Pont Marie, and Pont Kong*.
This laft, which is a timber bridge,
painted red, is the point of commiiTuca-
tion between the Ilic du Palais and ifle
St. Louis. Among a great number of
public fountains, two only merit notice;
thtt of the Innocent's, in which, among
otiter fine pieces of Icnlptnre, is a Gala-
tjca, lay Goujeon j and th-^t of Grenell?,
•the peixi>nnance of the cclclrated fiou^-
ii;
PAR
PAR
W.'l<
W T Ta
cliarJon. There are three triumphal
arches, ereOed to Ltwis xiv, anil known
by the .names ot Porte St. Bernard, Porte
Sf. Denis, and Porte St. Martin. Of
the fquares in Paris (once adorned with
the ftatues of thetr monarchs) theiineit
is the Place de Louis Quinze, of aji oc-
tagon form in whi'cli was ^j equdtrian
ilatue, in bronze, of that monarch. This
fquare, now called the Place de la Revo-
lution, was the fatal fcene of the execu-
tion of the untortunute Lewis xvi, of his
conibrt Marie Antoinette, and of His
fifter the princeis of filifabeth; the king
being executed on the 21ft of January
1793} the queen, on the 1 6th of OSio-
ber f(41owing ; and the princefs, on thr
10th of May 1794. Bdide many hun-
dreds of viftims of revolutionaiy def-
potiiin, who likewife perifhed oii this
fatal fpot, it is remarkable, that many of
the members of the French convention,
who voted for the death of the king, fuf-
fered, in the I'equel, on the lame I'caffo^d;
suid amon? thel'e, was his infamous rela-
tion, the d\ike of Otleans, who hail
afTumed the ludicrous name of Philippe
Egalite. Befide the cathedral of Notre
Dame, one of the largelt in Europe, Paris
has many fine churches. 'Ihe new church
of Si. Genevieve (now called the Pan-
theon) was deftini-d by the national ajl'era-
bly, in 1,791, to receive the rcm:un» of
fuch.gneat men as had merited well of
their country. The remains o- Roitffeau,
Voltaire, and Dcfcartes, have accordingly
been removed hither. Tlie celebrated
orator- Mirabeaii, and the fanguinary
Marat, were interred here; but their
bodies have been fince removed; and it
has been decreed, that no perfon fhnll re-
ceive the honcurj of the Pantheon, until
he has been dead ten years. The fineft
college in Paris is that of tjje Four Na-
tions, called alio Mazarin, from the car--
dinal, its founder. Among the public
librai'ies, that lately called the king's,
holds the firlt rank, in refpeft both to the
extent of the buildings, and the number
of volumes. The Royal (now National)
Obfervatory is built of freeftone, and
neither iron nor wood has been employed
in the ere^ion. The Botanical Garden
is -worthy of its late appellation of Royal.
The four principal palaces are the Louvrs j
the Tuileries, now the Palais National;
the Palais Royal, now the Palais d'Ega-
lite ; and the Luxemburg, which has
been recently converted into a revolu-
tionaiy prifon. The garden of the Tui-
leries, in front of the palace, and on the
banifts Qt the Seine, is tli,« fio«tt pubiic
walk in Paris. Fiom this p^ece, when
attacked by the eniaged mob> on the
loth of Auguft I79»j Leyvjsi xyi;;vv!tnt
for an aiylum to the hail of thenatioiul
aflembly, thence to a prifon, and thenct
to the Icaffold. The Palais Royal w.in
U>ng the pj'opKrJy 0/ ihc late dukes ot
UjLJ^an»; and the interior courts h:ivt
been embellift»ed with many heai^tifiil
buildings, with (hops, cofFeehp^f^s, and
a garden,, which render it likeiape^p^tual
t dr. The Hotel-des-Invaijdt*, for the
wounded andluperannuated fpldiery, is a
magnificent tti-ucture, b\uh by Jt-ewj? x,j v ;
as is the Military Schoql, .in tjv Chamji
de Mars, founded by Lewis xv. The
tv»o principal theatres are the Theatre
de la Nation and. the Italian Theatre ;
which, in pbint of elegance and conveni-
ence, are worthy of the capital of a great
nation. The Monnoie, or Mint, is alio
a noble buildings fituate on that fide of
the Seine* <»ppoftte the Louvre. The
Hotel-de-Ville is an ancient ^rufiure, in
the Place de Greve, wh>ch was the com-
mon place of execution, till lately, when
the Place de la Revolution, and afterwavd
the iite of the Bjaftile, were apjpropriatrH
to that purpofe.. The moft interefting of
the juanufaclures of Paris is that of the
Gobelins :(fo. called from a family of cele-
brated diers, lettled here in >45q) in
which tapeUrks are made after ^icr pic-
tures of the greatcft ma^rs, to fu«h fier-
ff^tion, fhat one, reprefenting L^^is xv,
a.whple.length, fvamed, and placed aipong
the malterpieces of painting, was taken,
for many days, by multitudes of vifitors,
for a fintfhed piece. Th? manijfaduie of
plate-glafslifcewife merits attention. Paris
is an axchbifliopric, and the feat of a
univcrfity. It is fituate in the late pro-
vince of the Ifle of France, and now
forms, wieh a fmail diftrift round it, one
of the depaitraents of France. It is 70
miles s of Rouen, 265 SE of London,
62^ NW of Vienna, and 630 ne of Ma-
drid. Lon. 2 20 E, lat. 4.8 50 N.
Parma, a duchy of Italy, bounded on
the N by the river Po, on the ne by the
Mantuan, on the e by the Modenefe, 011
the s by Tufcany, and on the w by Pla-
centia. The air is very wholefome; and
the ibil is fertile in corn, wine, oil, and
hemp ; and the paftures feed a great num-
ber of cattle. There are fonie incon-
fiderabk mines of copper and filver, and
plenty of tioiffles. The celebrated Par-
mel'an eheefe is no longer made in this
country, but at Lodi in the Milanefe, at
Trino, Bologna, and tome other places.
pACJL^i an ancient and populgus city
PAR
of Italy, capital of a ducHy o( the fame
name, with a citadel, a biihop's Ice, and
i univ'eiiity. It lias a magniUcent cathe-
dral, and the largtit opera-h(>uie in Eu-
rope. The cu, oia of" the cathedral, and
the church of St. John, are paiL;twd by
the lamoiis Correggio, who was a native
i;f this piac^*. In 1734-, a bloody battle
was fougut here between the Aultrians
vnd the French anil Sardinians, in which
rb; former were dcffated. In 1748, by
the treaty of Aix la-Chapelle, the duchits
4)f Parma, Placcinia, aiui Guaitaila, were
jrivcn to don Philip, brotiier to don
Carlos, king of the Two Sicilies. Parma
io 40 miles NW of Modcna, and 60 SE of
Miirin. Lon. 10 30 E, lat.44. 50 N.
Parnassus, now called i'AB.NASso,
a mountain of Livadia. It has two
htads, one of which was famous for being
ronl'ecratcd to A^kjUo and the Mufes, and
the otiicr to £acchus. It is the higheit
in Greece, and from the top is a prol'jKii^l
ns far as Corinth. Hero alio is a tine
ftnintain, fuppofed to be the ancient Cai'-
talia.
Paros, an iAand of tlic Archipelago,
one of. the Cycladcs, to the w of Naxia.
It i:> ten miles long and eight broad, and
»iie foil is well cultivated. The trade
-onfilts in wheat, barley, wine, puUe, ?nd
<alicoes. It once pi'oducetl a greac deal
of oil, but :he Venetian army burnt all
tl'.i; olive-trees. This iflasd was an-
cienijy detiicated to Bacchusi on accoHM
of its excellent wines ; and has been fo
famous for .'ts marble, that the belt car-
vers woulu taake ufe of no otlicr. Thofe
excellent iiatuaries, Phidias and Pr.ixi-
■ Ics, weie aatives of this Illand ; and the
famous Arun'.lelian marbles, at Oxford,
w<Te hrour^lu from this place.
Paros, ;i town of the Archipelago, ca-
pital of the iile of Paros. It was anciently
tile largeft nnd mod powerful town of the
Cyclades; but it; greatly decayed. The
walls of the cattle are built of ancient
pieces of maihle, and molt of the columns
M:; placed longwil'e : Ibme of them that
rtand upright, fupport cornices of atnaziiig
fire. The natives build their hcufes of
marble, which tUey find ready cut to their
hands ; but they take no care to place the
pieces in a regular manner; their fields
likewife are inclo'' d with fVie/es, altars,
and balfb-relievoi. 7 he inhabitants aie
lb ignorant now, that, inilead of great
fiulptors and Ikilful architeSts, they have
nothing but carvers of mortars and falt-
<:elhrs. Paros is a biHiop's fee, and
fituate on the w coift of the iflaftd. Lou.
«i44.B, Ut. 37 i-a, ., ,. 1 ., .
PAS
Par RET, a river in • Somcrretftrlit,
which riles in the i. part of the couii.y.
receives the Ivel and I hone, and aitiis
the Briltol Channel, *t Bridgtwater Ji.iy.
Parramatta, a town or fctti\:mcra
of Englifn convicts, in New S Wales,
It is feated at the head of the hurbuvir ot
Port Jackfon, 11 miles w of Sydney
Cove, between Role Hill and the land ng-
place in the creek which tbrnis the head.
In 1791, near 1000 acres of land were
either in cultivaiion, or cleared for tlutt
purpoi't J and the lijil, in molt places, was
tound to be remarkably good. Lou. 151
39 E, lat. 33 50 s.
Partiienay, a town of France, In the
d<;pai-fniient of Two Sevres and late pro-
vince of Poitou. It carries on a confider-
abie trade in cattle and corn, and is ii^attd
on the Thoue, 17 miles s of Thouars.
Lon. o 19 w, lat. 46 44 N.
Partenkirk, a town of Bavaria, 40
miies bvv of Munich. Lon. 11 ob, lat.
47 3^N.
Par- ', a mountain in the iile of An-
glefey, famous for a copper, mine, which
is not wrought in the conunun manner of
fubterraneous mines, but, like a lione qviar-
ry, open to day ; and the quantity cf ore
J'ailed is prodigious. The purelt paut
is exported raw to the fniel ting works at
Swaniea and other places : the molt im-
pure is fii(t calcined and deprived of" niofl:
o* Its iiilpliUr on tiie ipot* Qnantities of
neariy pure copjwir are obtained fjc:n tlie
.\^aters lodged beneath the b(.d of oie, tjy
the intervcntkn of iron. A lead ore, ri<ju
in fdver, is alio fourtd in this iDountain.
Pas, a town of France, In tlie deijart-
mtnt of the Straits of Calais andlale pro-
vince of Artois, 12 miles s\v of Arras.
Lon. 2 40 E, lat. 50 9 N.
f'As DE Cai.aiSj or Straits of
Calais, a departmenr of France, con-
taining the late provinces of Artois and
Eoulonnois. Arras H the capital.
PAb:o, a caj.e of Peru, under the
equator, inlon.7S 50 w.
Passage, a liaport of Spain, in Bif-
cay, between tlioji: of Fcntarabia and St.
Sebultian, and 60 miles e of Bilboa. Lon.
2 4 \v, lat. 43 21 i\'.
Passako, a cape on the coaft of Jan-
na, in Greece, betwei^n the gulfs of Ar-
miro and Zeiton.
Passarvan, a town of the Ifland of
Java, ill the E Indies. Lon. 1 14 i5£»
lat. 70s.
Passau, an ancient city of Bavaiia,
capital of a bilhopric of the fame name,
with a fort. The houfes are well built,
^iid the caihedral is thought to be the
uu
-;,: ,7.1
Hi
w
i
il
4|i
■m
PAT
PAT
I :i;i'...iv'*:
■s
km
m
fineft in all Germany. It is divided into
four parts, namely, the town of Pafiau,
Inlladt, Iltzftadt,and the quarter in which
is the hifhop's palace. The firft three
are tortlfiot.\, but the laft it> only a liihurb.
It is leated at the confluence of the Inn
and Jltz, 6i miles E by s of RatiA}on,
and 135 w of Vienna. Lon.13 37 E,
lat. 48 28 N.
Passero, Cape, anciently called Pa-
chinus, the moft linithtrly point of Sicily.
It is a barren illand, al)out a mile ro\ind,
fepaiated from the re(t of Sicily by a
Itrait, half a mile broad. It has a fort,
to protc£l the country Irom the incurfions
of the Barbary corfairs, who are often
very troublefome on the coaft. Off this"
cape, fir George Byng, ii) 1735, dcfeati;d
a Spanilh fquadrcn. Lon. 15 22 £> lat.
36 35 N.
Passigniano, a town of Italy, in the
Ecclefiaftical State, fcated on the lake
Ferugia, 17 miles NW of Perugia. Lon.
12 5 F, l'.it. 43 16 N.
Pasto, or St. Juan de Pasto, a
town of S America, in Pepayan, fcated
in a line valley, 120 miles N by e of
Quito. Lon. 76 55VV, lat. i 50 N.
Pastrana, orPATRANA, a town of
Spain, in New Caftilc, leated between the
Tajo and Tajuna, 32 miles e of Madrid.
Lon. 2 46 w, lat. 40 26 n.
Patagonia, a country, the moft fouth-
cm part of S America. It is inhabited
by a race of men, who long afforded a
fubjeft of controverfy to the learned.
They are fuppoied to be one of the wan-
dering tribes, which occupy that vaft, but
leaft known region of America, which ex-
tends from the Rio-de-la-Plata to the Itraits
of Magellan. Their proper ftation is in
that part of the interior countiy which
lies on the river Negro j but, in the
hunting feafon, they often roam as far as
the ftraits which leparate Titrva del Fuego
from the mainland.* The firlt accounts
of this people were brought to Europe by
the companions of Magellan, who de-
icribed them as a gigantic race, above
eight feet high, and of ffrtngrh in pro-
portion to their uncommon fize. Though
feveral perfons, to whole telHmony great
j'efpe£lisdue,havevifitcd this part of Ame-
vica fmce the time of Magellan, and have
had interviews with the natives ; though
fome have affirmed, that fuch as they law
were of gigantic ftature, and others have
formed the fame conclufion from meafur-
ing their footfteps, or from viewing the
Ikeletons of their dead ; yet their accounts
vary from each other in lb many elTential
points^ aiui are minj;led with fo many cir-
cumflanccs manifeftly falfe or fabulous, at
detraft much from their credit. On the
other hand, Ibme navigators, and thole
among the moll eminent of their order,
for dilcernment and accuracy, have aflert-
ed, that the natives of Patagonia, with
wliom they had intercourle, though ftout
and well made, are not of fuch extraordi-
nary fize as to be diltinguilhed from the
reft of t'lie human fpecies. Dr. Robert-
Ion has collefted the various teftimonies
on this fubjeft, which, upon the whole,
appear to ftrengthen the alfertion of cap-
tains Wallis and Carteret, who aftuaily
mealurcd fome of the natives in 1766, and
found them to be from fix feet to fix feet
five and leven inches in height. Tlieir
colour is a kind of bronze. They are all
painted, and clothed nearly in the fame
manner: the circles round the two eyes
are, fome white and red, and fome red
and black. Their teeth are as white
as ivory, remarkably even and well let.
They have no other clothing than Iki
nis,
which they wear with the hair inward ;
and a piece of leather covers the private
parts.
Patan, a town of Afia, on the ne
coalf of the peninl'ula of Malacca, capital
of a kingdom of the lame name, with a
well-defeBded harbour. The inhabitants
are partly Mahometans and partly Gen-
toos J and they have Ibme trade with the*
Chinele. It is 300 miles N by w of
Malacca. Lon. 100 40 e, lat. 6 30 N.
Pat AY, a town of France, in the de-
partment ef Loiret and late province of
Orleanois, remarkable for the defeat of
the Englilh in 1429, by Joan of Arc.
It is 1 5 miles N\v of Orleans. Lon. i
49 E, lat. 48 5N.
Patehuca, or Patioca, a town of
New Spain, in the audience of Mexico.
Near it is a filver mine. It is 70 miles
N of Mexico. Lon. 99 55 w, iat. at
ON.
Pat II head, a confiderable manufac-
turing village in FifeHiire, a little to the
E wf Kirkcald"
Patmos, a . .Hand of the Archipelago,
now called Patino, fituate on thf coalt of
Natolia, between the ifles of Samos and
Nicaria. It is twenty miles in circum-
ference ; and being one of the moft bar-
ren heaps of rocks in the Archipelago, it
might have continued for ever unnoticed,
but for the book of Revelation which St.
John compofed here. A few vallies only
are capable of fome cultivations. It
abouncls, however, with partridges, rab-
bits, quails, turtles, pigeons, and fnipasi.
In th« midlt of the uLand rifcs a moun-
PAT
P A V
tain, terminated by the convent of St.
Johni which, with its irregular towers,
and mafly appearance, one might well
imagine to be a citadel. The 'inhabitants
oi this convent are in reality the love-
reigns of the country ; but their domains
would be infutficieut for their main-
tLiiance, were it not for the poni-fHon of
Ibine lands in the neighbouring ifles, and
the certain tribute tney derive from the
fuperltition of the Greeks. Thele monks,
called Caloycrs, are fpread over all Greece.
Scarce any of them can read, and yet
they all underftand how far the empire
ot fuperftition can extend over ignorant
minds. They keep their credulous coun-
trymen in the moft ablolute fubjeftion.
They are even accomplices in their crimes^
the profits of which they fliare, and fome-
times engrofs. Not one .of the piratical
vellels is without a caloyer, in order to
give them abfolution in the very inftant
of committing the moft dreadful crimes.
The hermitage of the Apocalypic is
fituate on the declivity of a mountain
between the convent and the port of Scala.
It leads to the church of the Apocalyple,
which is fuppoited aglinit a grotto in
the rocks, and, if we may believe the in-
habitants, was the afylum of St. John»
during his exile at Patmos. Here, they
fay, he wrote the Book of the Revelation ;
and they pretend to Ihow the very chinks
in the rocks, thi'ough which the Holy
Spirit breathed his ini'piration. The
fragments of this rock they affirm to be
a certain fpecific againft a thouiand dif-
orders, and particularly againft evil fpi-
rits. The Greek monks vend "this re-
medy as well as the abfblutions. Tourne-
fort, who vifited the Archipelago in 1 700,
reprefents the women of Patmos as natu-
rally pretty, and with vanity innocent
enough to render them agreeable to
Jtrangcri, were it not for their exceffive
ule of paint, with which they perfe(5lly
disfigured themfdves. A merchant of
Marieilles having mamed one of them,
tor her beauty, they imagined that not a
Itranger could land in their ifland but
with limilar views i and when this great
botanift declared, that he came not in
iearch of wives, but of plants, they ap-
peared exceedingly furpriled. Their be-
iwviour to itrangers is now the reverie of
wh:it it was in the time of Tournefort.
The Iprightly alHduities of vanity have
given place to a favage ihynel's; and a
itranper j;o Iboner appears in a itieet, than
fvery tluor i;> ciofely fluit aguiult him.
LwH. .iO 2f E, lat. 37 24. N.
I'ai.VA, t l;».c-t cit:y of Hludooll^
I^oper, capital of Bahar, feated on the 9
bank of tl;-. Ganges, and fortified in the
Indian manner with a wall and citadel.
In the citadel were confined the prilbntrs
taken in 1764, by Meer CofTun, nabob
of Bengal, by whole order they were
maffacred. The buildings are liigh, but
the fheets are narrow. It is a place of
conflderable trade, 400 miles N \v of Cal-
cutta. Lon. 85 o E, lat. 25 35 n.
Patomac. Sec Potomac.
Patrana. See Pastrana.
Patras, an ancient and flourifhing
town in the Morea, with a Greek arch-
bifhop's fee. The Jews, who are one
third of the inhabitants, have four fyna-
gogues, and there are feveral handibme
mofques and Greek churches. The Jews
carry on a great trade in filk, leather,
honey, wax, and cheefe. There are cy-
prefs-trees of a prodigious height, and
excellent pomegranates, citrons, and
oranges. It has been taken and retaken
feveral times } but the Turks are now
matters of it. It is feated on the declivity
of a hill, near the fea, 20 miles s\v of
Lepanto. Lon. 21 4-5 £, lat. 38 17 n.
Patrica, a town of Italy, in Cam«
pagna di Roma, eight miles e of Oftia,
About a mile from this place is a hill,
called Monte-di-Livano, which fome
have thought to be the ancient Laviiiium.
Patrimony of St. Peter, a pro-
vince of Italy, in the Ecclefiaftical State.
It is 35 miles long and 30 broad ; bounded!
on the N by Orvleto, on the E by Um-
bria and Sabina, on the s by Campagna-
di-Ronia, and on the sw by the lea.
Viterbo is the capitd.
Patrington, a town in the e riding
of Yorkfhire, with a market on Saturday.
Here the Roman road from the Pi6t&'
WjII ended. It is feated at the mouth
of the Humber, 50 miles SE of York,
and J 91 N of London. Lon. o it, hi.
S3 49 N-
Patti, a town o# Sicily, in the Val-
di-Demona, with a bilhop's fee, feated
on the gulf cf Patti, 28 miles w of Mef-
fina. Lon. 15 22 E, lat. 38 11 N.
Pau, a town ot France, in the de-
partment of the Lower PvTenee* and late
province of Beam, with a caftle where
H^nry iv was born. It is leated on an
eminence, at the loot of which runs the
G.'AT, 97 miles s of Bourdeaux. Lon. o
4 vv, lat. 4^ I 5 N.
Pa VI A, a lort-fied town of Italy, in
the duchy of Milan, with a celebrated
uuiverfity, and a bifhop's fee. It i»
f^-.(tcd on the Tclino, over whiclvis »>
bii^kej wiin the ccnuvjf^ ^<^tOW4l i&
if
■ 'mi '
' n'
m.t .'1, P T
P A U
PEE
H^
t caftle, where the ancient dukes of Mi-
lan refided. It has been often taken and
retaken, the laft time by the Aulhians in
1746. Il is 1 5 miles 8 of Milan. Lon.
9 iSE, lat.45 13 N.
Paul, St. a town of France, in the
department of the Straits of Calais and
late province of Artois, 16 milrs WNW
oi' Arras. Lon. 2 30 E, lat. 50 24 N.
Paul, St. a town cf Brafil, in the
province of St. Vincent. It is a kind of
independent republic, comjM)red of the
banditti of feveral nations, wiio, how-
ever, pay tribute to the Portuguefe. It
is furrounded by inacceflible mountains
and thick forefts. Lon. 45 52 w, lat. 23
»5S.
Paul-de-Fenouili.edes, a town of
France, in the department of Gard and
late province of Langucdoc, leated among
mountains, on the river Egli, 30 miles
N of Montpellier. Lon. 3 58 e, lat. 44
7 N.
Paul-les-Vence, St, a town of
France, in the department of Var and
I^te provinct of Provence, five miles w
of Mice, and 450 SE of Paris. Lon. 7
13 E, lat. 43 41 N.
Paul -TROis -Chateaux, St. an
ancient town of France, in the department
of Drome and late province of Dauphiny
feated on the declivity of a hill, 16 miles
s of Montelimar. Lon. 4 57 E, lat. 44
21 N.
Paula, a town of Naples, in Cala-
bria Citeriore, feated near the fea, in a
fertile and well-cultivated country, iz
miles w of Coienza. Lon. 16 g E, lat.
39 »4N.
Pavoasan, a feaportof Africa, in the
iileof St. Thomas, v/ith a fort, a bifliop's
fee, and a good harbour. It belongs to
Portugal, anrt lies under the equator, in
lon. 8 30 w.
Pausilippo, a mountain of Italy,
five miles troni Piizzoli, celebrated for a
grotto, which is a lubterraneous paiiage,
through the mountain, near a mile in
length, about 20 i'eet in breadth, and 30
to 40 in height. People of fa(hion ge-
nerally drive through this paflage with
torches; but the country people find
their way, without much difRculty, by
the light which enters at the extremities,
and at two holes pierced through the
mountain, near the middle of the grotto,
which admit light from above. On this
mountain alio is the celebrated tomb of
Virgil, overgrown with ivy, and fhaded
writh an ancient bay tree, fhrubs and
buftic*.
f AVr.MCtf^:( to\vB of Wriiem PrulTia,
in Pomerellia, 25 miles NW of Dantzick.
Lon. 1 8 41 E, lat. 54 44 N.
Paz, a town of Peru, in the audience
of Los Charcos, with a biftiop's fee. h
is feated at the foot of a mountain, in a
valley abounding in wine and fruits, 350
miles s£ of Cuzco. Lou. 68 50 w, lat.
17 OS.
Pazzv, a town of Turkey in Europ*,
in Romania, near Gallipoli, with a bi-
Ihop's fee. Lon. 26 59 E, lat. 40 33 n.
Peak, a mountainous country in the
Nw part of Derbyftiire, which •'bounds
in lead, milllfones, and whetftoncs. It
is much vifited on account of its extraor-
dinary caverns, perforations, and other
curiofities. The '« Wonders of the Peak"
have been celebrated both in prole and
verfe ; and th?y are noticed in this vv-ork
under the articles Buxton, Caftlcton,
Chatfworth, and Tidefwell.
Pearl-Islands, iflands lying in the
bay of Panama, in S America. The in-
habitants of Panama have plantations in
them.
Peaths, or Peese, a vaft chafm in
the mountains of the NE part of Ber-
wickfhire. It is more than 160 feet
deep } and over it is a noble bridge of
four .arches. From its vaft height, u
greatly refembles an ancient Roman aque-
dua.
Pecquencour, a town of France,
in the department of the Nbrtti and late
province of Haiiiault, feated on the Scarpc,
Ave miles £ of Douay. Lon. 3 16 £,
lat. 50 23 N.
Pedee, a river of the United States,
which rifes in N Carolina, and is here
called Yadkin River ; on entering S Ca-
rolina, it takes the name of Pedee, and
flows into the Atlantic Ocean, la mile*
below George Town.
Pedena, an ancient town of Italy, in
Venetian Iftria, with a bilhop'% fee, 25
miles SE of Capo d'Iftria. Lon. 14 30
E, lat.45 34 ^«
Pedip- a town of Sumatra, in the E
Indies, 40 miles E of Aclien. Lou. 96
36 E, lat. 5 22 N.
Pedro, Point, the moft northern
point of the ifland of Ceylon, oppolits
j-'oint Calymere on the continent of Iidia.
Lon. 80 27 E, lat. 9 52 N.
Pedro, St. one of the iflands in the
S Pacific Ocean, called Marquesas. Lon.
138 51 w, lat. 9 58 s.
Peebles, an ancient borough, capital
of Peeblefliire, feated on the Tv^^eed, over
which is a bridge. It has manufaftures of
carpets and ferges, and a weekly maiket
for corn and catUe. Before the prelent
3
<•■>*.
PEG
P E K
church was erefted, divine fervice was
nertbrnied in part of an ancient monaf-
tcry, in which I'everal kings of Scotland
are I'aiJ to have rei'ided. It is a» miles
b ol;' Edingburgh. Lon. 3 7 w, lat. 55
36 N.
Peebleshire, or Tweedpale, a
county of Scotland, 2S miles long and 18
bioad ; bounded on the N by Edinburg-
fliire, on the e by Selkirkmii'e, on the
s by Dumfriesihire, and on the w by
Lnnerkfhire. In tiiis county there is
not much arable land. Its hills (among
wliich are thofe of Twecdfmuir) abound
with falubrious fyu'ings, and feed numbers
of ftieep and cattle. The principal rivers
ai'e the Tweed and Lynne.
Peer, a town of the Netherlands, in
the biiliopric of Liege, 24 miles NNW of
MneUricht. Lon. 5 20 B, lat. 51 8 N.
Peese. See Peaths.
Pegnafiel, a town of Spain, in Old
CalHie, remarkable for its palace, caftle,
auii fortifications } and its cheefes are
iaid to be the bell in Spain. It is I'eated
on the T)ouerQ, 1,0 miles S£ of Valladolid.
Lon. 40 w, lat. 41 41 N.
Pegna-Macoji, a town of Portugal,
in Beir^,,,with, a caftle, 40 miles Nw of
Alcantai-a. Lon. 6 32 w, lat. 39 50 N.
Pegnaranda, a town of Spain, in
Old Caftile, 30 miles sw of Qlmedo.
Lcn. 4 8 w, lat. 40 59 n.
Pegu, a kingdom of Afia, lying to
the S£ of Bengal. It is bounded on the
N by Burman, on the w and s by the
ocean, and on ^he E by Laos and Siam.
l!s produfts are timber for building,
triephapts, elephants teeth, bees'-wax,
lac, Caltpetre, iron, lead, tin, petroleum,
veiy f^ne rubies, fmall diamonds, and
plenty of lead, of which they make their
money. . It is very fruitful in corn, roots,
pulfe, and fruits. The government is
aibitrary, for the king's will is a law;
and yet he does not often abiife his power.
'1 he inhabitants are but thinly clad, and
the beft among them wear neither (hoes
j.or ftocUngs. The women are much
Iniici' than the men, fmall, but well pro-
pui'tioned. If the wife proves falfe, the
hufband may fell her for a flave ; and if
he go aitray, flie will give him a dofe of
poiion. There are a vaft number of
temples in this country, but moftly of
wood, which are vamiftied and gilt. The
priefts have grcund allowed them, which
they cultivate for their fubfiftencej and
they are faid to be ftrift obfervers of mo-
rality. They are called Talapoins, and
inculcate charity as the highcft virtue;
aftivming that religion to be. the belt
which teaches men to do the raoft good.
They have idols in their temples, in a fit-
ting pofture, like tailors, and with very
large ears. They have various Ibrts of
mufic, but the pipe and tabor are efteemed
the beft. In the low flat part of the
country, which is liable to be overflowed,
the houies are built upon ftakes, arfd in
time of inundations, the inhabitants com-
municate with each other by boats. Pegu
was an independent kingdom, till i75<»
when it was reduced, by the king of
Bui-mah, to the ftate of a dependent pro-
vince.
Pegu, a town, in a kingdom of the
fame name, in Afia. It is above 20
miles in circumference; but not ona
twentieth part of it is inhabited, for it
was ruined by the king of Burraah. It
is feated on a river of the fam*i name,
5x0 miles s of Ava. Lon. 96 30 E, lat.
18 ION.
Peine, a town of Lower Saxony, ia
the duchy of Brunlwtck ; famous for a
battle fought in 1553, when Maurice^
eleftor of Saxony, and the margrave of
Brandenburg were killed. It is 17 miles
w of Brunfwick. Lon. 10 19 b, kt. 5%
»SN. . , .
Peipus, a large lake of Ruflia, in the
government of Livonia. Therivus Narova.
ifliues from this lake, by which it has a
communication at Narva, with the gulf
of Finland.
Peishore, or PiSHOUR, a confider-
able city of -Hindooftan Proper, in the
province of Cabul. It is fubjedl to the
king of Candahar, and is 50 miles Nw o£
Attock. Lon. 69 54 E, lat. 32 44 N.
Per IN, the capital of the empire of
China, feated. in a fertile plain, in the
province of Pe-tcheli, 50 miles jrom the
great Wall. It forms an exaft fquare*
and is divided into two cities; the firft
inhabited by Chi'icfe, the fecond b/
Tai'tars. Thefe t ^o cities, exclufive o^
the fuburbs, art computed to be fix
leagues in circumference. The height*
ana thicknefs of the walls of the Tar-
tar city excite admiration : 1 1 horfemen
might eafily ride abreaft on them; and
there are fpacious towers, a bowihot dif-
tant from each other. The gates of thi»
city are high and well arched, fupporting
buildings of nine ftories high j the loweft
of whic'i is for the foldiers when they
come off" guard : they are nine in number,
and before each is an open fpace, which
lerves for a parade. The ftreets are per-
feftly ftraight, moft of them three miles
in length, and lao feet wide, with (hops
on both fide? ; but the houfes are noorly
G g z
ff!:;.-.|^:
I
I : .ii-
irf
PEL
PEL
mm
W)^
E^M
Vuilti and have only a ground-floor. It
is iurprifing to fee what numbers of people
theye ire in the ftreets, and not one
woman amonz them. There i» always
ft great eonfulroni occafioncd by the vaft
numbers of horfes, camels, muks, aflfea,
waggons, carts, and chairs, without reck-
oning the feveral mobs which gather about
^ jugglers, ballad-nngers, &cc. Per-
x^hich is tlie image of St. Rofoli^, whj
is faid to have died here j and round tlie
cave of this faint (who is the patronels
of Palermo) a church is built, wheiij
prieits attend, to watch the precious
relics, and receive the offerings of the
pilgrims.
Pelew Islands, a clufter of iflands
in the N Pacific Ocean, lying between
fons ot diltinttion have always a horfe- 130 and »36° E Ion. and 5 and 9° N lat.
man who goes before them to ckar the
way. AU the great Itreets are guaided
by loldlers, who patrole night and day
vrith fwords by tlicir fides, and whips in
thtir hands, to chaftife thofe who make
any difturbance, or take them into euftody.
The little ttreets have lattice-gates at
their' entrance into the great Itreets, whie)i
are fhut up at night, and gnanted by
foldiers, who fuffer no affemblies in the
llrcets at that time. The emperor's pa-
lace and garden is furrounded by a brick
wall, two miles in length, with pavilions
at each corner, encompaffed by galleries
fucported by columns: the architecture
of the ftupcndous pile of buildings of
which the palace confifts, is intirely dif-
ferent from that of the Europeans } and
they are covered with tiles of a fhining
beautiful yellow. The temples, and the
towers 1 this city, are fo numerous, that
it is difticult to count them. The country
about it is fandy, and not very fruitful ;
yet provifions oi all kinds are exceedingly
plentiful, they being, as well as the mer-
chandile, broirght* from other parts by
canals cut from the rivers, and always
crowded with velfels of diiferent fwes. An
t-titthquake. which happened here in i73i»
bnried above 100,000 perfons in the ruins
of che houfes. The inhabitants of Pekin
are eftimated at a,ooo,ooo. A Kuifian
church is eitabliflied here with a feminary,
in which the ftudents are permitted to
rcn.lc fcMP the purpofe of learning the
(Ifimefe language. Since thii ertablilh-
nK-i\t, many inteiefting publications have
appeared at Peterlburgh, relative to the
l;i.-v$, hitilory, and geography of China,
Trar.llated from the originals publiihed
at iVkin. This city is 500 miles N by
w of Nanking. Lon. 116 14.E, lat.39
Pti.KGRiNO, Mount, a promontory
«n the N coall of the ifland of Sicily,
nearly two miles w of Paleimo. The
piofj«6l from this mount is beautiful and
rxtenfrrt : mraft of the Lipari Klands are
tiiuoveretl in a clear day, and alfo a
large portion of Mount Etna, although at
tht tii'^anct' of aluielt the whole* length of
Sjftiy. On th.'s pwunt is a tavern, in
Captain Wilfon, of the Antftlope E In-
dia packet, who was wiecked here in
178 J, found the natives Irniple in their
manners, delicate in their fentiments,
friendly in their difpofition, and, in fine,
a people that do honour to the human
rate. The aftonifliment which thole,
who firft difcovered the Englifti, .nani-
fcfted on feeing their colour, plainly
(bowed, that they had never before feen
a white man . The clothes of the ftrangeis
ahb puzzled them exceedingly; for it
feemed to be a matter of doubt with them,
whether thcfe and their bodies did not
form one fubftance. When the captain's
brother wa» deputed to wait upon the
king, who refided on an tfland at feme
diftance from that on which they had favid
their lives, he accidentally pulled off his
bat, at which the gazing fpectators were
all ftruck with aftoniihment, as if they
thought it had formed a part of his head.
They had no idea of the nature of powder
and fhot, and weie exceedingly amazed
on feeing its effects. Their principal
arms coniiit of bamboo darts, n'om five
to eight feet long, pointed with the wood
of the betel-nut tree ; but there are fhort
ones for diltant marks, which are thrown
by means of a ftick two feet long. The
chiefs wear a bone round one of their
wrifts, in the form of a bracelet, which
being a mark of great honour conferred
by the king on officers of Itate, command-
ers, or pcrlbns, who by valonr, or other-
wile, have greatly diftinguifhed them-
lielves, is never to be parted with but with
life. They are not all c* the fame degree,
as appeared from a difference in the bone
they wore. Captain Willbn was invefted
with the bigheft order of the bone. With
rcfptct to property in thefe illands, a
man's houi'e, or canoe, is conftdered as hi&
own, as is alfo the kind allotted to him,
as long as he occupies and cultivates it)
but whenever he removes with his family
to another place, the ground reverts to the
king, who gives ittowhom hepleafes. The
country is- well covered with timber trees,
the tnmks of which furnilh the natives
with canoes, fome large enough to cany
30 men, Th<;re wc but ftjW other tKcs
PEL
P E M
4>f much ufe to the natives. Yams and
i.ocoa-niits, bein^^ their chief articles of
itiblidence, are attended to with the ut-
inoli care. From the fcauty produce of
rjie cQimtry, no luxury can reign ainong
the inhabitants in their diet, and the miljc
ot the cQcoa-nut is their commpn drink.
On particular occafions, they add to their
ordinary faie, xrertain iWeclmeats, and a
Iweet beverage, obtained by the aid of a
fyrup, exyac^ed either from the palin-
nx-e or the lugar-cane. The h'/ufe.s are
railed about tlu'ee feet from the ground,
the foundation bcutns being laid on large
Jtones, whence Ipring the upright liip-
purts of their fides, which are croiCed by
other timbers grooved together, and fatt-
ened by wooden pins,, the intermediate
l^)ace being ciofely iUkd up with bamboos
and palm-tree leaves, platted together.
The taps of the houfes arp thatched with
bamboos and palm leaves j and the infide
is without any divifion, ibrming one great
room. As to donieftic implements, they
have little bafkets, very nicely wovenfrom
(lips of the plantain-tree, and woudi^n
ibaikets with covers, neatly carved and iu-
{aid with /hejls. No one ever ftirs abroad
without a balket, which ufually contains
fome betel-nut, a comb> knite, and a
little twine. The heft knives are made
of a piece of tl>e large mother-of-pearl
oyller, ground narijpw, a^d the outward
fide a little polinied. The combs are
made of the orange-tree, of which there
are a few of the Seville kind ; the haijdle
and teeth are fattened in the foiid wood.
The fifl|i,ing-hpoks axe of toi-^oife-fliell ;
9nd twine, s^dt and fiOiing-nets, ^re well
manufa^ured from the huik« of the ico-
coa-nut. Of the plaintain leaf are formed
mats, which ferve the people as beds.
They alfo u(e a p/aintai^ leaf at mea,ls,
inliead of a plate ; and the (hell of a cocoa-
nut fupp.lies the place of a .cup. There
Ve vefleis of a kind of .earthen ware, of a
ceddifh brown colour, in which they boil
their fifti, yams, &c. A bundle of ^ocoa-
out huiks, ferves th.em for a broom ; and
thick baipboos, with bores five or fix
inches in diameter, are the^r buckets or
cilterns. The fhell of the tortoife is here
remarkably beautiful; a^d the native^
have difcovered the art of moulding it
iiito little trays or diflies, and fpoons.
Some of the great ladies have alfo brace-
lets of the fame manufacture, and ear-
rings inlaid with Ihells. The natives,
in general, are ftout and well made,
rather above the middling ilature, and of
A deep copper colour. Their hair is long,
'Mid fcneriuly forqaed int9 of)e large looif
curl round their heads. The men are
intirtly naked j but the women wear tvvo
little aprons, one before, the other be-
hind. Both fexes are tattowed, and have
their teeth made black by art. They are
very expert at Iwimmiug; and the mea
are iuch julmirable divtrs, that tijey wijti
readily fetch up any thing from the bot-
tom of the lisa. Snch an opinion had the
king of the i(land entertained of the
Englifh, that, on their departure, he fuf-
icrei. bis liicoiid ion, Lee Boo, to accom-
pany them to XnglanJ, where this hope-
ful youth unhappily died of lhclinall{iox
in 178^. Tihe E Intiia Company ereiled
a monument over his grave in Rothcrhithe
churchyard. Thefc illands ai:e encircled
on the w fide by a reef of coral.
Pelissa, a town of Lower Hungary,
capital of a county of the fame name. It
is feated near the Danube, 1 5 miles n of
Buda. Lon. 18 20 e, lat.4.7 40 N*
Pel LA, a town of Turkey in Europe,
in Janna, 5p miles WofSaJonjchi. Lon.
21 5^ £., lat.40 4.1 K^
Peloso, a town of Naples, in BafiJi-
cata, j5 miles w of Bail. Lon. i6 20 1;,
lat.41 26 K.
Pemba, a town of Congo, capital of
a province of the fame name. Lon. 1$
15 E, lat. 7 30 s.
Pembbidge, a town in Herefordftiire,
with a market on Tuefday, feated on
the Arrow, 12 miles Nw of Hereford,
and 145 wNw of London. Lon. z 42 w,
lat. 52 14 N.
Pembroke, the capital of Pcmbreker
ftire, with a market on Saturday. It is
feated on the inner molt creek of Miltbrd
Haven, oyer which are two bridges, hut
t^ie nav\gatio^ to it is become injured by
the rubbifh of the limeftpne quarries near
it. It iiB furfoundfid by a wall with three
gates, has a paftle on » rock, and twa
churches. Jt jis governed by a mayor^
lend; Qne Q\ember to parli^meiit, and is i o
miles SE of Haverfoidweft, and 237 w by
N of London. Lon. 4. 55 w, lat. 51 43 itf.
Pembrokeshire, a county of S
Wales, 37 miles long and 28 bro#d j fur-
rounded on all fides by the ^a, ex«cept
on the E, where it U bounded by Car-
marthenfliire, 9^ Cardiganfhire. It
contains five market-towns and 145 pa.,
rifhei, ai|4 i^nds three members to par-
liamentf The principal rivers are the
E and >V p^edheu. A great part of the
county is plain, and tolerably fertile, con-
£ftii^ of rich meadow and arable land.
The NE part alone is mountainous ; which,
however, yields ^good paftjire fpir ibeep
and f attle,
Gff J
• 't\A
\'\ I ii'
* m
PEN
PEN
iim
Ml
Pena Garcia, a town of Pari ,..i,
in Beira, with .1 caftle. It was taken by
Philip V in 170+j but he retired from it
at the approach of the allies. It is Tix
miles E of Idanha Velha. Lon. 6 6w,
lat. 39 40 N.
Penal VA, a town of Portugal, in
Bcira, lieattd on a hill, with a caltle, eight
miles s of Coimbra. Lon. 8 17 w, lat.
4.0 4.N.
Penautie.i, a town of France, in the
depar<^ment of Aude and late province of
Languedoc, four miles N of Carcaflbnne.
X'On.2Z5E, 1.11.4.3 18 N.
Pend£NNis, a cadle i> Cornwall,
on a hill of the fame name, on Falmouth
Bay. It was built by Henry viu for
the fecurity of the coalt ; and on the op-
pofite fide of the bay is another called St.
Mawes. It is a littk to the SE of Fal-
nioiitli.
Pf.nemunder, a fortrcfs of Germany,
in Pruflian Pomerania, Icated in the iUe
of Ufedom, at the mouths of the Pene
and Oder, in the Baltic Sea. Lon. 14.
10 E, lat. 5+ 16 N.
Penguin Isi.and and Bay, on the
coaft oF Patagonia, i8z miles N of Port
St. Julian. Lat. 47 4.8 s.
Penichb, a Itrong town of Portugal,
in Eftramadura, wltli a good harbour and
a citadel, 34 miles N of Liibon. Lcn. 9
5 E, lat. 39 16 N.
Penick, a town of Upper Saxony, in
Mifnia, bt;longing to the tleftor of Sax-
ony. It is Itatcd on the Multe, eight
miles E of Altenburg. Lon. iz 44 E,
lat. 50 59 N.
Peniscola, a town of Spain, in Va-
lencia, Icated on a high point of land, on
the Mediterranean, 60 miles N of Valen-
cia. Lon. T o E, lat.40 29 N.
Penkridge, a town in Staffordftilrc,
vvith a market on Tuefday. Jt was Ibr-
jnerly a luge pl»ce, but now greatly re-
duced, and principally noted for its horle
fairs. It is fix miles s of Stafford, :ind
129 n\v of London. Lon. a o w, lat. 52
54 N.
Penmaenmawr, a once tremendous
precipice in Carnarvonlhire, overhanging
the fea j but now fafely crolfed by a good
road. . It is four miles sw of Abercon-
way.
Pennaflor, a town of Spain, in
Afturias, f'eatcd on the Afta, 14 miles
sw of Oviedo. Lon. 5 56 w, lat. 4J
15N.
Pennatlor, a town of Spain, in
Andalufia, feated near the Xeriil, jo miles
MofEcjia. Lon. 4 12 w, lat. 37*44 li.
Pennar, a river w the peninfula x>f
Hindooftan, which flows by Gooty, Can-
dicotta, Cuddapah, and VcUore, and tn
ters the bay of Ikngal, at Gangapatnani.
Pennon, a fort of Africa, leated on a
fmall ifland before the harbour of Algii is.
Pennon dk Velez, a very inipurtanf
feaport of Baibary, feattd on a rock in
the Mediterranean, near the town 01
Velcz. It was built by the Spaniards in
150;?, taken by the Moors in 15*2, ami
retaken in 1664. It is 75 miles e ot
Ceuta. Lon.4ow, lat. 35 25 N.
Pennsylvania, one of the United
States of America, 290 miles long and
156 broad j bounded on the E by the river
Delaware, dividing it from W Jerley an.l
New York} on tin.- s by Virginia, Mary-
land, and Delaware; on the w by Vii-
ginia and the Weftern Territory 5 and cu
the NW by Lake Erie, on which it has
a confiderable fronf, and a good port,
lying within 200,000 acri's ot land pnr-
chaliid of congreis by this ftatc. It i
divided into ao counties ; and is well
watered by the Delaware, and other 111-
vigable rivers, on which large (hips eome
up into the heart of the province. Ic
protluce is corn, cattle, timber, pot;tf]i,
wax, (kins, and fur.< i and they export to
the W India idands falted beof, pork,
fifh, and pipeftaves. Philadelphia is the
capital.
Penobscot, a hay of N America, in
the didrift of Main, at the mouth ot tiie
river Penoblcot. It is long and can-iri-
ous } and its E fide is lined with a cluUc:
of fmall iilands.
Pen rise, a feaport in Glamorgar.
(hire, with a market on Thurlday. hi;
feAted on the Briftol Channel, ao itiilej
SE of Cai'marthcn, and 2 19 w of London.
Lon. 4 12 w, lat. 51 37 N.
Penrith, a town in Cumberland,
with a market on Tuefday, feated umltr
a hill, near the rivers Eymotand Lowther.
It has a fpacious market-place, ami i
caftle; and i'everal remains of amitiuity
are feen in its neighbourhood. It is iS
miles s of Carlifle, and aSo nnw of Lon-
don. Lon. 2 52 w, lat. 54 40 N.
Penryn, a borough in Cornwall, with
a market on Wednefday, Friday, and
Saturday. It is feated on a creek of Fal-
mouth Haven, has a great trade in the
pilchard and Newfoundland fiiheries, is
governed by a mayor, and fends two
memliers to parliament. It is three miles
NW of Falmouth, and 266 w by s ot
London. Lon.4 50vv, lat. 5010 N.
• PensaC6la, the capital of W Flo-
rida, leafed on a bay of the gulf of Mex-
ico, which forms a very commodious
PER
PER
harbour, where vcflcU may ride fccure
from every wind. Lon. 85 24 w, lat. 30
Pensance, or Penzance, a feaport
in Cornwall, with a market on Thurliiay.
It is I'cated on a creek of Muuntibay, and
WHS burnt by the Spaniards in 1593, but
has been rebuilt, and carries on a con-
f.i -rible trartic in /liipping. It is one of"
the tin-coinage towns, and a corporation,
governed by a mayor. It is 12 niiks
t of the Land's End, and 281 w by s of
London. Lon. 5 35 w, lat. 50 tin.
Pknsford, a town in Somerlctfliire,
with a market on Tuefday. It is noted
fur its hats and bread, and I'eated on
the Chew, feven miles w of Bath, and
117 w by s of London. Lon. z 30 w,
lat. 51 23 N.
Penza, a government of RufTia, for-
merly a province of Kafan. Its capital,
of the fame name, is feated on the Sina,
where it receives the rivulet Penza, 220
miles 8W of Kafan.
Pentland Frith, a (trait which
divides the Orkneif Iflands from Caith-
nefsfhire, in Scotland. It is 20 miles
long and 10 broad, and very dangerous to
thole who are not well acquainted with its
tides and currents; efpecially in paHing
the Pentland Skerries, a clufter of rocks
at the E entrance of the frith.
Pentland Hills, a ridge of moun-
tains, in Edinburghlhire, extending about
ten miles from sw to ne.
Pequiony, a town of France, in the
departinent of Somme and late province
of Picardy; remarkable for the interview
between Lewis xi of France and Ed-
ward IV of England, in 14-75, o" ^ bridge
built for that purpofe. It is feated on
the river Somme, 15 miles se of Abbe-
ville. Lon. 2 5 E, lat. 49 58 It.
Per a, a fuburb of Conltantinople,
where the fortign ainbalfadors ufually re-
fide. It is inhabited by Chriltians of
feveral denominations} and wine is fold
there as publicly as in any other part of
Europe, which is not allowed in the city.
Peray, St. a village of France, in
the department of Ardtche and late pro-
vince of Daup&ihy. It is noted for its
wines, ari is 21 miles NW of Privas,
Percaslaw, a town of Ruliia, in the
government of Kiof, 44 miles, se oi Kiof.
Lon. 31 50 E, lat. 5.0 o^.,
Perche, a late province of France, in
Orieanois, 35 miles long and 30 broad ;
bounded on thb li.hy Normandy* on; the
w and s by Maan6> and on the e by
^auce. it tft^es 'nt^ jiaine frrm ^ fQreft,
and is pretty fertile. It now formsj
with part of Normandy, the department
ofOrne.
Perekop. SeePRECOP.
' Perecza.s, atownof Upper Hungary
capital of a county of the lanii name, 50
milts E by N of 'lockay. Lon. zz 16 e,
lat.4H 30 N.
Perca, a town of Turkey In Europe,
in Albania, oppolitf the illand of Corlu.
Lon. 20 191;, lat. 39 ."^o N.
Perc;.\mo, an amicnt town of Nato-
lia, with a bifhops Ice} now half ruined,
and inhabited by about 3000 Turks, and
a few familits of poor Chriltians. Here
parcluneut was invented. It is li;atcd on
the Germatti, 15 miles from its mouth,
and 37 n of Smyrna. Lon. 27 27 e, lat.
39 SN.
Perigord, a late province of France,
83 miles long and 60 broad; hcunded on
the n by Angoumois and Marche, on the
E by Querci and Limolin, on the s by
Agtnois and Bazodois, and on the w by
Bourdelois, Angoumois, and Saintonge.
It abounds in iron-mines, and the air is
pure and healthy. It now forms the de-
partment of Dordogne.
pERiGUEUX, an ancient town of
France, capital of the department of Dor-
dogne and late province of Perigord, with
a bifliop's fee, the ruins of a temple of
Venus, and an amphithtatie. It is feated
on the river Hie, 50 miles sw of Limoges.
Lon. o 48 E, lat. 45 11 n.
Perm, a government of Rufila, for-
merly a province of Kal'an. It is divided
into two provinces : namely Perm, the
capital of which is of the lame name,
feated on the river Kama, where it re-
ceives the Z>, -chekha; and Catharin^n-
burgh, the capiml of which is of the fame
name, lisated near the fource of the river
Illiil,
Pernambucq, a province of Brafd,
200 miles long and 1 50 broad ; bounded
on the N by i'air.ara, on the e by the
the Atlantic, an ihc s by Sciegippe, and
on the w by I'lipuytrs. The Dutch be-
came matters of il in 1^330 ; but the Por-
tugufcle retook ir. It produces a great
quantity of fiigai- and Bralli wood.
Perne, a town of I'rance. in the de-
partment of the Mouths of the Rhoiie and
late ])rovinci' of Piovence. It is tht biith-
place of tlic ceiclnateci ()rator Flechier,
birtiop of NilnicR, r.nd a little to the \v
of Apt.
Perneau, a town of Ruffia, in the
government of I^ivonia, with a caftl^.
It is I'eated neatftfte mouth of a riveraif
the fanle name, .55 mile& N of Riga. Lo^
»3 37 E> lilt. 58 7.6 N.
G g 4
ii^
PER
PER
PcRNES, a ftrong town of France, In
the department ot the Straits of ("aluis
and late province of Artois, i'eatcd on the
Clarence, 17 miles NW of Arras. Lon.
a ^i E, lat. 50 19 N.
Peronsh, a ftrong town of France, in
the ilepartmcnt of Somnie and late pro-
vince of Picardy. It is called the Virgin,
becaule it has never been taken, thoiip^
often bdicged. The cjltle is remarkable
tor the imprifonment of Cliarles the Sim-
ple, who here mill-rably died; and in this
caltle the duke of Burgundy detained
Lewis XI three days, tillTie confented to
lign a dii'advantageouft treaty. It is
feated on the Somme, 17 miles sw of
Cambray, and 80 E by N of Paris. Lon.
3 i E, lat. 49 55 N.
Perousa, a town of Piedmont, the
chief place of a valley of the fame name.
Jt is leated on the Clufon, 16 miles sw
of Turin. Lon. 7 iS E, lat. 44. 59 N.
Perpionan, a town of France, ca-
pital of the department of the Eaftern
Pyrenees and late province of Roulfillon,
with a good citadel, a univerfity, and a
bifliop's fee. It is feated on the Tet,
over which is a bridge, 100 miles se of
Bourdeaux. Lon. 3 o E, lat. 42 41 N.
Persspolis, anciently the capital of
the Perfian empire. It was taken by
Alexander the Great, who laid it iri ruins,
being irritated, according to Diodorus, at
the light of 800 Greeks, whom the Per-
fians had cruelly mutilated. Othefs fay,
that being intoxicated, he was inftigatcd
by the courtezan Thais, to fet it on fire.
lis magnificent ruins are 50 miles ne of
>chiras, and zoo se of Ifpahan. Lon.
56 zo E, lat. 30 10 N.
Pershore, a town in Worcefterihire,
with a market on Tuefday, feated on the
Avon, nine miles ESK of Wwcefter, and
102 wNw of London. Lon. i 44 w,
lat. 52 4 N.
Persia, a large kingdom of Afia, con-
fifiing of feveral province, wliich, at dif-
ferent times, have had their particular
kings. It is bounded on tne n by
Georgia, the Cafpian Sea, and Uft)ec
Tartary; on the w by Turkey and
Arabia'j 0:1 the s by the gulfs of Perfia
and Onnus<, and the Arabian Sea'} and on
the E by Hindooltan Proper. It is 1120
miles frbm E to w, and 900 from U to s.
The chief rivers are the Tigris and
Amuc. ' In the N and E parts it is moun-
tainous and cold; in the Aiddle and se
tarts fandy and defertf in >the'S and w,
ivel and extremely fwtile, though for
ieveral months very hot. Th^ A>il pro-
duces all forts of pulfe and com, except
oat» and rye. In feveral places, napthu,
a fort of bitumen, rifes out of the groimu;
^nd there are mines of gold, filver, iron,
turcois flones, and fait; but the firit
two of thefe are not worked, on account
of the fcarcity of wood. Among t^e pro-
dufts of Perfia that are peculiarly ex-
cellent, are dates, piitachio-nut>, aid
poppies, that produce the fineft opium.
They have extenfive plantations of mul-
berry-trccs for filkworms; and lari;e
flocks of Iheep and goats. Their camels,
hories, mules, ail'es, oxen, and buffaloes,
are the belt of their kind, and are indif-
ferently ufed for carrying paU'engeis or
bvirdcns, the horfes excepted, which ar«;
only uled for the faddle. The principle
manufafhires are filks, as fatins, tabbies
taffetas, and filk mixed with cotton, or
with camels or goats hair; brocades, gold
tilTues, and gold velvet, carpets, calicoes,
camlets, &c. Their dying is preferred
to any thing of the kind in Europe.
During almolt the whole of this century,
P ifia has been defolatetl by competitors
for the Ibvereignty. On the alTaifination
of the ul'urper. Nadir Shah, in 1747,
Ahmed Abdalla, one of his generals,
founded the kingdom of Candahar, to
which he annexed the provinces of Ko-
raian and Segeftan, in the E part of Perfia,
and thofe provinces of Hindooltan Proper^
w of the Indus, that had betu ceded by
the great mogul, in 1737, to Nadir Shah.
Kerim Khan, another of Nadir's officers,
obtained the fovereignty of all the fouthern
provinces. He transferred the leat of go-
vernment from lipahan to Schiras. He
refufed the title ot- Shah, or king, being
fatisfied with that of Proteftor of Perfiai
He was beloved by his fubjeils, and re^
vered by foreign powers. On his death,
in 1779, new competitors for the throne
fining up; and have almbft ever fince con*
tmued to I'pread' fiaughter and defolation
over this unhappy covinti-y. The Perfians
are generally Mahdmetansi of the feft of
AH. Ifpahan is the capital.
Persia, Gulf of, a gulf between
Perfia and Arabia Felix. The entrance
near Orntus is not above 30 miles over }
but within it is 180 in breadth, and the
length front Ormus to the mouth of the
Euphrates is '420 miles.
Perth, thecapitalof Perthftiire, feated
on the Tay, over which is an elegant
bridge of nine aiches'. ■ It has two
churches, or*^ of whith belonged formerly
to a fine abbey. Perth has-been the re-
fidence of the ibvereigns of Scotland, and
PER
PER
t.he feat of the parliament and of the fiiprcme
ciiurts of julticc. The tide comes uj> lo
riiis place, and the river is navigable fur
rmall velleU. Here is* a great linen and
cotton niannfacture. Perth ii 30 in*le!i
N of Edinburgh. Lon*w 3 27 w, lut.
56 -il N.
Perthshire, a county of Scotland,
bounded on the N by the flilrcs of In-
vcrnefs and Aberdeen ; on the F. by
Angus(l>ire and the frith of Tayj on
the s by the counties of Fife, Kiru'ofs,
Clackmannan, and Stirling; and on the
w by Argylcihire. It extends 60 miles
from E to w, and nearly the fame from
t^ to 8. The oo)'therndiftri(5t, called Athol,
is mountainous, and contains fome lakes.
Pei^th Amboy, a feaport of the
United States, in New Jerfey, feated on
k neck of land, between the river Raritan
and Arthur Kull Sound. It lies open to
Sandy Hook, and is one of the belt har-
bours on the continent. It is/25 milts
sw of New York. Lon. 75 o w, lat. 40
35 N.
Pertuis, a town of France, in the de-
partment of the Mouths of the Rhone
and late province of Provence, 1,0 miles
N of Aix and 27 of Marl'eilles. Lon. 5
3b E, lat. 4.3 44 N.
Peru, a large country of S America,
bounded on the N by Popayan, on the
w by the Pacific Ocean, on the s by
Chili', and on the E by the Ande^. It is
X500 miles from N to s, and 115 from £
to \v, but in fome places it is much
broader. It never rains in the fouth
parts; but in thq north, where the moun-
tains are not fp hieU, it often rains excef-
fively. There are large forefts on the fides
of the mountains which advance near the
fea i but none of the trees are like thofe
in Europe. Peru has been long celebi'ated
fur its mines of gold and filver, all the
quickfilver ufcd in the refining of which
is extrai-fed from the famous mine of
Guancabelica. Quinquina, or Jefuits
Bark, the virtues of which are lb well
|;nown, Is found only in this country.
The fierceft bealts of prey in Peru are the
puma and jaquar, inaccurately called lions
^d tigers by the Europeans, but pofielT-
jng neither the undaunted courage of the
former, nor the ravenous cruelty of the lat-
ter : they are hardly formidable to man, and
often turn their backs on the leaft appear-
ance of refiftance. A quadruped, called the
lama, peculiar to this country, was tamed
to domellic purpofes by the ancient Peru-
vians. In foifn it beats ibme refemblance
io a deer> stai fome to a camel, mi is of
a {lie fomewhat larger than a fhcep. Id
vyoolfurnifliid the Peru viauswiti»cl(nliing,
its flcHi with food. It was even employed
us a i)ea(t of burden, and carried a mo-
derate load with much patience and doci-
lity; hut it was never uled for draught.
Among the birds, the molt remarkable is
the condor, which is entitled to prrcmi-
ntncc over the flying tribe, in bulk,
Itrength, and courage. The river Guya-
quil abounds with alligators, and tht
neighbouring country I'warms almoll as
much withfnakes and vi|)ers as that round
Porto Bello docs with toads. When the
Spaniards landed in thi;* country In 1530*
they found it governed by fovtreigns called
Incas, who were revered by their fubjetJls
as divinities ; and the inhabitants were
found to be much more polilhed than the
natives of other parts of America, thole of
Mexico excepted. Thefe were foon fub-
ducd by a few Spaniards, under the com-
mand of Francis Pizarro. Peru is inha-
bited by the Spaniards, the native Ame-
ricans, and a mixture arifing from hoth»
called Meftlcs. The native Americans,
who live among the forelts, form, as it
were, fo many fmall republics, which are
direded by a Spanilh prielt, and by their
governor, aflifted by the original natives,
who icrve as officers. Tliey have no
diftruft, for they leave the doors of their
huts always open, though they have
cotton, calaba(hes, and a iort of aloes, of
which they make thread, and feveral other
fmall matters that they trade with, which
might be eafily Itoleiw They go naked,
and paint their bodies with a red drug,
called rocu. The fame man is of all
trades, for he builds his own hut, con-
ftrufts his own canoe, and weaves his
own cloth ; but if a large houfe is to be
built for common ufe, every one lends a
helping hand. Their ikin is of a red
copper colour; and they have no beard
nor hair on any part of their bodies ex-
cept their heads, where it is black, long,
and coarfe. Thofe that are not much ex-
pofed to the weather, are of a lighter
colour than tte reft. The natives who
live at Quito feem to be of a different
temper; tor they are exti'emely idle, and
fo ftupid, that they will fit whole days to-
gether upon their heels, without ftirring
or fpeakmg. Their garment is a fort of
a fack, with holes to put their arms
through; and this is given them by their
mailers as part of their wages. The
Meftics, though illegitimate, have all the
privileges of a Spaniard, and are the
perfons who carry oa all trades } for the
•I i- 1 ' 'i ■
\4-^^
■•^PiS
PES
PET
Spaniardi think it beneath them to meddle
with any thing ot this ("oit : they behave
in a more tyrannical manner over tlie real
Americans, than even the Spaniards them-
ielveit, iniomuch that the governor is
obliged to rejjreis their inloLnce. Peru
is now divided into three great audience^,
which arc Qmro, Lino or Los Keyes,
and Los Cluiicus; the whoL under tile
govennnent of a viceroy, whole authority
■once exfi udod over all S America pol-
fcfl'cd by the 'jjjaniHrds : but as lome ot the
countries in this v;ill jiirlidittion are above
?.ooo milcj diitam rom the lupvcme feat
of jultice at Lim.i, the inhabitants were
fubjeit to the gieatof^ inconveniences; to
remedy which two new viceroyalties have
been dialiliflied. i he firlt, is fixed at
St. Fe de Bogota, the capital of the
new kingdom of Granada, and extemls
over the whole of Te.rn Firma, and the
audience of Quito. In the juriuliilion
of the lecond, eliablifhed in 1776, arc
the provinces of Plata, liuenus Ayres,
Paraguay, Tucuman, Potofi, St. Cruz
de la Sierra, and the towns of Mendo7a
and St. Juan. Lima is the capital. See
Andes.
Perugia, an ancient and populous
ci^^y of Italy, capital of Perngino, with
a (trcng citadel, a univerfiiy, and a
bifhop's fee. The churches, and many
other buildings, public and private, are
very handfome. It is feated on a hill,
75 miles N of Rome. Lon. 12 20 E, lat.
43 6 N.
Perugia, a lake of Italy, eight miles
from the city of tluit name, in the pro-
vince of Perugino. It is ahnoft roimd,
five miles in diameter, and in it are three
illands.
Perugino,- a province of Italy, in the
Eccltfialtical State, bounded on the w by
Tufcany, on the s by Orvietan -, on the
w by the duchies of Spcleto ar.d Urbino,
and on the n by the county of Citta
Calttllana. It is 35 miles in kngth, and
prar as much in breadth. The air is
pnre, and the Ibil fertile in corn and good
wine. The capital is Perugia.
Pesaro, a town of Italy, in the duchy
of Urbino, with a biftiop's lee. It is a
ji large place, and the Itreets are pnved
with biicks. The caltle is well fbrtified,
the harbour excellent, and the cathedral
magnificent. The environs are remark-
able for producing good figsj of which
large qfiarjtltles ait: fent to Venice. Il
is ieated on an eniinence, at the mouth of
the Fogiia, on the gulf of Venice, 17
miles tlJK of Urbino, and 13-0 of RoitY(^
Lon. T3 2 E, lat. -^3 52 N.
Pescara, a ftrong town of N-ipW,
in Abniizo Citeriore. It i« feated at the
mouth of a river of the fame name, on
the gidf of Venice, eight miles E by u
ofCivita-di-Penna,and 100 NEof Naplesi.
Lon. 15 2 E, tut. 4.1 27 N.
Peschitra, a town of Italy, in the
Vcroncfc, with a caftle, and a ftrong fort.
It was taken by the French in July 1796.
It is feated on the Mincio, which proceeds
from the lake Garda, 16 milts w of Ve.
rona. Lon. 11 4 E, lat. 45 26 N.
Pesrnas, an ancient town of France,
in the department of Herault and late
province of Languedoc. It is delightfully
feated on the river Pein, i» miles ne of
Be/icrs. Lon. 3 34 E, lat. 43 28 N.
Pest, a town of Upper Hungary, ca-
pit.il of a covmty of the liime name, feated
on the Danube, oppofite Buda, 85 miles
SE of Prelburg. Lon. 18 25 E, lat. 47
24 N.
Petaw, an ancient town of Germany,
in the duchy of Stiria, feated nn the
Drave, 109 miles s of Vienna. Lon. 15
36 E, lat. 46 40 N.
Pe-TCHELI, TCHELIjOr Li-pa-fou,
the principal province of China, bounded
on the N by the g»eat Wall and part of
T.irtary, on the E by the Yellow Sea, on
the s by Chang-tong and Honan, and on
the w by the mountains of Chan-fi. It
contains nine cities of the firlt clafs,
which have feveral others under their ju-
rilUic^ion. The temperature of the air
in this province does not feem to agree
with its latitude ; for, although Pc-tcheli
extends no further than the 42nd degree
N, yet all its rivers are fo much frozen
during four months in the year, that
waggons with the heavieft loads may
fafely pafs them. The foil is fandy, and
produces very little rice ; but it abounds
with all other kind of grain, and with
the greater part of the fruit trees we have
in Europe. Pekin is the capital.
Peter and Paul, St. or Petro-
PAWLosKoi, a feaport of Kamtfchatka,
in the Rufliarv government of Irkutzk.
The town confilts of fome mvferable log-
hotiles and a few conical huts. Captain
Gierke, who fucceeded captain Cook,
and died at lea, was interred here. Lon.
15^ f3 E, lat. 53 o N.
Peterborough, a city in Northamp-
tonfbire, with a bifl»op's fee, and a market
on Saturday, It is feated on the Net>,
over which is a'hridge'into Huntingdon-
(hire. It has biit one church, befide the
cath^dml, which was fbvmerly a. mo-
^taftery f but th« Aiatdkbt'^aoe-is lipic'vo^t
and the ftreets regular. It has a trade
PET
PET
111 com, coal, and timber, i> governed
by a mayor, and fends two memhrrs to
narliamet,t. It Is 41 milcD NK ot
Northampton, and 81 N of London. Lon.
o 10 w, lat. 51 30 N.
Phterhead, a town in Abenletn-
rtiirc, fituate near the mouth of the Ugie.
It has an excellent harbour, defended by
a new pier 5 a confulerable trade in the
Hdiery, and to the Baltic ; and a manu-
tadure of fewinur thread, A mineral
l*l)ring, of a powerful diuretic quality,
and the fea-bathing bring a great ref'ort
of company, for wliol'e accommodation
there is a ball-room and many elegant
houfes. It is a little to the w of Bu-
clnnnefs, the moft eaftem promontory of
Scotlnnd, and 54. miles ne of Aberdeen.
Lon. I 28 w, lat. 57 28 N.
Petersbxjrch, a town of the United
States, in Virginia, on the s fide of the
river Appamatox, 15 miles s of Rich-
mond,
Petersburcii, or St. Peters-
Bi'RGH, the metropolis of the empire of
Ruflla, in a government of the fame
name. It is Seated on the Neva, near
the gulf of Finland, and is built partly on
fome iflands in the' mouth of the river,
and partly upon the continent. At the
beginning of this century, the ground on
which Peterfl>urgh now ftands was only a
vail moral's, occupied by a few fifliermen's
huts. Peter the Great firft began this
city by the ereftion of a citnue) with fix
balUons, in 170;;: he built alio a fmaJI
hut for himfelf, and fome wooden hovels.
In 1 710, count Golovkin built the firlt
houi'e of brick ; and the next year, the
emperor, with his own hands, laid the
foundation of a houfe of the fame mate-
rials. From thefe fmall beginnings rofe
the i^nperial city of Peterftjurgh j and, in
lefs than nine years after the woo<ien
hovels were erefted, the feat of empire
was transferred to it from Mofcow. The
ftreets, in general, are broad and fpa-
cious ; and three of the principal ones,
which meet in a point at the Admiralty,
are at leaft two miles in length : moll of
them are paved, but a few (till remain
floored with planks. In feveral parts,
wooden houfes, fcarcely fuperior to com-
mon cottages, are blendid with the public
buildings ; and the brick houfes are or-
namented with a white ftucco. The
manfions of the nobility are valt piles of
building, furniflied in the fame elegant
ftyle as at London. The Neva is, in
many places, as broad as the Thames
at London, and its banks are lined on
each fide with a continued range of hand>
fome buildings. On the N (Ide are the
fortrels, the academy of fcicnces, and the
academy of arts. On the 8 fide are the
imperial palace, the Admiralty, the man-
fions uf many Ruflian nobles, and the
Knglil]\-iine, I'o called, becaule (a few
houfes excepted) the whole row is occu-
pied by Engli(h merchants. In the front
of ihne buildings, on the s fuic, is the
quay, which extends three miles, except
where it is interrupted by the Admiralty;
and the Neva, during the whole of that
fpace, has been embanked, at the expence
of the late emprcis, by a wall, p;uaper,
and pavement of htwn granite. Peterf-
burgh, although it is more compact than
the other RuTfian cities, "".d has the
lioui'cs in many Iheets contiguous to each .^
other, yet ftill bears a refemliUnce to the
towns of this country, and is built in a
very Itraggling manner. It has been
lately incloled within a rampart, the cir-
cumtercnce of which is 14 miles. The
inhabil.uits are computed to be 130,000.
The oppofitc divilions of Peterlbugh,
fituate ou each fide of the Neva, are con-
ne(^ted by a bridge on pontoons, which,
on account of the large inafles of ice
driven down the Itream from the lake
Ladoga, is ufualiy removed when they
firft make their appearance 5 and, for a
few days, till the river is frozen hard
enough to bear carriages, there is no com-
munication between the oppofite parts of
the town. Among the noblelt ornaments
of Peterfburgh is an equcftiian Itatue of
Peter the Great, in bronze, of a coloflal
fize J the pedeftal of which is a huge rock,
brought to the I'pcjt at a great expence :
by this contrivance the great legiflator and
civilizer of his country appears in the
attitutte of afcending a precipice, the fum-
mit of which he has nearly attained. It
was erefted by Cathtrrine ii, in 1782,
Within the walls of the fortrefs is the
cathedral of St, Pet;.r and St. Paul, in
which are depofited the rer,i.;ins ol Peter
the Great, and of the fuccefllve foveieigns,
except Peter n, buried at Mofcow.
Peterfburgh is 425 miles NW of Mofcow,
400 e l)y N of Stockholm, 750 ne of
C()penh:;gjn, and icoo NNE of Vienna,
Lon. 30 ly E, Int. 39 56 N.
PETEasFiKLD, a boroueh In Hamp-
fhire, with a market on Sa' ;irdav. It is
governed by a mayor, fends two members
to parliami^nt, and is feated on the
Lodclon, 18 miles ne of Portfmouth, and
53 s\v of London. Lon. o 58 w, lat. .
51 2 N.
Peter SHAGEN, atowmtf Germahy, in
the principality of MinJen, feated on the
ii.<'i^l
■^.^
1* F I
V II I
Wf :>r, ^hree miles from MInden, and j7
W tf Hanover. Lou. 961, ]at. 5-i •.. c n.
Peter WARAniN, a town ot'St 1 ivoniu,
Ofle ot tht: Itrungelt frontier places the
koufe of Aultria has againlt the rnrks,
over whom, io 1716, prime Eu;.',ene here
gained a great viiftory. Ii is iealecl on
tl>e Danube, lietwecn the Sivi' ajul Drave,
•J <; miles N\v of Belgrade. JLon. zo 30
E, III. 45 26 N.
pETHf RTON, a town in Somcrleffhire,
with a market on Tiielday, leatid on tht
P^irret, 18 miies s by w of Wells and
t;}) w by s of Loudua. Lon. 2 41 k»
bt. 50 56 N.
Petigljano, a town of 'lufcany, in
the Sienneli;, eight miles w ol' Caliro,
and 45 SE of Sienna. Lun. 11 4% £> lat.
42 2] N.
Petit Guave, .1 fcaport of the W
Indjes, in St. Domingo, lealed on a bay
at the w end of the illand. It is 200
miles E of Jamaica. Lon. 72 52 w, lat.
18 27 N.
Petcune, a city of Plaltern Chinefe
Tartary, in the department of Kirin. It
hns fcarcely any inhabitants but Tartar
£bldiers, and Chmelie corKlenmed to exile.
It is liated on the Songari, 112 miles n
by E of Kirin, and ^00 NE of Pdcin. Lon.
124 55 E, lat. 4S 3 N.
Petrikow, a town of Great Poland,
in the palatinate of Siradia, 80 miles sw
of Warfaw. Lon. 19 46 E, lat. 51 12 N.
Petrin'a, a ftrong town of Auftrian
Croatia, leatcd on the Petrina, 27 miles
E of Carlltadl. Lon. 16 o E, lat. 46 v N.
Pettaw, a town of Germany, in the
duchy of Stli ia. It belongs to the biihop
of Saltzbvirg, and is I'eated on the Drave,
28 miles s h'/ e of Gratz. Lon. 15 37
E, lat. 46 46 N.
PETTAPOi.LY,afeaportof Hindooftan,
on the coalt of Coromandel, where the
Dutch have a faftory. Lo u 80 46 E,
lat. 15 41, N.
Pettvcur, a harbour in Fifefliire,
one mile from Kinghorn, in the frith of
Forth. It is the xifual landing-pl.ice of
patlengers from Leith, on the oppofite
ftjore. A bafin has lately been conltruihK'd
here.
Petworth, a town in SuflTcx, with a
market on Saturday, feated near the Arun,
12 miles NE of Chic^efter, and 49 sw of
London. Lon. o 34 iV, lat. 50 58 N.
Pfafenhoffen, a town of Germany,
in Upper Bavaria, with a Bencdic'^Uixe
monalteiy ut a fmall diftanC'C. It is ieated
on the Ilm, 19 miles Nw of Ratilbon.
L'^i. I* 3 E, lat. 49 27 N.
Pfxrt, or f orette, a to ,vn of France,
in the (I'paifnicnt of Upper Rhine ,i!>(i
lat«' pvoviiite of Alface, 10 miles \v M
Bafd. Lon. 7 20 1;, 1:U. 47 ^7 k.
PfortshI'IM, a town of Siiabia, in
the marquirafe of Baden- Dvirlach, with
a caltic, ft itedon tlie Knti, 15 miles :;k
ot Durlach. L«.>n. 9 46 y., lat. 4!^ 57 n.
PfBEIMB, a t'-wn of Gerjnany, in
Upjicr Bavaria, with a calth., fenfed at
the coiiiUieiice il the I'freint and Nab, lo
niilcs NF. of Anibtig. Lon. 12 21 e,
lat. 49 i I N.
Pfullenoorf, au imperial town of
Suabia, Ieated ou the Aiidalipatcli, 37
milt-s »\v of Ulm. Lon. 9 27 w, lat.
48 8 N.
Phanagoria, a fmall and beautiful
illand of AGa, •n the £ fide of the itrait
of Caffa.
Pharos, a fnnll iflaiid in the Medi-
teiTancan Sea, oppofire Alexandria, in
Egypt, the Ipace between which and the
continent forms an extenlive harbour. It
has a communication with the continent
by a ftouc caul'eway and biidge. It for-
merly had an exceedingly high tower
upon it, called the Pharos, an-' on tlie top
of it were lights for the direition of fhip*.
Lon. 31 II e, lat. 30 24 N.
PhAr7.a, anciently Pharsalia, a
town of Turkey in Eiu'ope, in Janna,
famous for the decifive viiloiy gained by
Julius Cefar over Pompey, in 48 B. C.
Hence Inican's poem on the civil wars
between thele- two great rivals was called
Pharfalia. This town is an arjchiv'pii-.
copal lee, feated on the iinipeus, and is
TO miles s of Larifla.
Phasis, a river of Afia, which crofle*
Mingrelia, and fails inbg the Black S^a.
Pheasants Isle. See Faisants.
pHiLADELPHiA, an ancient city of
Natolia, liiated at the foot of the moun-
tain Tmolus, in an extenfivp plain, i he
Greeks retain its ancient : ^^me, but the
Turks: tall it AUahijah. It contains
1 1000 inhabitants, among whom are 2000
ChrilHans, who have four churches, and
a Greek archbifhop. It is 40 miles
ESE of Smyrna. Lon. 28 15 e, lat.
38 28 N.
PHii.ADELPHlAjthe capital of Pennfyi-
vania, and, at prefent, the metropolisot tlie
United States of America. It is fituatf in
an extenfive plair on the w bank of the
river Delaware. The length of the city
from E to w, that is, from the Delaware
to the Schuylkill, upon the original plan o(
Mr. Penn, is 10,300 feet, and the breadth,
N and s, is 4837 feet. Not half of the
plot covered by the city charter is yet
isuilt. The inhabitants* however, have
P H I
P H 1
not cortfincd themfelves within the origi-
nal limits oi the city, but have built N
and s along the Deluware, two miles in
length. The circumference of the part
winch is built| including Kenlington on
the N and Southwark on the s, i* about
rive miles. < Market Street is loo ffttt
wide, and runs the whole len-gth of the
city from river to rivi-rj a.id, near the
middle, it is interlicited at right angles
by Hroad Strict, 113 feet wide, running
nearly H and s. The ctlwr ltr«ets are 50
feit wide, except Arch Street, wliich ii
65 feet, and they interleit each other at
right angles. There are iour Iquares of
eight acres each, one at each forner of
the ciiy, originally rtliirved tor pnhlic
Hies ; and in the centre, at the iikerieClion
of Market Street and Brond Street, is a
fquare often acres, reierved in like man-
ner, to be planted with rows of trees for
public walks. Philadelphia was founded
in 1682, by William P*nn, who, in
1701, granted a charter, inco'-porating
the town tinder the govenvaent of a
mayoi-, recorder, eight ••Idennen, »»
•ummon cc.ncil men, a OieritF, and clerk.
It contains 5000 houles, in general hand-
Ibmely built of brick, and 40,000 inha-
bitants, compofed of ulmoft all nations
and religions. Here are 24 places of pub-
lic worihip for Chriftians of various deno-
minations ; one of which is for the free-
tjuakers, fo called, btxftufe they took up
arms in defence of their country, in the
lati' '.var, contraiy to the cltabliflicd prin-
ciples of the' friends. Here alfo is a fyna-
gogue for the Jews. '1 he German Lu-
theran church, one of the fineft in Ame-
rica, was deltroyed by fire in 1794. The
ftatehoufc is • magnificent building erefted
in 1735. In 1787, an elegant courthoufe
was built on the left of the liatehoule j
and on the right a philoiupliical hall.
Here, likewife, is 1 j-ublic ob(ervatory,
and feveral other puin'.c buildings. A
univeriity was founded litre (lini>»g the
war : its funds were partly givsn by tl>e
Itate, and partly taken from the old col-
lege. A malignant fever raged here in
1793, which, in the courfe oi' Auguft
and three lucceeding months, carried off
4031 of the inhabitants. Philadelphia is
97 miles sw of New York, and 130 ne
of Waftiington, the intended metropolis.
Lon. 75 13 w, lat. 39 56 n.
Philippi, an ancient town of Mace-
donia, enlarged by Philip, fu'hcr of
Alexander the Great, who gave it his
•\vn name. It was near this place, com-
monly called the plains of Philipj>i, where
Caiiius and BnituBi two of the alfailinAtor*
of Cefar, were defeated by Auguft as and
Mark Antony, in 4» B.C. It is an arch-
bifhop's lee, but greatly decayed. An
amphitheatre, and feveral other monu<
mtnts of its ancient grandevir remain.
Ir in 67 miles £ of Salonichi. Lon. 34.
25 E, lat. 40 o N. *
Phiufpina, See Samar.
PuiLtppjNE, a ftrong town of Dutch
Flandi rs. It was taken by the I-'rench
ic 1747, rtltorcd in 1748, and again
taken in 1794. It is iuMvd on an arm
ot the Schcld, ti miles se of Fluiliing.
Lon. 3 51 E, lat. 51 16 N.
Pun.ippiNE Islands, iflands in the
Indian Ocean, dilcovered by Magellan, in
1521. The principal are, Luconia, Min-
danao, Samar, Malbate-, Mindoro, Lu*
ban, Panay, I -evte, Bohol, Zebu, Negro'8>
St. John's, Xolo, and Abyo. Th-jy are
chiefly lubject to the Spaniards. The air
is very hot and moift, and the fwil fertile
in riie and many other ufeful vegetables
and fruits. The tn;es are always green,
and there are ripe fruits all the year.
There are a great many wild beafts and
birds, quite unknown in Europe. The-
inhabitants are not all of one original.
Lon. 113 13 to 120 50 £, lat. 6 30 to
18 15 N.
Philippines, New, otherwife called
Palaos, and Carolinas, illa'vds in the
N PaciHe Ocean, to the E of the mo.'l
fou*hein of the Philippine lAand:. There
are about 32 in all, between thv equator
and the Ladrones ; but they are very little
known to the Kuropeans.
PniLiPPOl.i,a town of Romania, with
an archbifliop's lee. It is chiefly inha-
bited by Greeks, aivl is u-ated on the
Mariza, 8z miles N.W of Adrianople and
188 of Conitantmople. Lon. 24 50 i>,
lat. 42 I? N.
Phimp's, FoRf St. a rtrong citadel
of Minorca, which defends the harboui
of Port Mahon. It '.vas taken by tlic
Eng-litli in 170S, and in 1756 by the
French, who rello/ed it in 1763. The
Spaniards retook it in th^ lait war. Lon.
3 48 t, lat. "59 50 N,
Philips-Norton, a town in St^mer-
fetftire, with a market on Thurlday,
feven miles s of Bath, and 104 w oi
London. Lon. z 16 w, iat. 52 16 N.
PimiPSi'uaG, a town of Gennany,
in the ciicle of the Uj>pe<- Phi'.c. It ii
very ftrong, and conlldered > one of the
bulwarki of the empire. Th^ town hc-
longs to the bifhop of Spire, but the for-
tifications to the empire. It has bectn
feveral times taken and retaken, ^tarticu-
larly by Uie French ia 1734, when th<;
3i
ti
1 St - -
V I c
P I G
duke of BerDi'ick was killed at the fiegej
but it was reftored the year following, by
the treaty of Vienna. It is feated on the
Rhine, leven miles s of Spire, and 40
NE of Stran}urg. Lon. 8 33 E, lat. 49
I? N.
Philip ST ADT, a town of Sweden, in
Wermeland, fealed in a hilly and rocky
count) y, abounding in iron i.ines, be-
tvv-een two lakes, and wateied by a rivu-
let. It was built by Charles ix, and
called after his fon Philip. In 1775, it
was delhoyed by fire, but has been fmce
rebuilt. It is ao miles NE of Carldadt,
and 140 NVV of Stockholm. Lon. 14
JO E, lat. 59 30 N.
. Philipstown, a borough of Ireland,
capital of King's Countv, 40 miles w of
Dublin. Lon. 7 3 w, lat. 53 18 n.
Philipville.u fti-ongtcwnof Fr.nnce,
in the department of the North ?nu late
province of Hainault, feated on, an emi-
nence, 25 mile* SE of Monji, ami 115 N
by E of Paris. Lon. 4 24 Ji, l^^t. 50
7 N.
Phillip Islands, two lllaivls in the
5 Pacifc Ocean, difcovered by captain
Hunter in 1791, and named after Arthur
Phillip, «fq. governor of New S V^'aics.
Thcv are five miles afunder, but almoft
joinetl together by a long ftmly fpit,
above water, which reaches, for about
two tbiixis of the dlftancc from the eaft-
trnmoft, or largeft illand, to the moft
wefterly, which is the Imalleft. They
are coveied with fhrubs, have few tall
trees on them, and th;' land is low.
Lon. of the eaitern ifland 140 ^ E, lat. 8
6 s.
PiANEZA, a town and caftle nf Pied-
mont, leated on the Dora, tight miles
from Turin.
PiANOZA, an ifland of Italy> off the
coaft of Tuicr.ny, fix miles s «f that of
Elba. It is level and low, as the name
imports. Lon. lo 34 E, lat. 42 46 N.
PiAVA, a river, which rifes in the
mountains of Tirol, and falls into the
gulf of Venice, by two mouths, a little
N of Venice.
PiCARDY, a late province of France,
bounded on the N by Hainault, Artois,
ar, the (traits of Dover j on the e by
Champagne j on the s by the Ifle of
France j and en the w by Normandy and
the Englifti Channel. It now forms the
department of Somme.
PiciGHiTONE, a town of Italy, in the
duchy of Milan, with a caftle, in which
Francis i of France wa.^ impriibned. It
was 'taken by the Fr^ch i*^ 1733 and in
1 796. It is feated ch the Seiio; lo miles
NW of Cremona, and 36 SE of Milan.
Lon. 10 4 E, lat. -45 16 N.
Pickering, a town in the n riding
of Vorkftiire, with a market on Monday.
It has an old caftle, in the ruins of which
they keep their courts for the hearing of
all caufes under 40 ftiillings, in the dif-
trl(?t called the Honour or Liberty ot
Pickering. It is 26 miles NE of York,
and 223 N by w of London. L»n. o
l^ w, lat. 54 15 N.
Pico, the largeft and moft populous
of the Azores, or Weftem Iflands. It
produces a great deal of wine. Lon. 2?
21 w, lat. 38 29 N.
PiCTS Wall, a famous barrier againft
the PItSts, of which ibme fmall remains
are left. It began at the entrance of Sol-
way Frith, in Cimiberland, and i*unning
by Cariide, was continued from w to e
aa-oi's the ifland to Newcastle, and ended
at Tinmouth.
Piedmont, a princi) ality of Itu'y,
ijS miles long and 40 broad; bounded
on the N by Vallais, on th ; ]i by the
duchies of Milan and Mo. It fer •■ on the
s by the county of Nice li ' ':' ritory
of Genoa, and on the w by i*Vance and
Savoy. It was formerly a part of Lom-
bardyi but now belongs to the ktog of
Sardinia, and lies at the foot of the Alps.
It contains many high niountains, an?^ng
which are rich and fruitful vallies, a$ popu-
lous as any part(|f Ital/. In the moun-
tains are mines of feveral kinds, and the
forefts afford a great deaj of game. This
country has a gr^s^t trade in raw (ilk ; and
it produces abb com, rice, wine, fruits,
hemp, flax, aad cattle. Turin is the
capital.
PiJBNZA, a populous town of Tuftany,
it: the Siennefe, with a biftjop's fee. T
is 25 miles SE of Sienna, and 56 s of J*.^
rence. Lon. xi 42 e, lat. 43 o m.
Pierre le Moutier, St. a town
of France, in the department of Nievre
and late province 01 Nivernois. It is
feated in a bottom, furrounded by moun-
tabis, and near a lake, which renders the
air unwholefome, 15 miles NW of Mou-
lins, and 150 s of Paris. Lon. 3 13 £,
lat. 46 48 N.
Pierre, St. a fmall defert ifland neav
Newfoundland, ceded to the Frciu, iu
1763, for drying and curine- tht^ !i;».
They were difpo(re(red of it by the hn^ -
lifti in 17^3. Lon. 56 o w, lat. 46
39 N.
Pierre, St. the capital of Martinico,
on the w fuie of the ifland. Lon. 61
zi w, lat. 14 44. K.
Pigeon Island, a fmall iiland> eight
miles
from 1
lat. 14
Pie
terrane
French
Pig
the ent
P I N
ft
miles from the coalt of Malabar, and 1 5
from the towu of Onore. Lon. 74 6 E,
iat. 14 I N.
PlETRO, St. an ifland in the Medi-
terranean, near Sardinia, uken by the
French u 1793, but retaken loon atter.
PiGNEROL, a town of Piedmont, at
the entrance of the, valley of Pcrufa. It
was in pofTeflion of the French, who had
tortified it, particularly with a caltle
built on a rock j but being rcftored to the
duke of Savoy, in 1696, the French de-
moiinied the for titicat ions. It is feated
on the Chiufon, 15 miles sv; of Tmin,
Lon. 7 30 £, lat. 45 o N.
PiGNEV, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Aube and late province of
Champagne, 22 miles ne of Troyes.
Lon. 4 25 E, lat. 48 20 N.
PiLLAU, a feaport of Pruffia, on the
Baltic, 20 miles w by s uf Koninglberg,
ot which, it is the port:. Lon. 30 20 fi,
lut. 54 jB N.
Pi L SEN, a Itrong town of Bohemia,
capital of a circle of the feme name. It
has often been taken and retaken, and is
i'eated near the confluence of the Miia
vind Watto, 47 nults. w by s of Prague.
Lon. 13 55 £> lat. 49 46 N.
PiLsNA, PiLSNO, or PiLzow, atown
of Little Poland, in tlie paiatin;ite of San-
domir, feated on the Willake, 50 miles
£ of Cracow. Lon. 21 10 E, lat. 50 o n.
PlLTEN, a town of Courland, capital
of a fertile territory of the lame nauie.
It is feated on the river Windaw, between
Goldingen and Windaw. .Lon. 22 10 E,
lat. 57 15 N.
Pines, Isle of, an iiland in the S
pacific Ocean, off the s end of New Ca-
ledonia. It is 14 miles over in a SE and
Nw direftion. It is hieh and remark-
able in the middle, being quite a pomtcd
hill, floping toward the extremities, which
arc very low. The low land has many
tall pine-trees upon it. It was dilcover-
ed by captain Cook in 1774. Lon. 167
3S E, lat. 22 38 s.
T'ing-leano-FOU, a city of China,
one of the nioft conGderable in the vv
part of the province of Chen-fi. It con-
tains three cities of the I'econd, and leven
of the third clafs in its diltri£l, and is
feated on the river Kin-ho, 480 miles
sw of Pekin. Lon. 106 25 E, lat. 35
30 N.
PiN-HiANG-FOU, a city of China, in
the province of Chan-<i. Its diftrift con-
tains fix cities of the fecond, and 28 of
the third clafs. It is 240 miles sw of
Pekin. Lon. 111 55 E, lat. 35 55 n.
PiNNEt, a ftrong lown of Portugal,
F I S
in Tra"-lo9-Montes, capital ©f a territor)r
of the fame name. It is featcv. at the
confluence of the Coha and Pinnel, 25
miles N of Guarda. Lon. 6 40 w, lat.
40 46 N.
PiNNENBURG, a fort and town of
Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Holrtein,
capital of a co\inty of the lame name.
It is feated on the Owe, 15 miles NW of
Hamburg. Lon. 9 40 e, lat. 55 46 k.
PiNOS, an ifland of the W Indie^; on
the s fide of Cuba, from which it is le-
paratcd by a deep Itrait. It is 25 miles,
long and 15 broad, ^d has excellent paf-
tures. Lon. 8* 33 w, lat. 22 2 N.
PlNSKO, a town of Lithuania, on a
river of the fame name. It was formerly
a confiderable place, but has been almoft
ruined byithe Coffacks. Lon. 26 20 e,
lat. 52 18 N.
PiOMBiNO, a feaport of Tufcany, ca-
pital of a principality of the lame name.
It is feated on a ba), 40 miles sjjf. Leg-
horn, and 60 sw of Florence. Lon. 10
23 E, lat. 42 57 N.
PiOfvfBiNO, a principality of Tufcany,
lying on the lilediterraaean. The ifland
ot Elba depends upon it, and has its .own
prince, under the protection of the king
of the Two Sicilies.
PiPERNO, a town of Italy, in Com-
pagna di Ko«Eia, 50 mile- SB of Kome.
Lon. 13 36 £, lat. 41 39 N.
PiPLEY, a town of Hindooftan Pro-
per, in Bengal, which formerly had Eng-
lifh and Dutch factories. It is leatcd orv
a river, 15 miles w of Balafore. Lon,
w6 31 E, lat. 21 20 N.
Pique Montvallier, the highefi
mountain of the Pyrenees. It is in the
form of a pike. Lon. o 22 w, lat. 42
51 N.
PiRANO, a feaport of Venetian Iftria,
on a peninlula, 10 miles s of Capo d'll-
tria. Lon. 14 : e, lat. 45 40 n.
PlRiTZ, a town of Pomcrania, in the
territory of Stetin. The ancient duk<;s
of Pomerania often refided here. It is
feated near the lake Maldui, 20 miles
SE of Stetin. Lon. 14 20 e, lat. 53
t8 n.
Pisa, an ancient and large city of
Tul'cany, capital of the Pilaao, wirh n
univerfity, an arch'uilhop's lee, and three
forts. The river Arno runs through Pi-
fa, and over it arc three bridgts, or.e of
which is conltrui.^ed of marble. Thi$
city is lb far from having as mrmy inha-
bitants as it can contain, that grals grows
in the principal ftreets. The cathttdini
is a magnihceLt ftiufture, und on the
right fide of the choir is a leaning twwwr.
P I T
P L A
imich talked of. In the great fquare,
before St. Stephen's church, ii a white
marble ftatue of duke Cofmo the Great.
The grand duke's palace, and the magni-
ficent exchange, are worth notice. Pifa
is feated in a fertile plain, at a fmall tUf-
tance from the Mediterranean, lo miles
N of Leghorn, and 41 w of Florence.
Lon. 10 17 E, lat. 43 43 N.
PisANO, a territory of Tufcany^ Jying
«n the Mediterranean. It is 47 miles
long and 25 hruad, and one of the beft
countries in all Tulcany.
PiscA, a town of Peru, in the audience
of Lima, with a good road for ftiips. It
is feated in a country fertile in excellent
fruits and good wine, 140 miles sse of
Lima. Lon. 76 15 w, lat. 13' 36 s.
PlscATAQUA, a river of the United
States, in New HampHiire, the mouth of
which forms the only port in that ftate,
and is 60 miles N of Bofton. Lon. 70
30 w, lat. 43 15 N.
PiSELLC th- moft northern cape of
Natolia, wh.i te£ls into the filack
Sea, cppoflte the mea.
PiSHOUR. See Peishore.
PiSTOiA, a confiderable town of Tuf-
cany, with a bifhop's fee. There are
feveral fine churches and magnificent pa-
laces ; biit it is almolt deferted* in com-
parifon to what it was formerly. It is
leated at the foot of the Appennines, near
the river Stella, ao miles Nw of Florence.
Lon. II Z9 E, lat.' 43 55 n.
PiTCAiTLY Wells, fome remark-
able faline fprings, near Perth, in Scot-
land, deemed beneficial in fco;butic
cafes.
PiTHEA, a feaport of Sweden, in W
Bothnia, feated on a fmall ifland, at the
mouth of the Pithea, ^n the gulf of Both-
nia. It is joined to the continent by
u wooden bridge, and is So miles sw
of Tornea. Lon. az 40 e, lat. 65
II ^.
Pittenweem, a feaport in FIfefiiire,
at the entrance of the frith of Forth, 13
miles NE of Edinburgh. Lon. 2 49 w,
lat. 56 la N.
Pittsburgh, or Fort Pitt, a flou-
rishing town of Pennfylvania, capital of
the county of Allegany, fituate on the w
fitle of the Allegany mountains, on a
point of land between the rivers Allegany
and Monongahela. Here was the Frencn
Fort du Quelhe j in an expedition againft
which, in 1756, general Braddocic fell
into an ambufcade, and was defeated and
flain. This fort was abandoned by the
/Yench, in 1758, on the approach of ge-
neral Forbes ; and its name was changed
to that of Pitt, in honour to the miniftef
by whom the war was then directed. At
this place, the Allegany take* the name
of Ohio. It is 320 miles w of Phila-
delphia. Lon. 79 48 w, ht. 40 a6 n.
P:zzo, a town of Naples, in Calabria
Ulttriore, feated on the gulf of St. E-ufe.
mia, four miles from Montt-Leone.
Placentia, a duchy of Italy, for-
merly the weftern part of the duchy ot
Parma i bounded on the e by that duchy,
on the N and w by the Milanefe, and oir
the 8 by the territory of Genoa. It is
very fertile and populous, and contains
mines of iron, and fait fprings, from
which is made a very white fait. The
principal rivers are the Trebia and Nur-
ra. It was divided between the quetn
of Hungary and the king of Saidinia, by
the treaty of Worms, in 1743.
Placentia, atotwi of Italy, capital
of a duchy of the iame name, with a
bifhop's fee, a citadel, and a celebrr^ted
univerfity. Its churches, fquarei, ftreets,
and fountains, are beautiful, and contains
30,000 inhabitants. It was ceded to the
king of Sardinia in 1743 ; and the French
took poffeifion of it in May, 1 79*^. It is
feated in a well-cultivated country, on
the river Po, 32 miles nw of Parma, and
83 E of Turin. Lon. 9 3S e, lat. 4^
5 N.
Placentia, a town of Spain, in Ef.
tramadu*-^, with a biihop's fee, and a caf.
tie. It is feated on the Xera, in a de-
lightful plain, almoft furrounded by
mountains, 80 miles sw of Madrid.
Lon. 5 o w, lat. 39 45 N.
Placentia, a town of Spain, in Gui-
pufcoa, feated on the Deva, 25 miles
SE of Bilboa. Lon. a 40 w, lat. 43
10 N.
Placentia, a feaport of Newfound-
land, feated on a bay on the SE pait of
the ifland, 40 miles w of St. John, and
aco E of Cape Breton. Lon. 53 43 w,
lat. 47 15 n.
Planxez, a fmall idand of the Medi
terranean, in the road of Marfeilles.
Plano, a fmall ifiand of the Medi-
terranean, in the bay of Alicant.
Plassey, Plains of, in Bengal,
about -^o miles from Moorfhedabad,
and 70 from Calcutta. This fpot is me-
morable for a great viftory gained by co-
lonel Clive, in 1757, over the nabob Su-
rajah Dowlah ; by which was laid th*
foundation of the prefent extenfive Britiih
empire in Hindooftan.
Plata, an illand of Peru, oh the coaft
of Quito, furroiuided by inacceflible rocks,
and about five mik« long and I'our broad.
P L O
Plata, a rich and populous town of
Pii-u, capital of the audience of Los
Charcos, with an archbifhop's Cec. It is
feated on the Chimao, 500 miles SE of
Culco. Lon. 63 4.0 w, lat. 19 t6 s.
Plata, or Rio-de-la-Plata, a
large river of S America, formed by the
iinio* of the three great rivers Paraguay,
Uraguay, and Parana. It was dilcovered,
in 1517, by Juan Diaz de Solis, a Spa-
uilli navigator, who was (lain by the na-
tives, in endeavouring to make a delcent in
the country. It croli'es Paraguay, and
enters the Atlantic Ocean, in lat. 35° s.
It is 150 miles broad at its mouth; at
Mont Video, a fort, above 100 miles
up the river, the land is not to be dif-
cerned on either fliore, when a veflel is in
the middle of the channel ; and at Buenos
Ayres, 200 miles higher, the oppolite
fhore is not to be diicerned from that
town.
Plata, Rio-de-la, a province of S
America, in Paraguay, on the sw of a
river of the fame name. It is fubje6l to
Spain, and at Buenos Ayres, the capital,
a new viceroyalty was eltablifhed in 1 776.
See Peru.
Plawen, a town of Lower Saxony, in
the duchy of Mecklenburg, feated on a
fmall river which falls into the Elbe, near
a lake of the fame name, 1 7 miles s of
Guftrow. Lon. 1 z 1 3 E,' lat. 53 40 N.
Plawen, a town of Upper Saxony, in
Voigtiand, feated on the Elfter, 67 miles
sw of -Drefden. Lon. iz 17 E, lat. 50
32 N.
PiEiBURo, a town of Germany, in
Carinthia, feated on the Feifte/,, at thft
foot of a mountain, 25 mile.s e by s of
Clagenfurt.
Plescof. See Pskof.
Pleshey, a village in ElTex, feven
miles N by w of Chelmsford. It was the
feat of the lord high conftable of England,
iiom the earlieft times of that office to the
year 1400. On the fite of his caftle is
row a brick farmhoufe ; and here are the
remains, of an ancient fortification, con-
iiftlng of a mount, of an oval form, fur-
rcunded by an area that contauis about
two acres, and is bounded by a rampart
and ditch, over which is a brick bridge.
Plesse, a townof Silefia, with a caftle,
feated on the Vlftula, 36 miles e of Trop-
paw. Lon. i2 36 E, lat; i;o o N.
Plocksko, a town of jPoland, capital
of a palatinate of the fame name, with
a caftle, and a bilhop"s fee. It is feated
en a hili, near the Viftula, 25 miles SE
of Uladiftaw, and 65 w of War law.
Ion. 1 9 29- £, lat. 5% ^6 :{.
P L t
Ploen, a town of* Lower Saxony, la
the duchy of Holftein, capital of a prin-
cipality nf the fame name. It is feated
on the N de of a lake, la miles Nw of
Lubec. x.on. 10 20 E, lat. 54. 11 N.
Ploermel, a town of France, in the
department of Morbihan and late province
3t Bretagne, 27 miles NE of Vannes.
Pludentz, a town of Gennany, in
the Tirol, capital of a county of the fame
name. It is feated in a pleafant plain,
on the river 111, 65 miles w of Inlpruc*
Lon. 12 10 e, lat. 4.7 10 n.
Pluviers, a town of France, in the
department of Eure and Loire, and late
province of Beauce, 20 miles N of Or-
leans. Lon. 2 o E, lat. 4S 14. N.
Plymouth, a feaport in Devonlhire,
with a market on Monday, Thurlday,
and Saturday. It is feated between the
mouths of the Plym and Tamar; anJ
next to Portfmouth, is the moft confider-
able harbour in England for men of war.
There are, properly fpeaking, three har-
bours, called Catwater, Sutton Pool, and
Hamouze. The firft is the mouth of the
Plym, and affords a fafe and commodious
harbour for merchant (hips, but is feldom
entered by fliips of war. The fecond is
frequented by merchant fhips only, is al-
moft furrounded by the noufes of the
town, and has lately been further fecured
by an extenfive pier. The third is near
the mouth of the Tamar, and is the har-
bour for the reception of the Britifh
navy, being fitted with moorings for abouc
100 fail, and having good anchorage for
a much greater number. Adjoining t©
it are docks, arfenals, and all other conve-
niences for the building and fitting out of
fliips of war. Thefe harbours aie defend-
ed by a fort on St. Nicholas' Illand, and by
a citadel nearly oppofite to that ifland, upon
a hill which overlooks the town. Ply-
mouth contains two parifh churches, fends
two mtmbers to parliament, and is go-..
verned by a mayor. It is well fupplied
with freih water, firft brought here, from
a place feven miles off, by the famous fir
Francis Drake, who was a native of this
town. It carries en a confiderable fo-
reign and domeftic trade, and is 4.3 miles
sw of Exeter, and 216 why s of Lon-
don. Lon. 4 10 v/, lat. 50 22 N.
Plymouth, a feaport of the United'
States, in MafTachufets, feated at the S
end of Plymouth Bay. It is the firft
town that was built in New England.
Lon.s70 row, lat. 41 58 N.
Plymouth Dock, a populous town,
contiguous to the royal docks in the har-
bour of Hamouze, at Plymovith, in Dc-
H h
i V!l
P O I
POL
vonlhrrc. It has a chapel in the dockr
5rard, and a church about a quarter of a
mile from tV.<i tow.i.
, Plympton, a borough In Devonfliire,
vrith a market on Saturday. It lends two
members to parliaiitent, and had once a
caftle, i\ow in ruins. It is feated on the
Plym, feven miles e oF Plymouth, and
»i8 w by s of London. Lon.4 ow,
lat. 50 22 N.
Plynlimmon Hill, a vaft and lofty
mountain of Wales, partly in Montgo-
meryihire, and partly in CardiganHiire.
The Severn, the Wye, and othtr rivers,
have their fource in this mountain.
Po, a celebrated river of Italy, which
has its fource at mount Vilb in Piedmont.
It runs through Montferrat, the Milantfe,
and the M antuan ; thbnce on the borders
of the Parmefan, and a part of the Mo-
denefe ; and having entered the Ferrarefe,
it divides at Ficherulolo, and flows into
the gulf of Venice by four principal
mouths. In its courfe it receives I'evcral
rivers, and often ovei-flows its banks,
as moft of thofe rivers defcend fron\ the
Alps, and are increafed by the melthig
of the fnow.
Po, a river of China, in the province
of Kiang-fi. It empties itfclf info the lake
■Poyang-hou, a fmall diltance from Jao-
Ichcou-fou.
PocKLiNGTON, a town In the E riding
of Yorkfliire, with a market on Satur-
' day, ieatcd on a llream that falls into the
Derwent, 14 miles e of York, and 196 N
by w of London. Lon.040 w,lat.53 58 N.
PoDENSTEiN, a town of Franconia, in
the bifhopric of Bambercj, feated among
forcfts, near the fource of the Putlach, 30
miles SE of Bamberg.
PoDOLlA, a province in the se part
of Poland, wrefted from that country by
the late emprefs of Ruflia, in 1793. The
Dneifter feparates it from Moldavia on
the s w ; and the Bos crofles it from \v to
E. It is divided mto the Upper and
Lower. Kamtnieck is the capital of the
former, and Bracklaw of the latter.
PocGlBONZi, a town of Tufcany,
famous for its excellent tobacco. It had
a citadel, now in ruins j and is feated
near the Elfa, 16 miles s of Florence. .
PoGGio, a town of Tufcany, near
Florence, famous for a handlbme palace
of the great duke.
PoiRiNO, or PovERiNO, a town of
Piedmont, 15 miles SE of Turin.
PoissY, an ancient town of France, in
the Ifle of France ; feated near the foreft
of St. Germain, 15 miles NW of Paris,
Lon.z IS E, lat. 48 56 N.
^
Poitiers, a town of France, capital
of the depa-'tment of Vienne and late pro-
vince of Poitou, with a bifhon's fee. Its
population is not in proportion to its ex-
tent ; for it includes a number of gardens
and fields within its circuit ; and th, : ,.
habitants are not eftimated at more .hm
1^,000. It has feveral Roman anliqul.
ties, particularly an amphitheatre, partly
demolifhed; and a triumphal arch, wliica
ferves as a gate to the great Ifreet. Ilert,
in 1536, ydward the Black Prince gaiiud
a viftory over the French, taking prillo-
ers king John and his Ion Philip, whom
he brought to England. The environs
abound with vipers in fuch numbers,
that they are exported to Venice to makf
treacle. This town is feated on a hill,
on the river Clain, 5a miles sw of Tours,
" ' Lon.o
and izo N by E of Bovrdeaux.
25 E, lat. 46 35 N,
Poitou, a late province of France,
bounded on the N by Bretagne, Anjou,
and part of Touraine; on the E by Tou.
raine. Berry, and Marche ; on the s by
Angoumois, Saintonge, and Aunis; aiid
on the \v by the bay of Bifcay. It is
fertile in corn and wine, and feeds a great
number of cattle, particularly mules. It
now forms the three departments of Ven-
dee, Vienne, and the Two Sevres.
Pol A, an ancient and flrong feaport
of Italy, in the s part of Iftria, with a
citadel, and a bifhop's fee. Here are the
ruins of a Roman amphitheatre and i
triumphal arch. It is I'eated at the bot-
tom of a bay, and has a fpacious harbour,
80 miles SE of V,T.Ice. Lon. 14 gf,
lat. 45 13 N.
PoLACHiA, a palatinate of Poland, 8S
miles long and 30 broad j bounded on the
N by Prulfia and Lithuania, on the e by
Litiuiania, oh the s by the palatinate ol
Lublin, acid on the w by that of Mafo-
via. Bielik is the capital.
Poland, a large country of Europe^
bounded on the w by the Baltic, Bran-
denburg, and Silelia ; on the s by Hun
gary and Moldavia ; on the N by Pruflia,
Courland, Livonia, and Rullia; and oit
the E by Ruffia and the territories wrefted
by that power from the Turks. It is
divided into three large parts. Great
Poland, Little Poland, and Lithuania)
each of which is fubdivlded into palati-
nates, or provinces. The government
was monarchical and anffocratical ; all
the afts of ftate being in the name of the
king and republic of Poland. The king
was the only elective fovereign in Europe ;
being chol'en by a general diet lumniond
by the archbiftiop of Gnelha, as chief of
POL
POL
the republic during the interregnum.
This caxumftance proved the limrce of
great calamities ^ for, on the demiie of
every fovereign, the country wai generally
involved in a war, between contending
fafltonsi, refpeftively fupported by foreign
powers. In tjjt, a partition of this
country, projefted by the king of Pnillia,
was dleked by that monarch, in conjunc-
tion with the emprels of Rudia and the
emperor of Germany. By this partition,
one third of the country was wrefted from
the republic, the diet being compelled,
by a foreign force, to make and to ratify
this important cellion. For the part ceded
to the emperor, fee Galicia. The part
allotted to Rulfia comprifes Poliih Livo-
nia,, that part of the palatinate «)f Polotfk
which lies to the E of the Dwinaj the
palatinates of Viteplk and Miciilaw; and
two fmall portions to the VE and SE of
the palatinate of Minflc. This traft of
lanil (Polifh Livonia excepted) is fituate
in White KulHa, and includes at leaft one
third of Lithuania. See Polotsk and Mo-
HlLEF. The king of Pruflia took poflef-
fion of all the weftern parts of Pomcrania,
bounded on the s by the river Netzc or
Nottee, with the whole of Polifh or Weft-
em Pruffia, the cities of Dantzic and
Thorn excepted. Of thele countries the
Ruffian part is the largeft, the Aultrian
the molt populous, and the Pruflian the
mort commercial. The population of the
whole amounts to near 5,000,000 of
fouls; the firtt containing 1,600,000, the
fecond 1,500,000, and the third 860,000.
The three partitioning powers, moreover,
forcibly etfeded a great change in the
conftitution. By this all foreign candi-
dates for the throne of Poland are ex-
cluded ; none can be choltn king of Poland,
and great duke of Lithuania, in future, but
a native Pole; the fon or grandlbn of a
king cannot be elefted immediately upon
the death of his father or grandfather,
nor be eligible till after an interval of
two reigns; artd a permanent council is
ellablifhed, in which the executive power
is vetted. By th.s chansre, nil foreign
princes, who might be likely to give
weight to Poland by their hereditary do-
minions, are rendered incapable ot nlling
t!ie throne; the fainteit pr»fpc6l of an
hereditary fovercignty is removed; the
exorbitant privileges of the equeftrian
order are confirmed in their utmoft lati-
tude i and the prerogatives of the crown,
before too greatly reduced, are ftill fur-
ther diminiflied. In 1791, however, the
king and the nation> *n coiicuixence, al-
inoit unammoullyi r» withgut any fo»
rcIgn intervention, eftabli/hed another
conftitution. By this the evils of an
ele£tive monarchy were avoided, the
throne being declared hereditary in thd
houfe of Saxony. The rights and privi-
leges of all orders in the republic (die
king, the nobles, the citizens, and the
pealiants) were alike equitably confulted.
In a word, it was not, on the one tuind«
the haughty defpot dictating a conftitu-
tion to his people; nor, on the other, a
proud ariitocracy, or a mad democracy,
that wrefted from their fovereign his juft
prerogatives; but it was the univerial
wifli of the nation, the fentiment th^t in-
ijpired which, was univerlial happinef&4
A few of the nobility, however, difcon-
tented at the generous facrifice of fome
of their privileges, repaired to the court
of Ruflia } ana their reprefentationa con-
curring with the ambitious views of the
empreis, fhe fent an army into Poland*
under pretext of being guarantee of the
conftitution of 1772. Her interference
was too powerful to be relifted ; and thit
new conftitution was overthrown. But
the principal objeft fcr which the Ruffian
ai'iny entered Poland was not yet attained.
The emprefs had planned, in conjun£liod
with the king of Prulfia, a fecond parti»
tion of this countiy, which took place in
1793. By this, the emprefs obtained
nearly the remaining part of Litliuania,
with the palatinates of Podolia, Kiof, and
Biatzlaw; and the king of Prutfia ob-
tained the provinces of Pofen, Gnefen,
Kalifli, Siradia, Wielun, Lentfchitz, Cu-
javia, Doorzyn, Rawa, part of Plotfk, &c.
with the city and monaftery of Czentfto-
kow (the Loretto of Poland) and its rich
treafures, and the cities of Dantzic and
Thorn. Such multiplied oppretfions, at
laft roufed the fpirit of the nation. Gene-
ral Kofciufko appeared, in 1794., at the
head of a PolKh army, to alTcrt the inde-
pendency of his country, and to recover
the provinces wreited fiom it. He was
fucccfsful, at firlt, againft the king of*
Pruflia; but was defeated and taken
priJbner in the fequcl, by the Ruffians,
who ibon after took the capital, Warfaw.
What will be the future fate of Poland is
uncertain. The king, who formally re-
figned his crown at Grodno in 1795, Is a
kind of ftate prifoner; and all Poland is
in the pofTeffion of a foreign force. By
the conftitution of 1772, the Roman ca-
tholic religion it declared the eftabliftied )
but slthongh the diffidents continue ex-
cluded frou. the diet, the fenate, and (h«
ptnUuient council, they enjoy the fret
excrcife of theii' religion : arc p«rttitte4
'■■ii
if ' l^f'CT r
Pol
PON
to have cSiirchcs without belli, and
fchools and feminaries of their own. The
air of Poland is generally cold ; but the
foil is (o fertile in corn in many places,
that it fupplies Sweden and Holland with
large quantities, and it has extejifive paf-
tures. Here is much leather, fur, hemp,
flaXy faltpttre, honey, and wax ; and there
are mines of I'alt, of a great depth, out
of which is dug rockfalt. The principal
rivers are the Dnieper, Vilhila, Bug,
JJiemen, Dniefter, and Bog. Warfaw is
the capital.
POLERON. See POOLOROON.
Pol ESI A, a name given to the palati-
nate of Brzefcia, in Lithuania.
PoLESiNO-Dl-RoviCO, a province of
Italy, in the republic of Venice ; bounded
on the N by the P iduan, on the s by
the Ferrarefe, on the e by the Dogado,
and on the w by thi Vtrontle. It is 4.2
miles long and 17 I /road, and is fertile in
corn and nallures. Rovigo is the capital.
Pol, St. a town of France, in the
department of the Straits of Calais and
late province of Artois. It is noted for
its mineral waters, and is 16 miles NW
of Arras.
PoLiCANDRO, an ifland in the Archi-
pelago, one of the Cyclades, 20 iviiles in
circumference. Here ;ue a few villages,
B caftle, and a hai-bourj but it conhlts,
in general, of barren rocks and moun-
tains. It lies between Milo and Pares.
Lon. 25 31 E, lat. 36 32 N.
PoncASTRO, a decayed town of
Naples, in Principato Citeriore, with a
bifliop's fee. It is feated on a gulf of
the fame name, 68 miles SE of Naples.
Lon. 15 4.0 E, lat. 4.0 15 N.
PonGNANO, a populous town of
Naples, in Terra di Bari, with a biflicp's
fee. It is feated on a craggy rock, near
the fea, 16 miles e of Bari. Lon. 17 24
E, lat. 41 25N.
PoLiGNi, a town of France, In the
department of Jura and late province of
Franche Comte, feated on a rivulet, 32
miles sw of Befan^on, ' Lon. 5 55 e, lat.
46 SON*
PoLiNA, an ancient town of Albania,
with a Greek archbifhop's fee. It was
formerly a confiderable place, but is now
almolt in ruins, and is 1 2 miles s of Du-
razzo. Lon. 19 20 e, lat. 4.1 42 N.
PoLiTO, or PoLizzi, a town of Si-
cily, in the Val-di-Demona, at tKe foot
of the mountain Madonia, 30 miles se of
Palermo. Lon. 13 53 E, lat. 38 4 N.
PoLLOCKSHAWs, a confiderable ma^
nufeAuring town in Renfrewfliire, feated
dn the river White Caftt -
Polotsk, a government of the RufTun
empire, foitned of part of a palsitinate of
Lithuania, difmemDered from Poland by
the treaty of partition in 1772. Its pro-
duds are chiefly grain, hemp, flax, and
pafture ; and the foreds furnifh great
abundance of maits, planks, oak for Hiip-
building, pitch, tar. Sec. which are chicily
fent down the Dwina to Riga.
Polotsk, a ftrong town of Ruflla,
capital of a government of the fame name,
feated en the Dwina, at the mouth of the
fmall river Polota, 50 miles svv of Vi-
teplk. Lon. 27 50 E, lat. 5543 n.
POLTEN, St. a town of Lower Auf-
tria, leated on the Drafarn, which falU
into the Danube, near Holmburg, eight
miles from Vienne.
PoMECUE, an ifland in the Mediter-
ranean, near Marfeilles.
PoMCRANiA, a duchy of Germany,
in the circle of Upper Saxony j bounded
on the N by the IJaltic, on the e by
Weftern Pruifia and Poland, on the s by
Brandenburg, and on the w by Mecklen-
burg. It is watered by feveral rivers, of
which the Oder, Rcckenitz, Pene, Ucker,
Rcga, Perfanet, Wipper, Ihna, Stolpen,
and Lebo, are the moft confiderable. The
air is pretty cold, but compenfated by
the fertility of the foil, which abounds in
pallures and corn, of which a great deal
is exported. It is a flat country, con-
taining many lakes, woods, and forefts,
and has feveral good harbours, particu-
larly Stetin and Stralfund. It is 250
miles long and 75 broad, and divided
into Hither and Further Pomerania. The
latter and part of Hither Pomerania be-
long to the king of Pruflla j the remainder
to the king of Sweden. Stetin is the ca-
pital of the Prullian part, and SaaUund
of the Swedifli. •
PoMERELLiA, a diftritt of Polifli or
Weftern Pruflia, forcibly feized by the
king of Prulfia. Dantzic is the capital.
PowESANiA, a large county of V/eft-
ern Prulfia, which extends from E to w
from the PaflTerge as far as the Vi[taln,
between E and W Pruiiia. It is full of
lakes and morafles.
Pomona, the principal of the Orkney
Iflands. ..Sue Mainland.
PoNDESTURiA, a town of Italy, in
MontfeiTat, feated on the s fide of the
Po, 33 miles E of Turin. Lon. 8 25 e,
lat. 45 2N.
Pondicherry, a town of Hindooftan,
on the coaft of Coromandel. It was fiii't
fettled by the French in 1674. Previ-
oufly to the war of 1756, it was, perhaps,
the fineft ci^y u^ India. It extended alpng
3
the Tea
quarte
well b
ings,
kind i
the Er
razed,
dufl
It was
Englifh
again
is 100
lat. II
PONI
of tite A
near the
PoNl
Leon,
Leon.
PON(
Sea. r
kien, ar
the pai't
Formofa
rocks ; t
not a fhr
harbour
and fhell
nefe gaiT
PON
th« feacoaft above a mile, and wa- three
quarters ot' a mile in breadth. It was
well built, and, bcfide many public build-
ings, had a citadel, then the belt of its
kind in India. This city was taken by
the Englifli, in 1761, and innrcdl'ttly
razed, in retaliation of M. Lilly's con-
tluft towaul Fort St. David, in 1758.
It was reltored in 1763 j takew hy the
Englifti in 1778; rellored in 1783 ; and
again taken by the Englifh in 1793. It
is 100 miles s cf Madras. Lcn. 80 o E,
lat. 11 56 N.
PONDico, a fmall uninhabited ifland
of the Archipelago, in the gulf of Zeiton,
near the coaft of Ni^gropont.
PonPerrada, a town of Spain, in
Leon, on the river Sill, 40 miles sw of
Leon. Lon. 6 6 w, lat. 42 30 N.
PONC-HOU, iflands in the Chlnefe
Sea. They lie E of the coaft of Fo-
kien, and form an archipelago between
the part of Emouy and the idand of
Formofa. They are only fand banks or
rocks : there is biit one Iblitary tree, and
not a (hrub is to be feen upon them. The
harbour in the principal ifland is good,
and fheltered from every wind. A Chi-
nefe gairifon is kept here, with one of the
mandarins called literati, whofe chief em-
ployment is to watch the trading veflels
to and from China and For^nofa. Lon.
J2I 25 E' ?at.23 30 N.
Pons, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Lowtt Charente and late
province of Saiht?>ft,|^, famous in the time
of the Huguerfi^'^" It has a mineral
fpring, and is feated on a hill, near the
river Sevigne, 10 miles s ofSaintes.
Lon. o 30 w, lat. 45 36 N.
Pons, St. a town of France, In the
department of Herault and late province
of Languedoc. It was a biftiop's lee be-
fore the revolution, and is feated in a valley
biiTounded by mountains, in which are
fine marble quarries. It is 24 miles N
of Nar bonne. Lon. a 47 E, lat. 43 29N.
PONTAFELLA, See PONTEFA.
Pont- A-MoossoN, a coniiderable
town of France, in the department of
Meurthe and late province of Lorrain,
with a univerfity. There were lately
feveral religious houfes, and the premon-
ftrantes had a magnificent church here.
It is feated on the Molellc, which divides
it into two parts, two miles NW of
Nanci. I,on. 6 16 e, lat. 48 43 N.
Pont-Arlier, an ancient town of
Fmnce, in the department of Jura and
late province of Franche Comte, feated
on the river Doubs, near Mount Jura.
It is a eonungdieus paiTage into SwifTer*
PON
l.ind, and is defended by a ftrong caftte.
Lon. 6 a6 e, lat. 46 55 N.
Pont Audemer, a town of France,
in the department of Eure and late pro-
vince of Normandy, lifated on the Rille,
13 miles, e cf Honflcur, an,! 85 Nw of
Paris. Lon. o 35 E, lat. 49 21 N.
PoNT-DC-C'E, a tmvh of France, in
the dep-.irtmcnt of Maine and Loire aiki
late province ot An ou, feated on the
Loire, three miles from Angers, ajxl
178 sw of Paris. Lou. 0 29\v, lat. 47
25 N.
Pont-de-l'Arciie, a town of France,
in the department of Eure and late pro-
vince of Normandy, with a caftle. It is
feated on the Seine, over which is a bridge,
five miles N of Louvters, and £2 NW of
Paris. Lon. 1 15E, lat. 49 5N.
PoNT-nE-VAUx, a town of France, fti
the deprirtnient of Ai.i and late province
of Brelfe, Icated on the Reflbufle, eight
miles s of Macon. Lon. 4 55 s, lat. 46
28N. -
Pont de-Vesle, a town of France,
in the department of Ain and late pro-
vince of Brefle. It has a manufefture of
ftuffs called AugUftines, and alfo of ta-
peftry for the coverings of arm-chairs and
fofas, of the fame kind as thofeof Ambuf..
fon. It is feated on the Vefle, 12 mile*
w of Bourg. Lon. 5 4E, lat. 4^ 16 N.
PoNT-DEvLiMA, a towH of Portugal,
in Entre-Douero-e-Minho, with a palace.
It is feated on the Lima, over which is k
magnificent bridge, 13 miles NW «f
Braga, and 1 90 N of Lifbon. Lon^ 8
44 w, lat. 41 51 N. ' 'i;<~
Pont-du-Gard. See Gard.' • "
PoNTEFA, or Pontafella, a town
of Germany, in Carinthia, feated oh the
Fella, over which is a bridge that leadi
to the beft paflhge over the Alps. It is
20 miles NW of Friuli. Lon. 13 oE,
lat. 46 25 N.
Pontefract, a borough in the W
riding of Yorklhire, with a market on
Saturday. It is fituate in a very rich
foil, and noted for its large plantations of
licorice. Its cattle, now in ruins, has
been the fcene of various tragical events
in the Englifli hiftory } particularly, the
murder of the unfortunate Richaifl 11.
It is governed by a mayor, fends two
members to parliament, and is 22 miles
SW of York, and 175 NNW of Londbn.
Lon. I 18 w, lat. 53 42 n.
Ponte-Stura, a town of Italy, ii|
Montferrat, feated at the confluence of
the Stura and Po, three milfn sw of
Cafal.
Ponte-Vedra, a town of Spain, ia
Hh 3
< i -A
m
flP
h
J*
PON
POO
I'll
m
Otlieli, fcated on the Leris, and fa-
vous for iti fifhery of pilchards- It is
to miles B of Porto Nova. Lon. )i 27
W, lat. 4z lo N.
PoNT-GiBAUTj a town of France,
in the department of Puy de Dome and
]ate province of Auvergne. Near this
iplace i« the village of Rore, with a filver
mine, and a vinous fountain of mineral
watfr. It is 10 miles WNW of Clermont.
X.on. I 58 E, lat. 45 51 N.
PoNTivy, a town of France, in the
depaitment of Morbihun and late pro-
vince of Bretagne, feated on tite river
Blavet. It was the firft town, after the
revolution of 1789, that fet the example
of national confederations.
PoNT-L'EvEquE, a town of France,
in the department of Calvados and kte
province of Normandy, feated on the
Xouque, 10 miles NW of Lifieux. Lon.
p 6 B, lat. 49 17 N.
PoNTOisE, a town of France, in the
department of Seine and Oile and late
province of the Ille of France. It is feated
on an eminence, on the Oile and Vienne,
with a bridge over the former, whence it
takes its name. In 14351 the Englifh
took it bv a fmgular itrataeem: the
ground bemg covered with mow, the
aiTailants drelTed themfelves in white,
with ladders painted white, and fcaled
the walls before the centinels could per-
jpeive their approach. Charles vii re-
.took it by ftorm in 1442. The parlia-
ment of Paris was tiansferred to this
place in 1652, 1710, and 1753. It is 43
miles SE of Rouen, and 27 nw of Paris.
Lon. « II E, lat. 49 3 N.
Pont-Orson, a town of France, in
the department of the Channel and late
?rovince of Normandy, feated op the
'oef' on, 2o miles e 01 St. Malo. Lon.
3 30 w, lat. 48 30 N.
Pont-Remoli, fk town of Tuicany,
with a ftrong caftle, feated at the foot of
the Appennines, 40 miles e of Genoa,
and 66 NW of Florence. Lon. 9 40 E,
lat. 44 25 N.
Pont St. Esprit, a town of Francp,
in the department of Gard and late pro-
vince of Languedoc. It is feated on the
river Rhone, over which is one of the
iineft bridges in Europe, confifting of 19
great and 4 fmall arcnes. To facilitate
the paflage of the water in time of
floods, apertures are made through each
pier, fix fe^t above the common level of
the river} and to ftem the extreme rar
pidity of the Rhone, the bridge is not
puilt ijOi a tigj^t liqe» but iii th^ fcfip of
a curve. This paflage'it defended by a
citadel, within wiiich is the church ot'
the Holy Spirit, projecting into the river.
As the bridge is lb Uight, the goods are
conveyed over in Hedgcii, by way of |>re-
caution. Pont St. Efprit is 17 miles s
of Viviers, and 55 NE of Montpellier.
Lon. 4 46 E, lat. 44 13 N.
Pont St. Maixence, a town of
France, in the department rf Seine nnd
Oile and late province of the Ifle of
France, feated on the Oile, five miles n
of Senlis. Lon. 2 40 e, lat. 49 18 n.
Pont-sur-Seine, a town of France,
in the department of Auhe and late pro-
vince of Champagae, with a caftle, feated
on the Seine, 17 miles nw of Troycs,
and 55 SE of Paris. Lon. 3 40 e, Ut.
48 28 N.
Pont-sur-Yonne, a town of France,
in the department of Yonne and late pro.
vince of Burgundy, feated on the Yonne,
eight miles Nw 01 Sens. Lon. 3 14 e,
lat. 48 16 N.
PoNTVPOOL, a town in Mcnmouth-
fhire, with a market on Saturday. It is
feated between two hills, on the river Avon,
which turns leveral mills for the working
of iron plates that are ufed in a manufac-
ture of japanned ware, now on the (ie-
cline. It is 15 miles sw of Monmouth,
and 146 w by N of London. Lon. 3 6
w, lat. 51 42 N.
Pont-v-Pridd. See Taafe.
PoNZA, or PoNTiyV) a fmall ifland in
the Mediterranean $e;|, ' to which many
illuflrious Romans were formerly banilhed.
Lon. 13 10 E, lat. 40 53 N.
Poole, a borough aitd feaport in Dor-
fct/hire, with a market on Monday and
Thurfday. It is fituate on a penmfula
projefting into a capacious bay, branching
into many creeks, and forming feveral
iflands. The harbpur admits irefTels of
moderate fize only; but for them it is
very fecure. Poole rofe into fome conl'e-
quence feveral centuries ago, when the
ancient town of Wareham k\\ into decay)
and its trade and population are rapidly
increafine. The principal branch of
bufineis ner^ is the Newfoundland fifheiy.
It has alfo a large importation of deals
from Norway, a general commerce with
America and various parts of Europe, and
a fine coafting trade, particularly in corn
find coal. Near the mouth of the harbour
is an oyfler ban}w, from which vafl quan-
tities are carried, to be* fattened in
the creeks of ElTex and the Thames.
Poole is a county of itfelf, goveme4
by 2. mayofi an4 fcnd| tvro members to
POP
piiTiamenf . It is 40 miles wsw of Win-
ilielter, and 105 w by s of London. Lon.
i o w, lat. 50 41 N.
PooLOROON, or PoLERON, one of
the Banda Illands, from which the Dutch
expelled the Enelilh, not for any advan-
tage it afforded, it being a barren fpot,
but to Ic-cure the monopoly of the I'pice
trade, by preventing the Englilh from
having any iettlement in thel'e parts. It
is 100 miles $E of Amboyna. Lon. 130
0 E, lat. 4 2o s.
PooLOvvov, one of the Banda lilands,
on which the Dutch have a regular pen-
tagon, called Fort Revenge. Here nut-
megs and tlve mod delicious fruits were
unce abundant.
PooNAH, a town of the Deccan of
Hindoollan, in Vifiapour. It is the capi-
tal of the Weltern Mahratta empire ; but
it is not large, and lies open and defence-
leis. It is 100 miles SE of Bombay.
^on. 73 55 E, lat. 18 30 N.
PooROONDER, a fortrefs of the Deccan
of Hindooltan, in Vifiapour, feated on a ,
mountain, li miles ese of Poonah. It
is the place of refuge for that capital in
cafe ot an invafion ; and here the archives
of government are kept.
PoPA-MADTvii, a town of Terra
Firma, where there is a convent and
chapel of the Virgin, to whofe image the
Spaniards in thofe parts go in pilgrimage,
efpecially thofe wh» have been at Tea. It
is feated on a high mountain, 50 miles E
of Carthagena. Lon. 74 32 w, lat. 10
15 N.
POPAVAN, a province of Terra Firma,
400 miles long and 300 broad ; bounded
on the N Wy the province of Carthagena,
on the E by New Granada, on the s by
Peru, and on the w by the Pacific Ocean.
A chain of barren mountains nms through
the country from N to sj and the <oil
near the lea is flat, marfhy, and often
flooded by the rains.
PoPAVAN, the capital of a province of
that name in Ttira Firma, with a bifhop's
fee, 240 miles ne of Qu^ito. Lon, 75
55 w, lat. a 35 N.
Pope, Dominions of the, or the
EccLEsiASTiCAi, STATE, a Country of
Italy •, hounded on the n by the territories
of Venice, on the E by the gulf of Ve-
nice, on the SB by the kingdom of
Naples, on the s by the Mediteri-anean,
and on the w by Tufcany and Modena.
It extends froni s to N, 240 miles, and
from sw to ne, in fome parts no, but
in others fcarce 20 miles. It is divided
into the following provinces, the Cam-
pagna di Roma, the Patrimony of St,
POP
Peter, Spolcto, Ancona, Urbino, Ro- '
magna, the Bolognefe, and the Fcrrareli*.
The papal government appears to be ill
calculated to promote the happinefs of
the inliabitantsj for all thelc provinces
(the Bolognt'lc txctpted) are badly culti-
vated and thinly inhabited. Trade and
uianufaftMrcs are but little encouraged;
and were it not for dates, figs, almonds,
olives, and other fruits, which grow
Ipontaneoully, the indolence of the inha-
bitants is luch, that they would be ablb-
lutely Itarved. This indolence is not
wonderful, l'n\cc they know, that the more
they acquire, the more will be demanded
of thejn. The numerous holidays are
great impediments to the exertions of in-
dufti-y ; and the number of young fturdy
bejTgars, who ItroU about as pilgrims,
inftead of increafuig the common ttock by
their induftry, lie as a dead weight on
their fellow-lubjefls. Various other caufes
might be mentioned j as the multitude of
hol'pitals and convents ; the inconceivabl<>
wealth which lies ulelels in theie convents
and in the churches ; the inquifitiqn, and
the rigour of the papal government.
Hence it is, that in no part of Europe
are to be found people more wretched than
the pope's temporal lubjefls. The pope,
according to the ancient canon law, is the
fupreme, univerfal, and independent head
of the church, and invelted with fove-
reignty over all Chridian Ibvereigns, com-
munities, and individuals. His arrogant
pvetenfions are fo well known, that it ia
necdlefs to expatiate upon them. Happily,
the Reformation begun by Luther dif«
pelled the delufjon in many parts of Eu-
rope; and the progrefs ot learning, and
the fpirit of free inquiry, has enlightened
many even of the Komnn catholic coun-
tries, vvhere the papal politic^il fyltem isi,
treated with contempt. The pope has
the title of Holy Father and Holinefs ; and
he is elefted, at evrry vacancy, from
among the cardinals, each of whom U
ftyled His Eminence. Their number was
fixed by Sixtus v at 70, in allufion to
the number of the dil'ciples who were
ient out by Chrilt to teach the world j
an allufion, without any fmgular pro-
priety, as no two claflcs of people could
be more unlike. But this number i&
feldom complete. Every nation of the
Roman catholic religion has a cardinal foe
its proteftor. Beiide the Ecclefiaftical
State, the pope is pofleffed of the duchy of
Benevento, in the kingdom of Naples j
and, before the late revolution in France,
he had the territories of Avignon and
Vcnaiflbn in that country. The annual
H b4
If: t ■' li
P O R
P O R
I Pi'
revenue of the pope is computed to he
8i7oo»ooofcuiii,or upwaulol i,ooo,oool.
fttrling. liiii military force is incniirhi(.r-
able : Win body guard is 40 SwiU, 75
cuirafliers, and 75 Uglit \\ov:e. Hi"
naval force conlill* of a few galliss, (la-
tioncd at Civita Vccchiu. Koine is tl\e
capital.
POPERINGUEN, a town of Aiiftri;«n
Flanders, en a river of the lame name,
fix miles w of Ypres. Lon. % 38 k, lat.
50 S« N.
Popo, a kingdom on the Slave C ^ft
of Guinea. The inhabitants have I'caicely
any houfes to dwell in, bcfidc the king's
village, which is in an iHand in the m'ldii
of a river. Their chief trade is in ilavcs.
PoRCA, a town of Hindocitan, in
Travancorc, taktn from the Dutch by
the Eneliflt in 1795. It is 140 miles s
of Calicut. Lon. 74 35 E, lat. 8 11 N.
PoRCHEST£R, a village in Hamp-
shire, at the upper end of the harbcur of
Portfmouth, between Farcham and Portfea
lAand. It hus an ancient caitie, which
has fervcd, of late years, lor the reception
of prilbners of war.
PORCO, a town of Peru, in the audi-
ence of Los Charcos, a little to the w
of Potofi. Lon. 64 50 w, lat. 19 40 s.
PoRENTRU, a town of Swilferland,
capital of the dominions of the bidiop of
Balle (by the proteftants called prince of
Porentru) and the principal place oF his
refidcnce. It is feated on a terpentine
rivulet, near Mount Jura, 22 miles s of
Balle. Lon. 7 2 e, lat. 47 34 N.
PoRLOCK, a town In Somerietfliire,
with a market onThurfday, ieateci on the
JBriftol Channel, 14 miles N by w of
Pulverton, and 167 w of London. Lon.
3 32 w, lat, 51 14 N.
Port au Prince, a leaport of St.
pomineo, feated on a bay on the w fide
of the ifland, of which part it is the ca-
pital. It was taken by tlie Englilh
and. rpyalifts in 1794, Lon. 72 10 w,
lat. 18 45 N,
Port Desire, a harbour of S Ame-
rica, where (hips fometimes touch in their
paflage to the Pacific Ocean, It is 100
miles ne of Port St. Julian. Lon. 65 40
See GiAbooWf
See Duke of
V/} lat. 47 50 s
PcfiT Glasgow.
Port,
Port Hunter Pay,
York's Island.
Port Jackson, a large bay on the
coait of New § Wales, three leagues and
a half N of Cape Banks. The capes that
form its entrance are high, rugged, and
perpendicular cliff's. On proceeding
>vithin, in i;8g, governor Phillip di^
covered a 1 ir|»e branch i-xterdinp; to
s, a>id ioiind hiinklf jxi tuvlly land lock,..,
wi.'h a giH)d i!i-|ith ot water j and (iniiirp;
alio, tint ihe country was jj;icatly I'lipc-
rioi to that louud liutany Hay, he dettr-
niimd to fix tlie culony oi coiivii!:U hcit,
which had bcin oiif^;inally intendul tor
Botany IJay. The name oi* Tort Jnckloa
had been i;iven to it l)y cu|<tuia Cook,
as lie ohdrvcd it in iaiiing ;>lor;.'; the
coait. Lnn. 151 18 E, iut. 33 50 s.
Port l'Oriunt. Sec Orient.
PoK r Louis, a llrong town of Frsnce,
in the department of Moi bihan and lat.:
province of Brctagne, witJi a citridel, and
a good harbour. It is a llaiion for part
of the French navy, and the E InJia
Company's lhij)Si and is feated at the
iriouth 6f the Bl.met, 27 miles w of
Vannes. Lon. 3 i8 w, lat. 47 40 n.
Port Louis, a French tortrcfs, on
the svv coalt of Ililpaniola, deinoiifiitd
by admi-al Knowlts in 1747, but fincc
rebuilt. Lon. 73 i5 w, lat. 18 18 N.
Port Louis, a town and harbour of
the llle of France, in the Indian Ocsan,
(tron^y fortihed. Lon. 57 »8 e, lat.
20 9 s.
Port Mahon, an excellent haibour
in the ifland of Minorca, defended by one
of the ftrongelt citadels in rope. Near
it is the little trading of Mahon.
Lon. 3 48 E, lat. 39 50 . .^- Philip's,
Fort St.
Port Paix, a town on the N coatt of
St. Domingo, in the W Indies, with
agood harbour. Lon, 71 55 w. lat. 19 58 N.
Port Patrick, a feaport in Wigton-
(hlre, confined by the lea on one fulc, and
on the other by over-hanging rocks and
hills. It is noted for its ferry to Donag-
hadee in Ireland, from which it is only
20 miles diltant ; and a packet-boat faib
from l>ence lor that place, eveiy day.
The harbour is good ; and has one of the
fineft quays in Great Britain,, with a re-
flefling ligluhoufe. It i,s 107 miles sw
of Edinburgh, and 487 NW of London.
Port Koseway. See Shelt.urne,
Pokt .Royal, a feaport of Jamaica,
once one of the fineft towns in America,
abounding in riches and trade. In 1692,
it was deltroyed by an earthquake, in
?702 by a fire, in 1722 by an inundation
ot the li;a, and in 1 744 it fuffered greatly
by a hurricane. It ftill confilts ot three
bandlbme ftreets, built on a fmall neck
of land which juts out feveral miles into
the fea, and is guarded by a ftrong fort.
The harbour is one of the beft in the
world, and 1000 fliips may ride therein,
fequre from every wind. It is fix mile*
£ of Spanifh Town; and as much by
water |
lat.
Poi
Kland '
Pierrel
Poi
States!
hanno«|
Poi
of SCI
and th|
of the 1
parts,
town
100 m|
10 w,
PorI
Anna(
PorI
PorI
POR
in And
fcent h«
fiege C:
miles
P O R
P O R
water se of Kingdon. Lon. 76 45 w,
lat. 18 o N.
Port Royal, a town and iurt of the
Illand of Martinico, 11 milt:!* se ot bi.
Pitne. Lon. 61 9 w, lat. 14. ^ N.
Port Koyal, a town of tlie United
States, in Virginia, on the river K.'.j^pa-
hannoc.
Port Royal, an ifland on the coaft
of S Carolina, the Ipice between wl.ich
ami the neij;hbouring continent forms one
of the moit cummodiouti harbours in tholL*
parts. It iu 15 miles in length} and the
town on the n fhure, called Beaufort, is
100 miles sw of Charleiton. Loa. 80
10 w, lat. 31 40 N.
Port Royal, in Nova Scotia. See
Annapolis.
Port St. Ann. See Killouch.
Port St. Julian. See Julian.
Port St. Mary, a feaport of Spain,
in Andalufia. The Englifh made a dc-
fccnt here in 1702, with a dtfign to be-
fiege Cadiz, but without fuccefs. It is 10
miles N£ of Cadiz. Lon. 6 o w, lat.
35 37 N.
Port Sandwich, a harbour in the
iiland of Mallicolo, in the S Pacific
Ocean. Lon. 167 53 E, lat. 16 ^$ s.
Port Vendre, a feaport of France,
in the department of the Ealtern Pyrenees
and late province of RoufiUon. It was
taken by the Spaniards in 1793, but re-
taken the next year. It is 25 miles s by
E of Perpignan.
PoitTALEGRE, a ftrong town of For-
tugal, in Alentcjo, with a bifhop's fee.
It is feated at the foot of a high moun-
tain, in a pleafant country, 30 miles NW
of Elvas, and 90 NE of Lifbon.
PoRTici, a village four miles ese of
the city of Naples, fituate on the fea-
fide, near mount Vefuvius. Here is a
palace of the king of Naples, enriched
with a vaft number of fine &i' ues, and
other remains of antiquity, taken out of
the ruins of Herculaneum.
Portland, a peninfula in Dorfetftiire,
funoundcd by inacceflible rocks, except
at the landing-place, where there is a
ftrong caftle, called Portland Caftle, built
by Henry viii. It lies on the sw fide
of Weymouth Bay; and is chiefly noted
for its ftone, which is ufed in London for
building the fineft ftruftures. Its s ex-
tremity, called Portland Point, is in lon.
» 49 w, lat. 50 79 ti.
Portland, a feaport of the United
States, capital of Cumberland county,
in the diftrift of Main. It is feated on
a peninfula, and has an excellent har-
bour, 150 miles NNE of £oitozx« Lon. 69
30 w, lat. 44. xo N.
Portland Islands, a clufter of
inaiicis in the S Piicific Ocean. They
ate low, and covered with wootl} auj
the centre one is in lon. 149 8 E, lat. a
38 s.
Porto. Sec Oporto.
Porto Bf-llo, a leaport of S Ame-
rica, on the N coatl ot the ifthmus of
Darien, with a h\y,e and commodious
h.irbiHir. It is a very unhealthy place}
and the country around it fwarms with
toads in fuch multitudei. as hide the ■
furface of the earth. Before the abo-
iition of the trade by the galeons, in
1748, and the introduction of rcgiftcr
Hiips, Poi'to Bello was the great mart for
the rich commerce o! Peru and ..Chili.
At the fealbn when the galeons were ex-
pc'Red, the produ6\ of all the mines,
and other valuable commMities, of thoft
countries, were lent by fea to Panama,
and thence conveyed acrol's the ifthmus,
partly on mules, aud partly down the
river Chagie, to Porto Bello. This paltry
village, the refiuence of a few negroet
and mulattoes, and of a wretched gar-
rifon relieved every three months, wai
then fuddenly crowded with the moft
opulent merchants } and a fair was
opened which lafted 40 days, durine
which was begun and finilhed the richeS
tratfic on the face of the earth. Porto
Bello was taken, in 1742, by admiral
Vernon, who demolilhed the fortifications.
It is 70 miles N of Panama, and 300 W
of Carthagcna. Lon. 80 45 w, lat. 9
33 N-
Porto Cavallo, a feaport of Terra
Firma, on the coaft of Caraccas. Hers
the Englifti \yere repull'cd, when they
attacked it in 1743. Lon. 64 30 e, lat*
10 20 N.
Porto del Principe, a feaport on
the N coaft of Cuba, with a good harbour.
It is feated in a large meadow, where
the Spaniards feed a great number of
cattle. Lon. 78 15 w, lat. it 52 N.
Porto Faring, a feaport of the
kingdom of Tunis, to the w of the ruinji
of Carthage, and 30 miles N of Tunis.
Lon. 10 16 E, lat. 37 12 N.
PoRTo Ferrajo, a town of Italy, in
the Ifle of Elba, with a good citadel.
It is feated on a long, high, fteep point
of land, \v of the bay of the lame nan.e,
which has tv/o forts. In July 1796,
the Englifh threw a Itrong garriibn Into
it, on the French having entered Leghorn.
It is 40 miles NW of Orbitello, and 60 s
by E of Leghorn. Lon. 10 25 E, lat^
42 78 N.
PoRTO Galleto, a feaport of Spain,
in the bay of Bifcay, feated on a iiuall
m
>%
P O R
P O R
riv/r, <:'sht miles N of Bilboa. Loii. 3
ji \v, Int. 4 J 12 V.
Porto Gruak.0, a town of Italy, in'
Venetian Friuli, with a biihop's lie. It is
iirtited on the Lena, 1 5 miles w ot Marano.
Porto Loncone, a town of Italy,
in the ifle of T^ba, with a good harbour,
and a fortrefs upon a rock, almoll inac-
ceflfible. It belongs to tlie prince of Pi-
oinbino, and is I'eated on the E end uf
the iftand, eight miles s\v of Piombino.
Lon. 10 10 K, lat. 42 52 N.
PoBTO Nova, a leaport of Spain, in
Gallcia, feated near the mouth of the
Leris, 54 miles w of Orenfe. Lon. 8 36
w, lat. 42 19 N.
Porto Pedro, a feaport in the ifiand
of Majorca. Lon. a 41 E, lat. ''9 37 N.
PoRTO Pray A, a town and bay of
St. Jago, one of the Cape de Verd lllands.
Lon. 25 2.9 w, lat. 14 53 N.
Porto Rico. See Juan de-Pu-
ER' o-Rico.
I'OKTO Santo, an ifland of the At-
lantic, the Icaft of the Madeiras, 15
miles in citctuiiference. In 1418, a Por-
txigutfe fliip, <ittcd out for the atte ipt to
dcwbl" Cape Bojador, coalUng along the
African Ihojc, was driven out to lea by
a i'udden Iquall, and when they all ex-
pecled to perifh, they dikovered this
ifland, which, on account of their elcap-,
they named Porto Santo ; and hence, at
laXt, they defcried the ifland of Madeira,
like a black cloud in thi- horizon. It
produces little corn ; but there are oxen
and wild hogs, and a valt number of
rabbits. There are trees which produce
the gum, calltd dragon's blood : and there
is likewile a little honey and wax. It
has no harbour, but good anchorage in
the road. Lon. i6 15 w, lat. 3^ 58 N.
Porto Seguro, the capital of a go-
vcrnr,ent of the fame name, in Braiil.
It is ieated in a fertile country, on the
tor of a rock, at the mouth of a river
that flows into the Avlantic. Lon. 38
50 w, lat. 17 0 s.
Porto Vkcchio, a feaport of Cor-
fica, feated on a bay on tbe E coaft of
the iiland, 40 miles N of oardinia. Lon.
9 zo }•:, lat. 41 42 N.
Porto Venereo, a feaport of Italy,
o.i the coait of Genoa, at the entrance of
the gulf of Spezzia. It has a good har-
bour, and is ieated on the fide of a liill,
at the top of which is a fort, 45 miles
SE of Genoa. Lon. 9 38 e, lat. 44 5 n.
Portree, a town on the ifle of ^kye,
one of the Weftem Illands of Scotland.
The inl'.abitants trade chiefly in black-
cattle, imall hories, and kelp.
PoRTSEA, an illand between Chi-
clicfter Bay and the harbour of Portf-
niouili, in Hampfliire. It is a low trait
of confiderable extent, feparated from
the mainland by a creek, over which is a
bridge. At tne sw extremity oi" it is
fitxiai^c the town of Portlmouth.
PoRTSMOurn, a feapor*: and borough
in Hamplhire, with a market on Thurl"-
day and Saturday. It is the nioft con-
fiderable haven for men of wai , and the
molt ftrongly fortified place in England.
Its capacious harbour is made by a bay
running up between the ifland of Portfea,
on which the town is fituate, and the op-
pofite peninfula, having a narrow entraLce
commanded by the town and forts.
Many of the iargell fliips are always laid
up here; and, in time of war, it is the
principal rendezvous of the grand channel
fleet. The docks, arl'enals, (torehoufes,
barracks, Sec. are ?■[[ of capital magni-
tude, and kept in the nioft perfeft order.
1 he town is intircly fupoortcd by the
relbrt ot' the army and navy ; and oppofitc
to it is tht noted road of Spithead, where
the rnen of wir anchor when prepared
for a£tual fervice. Portfmouth is go-
verned by a mayor, and lends two mem-
bers to parliament. It has one church,
and two chapels ; one in the garrifon, and
one in a part of the town, caUied the Com-
mon, f jr the ufe of the dock. It is 20 miles
ssE of Wincheiler, and 71 sw of London.
Lon. I I w, lat. 50 49 N.
Portsmouth, a town of the United
States, the largeil'in New Hampfliire,
feated on Pik-Uqua River, two miles
from the Atlantic Ocean. Its harbotir is
one of the fineft on the continent, well
defended by nature, both againft ftorins
and an enemy ; and it has a lighthoufe at
the entrance. It is 24 miles N of Bolton.
Lon. 70 37 w, lat. 42 46 N.
Portsmouth, a towr ,f the United
States, in Virginia, feit.'d on- James
River, 108 miles SE of Richmond. Lon.
79 23 w, lat. 36 40 N.
Fortsoy, a leaport in BanflTshire, fix
miles E of Cullen. It has manufaflurcs
of Ihuft' and fewing thread.
Portugal, the moft weftern country
of Europe, 3 to miles in length, and 150
in breadth ; boimdcd on the w and s t>y
the Atlantic, and on the E and n by
Spain. It is divided into fix provinces,
Eftramadura, Beira, Entre-Minho-e-Dou-
ero, Tra-los-Montcs, Alcntejo, and Al-
garva. Though Spain and Portugal are
in the fame climate, the air of the latter
is more temperate than that of the former,
on account of the neighbourhood of the
fea.
inhabit
bandry
from A
inllead
bcr of
is plent
nuts,
is fam
fait is
el'pecial
a great
trade co
the pro(
merchan
foreign
baccu,
and othe
cellent
filver,
ftones fr
Portugal
but now
horned c
ward tht
P o s
fea. Corn is not plentifiil, becaufe the
inhabitants do not attend much to huf-
bandiyi and they import Indian corn
from Africa, which is ufed by the peafants
intlead of wheat. There is a great num-
ber of barren mountains, ana yet there
is plenty of olives, vines, oi-an^es, lemons,
nuts, almonds, figs, andrailms} and it
is famous for excellent wines. Much
fait is made alfo from the fea-water,
el'pecially in the bay of St. Ubes, whence
a great deal is exported. The foreign
trade confifts either of the exportation of
the produce of the country, or in the
merchandife which is received from its
foreign fettlements; fuch as fugar, to-
bacco, rum, cotton, indigo, hides^ Braiil
and other woods for dying, and many ex-
cellent drugs. Befide the.(e, it has gold,
filver, diamonds, and other precious
ftones from America. The horfcs of
Portugal were formerly in great eiieem,
but now mules are preferred; and the
hoined cattle are fmail and lean. To-
ward the frontiers of Spain there are
mountains in which was formerly got
gold and filver ; and the river Tajo, the
Tagus i)f the ancients, was celebrated by
their pcets for its golden fands. There
are mines of iron, tin, leau, quarries of
marble, and fome precious ftones. The
principal rivers are the Tajo, Douero,
Guadiana, Minlio, and Mondego. The
Portuguefe are indolent, and lb fotui of
luxury, that they fpend all their wealth
in the purchafe of foreign merchandife.
The women are addi<fted to gallantry,
for which reafon the men are jealous of
their wives, and allow them but little
liberty. The government is nu>narchical,
but the royal authority is limited; for
the fovereign cannot raile any more taxes
than were fettled in 1674. The eftabli/hed
religion is the Roman catholic, and there
arc three archbifnops and 10 bilhops,
befide a patriarch; alfo three fevere in-
quifitions, and yet there are a great
number of conceale-l Jews. The autho-
rity of the pope is fo great, that the king
cannot confer any benefice without his
confent. In 1580, there was a failure in
the royal line, and then Philip 11 king
of Spain, fubdued the country j but, in
1640 there was a great revolution, and
the crown was conferred on John duke of
Braganza (king John iv) whofe de-
fcendants ftill enjoy it. Li(ton is the
cppital.
?osEOA, a ftrong tov.n of Sclavonia,
capital of a county of the fame name.
It was taken from the Turks by the Auf-
triuis, in 16S7. It is feated in a fertile
P o u
country, on the river Orlana, tio miles
w by N of Belgrade. Lon. 18 59 e, lat.
45 36 N-
PosNANiAy or PosEN, a commercial
town of Great Poland, in a palatinate of
the fame name, with a good caftle, and a
bilhop's fee. The cathedral is magni-
ficent. By the late partition of Poland,
it became fubje6l to the king of Pruiiia.
It is I'eated in a pleafant plain, on the
river Warta, zj miles \v of Gncfna, and
127 w of Warfaw.
PoTENZA, a town of Naples, In Ba-
filicata, with a bifhop's fee. It was
almod ruined by an earthquake in 1694..
It is leated near the fource of the Ba-
fiento, eight miles SB of Naples.
Potomac, or Patomac, a river of
N America, in Virginia, which falls into
the bay of Chefapeak. On the banks of
this river is now ereifling the city of
Wafhington, the intended metropolis of
the United States. See Washington.
PoTOSi, a rich and populous town of
Peru, in the audience of Los Charcos.
Here is the beft fdver mine in all Ame>
rica, in a mountain in the form of a i'ugar-
loaf. Silver was as common in this place
as iron is in Europe ; but it Is almoit ex-
haufted, or at leail Ilvtle is got in cora-
parifon of what was formerly ; and the
mountain itfelf is faid to be little better
than a fhell. The country around is Co
naked and barren, that the inhabitants
get their proviiions from the neighbom*-
ing provinces. It is feated at the bottom
of tb. mountain of Potofi, 300 miles
SE of Arica. Lon. 64. 25 w, lat. 19 40 s.
Potsdam, a city of Upper Saxony,
in the middle marche of Brandenburgb,
with a palace belonging to the king of
Pniliia. It is feated in an ifland xo miles
in circumference, formed by the rivers
Spree and Havel, and is the inoft elegant
and fingular city in Europe. Many new
houfes, on the nneft ancient and modem
p.' ms, were railed by the late king, Fre-
deric III, and prelented to the inhabi-
tants ; and the various public buildings
difplay at once great magnificence and
talte. In 1795, the beautiful church «£
St. Nicholas, in the Palace- fquare, was
dcftroyed by fire, together with the fur •
rounding houl'es, toward which the wind
■ Vefted the flames. It is 12 miles w of
J. <lin. Lon. 13 46 e, lat. 52 52 n.
Potto N, a town In Bedfordfhire, with
a 'narket on Saturday, 12 milts e of
Bedford, and 48 N by w of London.
Lon. o 18 vv, lat. 52 11 n.
Poughkeepsie, the capital of Duchefs
County, ill the ftate of New York, fituatc
•ilfi
ijv. ,
f ' K
" t 1
^ ^^nm
K ;
m
1 -«
\i
p k A
PRE
en the e fide of Hudfon's River, n of
Wnppinger's Cieek.
PoucuES, a village of France, in the
department of Nievre and late province of
Nivernois, noted for its fen-uginoiis mi-
neral waters. It is five mites KW of
Nevers.
PouLTON, a town in Lancafhire, with
a market on Monday, fcated near the
month of the Wyre, i8 miles sw of
Lancafter, and 131 NNW of London.
Lon. 3 6 w, lat. 53 sx N.
PouRSELUC, a town of the kingdom
of Siam, 280 miles N of Siam. Lon. 100
40 E, lat. 18 58 N.
PouRZAiN, a town of France, in the
department of Puy de Dome and late
province of Auveigne, feated on the
Sioule, 36 miles N by B of Clermont,
and 190 $ of Paris. Lon. 3 15 E, lat.
46 «i N.
PoYANC-HOU, a lake of China, in
the provir.f.e of Kiang-fi, formed by the
confluence of four conliderable rivers. It
is 150 miles long.
Prabat, a town of the kingdom of
Siam, 100 miles n of Siam. Lon. loi
10 E, lat. 15 40 N.
Prades, a fmall handfome town of
France, in the department of the Eaftem
Pyrenees and late province ot Koufillon,
feated on the river Tet, in a fine plain, in
the middle of mountains, 22 miles se
of Montlouis. Lon. 2 35 e, lat. 42
26 N.
Pragilas, a town of Piedmont, feven
miles w of Turin. Lon. 7 30 e, lat.
45 5 N.
Prague, a large and famous city,
capital of Bohemia, and an archiepifcopal
fee. It comprehends three towns, the
Old, the New, and the Little Town, and
is 15 miles in circumference. It is built
upon feven mountains, and has above 100
churches, and as many palaces. The
Muldaw runs through the city, feparating
the Old Town from the New, and over it
is a bridge of 18 arches, wi^h a Itrorig
tower at each end. The Old Town is very
populous; the houfes are high, and the
ftreets narrow. In this part is the old
palace, where the ancient kings refided ;
nut the fincft ornament is the univerfify,
frequented by a great number of ftudents.
The Jeiuits had a magnificent college
here j and here the Jews have nine fyna-
gogues. The New Town contains fine
(truflures, handfome gardens, and lar^e
ftreets. In the cluuch of St. Peter and
St. Paul is a large colupm, broken in
three pieces, which they pretend the
devil bruught from St. Mary's at Rome,
The Little Town was b^ilt on the fpot
where there was a foreft ; and there is a
poplar tree yet ftanding, which they affirm
has grown theie about 1000 years. The
principal buildings are the Royal Caftle,
the Radfhin, and the Straw- houle. The
firft contains a hall, 100 paces long and
40 broad, without any pillar to i'upport
the roof. The palace called Radfhin, is
the place where prince Drahomire was
fwallowed up alive in 94 1 . In the Straw-
houfe they (how the place where the
Swedes entered the city in 1648. Prague
was taken by ftorm by the French in
1741 ; but they were ohjiged to leave it
in 1742. In 1744, it was taken by the
king of Pruflia ; but he was obliged to
abandon it the fane year. It was befieged
again by the king of Prulfia, in 175;,
after a great viftory, obtained near this
•city, ovfcr the Auftriansj but being de-
feated fomc time after, he was obliged to
raife the fiege. It is 75 miles se of
Drefden, 158 SB of Berlin, and 235
Nw of Vienna. Lon. 14 45 E, lat. 50
4N.
PR A TO, a tovm of Tufcany, feated on
the Bifentino, 12 miles NW of Florence.
Lon. 19 54 E, lat. 43 52 N'.
PRAYA. See PoRTO Praya.
Precop, or Perekop, a town and
fortrefs of RuiPia, in the government of
Catharinenflaf, and province of Taurida,
feated on the ifthmus that joins the Cri-
mea to the continent. Lon. 35 40 e,
lat. 46 40 N.
Precopia, a to^n of Turkey in Eu-
rope, in Servia, feated on the river Mo-
rave, 20 miles w of Niffa. Lon. 22 5 e,
lat. 43 31 N.
PREGEL,"a river which iflues from a
lake in Poland, and crolfing E PrufTia,
falls into the eaftem extremity of the
Frifche Haf (an inlet of the Baltic) be-
low Koningfberg.
Premeslaw, a populous town of
Anftiian Poland, with a ftrong caftle, and
a Greek and Latin bilhop's fee. It is
feated on the river Sana, 27 miles w
of Lemburg. Lon. 21 o E, lat. 49 0 N.
pRENSLo, a town of Germany, capi-
tal of the Ucker marche of Brandenburg.
It contains fix churches, and is feated on
the lake and river Ucker, 50 miles N of
Berlin.
Presburg, the capital of Lower
Hungary, with a ftrong caftle on a hill.
In this city the ftates of Hungary hold
their aflemblies, and in the cathedral the
fpvereign is crowned. In the caftle, which
is a uoble Gothic ftrufture, are depofited
the regalia of Hungary, coafifting of tht
PRE
crown and fceptre of Stephen their firft
king. The Lutherans have a church
here. Prefburg is I'eated on the Danube,
32 miles SE of Vienna, Lon. 17 11 B,
lat. 4.8 14. N.
Pre SCOT, a town in Lancafliire, with
a market on Tnefday. Here is i con-
fiderable manufacture of lailcioth, and
another of gold hxnds for watches. It is
eight miles E of Liverpool, and 195
^NW of London. Lon. 2 51 w, lat. 53
a6 N.
PRESENZANO, a town of Naples, in
Terra di Lavora. It appears by an in-
fcription, that it is the ancient Rufx, and
its territory has the name of Cofta Ru-
fraria. It is z8 miles N of Naples. Lon.
14 zo E, lat. 41 20 N.
Presidii, State of, a territory of
Tufcany, in the Siennefe. It includes
fix fortrefles, feated on the coall of Tuf-
cany, and which Spain referved, when it
ceded Sienna to the grand duke. They
were defigned to facilitate the communi-
cation between the Milanefe and the king-
dom of Naples. In 1735, they were
ceded to the king of the Two Sicilies.
Their names arc, Orbitello, Telemone,
Porto Hercole, Porto San-Stephano,
Monte Philippo, and Porto Longone.
PRESOVIA, a town of Little, Poland,
feated on the Viftula, 20 miles e of Cw-
cow. Lon. 20 16 E, lat. 50 10 N.
Presteign, the county-town of Rad-
norfhire, with a market on Saturday, re-
markable for barley and malt. It 's
feated near the fource of the Lug, i
rich valley, 30 miles WNW of VVorcci
ter and 149 of London. Lon. 2 3ii w,
lat. 52 13 N.
Preston, a borough in Lancafhire,
with a market on VVednefday, Friday,
and Saturday. It is leated on the river
IRibble, over which is a Itone bridge.
It has a large market-place, is governed
by a mayor, and fends two members to
parliament. Here is a court of chancery,
and other offices of juftice, for the county-
palatine of Lancalter. The markets on
Wedneiday and Friday are for prcvifions,
and that on Saturday for corn, cattle,
iinen-cloth, and other commodities. Pref-
ton is noted for the deieat of the rebels
in i7r5, when they were all made pri-
foners. it is 21 miles 8 of Lancafter,
and 214 NNW of London. Lon. 2 53 w,
lat. 53 46 N.
Preston Pans, a village in Had-
dingtonllure, noted for its fait works, and
for the defeat of the royal army by the
rebels in 1745. It is four miles w of
H-ddington,
P R I
Prevesa, a feapoit of Turkey in
Europe, in Albania, feated on the gulf of
Larta, with a bifliop's fee. It ttands on
the luins of the ancient Nicopolis, built
by the emperor Auguftus, in memory of
his viftory oyer Antony. It belongs ta
the Venetians, and was tak'ii by them in
16S4. It is feated on a mountain, 70
miles N\v of Lepanto. Lon. 21 5 £,
lat. 39 14 N.
Preuiljy, a town of France, in the
department of Indre and Loire and late
province of louraine. Near it are mines
of iron; and to the sw is La Haye, a
fmall town on the Creufe, famous a« the
birthplace of Defcartes. Preuilly is leat-
ed on the Claife, 18 miles s of Loches.
Priaman, a feaport of the E Indies,
in Sumatra, where the Dutch have a fac-
tory. Lon. 98 o E, lat. i o s
Prince's Island, a fmall ifland on
the w cuaft of Africa, 250 miles sv/
of Loarigo. Lon. 6 40 E, lat. i 49 n.
Prince's Island, a fmall ifland of
Afia, at the sw extremity of the llraits
of Suhda, a few leagues irom the coaii of
Java. It is very woody, and not much
cleared. The inhabitants are Javancfe,
whofe rajah is fubjeft to the lUltan of
Bantam ; and their cultoms ai'e very funi-
lar to thofe of the natives about Batavia.
The belt anchoring place is in lon. 10 j
17 E, lat. o 36 s.
Prince of Wales, • Cape, the
moit wcitcrn . xtiemity of all America,
hitherto known, difcovered by captain
Cook in 1778. Lon. 168 5 w- lat. 65
46 N .
Prin( E OF Wales, For t, the moll
nortl; . lettlement of the Hiidibn's Bay
Company, cated on tl \v fide of Hud-
fon's Bay, at the mouth of Churchill Ri-
ver. Lon. 94 7 \v, lat. sii ^7 n.
Princeton, a 'own oi the United
States, in New Jerley, noted for a college,
founded in 1738, und crilled Naflau Hall.
It is 43 miles Nh of Philadelphia.
Prince William Hi ».y's Island,
an iiland in the tar! a Ocean, lying
WNW of Tench's L...iid. It is pretty
high, and 70 miles in circuit. It Is well
wooded, has a luxuriant and piiJlurefque
appearance, and is iuppofed to be fertile
and well peopled. The natives are quite
naked, and f.-em to be the fame fort of
people as thofe on Tench's Ifland, and
their canoes of the fame coidtruJlion. It
was diicovered by lieut'.-nanis Ball and
King, in 1790. A high mountain, riling
in the centre of it, was called Mount Phii-
lip. Lon. 149 30 £, l.t. I 3a s.
PRIiNCE VVlLMAM Il£.NRV'$ ISMNB.
' '^\<\
'I'M \ 1
■ III r'
m' It ?- w
v.\-
M
It, I *iJ
ili» -iff I
P R I
PRO
mi
an tfland of the S Pacific Ocean, difcovered
by captpjn Wallis, in 1767. Lon. 141
6 w, lat. 17 o s.
Prince William's Sound» a gulf
en the Nw coalt of America, fo named
by captain Cook, in 1778. The men,
women, and children, are here all clothed
in the J'ame manner. Their ordinary
drel's is a fort of dole robe, which Ibme-
times reaches only to the knees, but ge-
nerally down to the ancles. They are
compoied of the (kins of various animals,
and are commonly worn with the hairy
iidc outward. The men often paint their
faces of a black colour, and of a bright
red, and fometimes of a bluifh or leaden
hie J but not in any regular figure. The
women punfture or Itain the "hin with
black, that comes to a point in each of
their cheeks. Their canoes are of two
forts i the one large and open, the other
fmall and covered : the framing cunfilts of
fiender pieces of wood, and the outHde
is compofed of the flcins of feals, or other
fea animals, Itretched over the wood.
Their weapons, and implements for hunt-
ing and fifhing, are the fame as thof'e ul'ed
by the Efqiiimaux. Our knowledge of
the animals of this part of the continerft
is intirely derived from the Ikins that
were brought by the natives tor fale.
Thefe were principally of bears, common
and pine martens, iea otters, feals, ra-
coons, fmall ermines, foxes, and the
whitifh cat or lynx. The birds found
here were the halcyon, or great king-
iilher, which had fine bright colours j the
whiteheaded eagle, and the humming-
bird. Few vegetables of any kind were
obferved j and the trees that chiefly grew
about the Sound were the Canadian
ipruce pine, lome of which are c*" a con-
liderable fize. Lon. 14.7 21 w, lat. 59
33 N.
PRINCIPATO, a province of Naples,
♦lividcd into Piincipato Ulrc-iiore iiui
Principato Citeiiore, tiiat is, tlie Fuitltr
and Hither Principato. Principato Cite-
riore is bounded on the N by Principato
Ulteriore and Tena-di-L^vora, on the \v
and s by the Mediterranean, and on the e
by Bafiiicata. It is 60 miles long and
30 broad j the foil I'ertile in wine, corn,
oil, and iaffronj and it has a great deal
of filk, and feveral mineral fprings. Sa-
lerno is the capital. Principato Ulteri-
ore ii bounded on the n by the Molile
and Terra-di-Lavora, on tnc \v by the
Mediterranean, on the s by Principato
Citeriore, and on the e by Capitanata.
It is 37 miles long and 30 broad. The
Appeimine mountains render the air ccld,
and the foil is not very fertile, either in
corn or wine ; but it produces chellnuts,
and has excellent paltures. Benevento is
the capital.
Prisdenia, a town of Turkey in Eu-
rope, in Bofnia, with a bifhop's fee, and
a magnificent church. It is feated on
the Drin, 32 miles ne of Albanapolis,
and 195 N of Belgrade. Lon. zi 3 e,
lat. 4-1 o N.
Pristina, a town of Turkey in Eu-
rope, in Scrvia. It was pillaged by the
Auflrians in i68r) ; and is feated on the
Rufca, 58 miles nw of Nifl'a, and 159
SE of Belgrade. Lon. x£ 5 E, lat. 4.2
4.3 N.
Privas, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Ardcche and late province of
Dauphiny. It is feated on a bill, near
the confluence of three fmall rivers, iS
miles N of Viviers. Lon. 4 41 E, lat. 44
45 w.
Procita, an ifland of Italy, in the
gulf of Naples, near that of Ilchia. It
is eight miles in circumference, and very
fertile and populous. The capital, of the
fame name, is a itnall fortified place, on
a high craggy rock, by the feafide. Lon.
14 8 E, lat. 40 43 N.
Prom, a town of the kingdom of
Burmah, feated on the Menan, 200 miles
NW of Pegu. Lon. 940 E, lat. 17 50 N.
Provence, a late province of France,
138 miles long and 100 broad; bounded
on the N by Dauphiny, on the s by the
Mediterranean, on the w by Languedoc,
and on the e by the Alps and the river
Var. The air near the Alps and Dau-
phiny is cold, on the feacoaft hot, and in
tlie middle temperate. In that which
was called Upper Provence, the foil is
fertile in corn and paftures ; but in Lower
Provence, dry and fandy. It produces,
however, wine, oil, figs, almonds, prunes,
and pomegranates, along the feacoaft from
ToMlon to Nice. Theie are orange and
citron-trees in the open fields; and many
medicinal plants, mineral waters, and
mines of feveral kinds. Provence novr
forms the departments of Var, the Lower
Alps, and the Mouths of the Rhone.
Providence, one of the leaft of the
Bahama Iflands, but the beft of thofe
planted by the Englifli. It was taken by
the Spinlarrls in 1782, but retaken ths
next yc ; . It lies 200 miles E of Florida.
Lou. 77 I w, lat. 24 50 N.
Proidencf, an ifland in the At-
lantic, which the Englifh bucaniers for-
tifieJ, but afterwtu'd abandoned. It is
150 miles e of th« coaft of Nicaragu:<.
Lon. 8o 44 w, lat« 13 »5 n,
P R U
P U E
Providence, a river of N America,
which rifes in the ftate of MaiTachufets,
;ind waters the town of Providence, from
whence it is navigable to Narraganfet
Bay, which it enters on the W fide of
Rhode Ifland.
Providence, a flourifliing town in
the ftate of Rhode IHand. It has a con-
fidfrable manufacture of cloth, and car-
ries on a large foreign trade. Here is an
elegant college, called Rhode Ifland Col-
lege. Providence is fcated on both fules
ot a river of the lame name, 30 miles
Nvv of Newport. Lon. 71 i6 w, lat. 41
50 N.
Provins, a town of France, in the
dejiartment of Seine and Marne and late
province of the Ifle of France, famous
lor its mineral waters and excellent con-
I'ervts of roles. It is feated on the Vou-
zie, 30 miles SE of Meaux, and 47 SE of
Paris. Lon. 3 zz e, lat. 48 34 N.
Pruck, a town of Auttria, leated on
the Leita, 21 miles sw of Prefburg, and
z2 SE of Vienna. Lon. 16 58 E, lat. 48
5 N.
Pruck, a town ot Stiria, feated on the
Miiehr, 66 miles sw of Vienna. Lon.
J 5 15 E, lat. 47 24 N.
Prussia, a country of Europe, bound-
ed on the s by Poland, on the w by
Brandenburg and Pomerania, on the N
by the Baltic, and on the e by Lithu-
ania, Samogitia, and Poland. It is 500
miles in length, and too in breadth, where
narrowed. It produces a great deal of
flax, hemp, and corn ; and yellow amber
is ^ot along the leacoalt. The domeltic
animals are numerous; and, befide the
common game, there are elks, wild alTes,
and uri, in the foreits. The mi aie of a
monftrous fize, and have fome refemblance
to beeves : their hides are extremely thick
antl ftrong, and are Ibid to foreigners at
a great price. There are two large lakes,
belide the rivers Viltula and Pregel. The
inhabitants are induUrious, robufl, and
good Ibldiers : there are a great number
of mechanics, but their principal bulineis
is huflsandry, and feeding of cattle. In
the I -jth century all Prulfla belonged to the
knights of the Teutonic Order. In 1454,
that part, fince denominated Polifli, Royal,
or Weftern Pruffia, revolted to Cafimir
I V, king of Poland, and was incorporated
into the dominions of the republic. At
the fame time, the knights were con-
brained to hold the remaining part, called
Kaftern or Ducal Pruflia, as a fief of the
crown of Poland. In 1525, Albert of
Brandenburg, the grand mafter, betrayed
the intcrcfts of hi:^ fraternity, and con-
cluded a treaty with Sigifmund, king of
Poland, by which Ealtern Prulfia was
erefted into an hereditary duchy,' and
given to him as a Polifti'fief. Having
adopted the tenets of Luther, he mar-
ried a princefs of Denmark, and tranf-
mitted this rich inheritance to his de-
fcendants j one of whom, Frederic Wil-
liam, the great eleflor, was the firlt duke
that threw off his dependence on Poland.
His lon, r'rederic i, in 1701, afl'umed
the title of King of Pi-ulfia, which
was foon after acknowledged by all the
Chriftian powers, except Poland, which
did not acknowledge it till 1764. In
1772, Frederic in compelled the Poles to
cede to him the whole of Wefteni Prvllia,
the cities of Dantzic and Thorn excepted;
and, in 1793, the prefent king of Prulfia,
by another tbrced cefllon, obtained poflel-
fion of thole cities, with Ibme other pro-
vinces (fee Poland) to which he ha*
given the name of Southern Pi uflia. Ko-
ninglberg is the capital of all PrulTia.
Pruth, a river of Poiaixi, which rifes
in Red Ruflia, in the mountain of Cra-
pach, crolTes part of the palatinate of
Lcmburg, runs through all Moldavia,
ind falls into the Danube.
P^KOF, or Pleskok, a irovernment of
Riiria, once a republic, liibdutd by Ivan
Va..ilivitch, and formerly comprii'ed in
the government of Novogorod.
PsKOF, or Pleskok, a bkeof RtilHa,
in a government of the fame name.
PsKOF, or Pleskok, a town of Raf-
fia, capital of a government oi' the iame
name, with an aichbifhop's li*, am! a
Itrong caftle. It is ieated on tlie rivtT
Velika, 80 miles s of Narva, and 1 50 s
by w of Peterlburgh. Lon. 17 51 e,
lat. 57 58 N.
PuDDAR, a river of HindooOan Pro-
per, which riles in the sw part of Agi-
mere, divides the provinces of Cutch and
Gurerat, and falls into the gulf of Cutch.
PUEBLA, a town of S;.^ain, in Eftra-
madura, feated near the Guadian.1, 15
miles w of Meridad. Lon. 6 23 w, lat.
38 42 N.
PuEBLA-DE-LOS-ANGErES, a popu-
lous town of New Spain, in the auditrnce
of Mexico, and province of Tlafcaia,
w;th a bilhop's fee. It is 6 j miles SE of
NIexico.
PUEBLA-NUOVA, a feaport of New
Spain, in the audience of (Juatimala, and
province of Veragua. It is feated on a
bay of the Pacific Ocean, 230 miltrs
W of Panama. Lon. 83 a3 w, lat. 8
4S N
H' f
<?!'
'■'i \
^m
'■'Vl
Puente-del-Arcobispo, a town of
P U L
PUT
Ik
tpaini in Eftramadura, which belongs to
the archbiihop of Toledo, and in feated on
the river Tajo, over which is a handfome
bridge, 40 miles sw of Toledo. Lon.
4 15 w, lat. 39 38 N.
Puente-de-la-Reyne, a town of
Spain, in Navarre, feated on the river
Agra, 10 miles sw of Pampeluna. Lon.
X 39 w, lat. 42 41 N.
Puerto Bello, Puerto Rico,
&c. For all iKimcs, which, in the Spa-
nifti language, fignify a port, fee PoRTO j
for, although that word is not Spanifli,
but Italian, it is neceffary to adhere to it_
in this work, in conformity to th ' Eng-
lish pronunciation.
PuGLlA, the modern name of the an-
cient Apulia, contnining the three pro-
vinces of Capitanata, BHri, and Otranto,
«n the E fide of the kingdom of Naples.
Pu L AO N , an ifland in the Indian Ocean,
lying on the w of the Philippines. It is
very fertile, and fubje^t to its own king,
who is tributary to that of Borneo. Lon.
0129 12 £, lat. 9 30 N.
Pulo-Canton, an iAand in the In-
dian Ocean, on the coaft of Cochin-China.
Lon. 109 35 E, lat. 15 10 N.
PuLO-CoNDORE, the name of feveral
iflands in the Indian Ocean, the principal
cf which is the only one inhabited. It is
1 3 miles in length, and n;.ne in breadth,
fcut in fome places not above a mile over.
The Ibil of thefe iflands is blackiOi, and
pretty deep, but the hills are fomewhat
ftony. The trees are not very thick, but
large, tall, and fit for any ufe. The
principal fruits are mangoer,, a fort of
-grapes, and baftard nutmegs. The ani-
mals are hogs, lizards, and guanas, and
there ate birds of various kinds, not
known in other parts. The inhabitants
are fmall of (tature, of a dark complexion,
with fmall black eyes, thin lips, white
teeth, little mouths, and black llraight
hair. Their chief employment is to get
tar out of large trees. They are idola-
ters, and have images of elephants in
their temples. Lon. 107 20 E, lat. 8
40 N.
PuLO-DiNDJNC, an ifland in the In-
dian Ocean, on the w coalt of the penin-
fula of Malacca. It belongs to the Dutch.
PULO-TxMON, an inland in the Indian
Ocean, on the e coaft of the peninfula of
Malacca. It is often touched at for tak-
ing in wood, water, and other refrefh-
ments, and there is great plenty ot green
turtles. Lon. 104 25 e, lat. 3 o n.
Pulo-Wav, an illand in the Indian
Ocean, near the N point of that of Su-
nutia. It is the iargeft of the illands
that form the entrance of the channel of
Achem, and is peopled by men banifhed
from Achem. Lon. 95 39 E, lat. 5
50 N.
Pv/LTAUSK, a town of Great Poland,
in the pnlatinate of Mafovia, feated on
the Nareu, 20 miles ne of Warlaw.
Lon. 21 47 E, lat. 50 30 N.
PuLTOWA, a fortified town of the
Ukraine, lamous for a battle in 1709,
between Peter the Great and Charles xii
of Sweden, wherein :he latter was to-
tally defeated. It is 100 miles sw of
Belgorod. Lon. 34 25 E, lat. 49 26 n.
Puna, an ifland in the Pacific Ocean,
35 miles long and 12 broad, lying at tlie
entrance of the bay of Guiaquil, 115
miles N of Paita. Lon. 81 6 w, lat. 3
17s.
PUNTA-DEL-GUDA, the Capital of St.
Michael, one of the Azores, with a ftrong
caftle, and a harbour. Lon. 25 42 w,
lat. 37 4,7 N.
PuRBECK, Isle of, a rough and
heathy traft in Dorfetfliire, to the s of
Poole Bay. It is inliilatcd by the fea
and rivers, and is famous for its ftone
quarries. The principal of thefe lie at
its eaftern extremity, near Swanwick,
whence the ftone is exported. It is of
the calcareous kind, but diftinguiflied into
numerous forts, the fineft of which take
a polifli, and deferve the name of marble.
Thefe are nearly black ; and fome abound
in fliells, and are ufed for chimneypieces,
craveftones, hearths, &c. The coarlcr
kinds are made ufe of in paving. To-
bacco-pipe clay is dug up in leveral parts
of this ifland j the fineft near Corfe Caf-
tle, of which much is exported, particu-
larly tor the Staffordfhire potteries.
PuRRYSBURG, a town of the United
States, in Georgia, built by a colony of
Swils. It is leated on the river Savannah,
30 miles NW of the town of Savannah.
Lun.8o40W, lat. 32 22 N.
PuTALA, a mountain of Great Thibet,
feven miles E of LaflTa. On its fummit
is the palace of the grand lama, the high
prieft and ibvereign of Thibet.
Putney, a village in Surry, feated on
the Thames, five miles wsw of London.
It is the birthplace of the unfortunate
Thomas Cromwell, earl of Eflex, whole
father was a blacklmith here j and of Ni-
cholas Weft, bilhop of Ely, his contem-
porary, a great ftatefman, whofe father
was a baker. On Putney Common is an
obeliflc, erefted in 1786, by the tiiy of
London, in commemoration of Mr. Hart-
ley's invention of fireplates, for fecuring
buildings iixojxx firej and near it is the
i;;
P U L
houfe in which that gentleman fnadfe his
experiments, one in particvibr, in 1776,
when his majeity, and Ibme of the I'oyal
family, were in a room over the ground
floor, perf"e6Hy late, while the room under
them was furioufiy burning.
Puv, a populous town of France, in
the department of Upper Loire ar. I late
jirovince of Vehy, feated on the moun-
tain Anis, near the river Loire. The
jirincipai church is famous for a prodi-
gious quantity of relics; and Our Lady
of Puy is celebrated in the annals of fu-
erltiticn. Tlie late canons of Puy have
lad kings and dauphins of France at
their head. Puy has manu failures of
hce and filk ftufrs, and is 45 miles Ne of
Mende.
PuYCERDA, a ftrqng town of Spain,
ill Catalonia, and capital of Cerdagna.
It is feated between the Carol and Segra,
in a plealant plain, at the fcot of the
Pyrenees, 53 miles w of Perpigiian, and
Ctj NW of Barcelona. Lon. i 50 E, ht.
42 36 N.
Puy-DE-DoME, a department of
France, containing part of the hte pro-
vince of Auverp '(', and almoft all Li-
magnc, a territory i* leagues long by fix
broad, one of the moft fertile plains in
France. The borders of this circular
plain are mountains, once fo many vol-
Cnnoes, but now covered with habitations,
herds, and flocks. Clermont is the capi-
tal of this department.
Puv-en-Anjou, a town of F.ance,
In the department of Maine and Loire
and late province of Anjou, 10 miles sw
of Saumur, and 160 of Paris. Lon. o
13 w, lut. 47 6 N.
PuYLAURENs, a town o{ France, in
the department of Tarn and late province
oi Languodoc, eight miles sw cf Cadres,
and 23 E of Toulcufe. Lon. i 57 E,
Jaf- 43 35 N.
PuzzoLi, a celebrated, but now in-
cnn.'ultrabic town of Italy, on rffe bay of
Naples. Here is a temple of jWjiiter Se-
lapis, an intereiting monument! of anti-
quitv, being quite different frnm, t'.ie Ro-
man and Gretk temples, and built in the
manner of ihe Afiatics ; probably by the
Egvptian and Afiatic merchants i'ettlcd
at Puz7oli, which v/as the gre3t empo-
rium of Italy, till the Romans built Ol-
tia and Antium. The ruins of Cicero's
villa, near this place, are of I'uch extent,
as to give a high idea of the weulth of
this great- drator. Puzzoli is 10 miles w
ofN.-iples. • ' •
PyLrftiLf, a feaport in Carnarvon.
fliirt," with a uiarkct'on Wcdnefday. It
P Y R
is feated St the head of an Inlet of Car.-,
digan Bay, between two rivers, fix miles
s of Newin, and 143 Nw of London. ;
Lon.4 15W, lat. i;2 51 N.
Pyramids of Egypt, ftruflures for-
merly counted one of the Seven Wonders *
of the World. They are built upon a
rock, at the foot of the high mountains
which accompany the Nile in its courle,
and feparate Hgypt from Lybia ; and
there are many of thefe edifices at a
greater diftance in the defert. Various
have been the conjeftures how and when
they were built ; but this is certain, that
they are ej^tremcly ancient, and that there
is no account, in any' author of credit^
when or for what realoii they were found-
ed : moft imagine they were defigned for
tombs, thoogh there is no entrance into
two of them. The principal jiyramids.
are ese of Gize, a village on the w fliore
of the Nile. There are four of them
that deferve the attention of the curious }
for though there are feven or eight otiiers
in the neijjhbourhood, they are nothing in
compaiifonof the former : -the two Isr^^cft
pyramids are 500 feet in perpendicular,
height. The plain they (tand on is a con-
timial rock, almoft covered with a moving
fai;d, in which are great numbers of fliells
and petrified oyller;-. The moft nortliern
of thefe great pyramids is the only one
that is open : and it is three hours jour-
ney from Old Cairo. The external part
is chiefly built of grctvt fnuare ftones, of
an equal fi^e, but have all the figure of a
piiim, that they may adhere to earh other
the tlofer ; for they llave neither cement
nor cramjw of any metal. The er.ti-.ince
infb it is on the N fide ; and the opening
leads to five different pafHiges, which,
thougl.i running upward, downward, and
horizontally, ttnd all towar.1 the s, and
terminate in two chamhi;rs, the one un-
derneath, and the other in the centl'c of
the pyramid. In the upper chamber is
a tomb, or forcojihagus, which fhows by
its dimenfions, that men were of the fame
fize then, as now: it is of granite, and if
fti-lick upon with a key, it Ibunds like a
bell. The afcent ^o the top of the pyra-
mid, on the outfide, is by fteps, which
are the height of each ftone, the lowermolt
being four feet high and three broad.
The baie at the N fide of it is 69 3- feet,
and as the pyramid is exaiS^ly fquare, the-
v/hole area of the bafe contains 480, 249,.
fquare feet, or 1 1 acres and fomewhat
more. The top does not end in i point,
but in a little fiat or fquare, where lomc
imagine the Egyptian pritfts made thek
aftronomical obiervations*
ii
I
Jn
§r -KM]
Mm
Q^U A
QLU A
'fil
i IR
Pyrenean Mquntains, er Pyre- Ofnaburf, feated on th« Hafe, sa milM
NEES). mountains which divide France w of Olnaburg. Lon. 8 zo £> lat. 5Z
from Spain) and are the mod celebrated 46 N.
in Europe, except the Alps. They reach Quang-pinc-fou, a city of China,
from the Mcdirerranean to the Atlantic, in the s part of Pe-tcheli, between the
and are about »ia miles in length. They province* of Chnng-tong and Ho-nan. Its
have different names, according to their diftri^ contains nine cities of the third
different fituations^; and the paffages over clafs.
them are not lb difficult as thole of the QuAKO>si,aprovinGeof China, bound-
Alps, ed on the N by Koei-tcheou and Ho\i-
PyreNees, Eastern, a department quang, on the w by Yunnan and the
of France, <»ntaining the kte province kingdom, of Tonquin, on the s by the
of Roufillon. Although great part of . gulf of Tonquin and the province of
the country is mountainous, it is feitile ; Qu^ang-tong,. and on th« E by the lame
producing corn, excellent wines, ©lives, ami Hou-quang. The fouthern part is a
oranges, and leather of a fuperior quality, 'flat country, and wdl cultivated} but the
Perpignan is the capital. northern is full of mountains covered
Pyrenees, Lower, a department with trees. It is watered by feveral
of France, containing the late provinces liirge rivers, and products lo much rice,
of Bafques and Beam. Pau is the capi- as to liipply the inhabitants of Quang-
tal. See Navarre. tong for fix months in the year. Its nu-
Pyrenees, Upper, a department of mtrous mountains abound with mines of^
France, containing the late province of gold, filver, copper ^ and ♦tin. In thi^
Bigorre. Here are excellent horlcs and province grows a lingular tree, which, in-
^ood partridges. The vallies are very Itead of pith, contains a foft pulp, that
fertile j furnifhing rye, millet, Spanilh yicUls a kind of flour; and the bread
com, and flax. The mountains have made of it is laid to be exceedingly good,
mines of lead, iron, and copper, and Bcfide paroquets, hedge-hogs, and the rhi-
quan'ies of flate, marble, and jafper. noceros, a prodigious number of wild
Tarbcs is the capital. animals, curious birds, and uncommon
Pyrmont, a town of Weftphalla, in inle<Sls are found here. Quei-ling-fou is
a county of the lame name, I'ubjeft to the the capital.
prince of Waldeck, with a cattle, the re- Qvang-tong, a province, of China,
lidence of the governor. Near it are rai- bounded on the w by Quang-fi and Ton-
neral waters^ well known to all Europe, quin, on the N by Hou-quang and Kiang--
and often frequented by perfons of the fi, on the ne by Fokien, and on the s by
highefl rank. It is 40 miles svv of Ha- the ^''nnefe Sea. It is diverlified by val-
nover. Lon. 9 zo E, lat. 52 o n. lies a.id mountains, and yields two crops
Pyrna, a town of the electorate of of eorn in a year. It abovmds in gold ,-
Saxony, in Mifnia. It has a caitle, on jewels, filk, pearls, tin, quickfilver, bral's,
a mountain called Sonnenftein, which has iron, Iteel, Ihltpetre, fugar, ebony, and
been fometimes ufed as a ftate prilbn. leveral lorts of odoriferous wood 5 befide
Near it is a fine quarry of ftone, which fruits of all kinds. Here is a tree, whofe
is tranfported to different places by the wood is remarkably hard and heavy, aiii
river Elbe. Pyrna is feated on the Elbe, thence called iron wood. The mountains
10 miles &E of Prefden. Lon. 13 56 e,
iat. 51 6 N.
Pyseck, a town of Bohemia, in the
circle of Prachin, feated on t^ie Atto-
way, near the Mulda^v, 50 miles s of
Prague. Lon, 14 46 e, lat. 49 x 6 N.
ai'e covered with a fort of oilers vvhioh
creep along the ground, and are lb tough
that bafkets, hurdles, mats, and ropes are
made of them. The inhabitants of this
province breed a prodigious number of
clucks, whofs eggs they hatch in ovens ;
but ij does not appear that they have re-
ceived this cuftom from Egypt. They
load a great number of barks with them,
and carry them in flocks to feed on the
feafhdre. Thefe fmall fleets generally go
_ remarkable for a great number of in company, and the ducks mix together
valuable and ancient monuments. It is onthefhore; but when night approaches
feated on the Nile, between Elnc and they are collefted together by oruy beat-
JDander., ing on a bafm 5 they immediately form
•;. QtjAKENBftuooE, or QuAKENBURO, themfelves into: different flocks, and each
ft tawa of Weftphalia, in the bifhoprie of returns to the vetTei it belongs to. Can-
Q-
Q
UADIN, a town of Upper Egypt,
tiJJE
OJJ E
■1 :
ton is the capital; but the viceroy re-
fides at Chao-lcing.
QuARTEN, a townof Swiflerland, near
the lake Wallen(tadt,five miles £ of Glarus.
Quebec* a city ol" N America, capital
of Lower Canada, fituatt at the confluence
of the rivers St. Lawrence and St. Charles.
It n built un a rock, and is divided into
the upper and lower town. The houfes
in each are of (tone, and the fortiHcations
ftrong, though not regular. The go-
vernor refides in a citadel, which covers
the town, and is both regular and hand-
foxne. The river St. LaM-f-ence here nar-
rows nil of a i'udden to tlie breadth of a
milt* ; but from hence to the iea it is four
or five leagues broad, and navigable for
large men of war. The harbour is fafe
and commodious, and flanked by two
baftions, that are raifed 25 feet from the
ground, which is the height of the tides
at the time of the equinox. This city
was ereiSled by the French in 1605. The
Englifli reduced it, with all Canada, in
1626; but it was reftored in 1631. In
1759, it was again taken by the EngliHi,
after a battle memorable for the death of
general Wolfe, in the arms of victory,
and confirmed to them by the peace of
1763. It is 400 miles by the river, from
the Atlantic Ocean, and 590 Nw of
Bofton. Lon. 69 48 w, lat. 46 55 n.
QuEDA, a kingdom in the peninfula of
Malacca, tributary fo Siam. The prin-
cipal town, of the fame name, is fubjcft
to the Dutch. It has a harbour, and is
300 miles N of the city of Malacca.
Lon. 100 5 E, lat. 7 5 N.
QuEDLiNGBURG, a towii of Upper
Saxony, in the principality of Anhalt,
with a famous proteftant abbey, whofe
abbefs is a pi inceis of the empire. The
inhabitants of the town fubfilt by brew-
ing, hufljandry, and feeding or cattle.
It is 10 miles SE of Halberltadt. Lon.
II 34 E, lat. 52 I N.
QuEENBOROUGH, a borough in Kent,
in the ifle of Shepey, with a market on
Monday and Thurlday. It had once a
ftrong cafl:le, the remains of which are
(till to be leen. The chief employment of
the inhabitants is oyfter-dredging, cyfters
being here in great plenty, a:id of a fine
flavo'ur. It is 15 miles NW of Canter-
bury, and 45 E of London. Lon. o 48
£, lat. 51 26 N.
Queen Charlotte's Cape, a pro-
montory of the ifland of Southern Geo
gia. Lon. 36 11 \v, lat. 54 32 s.
OuEEN Charlotte's Foreland, a
cape of the illand of New Caledonia.
Lon. 167 i»E, lat.a» 159.
Queen
iflanil ,' t
Charlotte's Island, ik
the S Pacific Ocean, fix miles
long and jnc broad, difcovcred by captain
Wallis in 1767. Lon. 138 4W, lat, la
i8s.
Queen Charlotte's Sound, a
found at the n extremity of the s iflan^
of New Zealand, near Cook's Strait.
The country here is not fo ftcep as at
D\i(ky Bay, and the hills near the feafide
are in ceneral of an inferior height, but
covered with forefts equally intricate and
impenetrable. The dogs here are of the
hnj;. haired fort, with pricked ears, and
much relemble the common (hepherd's cur,
but they are very ftupid. Lon. 1 74 1 3 e,
lat. 41 5 s.
(Queen's County, a flilre of Ireland,
in the province of Leinlter, 30 miles long
and 29 broad ; bounded on the N by
King's County, on the E by Kildare, on
the SE by Catherlough, on the s by Kil-
kenny, and on the w by King's County
and Tipperary. It was formerly full of
woods and borjs j but is now much im-
proved. It contains 39 pariihes, and
fends eight members to pailiament . Mary-
borough is the capital.
Queen's-Ferrv, a borough in Lirx-
lithgowfhire, feated on the frith of Forth,
where it is not more than two miles wide.
It is a much frequented ferry, and is nine
miles w of Edmburgh. Lon. 3 20 w,
lat. 56 ON.
Quei-ling-fou, a city of China, ca-
pital of the province of Quang-fi. It hat
its name from a flower called quei, which
grows on a tree refembling a hurei, and
emits fuch a fweet and agreeable odoiir,
that the whole country is perfumed by it.
Its diftrifl contains two cities of the
fecond, ind feven of the third clafs. It
is feated on a river that empties itfelf
into the Ta-ho, but with fuch rapidity
as not to be navigable; and is 180 miles
N by w of Canton. Lon. 109 55 e, lat»
25 30 N.
QuENTiN, St. a ftrong town of France,
in the department of Aifne and late pro-
vince of Picardy. Here is a confiderable
manufafture of lawns and cambrics.
Near this place, in 1557, Philip ii of
Spain, gained a fignal viftory over the
French, and afterward took the town by
ftjrm.. In memory of this, he built the
Elcurial. The town was reftored to
France in 1559. ^*^ i* feated on an emi-
nence, oh the river Sonime, 21 miles s of
Cambray, and 83 n by B of Paiis. Lon.
3 29 E, lat. 49 50 N.
QuERCi, a late prt)vince of France,
bouadcd on the n by Limofm, on the s
Ii »
H.
m
CLP I
by Rouerguc anJ Auvergne, on the s by
Linguedoc, and an the v/ by Perigord.
It was divided into tlie Upper and Lower,
aud is fvrtilu in cuin, v/ine, and frviit;*.
It now forms tlie depnitnnem of Lot.
QuEBFURT, a town of Upptr i;ixony>
capital of a principality of the fajv.e name,
fubjefl to the prince of Saxt-WtillcnfeU.
It is 12 miles SE of Mansfeldt. Lon. iz
lOE, lit. 51 27 N.
Q^ERCUENEcy, an ifland of the Me-
diterranean, on the coalt of Tripoli. It
has a fort, and llveral villagt>.
QirtsNOy, a town of France, in the
department of the North ani late pro-
Vince of French Hain ult, with an old
calUc. It was taken by the allies in 1 7 j i ,
and retaktn. the fame year. In 1793, it
was taken by the Aii(trians, and retaken
the next year. It is feated in an txttn-
fivc plain, on the little river Ronelic,
nine miles SE of Valmeitunes, nnd 122
NE of Paris. Lon. 3 +0 F, hit. 50 15 n.
QuiEERON, a pcninfnla of France, in
the department of Morl-'ian and late pro-
vince of Brctagne, to the n of Eelleiilc.
•Tt has a villa!>e of the lame name, and a
fort, on the bay ot Quil)eion. In July
I795» i^ was taken by.'imne French regi-
hntnts in the pay of Great fhiiain; but
owing to the defertion aiid treachery of
fonc of the folcliers, the reuublicans re-
took it by Ajrprife foon afterward.
QuiBO, an illand of the Pacific Ocean,
lying on the coaft of Veragua, in New
Spain. Heic arc a great nuniber of
monkles and fallow deer.
QuiI'.LF.BOEUF, a town of France, in
the department ot Lower Seine and late
province of Normandy, feared on t he-
Seine, eight miles s\v of Caudebec, and
»a \V of Houen.
QojLMANCi, a town on the coaft of
Zanguebar, in the kingdom of Meliuda.
It is fituate at the mouth of a river of tlie
fame name, and belongs ti^i the Portuguefe.
Lon. 39 40 E, lat. 3 30 ;>.
QuiLOA, a fcaport on the' coaft of
Zanguebar, with a fmall citadel. It is
tributary to the Portuguefe j and is feated
in a fertile country, 300 miles N of Mo-
fambique. Lon, 39 9 E, lat. 9 30 s.
QuiLON, or CoYLON, a Dutch fac-
tory, on the coalt of Malabar, in 1 ra-
vancore, 14. miles NNW of Anjengo. It
was taken by the Englilli in 1795. Lon.
76 32 E, lat. 9 i N.
Q^UJMPER, a town of France, In the
department of Finirterre and late province
of Rretagne, with a bifticp's fee. It is
feated at the confluence of the Oder and
Bcnaudet, 30 miles se of Brelt, and 332
I
w by s of Parii. • Lon. 4 a \v, lat. 47
58 N.
QuiMPEHLAY, a town of France, in the
dep.utment of Finillcrre and late province
ot bret;igne, feated on the Ifotte, fevcn
miles from the lea, and 10 E by s of
Ouiuiper. Lon. 3 33 E, lit. 47 52 N.
Q^JINOEY, a town of France, in the
department of Douhs and late province of
Frinche Comte, li-ated on the Louve, 12
mil.i ^w of Befan*,on. Lun. 6 j t, lat.
4-7 5 ^' , . ,
O^iNTEN, a town of France, m the
department of the North Coalt and late
provnice of Bietagne, v/ith a calllc. It
is feated in a vall;;y, near the river Ooy,
and a large forelt cif the lame name, eight
iiiilii ssw oi St. Biitux, and xoo w ot
Paris. Lon. 2 40 \v, lat. 4(5 s6 N.
QuiRiEU, a town of France, in the do-
partinent of Rhone and Loire and late pro-
vince of Lyonois, feated on an eminence,
near the river Rhone, iz miles S of Ly-
on^. Lon. 4 55E, lat. 45 35 N.
QuiRiMBA, the name of Icveral ifiaiids
on the coaft of Zangucbar. 'Ihcy are all
ftrtile in fruits and paihnes.
CiuisAM.\, a maritime province of
Africa, in the kingdom of Angola, lying
along the river Coanza. It is a momitahi-
ous country, and very little cultivated,
but the Portuguefe get abiuuhince of fait
theie.
QuiTEOA, a town of Morocco, in the
province of Drafs, with a cafile. Lon. 5
o w, hit. 2S 6 N.
OuisTHLLO, a town of Italy, in the
duchy of Mantua, feated on the Seccia,
three miles from its ciiiifluence with tlie
Po. It is famous for an action between
the Frcncii and Aulbians in 1734, when
marflial Broglio was furprifed in his bed.
It is 15 miles SB of Mantua. Lon. 111
i', lat. 45 o N.
Quito, an audience of Peru, lying
between two chains of the high rpountains
called the Andes. The lands are gene-
rally well cultivated, and there are a great
number of towns and villages inhabited
by the Spaniards or native Americans.
Kvery village is adorned with a large
fquaie, and a church on one fide of it.
The fireets are generally ftraight, and re-
i'ptti the four quaiTcrs of the world ; and
all the roads are laid out in a line, crofFing
each other, that the ai'pefl of the covmtry.
has the appear.ance of a large garden. Al-
though this countiy is. fituate on both fides
the equator, yet it lies lb high, and ib near
the mountains coverect with iiiow, that
the air is very temperate. There are no
noxious animals }. tor the tigers and fer»
pcntil
diftrii
mo(f il
Quito!
60, oof
is the [
thar cl
K
R A B
penfi are KpIow in the forefts. Several
dKtiifts of this country are occupud al-
molt intirely by Indians ; and the city of
Quito alone contains betwtw.i 50 and
60,000 of all the different races. Tliis
is the only province in Spanifh America
Thar can hv called a manufafturing coun-
try. Hits, cotton-ftufFs,' and co.Tife
woollen cloths, are made here in fuch
quantities, as to he fufticient, not only
for the confurrptlon of the provinc;.-, l)ut
to furnifti a confuknihlc article f(jr txpor-
tation to other parts of S;i;uii/h America.
This province was under the jurildic>inn
of the viceroy of Peru, unril the prc!'c:it
century, when a new viccroyalty was
crtabliftied at St. Ft-dv-^-Bogota, the ca-
pital of the new kingdom of fJranada;
the jurlldiftion of which includes the
whole of Quito and all the provinces of
Terra-Firma.
Quito, a city of Pen, in an audience
of the fame name, and a bifhop's iee. It
is feared in a pleafant valley, between
high mountains, and on much higher
ground than the relf of Peru that is ha-
bitable, beint!^ 50^ yards above the level
of tl)e Tea. Here are feveral relieious
conununities, and two colleges, which
are a fort of univerfity. It is Sao miles
N of Lima. Lon. 7750VV, lit. 013 s.
Quixos, a province of Peru, in the
audience of Qu^Ito.
QuiziNA, a chuin of mountains in the
kingdom of Fez, 100 miles In length, ex-
tending from the defert of Gret to the
river Nocor.
QuojA, a kingdom on the ccaft of
Guinea, which re^iches from Sierra Leone
to the Grain Coaft.
R
RAAB, a town of Lowtr Hungary,
capital of Javerin, with acaftle, and
a bifliop's fee. It is a ftrong frontier
bulwark againft the Turks, and has twa
bridges, one over a double ditch, and
p.nother that leads toward Alba RegaKs.
It is feated at the confluence of the Raab
and Rabnitz, not far from the Danube,
55 ipilessE of Vienna. Lon. 17 252,
lat.47 48 N. '
Rabasteins, a town of France, in
the department of Tarn and late province
of Languedoc, with a decayed cattle,
feated on the Tarn, 18 miles w by s of
Alby. Lon. I 5* E, lat,43ij.6N.
Rabat, a feaport of Africa, in Tre-
meien, with a calUc. It aus hne mofqu«s
RAD
and handftm; palaces, and Is feated at
the mouth of the Burjgrig, between Fer
and Tangier. Lcn. 5 28 \v, lat. 34.40 N.
Rachore, or Adoni-Rachore, a
city of (lie penlnAila of Iliui! jolian, ca-
pital of a diltriifl of the fame nar::c, fub-
;c't to tile r.iznni <,f the Dcccan. It is
leafed cu the s bank of the Killnn, r.ear
its cojifmence with the Tungebadra, 31 j
miles N by e of S^riiigaj)ataiu. Loii.7i
I5E, l-.lt. I'. 30 N.
R a c k 1: r e n u R c , a rtrong town of Ger-
many, in Stiiia, with a callL-on a moun-
tain. It is iVated on an iiland, fonuttf
by thj' jMuehr, 7.2 miks SE of Cfrat?,
and 100 :; of Vicnn:i. Lon. .15 f8 e,
lat.4(^» 54 N.
R AC LI A, a fmall uninhabited iiland of
tlfP Arclilptlago, near that of Nio.
KACONf, a populous town of Pied-
mont, feated in a p'.eal'ant plain, on thf
rivers Grana and NIacra. It belongs t«
the prince of Carlgnano, who has a caftle
h.!V. It is fix miles from Caiignano.
Lon.7 46E, lat.44 39N.
Radicofani, a town of Tufcanv^
feated on a mountain, and defended by'»
citadel on an adjacent hill, 56 miles Sfi
of Sienna. Lon. 11 401:, lat.42 4a N."*
RADMAS'DOiiF, a town of Germany,
in Carniola, near the fource of the river
Save, 16 miles w of Crainhurg.
Radnor, New, a borough in Rad-
norfhirc, with a market en Thurfday.
It was formerly the county-town; but
the ain^es are now held at Prefteii n. If
is feated ne:n- the fource of the Soi lerwil,
in a pleafant valley at the foot of a hill,
where a caltle formerly flood. It fendst
one n.embcr to parliament, ?ind. is a4"
miles NW of Hereford, and" 156 WNvv of
London. Lon. 2 45 w, lat. 52 10 N.
Radnor^shire, a county of S Wales,
30 miles lon* and 25 broad; bounded oil
the e by Shrbpfhire and Herefordfliire, on
the NW by Cardig;in(hlre, on the s r.nd
sw by Brecknockfhire, and on tKt; n by
Montgomeryfhire. " Its principal rlv«r%,
are the Wye ancT the Tend, the foirner
dividing 11 from fefecknockfhire, "and ^he'
latter from Shroplhire. It contains 51
parifhes, four market towns, and .lends
two members to parliament. The E and
s parts are tokrably level, and produftive
of corn. The otht?r parts are rude an4
mounrainous ; devoted chiefly to the rear-.
ing of cattle and fheep. Prefteign is the
county-town.
Radom, a town of Little. Poland, in
the palatinate of Sandomir, capital of a
county of the fame name. It is feateti
on a brook that falls into the Viltula, 39
li 3
1
if
ll
Kf
mW^
jIHr,.
■ ■
m
■Mi
R A K
RAM
•w
miles N of Sandomir, and 50 s of War*
Uw. Lon.ii I Ei lat. 51 15 N.
Ragivolo, a town of Italy) in (he
Mantuan, fcatsd between Mantua and
Reggio, 41 miles from eacli.
Ragusa, an ancient town of Sicily, in
the Val-di-Noto, near the river Maulo.
la miles N of Modica. Lon. 14 59 £»
lat. 370N.
Ragusa, a city of Dalmatia, capital
of the Ragul'en, and an archbifhop's Ite.
It is two miles in circumttrcnce, and
ftrcng by fituation, having an inacceflTible
Qiountain on the land nde, and a ftrong
fort on the gulf of Venice. It is a re-
public, and has a doge Hke that of
Venice, but he continues a month only in
bis oflice. It carries on a confuierahle
trade with the Turks, and is 60 miles
NW of Scutari. Lon. 18 10 £, lat. 42
410 N.
RAOUSEN.orRAGUsiAN Dalmatia,
a territory of Dalmatia, lying along the
coaft of tiie gulf of Venice, about 55
miles in length, and 20 iii breadth. It
is a republic, under the prote^ion of the
Turks and Venetians, to each of whom
it pays an annual tribute. Kagula is the
capital.
JRajapour, a town of Hindooftan, on
the coalt of Malabar, feated on a river of
the fame name, 50 miles N of Goa. Lon.
73 50 E, lat. 17 19 N.
RajeMal, a town of Hindooftan Pro-
]^er, in Bengal j formerly a place of great
trade, but now in a ruinous ftate. It is
feated on the w bank of the Ganges, 190
miles N by w of Calcutta.
Rain, a town of Upper Bavaria,
feated on the Acha, near the Lech, five
miles £ of Donawert. J.on. 11 12 £,
lat. 48 50 N.
Rain, a town of Germany, in Stiria,
capital of a county of the fiune name,
with a callle. It is -feated on the Sa\ e,
^8 miles s of Gratz. Lon. 15 32 £, ht.
46 SON..
Rain Lake, or Long Lake, a la.k.e
4)f N Aftierica, lying t^ the £ of the Lake
of the Woods, with which it communi-
cates by a river, and to the w of Lake
Superior. It is nearly 100 mjles long,
• l^ut in no pait more tha^ 20 wide,
Rakka, a town of Turk?:y in Afia,
Sn Diarbeck, feated on the Euphrates;
It has a caftle, going to decay, and is an
indifferent place, but old Rakka, whofe
ruins are near it, was a ma^jnificent city.
Jt is 100 mile':, sw of Diarbeka* . Lon.
38 55 E, lat. 36 I Ni
Kakqnipic; a town of Bohemia, capi-
tal of a circle of the fame name. It is
feated on a river, which falls into the
Miza, 30 miles w of Prague. Lon. 14
5£, lat. 5» 4M.
Rama, an ancient town of Paleftine,
now called Ramula by the Turks. The
ftreets are narrov/, and the houfes con-
temptible ; but there are many fine ruins
of Chriftian churches and other buildings,
which fliow what it has been formeily.
It is 20 miles w by N of Jerufalem.
Lon. 34 55 E, lat. 3a o N.
Ram AD a, a feaport of S America, in
New Granada, 100 miles E vf St. Mar-
tha. Lon. 72 20 w, lat. II ion.
Ramanancor, an itland of Afia,
lying toward Cape Comorin. It is »j
miles in circumference j is very fandy,
and has only a few villages and a temple.
Lon. 79 45 E, lat. 9 25 N.
Rambert-le-Joug, St. a town of
France, in the department of Ain and late
province of BreUe. It is feated n< : 1 a
brunch of Mont Jura, called Le Jong,
18 miles NW of Belley. Lon. 5 30 E,
lat. 45 53 N.
Rambervilliers, a town of France,
in the department of the Vofges and late
province of Lorrain, 30 miles se of
Nanci. Lon. 6 44 E, lat. 48 21 n.
Rambouillet, a town of France, in
the department of Seine anH Oife and
late province of the Ifle of France. Her.'
was a palace, in which Trancis i dicJ,. a
1547, and |:he late T^^wis xvi made it a
niagnificejit royal refidence j but it was
dcmolifhed in 1793, by order of the Na-
tional Convention. It is 27 miles 5W of
Paris.
Ramehead, a promontory of Corn-
wall, svv of Plymouth, at the entrance
oi Plymouth Sound. On its funimit is a
chapel (a feamark) belonging to the vil-
lage of Rame. Lon. 4 20 w, lat, 50
18 N.
RAMERAj^a town of Frarvce, in the de-
partment of Aube and late province of
Champagne, feated on the Aube, 18
miles NE of Troyes. Lon. 4 30 E, lat.
48 32 N.
Ramm-lies, a town of Auftrian Bra-
bant, reiparkabie for the great viftcry ob-
tained by the duke of Marlborough, over
the French, on Whitfunday 1706,. It
is 10 miles N of Namur, and H. ^' °^
BrufTcls. Lon. 4 50 e, lat. 50 39,n.
• Rammekens, a feaport of the ifle of
Walcheren, in the Dutch province of
Zealand. It was one oi the towns put
into the hands of the Englifh, as a fecu-
rity for a loan in the r^ign. of queen
RAN
RAP
EHlabeth. It is four mile* 8 of Middle
burg. Lon. 340E, lat.51 19 N.
Kammelsberc, a \ofty, fteep. and
extcnfive mountain of Germany, m that
part of the Hartz Foreft which lies within
the principality of Grubenhagt-n. On
this m'^imtain are xx filver ntmcs; and
at the foot cf it is icatcd the city of
Gortar.
Rampano, % town of Turkey in Eu-
.roi^e, in the Morca. Lon. 20 17 £> lat.
36 54N.
Ramsbury, "* t"wn in Wilrfhirc,
noted for it! fine beer, i* is 46 miles e
of Briftol, and 69 w of Lcndon.
Ramsey, a town in Hun.'ingdonfhire,
with a market on Saturday, i^ is ferred
in the fens, neai' the meres of Ramfiy
and Whitlefey ; and had formerly a rich
and celebrated abbey. It is 12 miles ne
of Huntingdon, and 69 N of London.
Lon.o 19W, lat. 52 26 n.
Ramsey, an hfland on the coait of
Pembrokefhire, two miles long and one
and a half broatl. Near it is a group of
dangerous rocks, frequented in the breed-
ing feafon by vaft multitudes of feafowl,
and known by the name of the Bifhop
and his Clei'ks. This idand is four miles
w of St. David's, and 17 NW of Milford
Haven. Lon. 5 to \v, lat. 51 55 N.
RAMSGATE,*a feaport in Kent, in the
Irtc of Thanet, where two very fine ftone
piers have been built, for the fecurity of
fliips, the harbour being near the Downs,
between the N and S Forelands. Thefe
piers h? e coft immenfe fums ; and al-
though the harboiu" which they foi-m is
ftill an indifferent one, on account of the
accumulation of mud, it has been un-
qiieftionably the means of laving i great
number of ftips, that have been driven in
bere by ftrefs of weather, when they could
make nt) other port. Ra'mfgate has Ibme
tiade to the Baltic, and is frequented as a
bathing-place. It is four iniles s of
Margate, x o E N E of Canterbury, and '7 3
£S£ of London. Lon. i 30 £, lat. ^i
22N.
Rana-i, one of the Sandwich lilands,
in the N Pacific Ocean, lying sw of the
paffage between Mowee and Morotoii
about three leagues from each. The s
part is high and craggy; but the other
parts have a better af^ft, and are well
inhabited. It produces very fe'w plan-
tains and bread-fruit trees, but abounds
in yams, fweet potatoes,' and tara.
RANDERsdN,orRANDERS, an ancient
town of Denmark, in N Jutland, feated
near the nnouth of the Gude, 25 miles t
of Wiburg, L<xi* xo 35 E> lat. 56 20 N,
Ranonitz, a town of Eaftcrn Pruf-
fia, on the river Nicmen, 55 mil-« e of
Koniagiberg. Lor^. tx 40 E, lat. 55 6 n.
Rannoch, Loch, a lake in the n
part of Pcrthlhire, i x miles in length.
It receives the waters of Loch Ertcht,
from the N, and communicates with Lech
Tumei on the B, and Loch Lidoch on the
w. On its s lide is an ancient foreft of
birch and pine.
R ANTA M PO UR, a fortrefs of Hinclooftan
Proper, in the E quarter of Agimere".
It is very celebrated in the Indian hilto-
ries, and is tzo miles from Agra.
Rantzow, a tbwn of Lower Saxony,
in the duchy of rioiitein, 24 mllcji N of
Lubec. Lon. 10 41 e, lat. 54 16 n.
Raolconda, atown of the Deccan of
Hindoo(tan, in Gblconda, ne^ which is
a rich diamond-mine. It is 270 miles
sw of Hydrabad. Lon. 76 40 E, lat. 14.
30 N.
Raon, l'Etape, a town of France,
in the department of Meurthe and late
province of Loirain, feated at the fdot
of the Vofees, at the confluence of the
Etape and Marte, 30 miles SE of Nanci.
Lon. 6 47 E, lat. 48 z6 N.
RaPaxlo, a town of Italy, in the ter-
ritory of Genoa, feated on a gulf of the
fame name, 20. miles e of Genoa. Lon.
9 II E, lat. 44 26 N.
RaPperschwyl, a republic of Swif-
ferland, on the confines of the canton of
Zuric. It is under the prote6lion of the
cantons of Zuric, Bern, and Glarue,
and is governed by a great and little
council, confifting of 4S members. Its
territory is fix miles long and thiee broad»
and contains three parifhes.
Rapperschwyl, a town of Swifler-
land, capital of a republic of the fame
name. It is Itrong by fituatioh, being
feated on a neck of land which advances
into the lake of Zurir, over which is a
wooden bridge, 1850 feet long. The
inhabitants, 5000 in number, are all ca-
tholics. The harbour, an excellent one*
is within the circuit of the walls. Rap-
perfchwyl is iz miles SE of Zuric, and
6z ne of Bern. Lon. 8 42 £, lat. 47
ION.
Rapolfstein, or Ribau-Pierf'^, a
town of France, in the department of
Upper Rhine and late province of Alface»
eight miles N of Colmer. Lon. 7 10 z,
lat.48 13 N.
Rapollo« a tovtm of Naples, in Ba-
filicatay with a biftiop's fee, 56 miles w of
Barl, and 70 E' of Naples. Lon. 15 51 e,
lat. 40 56 N.
RaffahannoC, a river of Virg nia,
Ii4-
i
t 'if'-
J. .1 .
i:\
?:M
H 't
m.^
, (
..*;■
' i
■ i. :i
; I-.-
I
m-.i
flifv
n^
^
I-
m
R AT
R A V
whicli.rifes in the mountains, called tlie
Blue Rid;je, an.l running ese falU into
the Chelapeak, in lat. 35 30 n. .
., RARitAN, arlver of Ntw Jerfty, which
pairing bv BrunTwick and Ambojr, enters
■^♦rthUj- lituil Sound, and helps to, ioim the
'fine harbour of Arahcy.
'■. Kascxa. SccRatzia.
;^ ' KASEBipRC. 'a fcaport of Sweden, ca-
pltil di' a canton in Kyland. It is ieated
on the gulf of Finland, similes se of
Abo. £on.23 18 £, lat. 6p j6n.
Rasen, or Market Rasin,> town
in Lincolnllure, with a market en Tuef-
day. it is f*atcd oa a branch of the
Ahkam, 14 miles ne of I^incoln, and
'150 f} of London. Xon.o 10 w, lat. ,53
. Rasocalmo,, a cape oi[^ the n coaftof
Sicily, near a town ot the fame nunc, w
of Cape Faro, and N of Mcinnii.
'^ ' Rastadt, a liQivn of Germany, in th«
arclibifliopi ic of Saltzburg, ieated on ihc
Eris, 48 miles i> by s of Saltzburg. Lon.
.J4-" lOE, Jgit. 47.31 N. ,,
■ ^AStaPT, a town of Suabia, in the
mftrdjuifate of ^^^deh, wjth a caftie. In
if 14-, a' treaty 'was concluded here be-
tween the Fren&h and' Atiltridns 5 and the
former defeated the latter, near this place,
in Jiily 1796. It is feated on the Meig,
near the Rhine, four miles Nof Badtn,
and 24 sw of Philipfljurg. Lon. '8 14 e,
fe.t.43 54 N.
' Ratenau, a town ofGermany, in the
middle niarche of Brandenburg, ledted'on
the Havel,' 1 5 niiles Nw of Bivindenburg.
Loh. 1 3 49 e, hit. 53 4*) N.
Ratu t^BURG, a town of Germany, in
the Tirol, with a caftle, feated on the
r'lver Inn, 15 niiles S by w of JCufftein.
ton. 12 5.£, la*-.47 30N.
RATi:\ilNES, a rei-narka.b1e pluce irj
Ir-iland, licar two miles froni* Dublin,
where the' duke of Onnond was defeated
by the pa ilia men t forces in 1S49.
Ratibor, a town of Si!cfi:i, capital of
a duchy of the faiue name, widi a.ciftlc.
It has 'be^;i t\.'ice' taken by the Swedts ;
and is.lei'ted on tht Oder, in a country
fertile in corn and fruits, 15 miles NEof
Troppawj and 142 e of Prague"*. I.on.
17 54 e, lat. 50 II N.
[ RatiSboi^, an. ancient and Hrong city
of Bavaria, leaded on the Danub**, ovtr
lu-hich is a bridge of 15 arches. It is
free and imperial, and an epifcopal fee,
whofe.bifhop is a prince of 'the empire.
It is full of gentry, and there are very
handlbmfe ftru£lures, particularly fix mo-
infteries. Thetown-houfe is magnifi-
cent, and in its hall, the g'.ncral diets of
the empire meet. The inhabitants, in
general, are proteftants, as. all the magii'.
tiates mult be* It is 55 miles se of Nvi-
rembur^, 6a|N by E of Munich, and 195
w by N of Viennji. Lon. iz 5 E, lat 48
58, V.
Ratolfzel, a ftrong town of Suabia,
op that part of the lake of Conftance
called Bcv'tn Get;. It belongs to the hou;e
of Auftria, and isj 12 miles w of the city
ot Conftance. ,, . v
Rattan. Scj Ruattan.
Ratzekurg, a fortified town of Lower
Saxony, in thtduchy of Saxe-Lawtnbuig,
with a bifliop's lt:e, and a calile. It is
feated on an ifland, in the inidllof a lake
30 miles in circumference. The town
belongs partly to the duchy of Meckkn-
burg Strelitz, and partly to that of Saxe-
!Lawcnbuig. The buildings are of b»lck,
and almolt every houfe is ihaded with a
tree. From the l;ike of Ratzeburg iflues
the river V/aiinitz, which joins the Tiave
near Lubec, and thus facilitates the :oui-
munication by water between Lubec and
thefe parts. Ratzeburg is noted for its ex-
cellent beer, and is iimik,, se of Lubtc,
and IX N of Lawenburg. Lon. 10 49 e,
lat. 53 43 N.
Katzia, or Rascia, the ealtern di-
vifion ot Sclavonia, fubjeft to the houfe
of, Au(b;ia. tt takes iis n-ime Irom the
river Ral'ca, which falls into the Moiavej
and its inhabitants are called Raicians.
Rava, a town of Great Poland, capital
of a palatinate of the lame nair.e, with a
fortiheu caltle, where ftate p/ilbners are
kept. The town is built of wood, and
feated in a niorai's covered with water
that proceeds from the river Rava, by
which it is liirrounded. It is 55 milts
sw of Warfaw. Lon. 19 55 e, lat. 51
^i N.
Ravello, a fea ort of Naples, in
Prinqipato Citeriore, and a bifliop's lee.
It, has ,n]agfiifitent palaces and fine
hoiiic\s, and is lo miles vv of Salerno, and
25 SE of Naples. Lon. 1441 e, lat. 40
3frN. '
Ravengeass, a feapoit in Cumber-
land, with a market on Saturday. It is
ft-ated on an inlet of the Irifh Sea, be-
twetn t!ie Mite and E/k, which, with
the Irt fall into this inlet, and form a
good harbour. It is 24 miles s of Cock-
enncuth, and 284 NNW of London. Lon.
3 30 w, lat. 54 20 N.
Rave.nna, an ancient city of Italy,
capital of Romagna, and an archbi (hop's
fee, with feveral colleges, a great number
of religious houfes, and a ruinous citadel.
It kid a very Aouriilung trade, but has
R E A
greatly fuffered fr vC the fea has with-
drawn two miles troin it. It ijt now
chiefly noted tor the excellent wine pro-
duced in its neighbouihood. Theodoric
king pi;' the Goths relidcd here, and after-
ward the exarchs of the Greek emperors.
In the lixth century, when there were
three popes at the fame time, one lived at
Ravenna. The maulbkum of Thtudoi ic
is Itill to be feen, and is remarkable for
being covered by a fingle Itone, 28 feet
in diameter, and 15 tuick. Ravenna is
feated near the rivex Mantone, -57 miles
SE of Fenara, and 162 N of Rome. Lon.
12 5 E, bt.44 25 N.
Ravensberg, a county of Weftpha-
11a, lying s of tlie biflioprics of Minden
and Oinaburgh. It is i'o called from a
caftle of the lame name, and is fuhjeft to
the kingof Pndiia. Hereford is the capital.
Ravensburc, a free imperial town
of Suabia. The public itruitur^s are
hindlbme, and the inhabitants are partly
proteilants :lnd partly papiils. it is
leated on the Cheufs, 15 miles N by w of
Lindau. Lon.g+oE, lat.47 59N.
Ravensthin, a town of Dutch Bra-
bant, capital of a county of the fame
name, with an ancient and Itrong calU?.
It belongs to the elector palatinate, but
has a Dutch garrifon. It is feated on tiie
Macfe, 10 miles s\v of Nimeguen. Lon.
5 35 e, lat. 51 46 N.
R A u V E e , a river of Hindooftan Proper,
one of the five E branches of the Indus,
into which river it falls, about 20 miles
\v of Mjultan, after having received the
united waters of the Chelum and Chu-
iiaiib. The Rauvee is the HydraoLes of
Alexander.
Rayleigh, a town in EHex, with a
nVirket on Saturday, 13 irrlcs se of
Chelmsford, and 34 E of London. Lon.
0 40 E, lat. 51 37 N.
Reading, a borough in BcrkAiire,
with. a market on S::turday. It is lt;ated
01^ 'le Kennet, near its confluence with
ti.^ Thames, and is the capital of the
county, with three churches. It has the
ruins 0+' a rich abbey, built by Henry i,
wliu wLiS interred here in 11335 anil, in
1787, in digging ihe foundation for a
houle of correilion, the remains of that
pi i nee were found in a vault, in a leaden
tofhn. Reading is governed by a mayor,
und lends two members to parliament.
Its chief trade is in malt, and in the con-
veyance of commodities to and from Lon
(lon, by means of the Thames. It is 26
miles bSE of Oxford, and 39 w of Lon-
don. Lon. o 52 w, lat. 51 2SM.
Reabing, the capital of the ccuuty of
RED
Berks, in Penfyl/ania, feated on the
tJchuykill, 46 miles NW of Philadelpia.
Lon. 75 54 w, lat. 40 22 N.
Realmont, a town of France, in the
department of Upper Garonne and late
province of Languedoc, 31 miles ne of
Touloufe. Lon. 2 oE, lat. 43 50 N.
Rebel, a town of Lower Saxony, in
the duchy of Mecklenburg, leated on the
lake Muritz, 30 miles S£ of Gultrow<
Lcn. 12 36 E, lat. 53 32 N.
Re B NICK, a populous town of Turkey
In Europe, in Walachia, with a bifliop'»
lee, leated on the Aluta, 45 miles sw of
Targowifco.
Reccan. See Aracan.
Reckanati, a town of Italy, in the
marquilate of Ancona, with a bifliop'g
fee. It is a trading place, and lias a
great fair in September, which continues
1 5 days. The tomb of pone Gregory vii
is in the cathedral. It is leated on a
mountain, near the river Munlbne, 14
miles s of Ancona, and 110 NE of Rome.
Lon. 1 3 34H, lat. 43 24N.
Recklinghausen, a town of Ger-
many, in the archbiftionric of Cologne,
capital of a county of the* lame name, with
a itrong citadel, and a chapter of noble
ladies. It is feated on the Lippc, 20 miles
w of Ham. Lon. 8 ^/^ e, lat. 51 27 n.
Reculver, a village in Kent, the
Regulbium of the Romans. It is leated
clofe by the feafide, near the mouth of the
Thames; artd is noted for its church,
which was anciently collegiate, and has
two fpires, which lerve for a feamark, and
are called by mariners, the Two Silters.
It is 12 miles \V of Margate.
Redburn, a village in Herts, which
once belonged to the mnnaltery of St.
Albania, and was greatly famed for the
pretended relics of Amphibalus, who con-
verted St. Alban to Chriltianity. It is
five miles NW of St. Alban's.
Redhead, a promontory in Anguf-
fliire, on the Germu ^.>;cean, lying s of
Montrofe. Here are the ruins of a caille,
almoit furronnded by the iea. Till tlie
year 1793, tiiis cape was the point br-
yond which coal was not permitted to
pals without paying a heavy duty, which
was taken ofl^" by a commutation duty
on spirits.
Redon, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Ifle and Vilaine and late pro-
vince of Bretagne. It lierves as a mart
for the commerce of Reancs, and is
feated on the Vilaine, ?o miles E of
Vannes, and 225 e by s of Paris. Lon. %
low, lat. 37 48 N.
Redonda, a town of Portugal, inBei-
;ii„iii
«ii?l
m:}
«t
m
iiii'
REG
REM
ra, with a eaftle. It has a manufafture
of cloth, and is leated at the mouth of the
Mondego, 17 miles sw of Coimbra.
Lon. 8 34 w, ]at.4o 4N.
Kedondella> a commercial town of
Spain, in Gaiicia, with a caitle. It was
pillaged by the Eugliib in 1 702.. There
IS a fi(hery for anchovies on the coalt.
It Is feated at the bottom of a bay of the
Atlantic^ eight miles s of Ponte Vedia.
JLon. 8 15W, lat.4z iSn.
Red Rus&ia. See Russia, Red.
Redruth, a town in Cornwall, whofe
market is difuied* It is iz miles nne of
Helftone, and %6z w by « of London.
Lon. 5 1 3 w, lat. 50 X 3 N.
Red Sea, a lea celebrated in holy writ.
It extends x 300 miles from N to s, divi-
4ling Africa from Arabia, and is aoo
broad, in the wideft part. It is feparated
from the Mediterranean Sea on the N,
by the ifthmus of Suei, and communi-
cates, by tht (traits of Babelmandel, on
the s with the Arabian Sea and the In-
dian Ocean.
Rees, a ftrong town of Germany, in
the duchy of Cleves, feated on the Rhine,
10 miles SE of Cleves, and 10 Nw of
Wefel. Lon. 6 4E, lat. 51 40 N^
Regensberg, a town of Swiflerland,
in the canton of Zuric, capital ©f a
bailiwic of the fame name, with a ftrong
cattle. It is ieated on a rock, called the
Lagerberg, 10 miles Nwof Zuric-
Regcio, an ancient and populous
town of Naples, in Calabria Ulteriore,
with an archbifliop's fee, and a woollen
manufafture. It is feated on the ftrait of
Meflina, la miles se of Medina, and 190
s by e of Naples. Lon. 16 oe, lat. 38
4N.
Reggio, a duchy of Italy, included in
that of Modena. It produces a great
deal of fiik, and belongs to the duke of
Modena, except the m;irq«i)ate of Jit,
Martin, wliich is lubiett to a prince of
that name.
Reggio, an ancient city of Italy, in
a duchy of the lame name, with a cjtadeJ,
and a bifhop s fee. It has been ruined
feveral times by the Goths, and other
nations. In the cathedral are paintings
by the greatell raaHers ; and in the fquare
is the ftatue of Brennus, chief of the
Gauls. The inhabitants are about 21,000,
who carry on a great trade in filk. It
was taken by prince Eugene in 1706, and
by the king of Sardinia in 1742- It is
ff3ted in a fertile country, 15 miles NW
of Modena, and 80 se of Milan. Lon.
11 5 E, lat. 44- 43 N.
Regina, a town of Naples, in Cala-
bria Citeriore, 14 miles N of Cofenita.
Lon. 16 21 e, lat. 39 34N.
Regnano, a town of Italy, in the
patrimony of St. Peter, feated near the
Tiber, 17 miles N of Rome. Lon. 12
36 E, lat. 4a II N.
Reichenau, an ifiand of Suabia, in
the Zeller Zee, or lower lake of Conftance.
It is three miles long and one broad ;
contains about 1600 inhabitants, all
•catholics ; three parifties, and a rich ab-
bey, of which the bilhop of Conftance is
abbot. In tiiis convent was interred
Charles le Gros, who was emperor, and
king of France, but was depoied in 887,
and died in extreme want and mifery.
This ifland is three miles w of Conftance,
and belongs to the bifhop of that place.
Reichenau, a town of Swiflerland,
in the country of the Grifons . It is feated
in a rich and fertile valley, at -the conflux
of the two branches that fonn the Rhine.
Here are two curious bridges. One of
theie is thrown acrofs the lower branch of
the Rhine, and is 105 feet in length.
The othei*, btiilt acrofs the Rhine, below
the point of union, is a wooden one, of a
fingle arch, covered like that of Schaff-
haufen, atid conftriifted upon nearly the
fame plan: the I'pan of the arch is 220
feet in length. Reichtnau is feven miles
sw of Coire.
Reichknrach, a river of Swiflerland,
which has its fource at the foot of Mount
Wetterhorn, and rolls its numerous cata-
racts down the fteep fiiks of Mount Shei-
dec, till It unites with the Aar, near
Meyringen. It conveys into the Aar the
gold duft that is found in tlie bed of that
river.
Reich ENB AC H, a town of Silelia,
capital of a circle of the fame name. It
is fimted on the little river Peil, and noted
for the peace concluded, in 1790, between
the emperor Leopold ii and the Turks.
Rejchenberg, a c:<ftk ol Germany,
In the circle of the Upper Rhine and
county of Catzenelenbogen. It is ieated
on a mountain, neai* the Rhine, and he^
longs to the prince of Hefie Rheinfeld.
Lon, 7 57 E, lat, 50 4 N.
Reichenstein, a town of Sllefia, fa-
mous for the fdver mines in ifs neighbour-
hood. It is 12 miles w of Grotfkaw.
Reickshofen, a town of France, in
the department of Lower Rhine and late
province of Alface, with a caftle, in the
neighbourhood of Haguenau.
Remiremont, a town of France, in
the department of the Vofges and late
province of Lorrain. It had lately a
chapter of canoncffcs, who were obhgeil
REP
to prove their nobility, and whofe abbefs
was a princefs of the empire. It is feated
on the Mofeile, at the foot of Mount
VofgeSj, 42 miles s by e of Nanci. Lon.
6 4.7 E> lat. 48 3 N.
Remy, St. a town of France, in the
department of the Mouths of the Rhone
and late province of Provence. A trium-
phal arch, and a maufoleum, in the neigh-
bourhood, dilplav the tafte of the Auguf-
tanage: the firit is not intirej but the
fecond is in the beft ftate of prefervation.
St. Remy is 10 miles ne of Arks.
Rendsburg, a town of Lower Sax-
ony, in the duchy of Holftein, with a
caille. It is feated in an i/land fonned
by the river Eyder, 1 a miles se of Slef-
wjck. Lon. 106 £, iat. 54 30 N.
Renfrew, the county town of Ren-
frewftiire. Robert n had a palace here,
of which nothing remains but the ditch
that encircled . it. It is feated on the
Clyde, neai- the mouth of the Cart, 10
miles E by s of Port Glafgow, and 45 \V
oi" Edinburgh. Lon. 4 36 w, lat. 55
51 N.
Renfrewshire, a coimty of Scot-
land, bounded on the w and N by the
frith of Clyde, on the E by Lanerkfliire,
and on the sw by Ayrlhire. This county
was the paternal inheritance of the Stuarts
bi;fore they afcended the throne, and it
itill gives the title of baron to the prince
of Wales.
Rennes, an ancient city of France, in
the department of Ille and Vilaine and
late province of Bretagne. The inha-
bitants arc computed at 35,000. Its
Ibeets are now broad and llraight; but
they were veiy nan'ow before tlie fire in
1 7 JO, which iafted fevcn days, and con-
fumed 850 houfes. In the great fquarc,
is the Palace of Juftice, and the Hotel de
Ville. Rennes is an archbifliopric, and
the capital of the department. It is feated
en the Vilaine, which divides it into two
parts, 58 miles N by w of Nantes, and
4.2 se of St. Malo. Lon. i 36 w, lat.
4.3 7 N.
Renti, i. town of France, in the de-
partment of the Straits of Calais and late
province of Artois. It is feated on the
river Aa, la miles sw of Aire, and
50 Nw of Arras. Lon. x zo e, lat.
50 36 N.
Reole» a town of France, in the de-
partment of Gironde and late province of
Guienne, feated on the Garonne, zo miles
S£ of Rourdeaux. Lon. o 4 w, lat.
44 30 N.
Repaille, a town of Savoy, in Cha-
Uais, feated oa a river which fail« iuto the
REV
lake of Geneva, and famous for the «•
treat of Amadeus, duke of Savoy, in
1440, where he went to enjoy the plea»
lures of a country life. Here is a Car»
thufian monaltery, remarkable for its ex*
tenfive profpeds. It is three miles from
Thonon, and 20 ne of Geneva. Lon. 6 ■
21 E, lat. 46 26 N.
Repeham, a town in Norfolk, with a
market on Saturday. It has two churches
in one churchyard, and is feated in a
valley, 15 miles nw of Norwicli, and
109 NE of London. Lon. i 7 e, lat.
57. so N.
RfiquENA, a town of Spain, in New
Caftile, with a caftle. It was taken by
the Englifh in 1706, and retaken by the
French the next year. It is feated on the
Oliana, 40 miles w of Valencia, and
130 E by s of Madrid. Lon. o 40 w»
Icit. 39 24 N. -
Resht, a town of Perfia, capital of
Ghilan, feated on the sw coait of the
Cafpian Sea, no miles N of Calbhi. Lon.
52 16 E, lat. 37 18 N.
Resolution Island, a imall Hland
in the Pacific Ocean, fo called from the
ftiip Refolution, in which captain Cook
made his fecond voyage to that ocean.
Lon. 141 45 w, lat. 17 23 s.
Retford, East, a borough in Not-
tinghamlhire, with a market on Saturday,
It fends two members to parliament, and
is leated on the Idle, 30 miles n of Not-
tingham, and 144 N by w of London.
Lon. o 48 w, lat. 53 22 N.
Re thel, an ancient town of France,
in the department of the Ardennes and
late province of Champagne, feated on a
mountain, near the river Ailhe, 20 miles
ne of Rheims, and loS ne of Paris.
Lon. 4 26 F., lat. 49 30 N.
Retimo, a ieaport of Candia, with a
bi/hop's fee, and a citadel, where the
balhaw refides. It was taken in 1647,
by the Turks, who have kept it ever
lince. The filk, woolj honey, wax, lau-
danum, and oil, are preferred to all others.
It is feated on the N coalfc of the ifland,
45 miles from Candia. Lon. 24 45 e,
lat. 35 22 N.
Revel, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Upper Garonne and late pro-
vince of Languedoc, nine miles n or St.
Papoul. Lon. 2 10 E, lat. 43 26 n.
Revel, a government of Ruflia. See
Esthonia.
Revel, a ftrong feaport of PuflTia, ca-
pital of the government of Efthonia, with
a bifliop's fee. It is furrounded by high
walls and deep ditches, and defended by
a caitle and good baftions. The houftt
iili'lp
'1!
1!:!
II
II
•'i
lii
1^ '■'ii'ii
fllfs
I 4.
.r
'!%]
■: }
:!
i.
t
5 M
^m
1
W'
Si
1^^;
R H E
R H E
■r* well hxnUi atul have very fine paidcns.
There is a collcc^e, with four proMfors;
«nd, in irz'^t two churches were allowed
to thu proteltants. It is become a pl;!ce
of gieat trade, finre the Rufllans obtjlred
pofieJiion cf it} <?nd t'uere are two great
fairs, in May and September, freqtit^nted
by Engliih and Dutch merchants. It is
jfeated on the gulf of Finland, partly in a
pleafant plain, and {iartly on a rocuntain,
85 miltx SK of Abo, and mi \v by s of
Pererihurgh. Lon. 23 57 E, Int. 59 to N.
Revero, a itrong town of Itiiiy, in
the Mantuan, feated on the Po, oppcfltc
Oiiiglia, 10 miles ne of Mirandoia,
and 20 St of Mantua. Lon. 1 9 E, iat.
Reuss, a river of SwifTerbnd, which
rifes in tiie lake of Locendro, between
the mountains of Petina and Locendro,
fiows throusfh the lake of Lucern and
the town of that name, and joining the
Aar, falls into the llhine, below Zurzach.
. Reutlingen, a free imperial town
of Siiabia, in the duchy of Wirteniburg.
It is adorned with handfome public build-
ings j and has a well frequented college.
It is feated on iheEchetz, near the Neckar,
JO miles e of Tubingen, and 37 s of
Stutgard. Lon. 9 10 E, Iat. 48 31 n.
Reux, a lortified town of the Ne-
therlands, in Auftrian Hainanh, eight
xnikii NE of Mons.
Reyna, an ancient town of Spain, in
Andalufia, feated in a plain, with a caft'e
built upon r.n eminence, thi'ee miles from
Lenia, and in a territory abounding in
•wine and cattle.
Kezan, a government of RiifTia, for-
merly a province of the government of
Molr.ow. J% 18 fertile in corn, and po-
pulous; and hadn.nclently its own priiices.
Kezan, a city of Ruflia, capital of
a governnunt of the fame name, with an
archbiflioD's fee. It was formerly con-
fulerablc for its extent and rlchts, but
was almoll ruined by the Tarta)s, in
1568. It is featt'd at the confluence of
the Tiuhefiii vnd Occa, 100 miles SE of
Wofcow. Lon. 40 37 E, Iat. 54 55 N,
Khe, an ifland en the w court of
France, in the department of Lower Cha-
rente and late teiritoiy of Aunis. It is
four Iragues long- and two broad, and
very populous. Its prodiif^s are bit-
ter wine, abundance of fait, excellent
brandy, and the liquor called ani(t-jecd.
It is defended by four forts, and is tight
milts w of Rcchelle. St. Martin is the
ca]utal.
Kheims, an ancient city of France,
in iht department of Marne and late pro-
vince of Champapnc, wi^li an nrchbiiliop^
ft^e. The I) .habitants are computed to he
30,000. The principal church, built
before the year 406, is a veiy beautiful
Gcfhic ftrudhirc. That of St. Nicaife,
is remarkable for its h.ne architecture.
Behind the high altar bf the church of
St, Kemy, the toi pic of that r.rchbifliop
is prefcved in a mi!?jnificent flirine. In
this church vm b'tely la Suinte Ampo' 'i ,
v^hich ii a finall viil filled with a reddiflt
and congealed liquor, which the French
of ibruier ages thouglit to have hten
brought from hcn-en ; and this holy
liquor vvn<; ufcd in the coronation of the
kini;S oi Frrinc;.", who hzve been luccff-
lively crowned r.t Rheims ; probably, bc-
caufe Clovis, '.he founder of the French
monarchy, when converted Irom pa[;an-
ifm, was baptized in the ccithedrAi here,
in the year 496. The remains of an aiv-
phitheatre, a caftle, and a triumphal arch,
are among the ancient monuments of the
Romans. Rheim.s is long and narrov,
and the houfes are low. Here are manu-
faflures of flannel, coverlets, and other
woollen fluffs J and the gingerbread is
famous. Rheims is feated in a plain,
furrounded by hills that produce exceilcnt
wine, on the rivtr Vefie, jSz miles n of
Troyes, and 75 NE of Paris. Lon. 4.
8 E, Iat. 49 15 N.
Rheinau, a town of Swifferland, in
Thurgau, with an abbey, on an ifland
formed by the Rhine, between Schaffhau-
fen and Kglifau.
Rheinberc, a town of Germany, in
the clei!ii orate of Cologne, feated on the
Rhine, 40 miles NW of Cologne. Lon.
6 39 E, Iat. 51 29 w.
Rheinec, a town of Germany, in the
archbifliopiic of Cologne, ieated gn the
Rhine, 34 miles SSE of Cologne. Lor. 7
23 E, Iat. 50 27 N.
Rhiinec, a town of Swifferland, ca-
pital of the Rht inthal, with a caffl-, ieated
on the Rhine^ near the lake of Conitance.
Lon. 9 ?,3 E, Iat. 47 41 N.
RutiNVELn, a cafiie of Germany, in
the circle ot the Lower Rhine, and county
of the iar.-.e name. It is one of the molt
important places on the Rhine, in regard
to Itiength and fituation. It is built on
a traggy rock, at the foot of which is the
town of St. Goar, and was taken by the
Fi'ench in 1794. It is 15 miles s of
CcblenJz.
RHEiNFELDKN,aftiong'fownofSuahi3,
the beif of the four lorefl -towns, belong-
ing to the houie of Awftria. It has betn
otten taken and retaken, and is (ciittd en
tlie Rhine, over which is a bridge wf iu«
R H I
veval ardiPs, eirht miles E of Bufle. Lon.
7 46 E, lat. 4.7 36 N.
Rheingau, a (liiiriift of Germany, on
fhe E fiJe ot the Rhine, extending from
Wieder VVaihuf to Lorrich. The vine
is here chiefly cultivated. Elftlcl is the
capital,
Khe INLAND, a pirt of S Hollnml,
lying on both fules ct the Rhine. Lcydca
li the capital.
Rhein-Sabern, n town of Germany*
in the biiliopric of Spire, with a caitle,
15 milcj s of Spile.
Rhkinthal, a lertile vallty of Swlf-
ferland, lying along tlie Rhine, which
divides it from a territory of Aultria,
till it reaches the lake of Ccnllance. It
belongs to the eight ancient cantons, and
to that of Appcn/el. The proteltant in-
habitants are the luoft niunerou*.
Rheinwald, a large vall_'y in the
country of the Grifons ; 10 cuUid from the
Hinder Rhine, which takes its rife on
Mount Vogellberg, at the diitance of 12
miles, and runs tlirougli tlie valley.
Splugen is the capital.
Rhenen, a city of the United Pro-
vinces, in Utrecht, feated on the Leek,
zo miles sE of Utrecht. It was taken
()y the French in 1672 and 1795. Lon.
5 21 E, lat. 51 59 N.
RlUNE, a great river of Europe, which
riles in the Alps of the country of the
Grilbns, in Swiifeiland., It is formed of
two principal ftreams, the" Uppvr ur
Hindtr Rhine, to the e, and the Lower
Kbine (ibrined by two fniall Ih'eauis,
called the Middle and the Further Riiiuj)
ro the w. Tiie Upper and Lower Rhine
uniting at Reichenau, form a fuie river,
over which is a cuiious brid-^^e ot" one
arch, the fpan of which is 220 feet long.
Palling by Coire, at the diltance ot" a
mile, tile Rhine firft becomes navigable
tor rahs. It is foon after the boundary
between the Rheintal and a territory of
Auftria, and palles through the lake of
C'onftance, the largeft in vSwi'Jerland.
Leaving this lake, it forms a celebrated
cataraft below Schatfhaulen (i'ee LaUF-
F£n) and becomes the boundary between
isvvill(-il;;nd and Alliice on the s and vv,
^nd Suabia on the N and E. Leiving
Alface and Suabia, the nver gives name
to the two German circles of the Upper
ajid Lo'.ver Rhine, water"> mauy coniider-
able cities aiid towns, itid recrive;; ibine
lirgc rivers, ii\ its courle to; the United
iVoviaces. Belo'.v F.mmfTlck, in the
djuliy pf C'lfves, it divides into two
Ureams. That which bends to the vv,
md liuws ky Nim«;guen, i$ vali^d :;*«
R H I
Wahal, but lofes that n.imc on it«
junction with the Maeie, at iirorarael.
Below Worcmn, it divides into tour
principal branches, forming the iilcs of
Yllelmonde, "Voorn, and OverWackee: the
liioll northern branch is called the Merwe,
and palling by Rotterdam and iicbicdam,
is joined by the brai d\ from the s fide of
Ylfelmonde, and enters the German
Ocean, below the Briel: the other two
branches make their exit at He.voetlluys
and Goree. The other Itream which had
branched off to the N w below Emmerick,
retains its name ; but another loon branches
off to the N, takes the name of Yilel, and
enters the Zuider See, below Campen.
The old river proceeds w by Rhenen to
Wyck-by-Duerltede, when it again di-
vides into two ftreams : that to the left
Is called the Lcck, and enters the Merwc
above Rotterdam. The branch to the
right, which retains its name, but is
now an inconllderable ftream, palUs on to
Utrecht, Wo.rden, and Leyden, and is
literally choked up by mountains of land,
near the village of Catvvyck.
Rhine, Lower, a circle of the em-
pire of Germany, which extends irom
lire circle cf buabia, on the s, to that of
Wettphalia, on the N. It contains the
ele6turates of Ment/, Treves, and Co-
logne, and the palatinate of the Rhine.
Rhine, Lower, a department of
France, containing the late province of
Lower Aliace. Stralburg is the capital.
Rhine, Upper, a department of
Fiance, containing the late province of-
Upper Alface. Culmar is the capital. - .••
?.HINK, Upper, a circle of the em-
pire of Germany, which includes the ter-
ritories of HelTe-Cr-dlei, Heire-Darmftadt,
HeiTe-Rheinfeld, rmd Heife-Hoinburgi
ttie counties of tNallati, Solm's, Hanau,
Spanheim, Wied, Wo'terburg, and Wal-
dcck, with the abbies of Fiiide and-
I-lirfchfeld, the imperial towns of Franc*-
foit, Fridbsrg, and Wetriar ; the
biihoprics of Spire and Wcrms, and the'
duchy of Deux "fronts. 1
Rhine, PaIvATINate of th:;, zn-
electorate ot GvTmany, in the circle of
the Lower Rhine; bounded on the w by
the archbiQioprics of Mentz and Trieves,T
on the E by Franconla and Suabia, -.md '
on the w and s by France. It is 100 •
miles in length," and 70 in brea.irh, arjd
the principal rlvtrs arc the Rliine and
Nec.Kar. It has furfered more by the wars
with France, than all the provinces of.
GeriJiafiv put together; for, in the lalt'
centuiy, lewis XIV triered tt)c -vholc'
wuunrry to be. laid waits by fire &n4>
it ii
II,
' iir
pi
il
r .r ^fSi
1 1
\ V
u f
(1
V
R H O
R I C
it'-'}
m
P
m
m
fword. Heidelberg is the principal townj
but Manheim is the ele£lorate refidence.
This deflorate is alio called the Lower
Palatinate, to diftinguiih it from the
I/pper Palatinate of Bavaria.
Rhode Island, one of the United
States of America, bounded on the N
and E by Maflachuiets, on the s by the
Atlantic, and on the w by Connefticut.
Thefe limits comprehend what has been
called Rhode Illand and Providence Plan-
tations. It contains five counties, and 29
townlhips. It is as healthful as any part
of N America, and is principally a coun-
try for pafture. Providence and Newport
are the chief towns.
Rhode Island, an ifland of N Ame-
rica, in a ftate of the lame name. It
is 13 miles long and four broad, and di-
vided into three townfliips. This illand
is a noted refort of invalids from the
Ibutheru climates, being exceedingly plea-
fant and healthful, and is called with
propriety the Eden of America.
Rhodes, an iAand of the Mediter-
ranean, on the s fide of Natolia, 40 miles
long and 1 5 broad. The air is good, and
the Ibil pretty fertile, but badly culti-
vated. The principal town, of the fame
name, is an archbilhop's it:e, and has a
good harbour, with a narrow entrance
betv/een two rocks, on which are two
towers to defend the pafiage. Here, in
all probability, Itood the tamous Coloffus,
a itatue of bronze, 70 cubits high,
reckoned one of the leven wonders of tlie
\world : it was thrown down by an earth-
quake; and when the Saracens became
mafters of this ifland in 665, they knocked
it to pieces, with which they loaded 900
camels. The knights of Jcrui'alem to'ok
Rhodes from the Sanicens in 1309, and
kept it till it was taken from them by the
Turks, in 1513. It is looked upon as
set impregnable fortrefs, being furrounded
by triple walls and double ditches. It
is inhabited by Turks and Jews j for the
Chriltians are obliged to live in the
luburbs, they not being fuffered to be
vrithin the walls in the nighttime. Lon.
18 25 £, lat. 36 24. N.
Rhone, a large river of Europe, which
rifes in. SwifTerland ; ilPung from the gla-
cier of Furca,' between the two rocky
mountains called theGletcherbergand the
Satzberg. Croffing the Vallais, it runs
througii the lake and city of Gereva', and
feparating France from Savoy, it flows to
Lyons, Viehne, Tournon, Valence, Vi-
viers, Pont St. Efprit, Avignon, Beau-
caire, Tarafcon, and Ai'les, and falls
tate the Mediterranean} by fevcral mouths.
Rhone, Mouths of the, a depart-
ment of France, containing part of the
late province of Provence. Aix is the
capital.
Rhone and Loire, a department of
France, including the late provinces of
Forez andLyonois. The capital is Lyons.
Rhvaidergowy, a town in Radnor-
fhire, with a market on Wednefday. Its
name lignifies the Fall of the Wye, that
river being here precipitated in a catarafh
It is 20 miles WNW of New Radnor and
177 of London. Lon. 3 27 w, lat.
5* 17 N-
Rhynds or Rinns of Galloway,
the w divilion of Wigtonlhire, almolt cut
off fiom the other parts of the county
by Loch Ryan and the bay of Luce.
Khynev. See Rumney.
RiALEXA, a town of New Spain, in
Nicaragua, leated on a Imall river, five
miles from the Pacific Ocean, where there
is a good harbour. The air is unwhole-
Ibme, on account of the moraflcs. It is
60 miles w of Leon de Nicaragua. Lon.
89 10 w, lat. 12 25 N.
RiBADAViA. See Rivadavia.
RiBAS, a town of Spain, in New Caf-
tile, on the jriver Xarama, eight miles
from Madrid.
RiBAU-PiERRE. See Rapolfstein.
RiBBLE, arivei", which riles in the w
riding of Yorklliire, runs acrofs Lanca.
fliire, and falls into the Irilh Sea, below
Prelton.
RiBEMONT, a town of France, in the
department of Aifne and late province of
Vermandols, leated on an eminence, near
the river Oife, 10 miles w by s of St.
Qu^entin. Lon. 3 21 E, lat. 49 48 N.
RiBERiA Grande, a town of St.
Jngo, the principal of the Cape de Verd
lUands, with a good harbour and a
biihop's let. It is leated between two
higli mountains. Lon. 23 24 w, lat.
15 o N.
RiBNirz, a town of Lower Saxony, In
the duchy of Mecklenburg, with a nun-
nery tor noble women. It is leated on
a bay of the Baltic, 12 miles N of
Roltock. Lon. 12 55 E, lat. 54 10 N.
Richelieu, a town of France, in
the department of Indre and Loire and
late province of Touraine, with a fine
palace and extenfive park. It was built
by. cardinal Richelieu in 1637. The
(Ireets are as itraight as a line, and it
contains a handfome fquare. It is feated
on the Amable and Vide, 27 miles N of
Pditiers, and 152 svi^ of Paris. Lon. 0
20 E, lat. 47 a N.
'Richmond, the capital of the ftate
R I £
R I N
of Virginia. It has an elegant ftate-
houfe* on a hill in the upper part of the
town, and is I'eated on the N fide of James
Kiver, at the foot of the falls, 60 miles
W by N of William(burg. Lon. 77 30
w, lat. 37 »5 N.
KiCHMOND, a town of Staten IHand,
in the (late of New Yorks and county of
Richmond. Its inh'uibitants are chiefly
Dutch and Fr<:nch ; and it is nine miles
svv of New York.
Richmond, a borough in the n riding
of Yorkfhire, with a nwrket on Satur-
day. It was incloled by a wall, with
three gates, now In ruins; and it has a
c;iltl«, on an inacceifible mount, and two
churches. It fentls two members to par-
liament, is governed by a mayor, and has
a manufacture of woollen Itockings,
eaps, &c. It is; feated on the Swale, over
vviiich is. a, bridge, 40 miles N w of York,
and 230 NNW of London. Lon. i 35
\v, lat. 54. 28 N.
Richmond, a village in Surry, with
a bridge of five arches over the 'I'hame&»
nine miles wsw ot London* It was
anciently called Sheen ; but Henry vn
culled it Richmdnd, on account of his
having been earl of Richmond in Yor-k-
ihire. Here was a palace, in which
Edward in, Heniy vn, and queen Eli-
I'lbeth expired. Richmond is itill dil-
tinguiftied by its beautiful royal gardens,
which, in fumraer, are open evf ly bunday $
and in thele is a noble obfervatory. Here
h an extenfjve royal park, called Rich-
mond, or the New Park. ; iiirrounded by
'i brick wall built by Charles I.
RicHMONDSHiRE, a diitrlft in the
N riding of Yorkshire, formerly a county
of itieU. It abounds in romantic fitu-
itlons, and is noted for the neatncis and
indultry of its inhabitants, who manufae-
tuie knit ftockings and other coarfe
goods. Many lead mines are wrought
in this diltri^, of which Richmond is
tlie chief town.
RICKMANDSWORTH, a town in Hert-
iordfhire, with a market on Saturday,
leated on the Coin, eight miles sw of
St. Alban's, and 18 WNW of London.
Lon. o 16 w, lat. 51. 42 N.
RiETi, an ancient town of Italy, in
the duchy of Spoleto, with a biftiop's fee.
It is leated on the river Velino, near the
lake Rieti, 27 miles s by E of Spoleto,
and 37 NB of Rome. Lon. 13 5 £, lat.
4J 23 N.
RiEUX, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Upper Garonne and late pro-
vince of Languedoc. Before the revolu-
tion in 1789, it was a bilhop's fee. It is
ieatedon the Rife, 25 miles sw of Tou-
loufe, and 83 w of Narbonne. Lon. i
17 E, lat. 43 16 N.
RiEZ, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of the Lower Alps and late province
of Provence. Before the revolution of
1789, it was a biihop's fee. It is a po-
pulous place, though fmall, but was fior*
merly much larger than it is at prefent.
It is feated in a plain, abounding with
good wine and excelknt fruits, 35 mile*
NE of Aix, and jo ne of Toulon. Lon. 1
6 Z2 £, lat. 43 51 N.
Riga, a government of Ruflia. See
Livonia.
Riga, a ftrong and populous town of
Rulfia, capital ot the government of Li-
vonia. Next to Peteiiburgh, it is the
molt commercial place in the Ruf-
fian empire. The trade is chiefly carried-
on by foreign merchants, who aie refident
here, and thofe belongiruf to an Engli/h
faftory enjoy the greatelt fliare of the
commerce. The principal exports are
corn, hemp, flax, iron, timber, mafts,
leather, and tallow. Within the fortifi-
cations are 9000 inhabitants, and in the
i'ubiu'bs 15000, belide agnrrifon of 1000
men. Here is a floating wooden bridge*
over the Dwlna, 2600 feet long and 40
broad : in winter, when the ice fets in,
it is removed; and in fpring it is re-
placed. Riga is five miles from the
mouth of the Dwina, and 250 se of
Stockholm. Lon. 24 25 E, lat. 56 53 n.
Rimini, an ancient and populous town
of Italy, in Romagna, with a bifliop'*
fee, an old caftle, a ftrong tower, and
many remains of antiquity. It is feated
ai a fertile plain, at the mouth of th»
Marrechia, on the gulf of Venice, 20
miles SE of Ravenna, and 145 n by e
of Rome. Lon. 12 39 e, lat. 44 4 n.
RiMMEGEN, a town of Weftphalia, ia
the duchy of Juliers, feated on the Rhine,
and remarkable for feveral Roman an-
tiquities.
RiNcoPiNC, X town of Denmark, in
N Jutland, feated on the w coaft, 50 miles
N by w of Ripen.
RiNGsTED, an ancient town of Den-
mark, in the ifle of Zealand, where the
kings of Denmark formerly refided and
were buried. It is 30 miles sw of Cor
penhagen. Lon. 12 10 e, lat. 55 28 n.
RiNGWOoo, a town in Hampfliirey
with a market on Wednefday, ancT a con-
fiderable manufadure of worlted knit hole.
It is feated on the Avon, 30 miles sw of
Winchefter, and 91 w by s of London.
Lon. I 4x w, lat. 50 49 n.
KiNTLEN, a town of Weftphalia i»
ill,
'I III!..- li-
m
ryilb
' '-X
!''■'■' ;'■''■
li ■■■ V ^}
'ij'y
'MA
£ 5u
!- li .:-i.f
mn:'M
'! I
R I P
R 1 V
f.-fr
^1
|..i
the county of Schawenburg, with a unt-
verfity. It is lubjtil to the landgrave ot'
Hcflc-Caffel, and icated on tlie Wefcr,
15 miles SE of Minilen, and 35 sw of
Hanover. Lon. 9 ao e, lat. 52 13 n.
Rio-de-la-Hacha, a imall province
of Terra Firma, in S Anieilca. It is in
the form of a peninfub, betwcfu the gulf
of Venezcula on the E, and a bay of the
Caribbean Sea on the w. Kio-de-la-
Hacha, the capital, is feated at the mouth
of a riviT oi the fame came, 100 miles
E of St. Martha. Lon. 72 34. \v, lat.
zi 30 N.
Rio-de-la-Madalkna, a river in
Terra Firma, which riles in the moun-
tains N of Popayan, and running v, falls
into the Caribbean Sea, between Cartha-
gena and St. Martha. It is alio called
Kio Grande.
Vio-de-la-Plata. See Plata.
Rio-DE-MiRANDO, a river of Spain,,
which rifes in the mountains of Afturias,
and feparating that province honi Cialicia,
enters the bay of Bil'cay, at Rivadeo.
Rio-Grande, a river of Africa, which
runs from E to w through Negroland,
and falls into the Atlantic Ocean, in ii>^
N latitude.
Rio-Grande, a river in Brafil, which
rifcs near the Atlantic Ocean, and runs
w into the Parana, being the principal
branch of that river.
Rio-Janeiro, a river of S America,
which rifes in the w mountains of Bralil,
and running E through that country, falls
into the Atlantic Ocean, at St. Selialtian.
Rio-Janeiro, one of the richelt pro-
vinces of Brafil, lying near the tropic of
Capricorn, on a river of the lame name.
The Pcrtuguele annually export hence
gold, fdver, and precious (tones. St. Se-
baiiian is the capital.
RiOM, an arKient town of France, in
the department of Puy de Dome and late
province of Auvergne, feated on a hill, in
a pleaCant country, eight miles ne of
Clermont, and 115 s of Paris. Lon. 3
13 E, lat. 45 54. N.
RiONS, a town of Fiance, in the de-
partment of Gironde and late province of
Guienne, leated en the Garonne, j8 miles
SE of Bourdeaux.
RiPA Transone, a populous and
ftrong town of Italy, in the marquiiate of
Ancon^a, with a bilhop's fee. It is five
miles w of the gulf of Venice, and eight
s of Fermo. Lon. 13 50 E, lat. 4a 59 N.
Ripen, a feaport of Denmailc, in N
Jutland, capital of a diocefe of the i'ame
name, with a biftiops lee, a cattle, two
colleges, and a public library. The
tomb', of feveral kings of Denmark arc In
the cathedral, which is a very handlonie
(tru^'Uire. Ihe harbour is at a fniall dif.
tance, at the mouth of the river Nipta:i,
in a country which fupplies the belt
beeves in Denmark. It is 55 miles >:\v
of Slefwick, and 60 s by w of Wibui ij.
Lon. 9 o E, lat. 55 15 N.
RiFLEY, a town in the w riding of
Yorkfhire, with a market on Mondav,
feated on the Nyd, a3 miles WNW of
York, and 221 N by w of London. Lon.
1 30 w, lat. 5+ 4 N.
KiPPON, an ancient borough in the w
riJiiig of Yorkfliire, with a market on
'I'hurlday. It was once famous for its
religious houies, and has now a collegiate
church, adorned with three lotty fpires.
It is noted for its nianufaolure of hard,
wares, particularly fpurs, and the market-
place is one of the finelt fquares of the
kind in England. It is governed by a
mayor, fends two mendiers to parliament,
and is feated on the Ure, a8 miles Nw of
York, and 218 nnw of London. Lon.
I 29 w, lat. 54 1 1 N.
Riquier, an ancient town of France,
in the department of Somme and late pro-
vince of Picardy, feated on the Cardon,
five miles ne of Abbeville, and 95 N «f
Paris. Lon. i 59 E, lat. 50 lo n.
RisBOROUGH, a town in Bukingham-
rtiire, with a market on Saturday, 20 miles
s of Aylefljury, and 37 WNW of London.
Lon. o 4a w, lat. 51 40 N.
RxTBERG, a town of Germany, in the
circle of Weltphalia, capital of a county
of the fame name, with a cattle. It
is feated on the Embs, 12 miles nw of
Paderborn. Lon. 8 42 E, lat. 51 $z N.
RiVA, a ftrong town of Germany, in
the bilhopric of Trent. It was taken
by the French in 1703, but foon aban-
doned. It IS feated at the rrouth of a
fmall river, on the lake Garda, 17 milca
sw of Trent. Lon. 11 7 W, lat. 46
4 N.
RiVADAViA, a town of Spam, in Ga-
licia, feated at the confluence of the
Minho and Avia, in a territory that pro-
duces the beft wine in Spain. It is 15
miles wsw of Orenfe. Lon. 7 55 w,
lat. 42 13 N.
RiVADEO, a feaport of Spain, in Ga-
licia, feated on a rock, at the mouth of
the Rio-de-Mlrando, 45 miles nne of
Lugo. Lon. 6 47 w, lat. 43 38 n.
RiVALLO, a town of Naples, in Terra
di Lavora, leated on a mountain, 20
miles from Naples.
RiVESALTES, a town of France, in:'-;
department of the Eailcrn i"yi;::vi.i :";:".
bte pre
wine.
miles n|
Riv<
nu.jjnifi|
Lon. 7
Riv(
1-onefe,
luilifs ti\
+5 H N|
ROA,|
Caftile,
Doriero, |
wine, i(
of Madrl
ROANI
town ofl
Rhone ai|
onois.
ROC
K O (?
late province of Roufillon^ famous for fine
wiiie. It is I'eated on the Egl/i eight
miles N ot Perpignan.
RivoLi, a town of Piedmont, with a
ni:.^nificent caftle, nine miles w of Turin.
Lon. 7 32 E, lat. 4.5 4 N.
RivOLO, a town of Itnly, in the Ve-
(•onefe, leated on the lake (Jarda, 20
milrfs Nw of Verona. Lon. 11 1 k, lat.
45 ^4- N.
RoA, a ftrong town of Spain, in Old
Caftile, with a citadel. It is leated on the
Dor.ero, in a countiy fertile in corn and
wine, 10 miles sw of Aranda, and 70 n
of Madrid. Lon. 3 az w, lat. 41 35 N.
Roanne, a populous and commercial
town of France, in the department of
Rhone and Loire and late province of Ly-
onois. It was a village only at the com-
mencement of the prelent centuiy ; and is
leated on the Loire, where it begins to l>e
navigable for barks. Hcace the mer-
chandile of Lyons, Marieillfs, and the
Levant, is conveyed down the Loire, and
hy the canal of Briare, into the Seine, and
thence to Paris. Roanne is 50 miles ne
of Clermont, and 210 SE of Paris. Lon.
4 12 E, lat. 46 13 N.
Roanoke, an idand on the coaft of
N Carolina, in Albemarle County. Lon.
76 o w, iat. 35 50 N.
Roanoke, a rapid river of N America,
formed by two principal branches ; namely,
Staunton River which rifes in Virginia,
and Dan River which rifes in N Caro-
lina. This river is liibjeft to inunda-
tions, and, on account of the falls, is na-
vigaisle for fhallops only, about 60 or 70
miles. It enters, by leveral mouths, into
the sw end of Alberraarle Sound,
RoBBEN Island, fometimes called
Penguin Ifland, a bajren fandy ifland,
near the Cape of Good Hope. Lon. 18
21 E, lat. 33 50 s.
KoBiL, a town of Lower Saxony, in
the duchy of Mecklenburg, leated on the
river Muretz.
Robin-Hood's-Bay, a bay on the
coalt of the N riding of Yorkfliirc, to the
tE of Whitby,, about one mile broad.
Here is a village of fifliermen, who fup-
ply the city of York, and all the adjacent
country, with herrings, and all forts of fi(h
in their feafon; and they have well-boats,
in which are kept large quantities of crabs
and lobfters. Loi). o 18 w, lat. 54 25 N.
Rocca-d'Anfo, a ftrong town of
Italy, in the Breftiano, feated'on tht lake
Idro, 25 miles iE of Trent. Loh. 11
40 E, lat. 45 50 N.
Rocca-d'Annone, and Rocca-
d'Abbazze, two forts of Italy, in
Montfwat, each o' wh'clf Is /Vated on X
m.ouMfe.n, in the road from Aft i to Afex-'
iindria< - ' " *
Rochdale, a town 'In Ldhca/Mre'^
with a market on Monday-and Satiuday,
It is lijated in a vale, oft ifte rivc^r ROch,;
at thj foot of the Yorklhiri/HlHsj.^iid na«
flourifhing manufactures o« bays, " lefgles^
and other woollen goods, which ixteni
10 miles N of the town. It is 55 miles
wsw of York, and 195'.nnvv of Ldn^
don. Lon. 2 18 w, lat. 53 38 N.
Roche, a town of Sv«riirerland, fub-
jeft to the canton of Bern, which tias hcri
a diie^or of the falt-works. Roche in
memorable for the refidence of tie cele-
br^ted Haller, who. filled that olflce froni
1758 to 1766.
Roche, or Roc:'E-EN-4iLftDEN'WES,aa
ancient town of the Netherlands, in the
duchy of Luxemberg, wii h a llnorig caftle,
leated on a rock, near the tiver Ourte, i*
miles s of Liege, and 32 NW of Luxem-
burgh. Loh. 5 40 e, lat.' 50 15 n.
Roche Bernard, a town of France,
in the department of Morbihart «nd late
province of Bretagne, fcmed on the river
Vilaine, 23 miles E of Vannes.
Roche Chourt, a town of France,
in the department of Upper Vienne and
late province of Limofm, with a caftls on
the top of a mountain, on the declivity of
which the towa is featec^} near a final]
river that falls into the Vienne. It is
do miles s by £ of Poitiers, and 189
s by w of Paris. Lon. 0 53 e, lat. 45
46 N.
Roche Mach£ran, a town of the
Netherlands, in the duchy of Luxemburg,
with a ftrong caftle, 15 miles ne of
Luxemburg. Lon. 6 25 e, lat. 49 46 n.
Roche Posay, a town of France, in
the department of Indre and Loire and
late province of Touraine, retriarkable for
its mineral waters. It is feattd on the
Creufe, 25 miles s of Loches. Lon. o
50 E, lat. 46 45 N.
Roche-sur-Yon, a town of France,
in the dcpaitnient ot Vendee and late pro-
vince of Poitou, feated near the Yon, 20
miles NW of Lu^on, and 202 sw of
Paris. Lon. i 31 w, lat. 46 40 n.
RocHEFORT, a ieaport of France, In
the department of Lower Charente and
late territory of Aunis, with a commo-
dious haibour, one of the moft famous in
France. It was built by Lewis xiv, in
1664, t; iniles from the mouth of the
Charente, the efttrance of which is de-
fended by fevei'al forts. The ftreets are
broad and ftraigUt ; the houfes low, but
regul;u' j md it is fuppofed tg contaia
Kk "
1 1 III
\:tm
1 .'I' fJ
■'•'•'"-ftU,
ROC
ROD
m
IfVis
n ')■■'
I k
id,e«o vibabitwitt. It !»• a magni/icent with fourpenet to carry them fu» ward on
Korpital, vaft barracks, the finefthall of their journey { but theyare to Itay no longer
arms in France, a noble arfenal, a rope- than one nipht j and an inUnpttun ovtr
yard, a foundiy for cannon, and all tlie the door intimatest that r«guet and ptoc-
othtr magaiines ncccflary for the con- tori are excepted. The corporaiiin h»»
ftruftion and c(|utpment of fliips of war.
It it it miles •$£ of RochvUe, and 117
•W of Paris. Lon. o 54. w, lat. 46 3 n.
HoCHiroBT, a town of the Nether-
lands, in the duchy of Luxemburg, with
a caftle, faid to have been built by the
Romans. It is furrounded by rock&, and
is IS miles aE of Dinant, and 50 n\v
of Luxemburg. Lon . 5 1 o E , lat. 5 o i x N .
RocHEVOVCAVLT, a to'vn of France,
in the department of Charcnte and late
jurifdiftion over the great oylter-tiOiery
in the feveral creeks of the Medway.
Rochefter is parted from Stroud on the w
by its bridge, and it is contiguoui tg
ChAtham on the E. It is a? |'>»lcs .\w
•f Canterbury, and jo se of London.
Lon. o 36 Et Ut. 51 13 N.
Rochester, a village in Northiim-
land, on the Watling-ftreet, nw ot Ot-
terburn, and near the Iburcc of the Read.
It has fome Roman altars, inl'ci Iptions,
province of Angoumois, with a caltle. It and other antiquities
IS feated on the Tardouere, ix miles ne
of Angouleme, and loS s by w of ** iris.
Lon. o X9 e, bt. 45 46 N.
RocHELXE, a fortified town of France,
Ia the department of Lower Charcnte and
late territory of Aunis, with a commo-
RocHFORD, a town in Eflex, with i
market on Thurfday, 16 miles se hH
Chelmsford, and 40 B by N of Loiidun.
Lon. o 41 E, Lat. 51 36 N.
RociiiLZ, an ancient town of Saxooy,
in the territory of Leipfic, with a caiUe,
dlous and fafe harbour. It was lately copper-mines, and a handionie bridge ovtrr
ir biihop's fee, and coiUains s6ooo inha- the Muldaw.
bitants. It has five gates; and the houl'es Rockbridge, a county in the ftate of
are i'upported by piazzas, uAdcr which Virginia, between the Allegany Moun-
perfons may wnlk. in all weathers, tains and the Blue Ridge, wiiich receive);
Lewis XIII took this place from the Hii- its name from a curious natural bridge,
guenots, in 162,8, atter s^ fiege of T3 See Cedar Creek.
months, during which the inhabit, .ts Rockincham, a town in Northamp-
fuffered all the horrors of famine, only ton(hiie, with a market on I'huriday, and
4000, out of i5>ooo, iiirviving the iiege. formerly of note IW iti caftle, long ago
To prevent the Englilh throwing in I'uc- demolilfied. It is feated on the Welland,
cours by feu, cardinal Richelieu con- 1 z miles s of Oakham,, and 84 N by w oi'
ftrufted a prodigious mole, 4482 feet in
The inhabitants carry on a confi
extent.
derablc trade ; efpecially in wines, brandy,
fugar, fait, paper, linen, and ferges.
Rochelle is feated on the bay of Bii'cuy,
fi7 miles N by E of Nantes, and Z2o sw
of Paris. Lon. i 4 \V, lat. 46 9 n.
RocHtSTiR, a city in Kent, with a
market on Wednefday and Friday, ft
i« feated on the Med way, over wnich is
a itone bridge. It is governed by a
mayor, and fend^ two members to
ciarliament. It is au ancient place,
and was formerly much larger than at
^relent. Its caltle, now in ruins, once
rendered it of great impurtanci: ; and here
altu .u« fome reniains of a priory. Ro^
«heftcr is a bifhop's fee, and has, beftde
Itic cathedral, three parilh churches. Jt
London. Lon. o 46 w, lat. 52 32 n.
RocKiNCHAUSEN, a town of Geimj.
ny, in the palatinate of the Rhine, li
miles w of Worms.
Roc Ki SAW, a town of Eohemia, in
the circle of Pillen, 1 1 miles E of Pillen.
Rocoux, a village of the Netherlandi,
ne;ir Liege, remarkable for a vii'^ory gained
by the Fitrnch. over the allies, in i7"40.
RocROV, a town of France, in the de-
pai'tmeut of Ardennes and late province of
Cham}):<gne, feated in a plain, lurrounded
by forclti". -It is celebrated for the vic^
tory, which the prince of Conde, thcu
duke of 7!^nghien, and only ix years oi
age, gained over the Spaniards, in 1^3^
It is a6 r.iiles N of Rethel. LoQ. 4 z;
e, lat. 4c 56 N.
RODESTO, RODOSTO, or RUDlSTOt,
•onfifts chiefly of one principal itrect, a populous feaport of Turkey in Europe,
Which is wide, and paved. Thf inha- in Roma-nia, with a Greek bifl\op's iee.
iitants are chiefly trade.'men and inn- It is feated on the fide of a hill, on th«
j^?epers; no fort of .i^ianufafture being fca of Marmora, 6x miles sw of Coa-
^iirrlcd on here. ^ It h^f two frccfchools, Itantinople. hpn, ^7 37 E,lat, 41 i N.
cnc called th« King's, and the other the RoOez, an ancient town of France, ia
Cjty School. Here Is ,:iUo an almihoule the department of Aveiron and late pro-
fo fix poor travellers, who are fupplied vince of Rouergue. Here are four grait.
v^itk a fupp«r, a bed, and ti breakfalt, annual fairs, where rouWs ait isM fee
Spain]
cloths
and t|
marks
mired I
in the]
the fc
30 mil
E, latj
Roi
near
gives
of the I
Eppin^
below
Roi
rites ill
the toNii
Maefe,|
RoeI
in the
Arenlb
below
Roe
Aultria
Mons.
ROH
capital
it ltate(
and Ord
and 158
.53»W-
RohJ
ROM.
Spain; and fome manufafliirrs of gray
cloths and ferge». It is a bifhop's fcr;
and the fteeple of the cathedral is rt-
markable for its height* and much ad-
mired for its architecture. It is feattd
in the midfi of mountains, on a hill, at
tile foot of which flows the rapid Aveiron,
30 miles w by s of Mende. Lon. a 39
E, lat. 44 ti N.
RoDiNO, a river In Eflex, which rifes
near Dunmow, runs s to Ongar, and
gives the name of Kodingi to this part
of the county. It tlicn Hows between
Epping and Hainault Fore(t, to Barking,
bcluw which it falls into the Thames.
RoER, a river of Wellphalia, which
riles in the duchy of Juliers, paflls by
the town of that name, and falls into the
Maele, above Ruremonde.
RoER, ariver of Germany, which rifcs
in the circle of the Up|)er Rhine, waters
Arenfberg, and lallii into the Rhine,
below Duifburg.
KoEUx, a town of the Netherlands, in
Aultrian Hainuult, eight miles ne of
Mons. Lon. 4 12 £, lat. 50 31 n.
RoHACZO,w, a town of Lithuania,
capital of a diftriCl of the fame name. It
is itated at the confluence of the Dnieper
and Ordiwa, 37 utiles nw of Rzeczica,
and 158 N of Kiof. Lon. 30 40 E, lat.
53 » N.
Rohan, a town of France, In the de-
partment of Morbihan and late province
of Bretagne, leated on the Aouft, 20 miles
N of Vannes. Lon. 2 42 w, lat. 48 o N.
ROHiLCUNU, or ROHiLLA, a terri-
tory of Hindooftan Proper, whofe inha-
bitants are called Rohillas. It lies to the
t. of Delhi, and is fubjeft to the nabob of
Oude, by whom it was conquered in
1774.. BerejUy is the capital.
RoLDUC, a town of the Netherlands,
in the duchy of Limburg, capital of a
territory of the fame name, with a caltle,
feven miles N of Aix-la-Chapelle. Lon.
6 6 E, lat. 50 55 N.
RoLLRicH Stones, In Oxfordfliire,
N of Stanton Harcourt, fix miles w of
Oxford. It is a circle of Itones ftanding
upright, which the vulgar have a notion
were men petrified. Antiquaries dii'agree
with refpeft to the origin and intention of
this ancient monument.
Rom, orRo£M,an ifland of Denmark,
on the £ coalt of S Jutland. It is five
miles in length, and half as much in
breadth, and contains a few villages.
RoMAGNA, a province of Italy, in the
Ecciefialii^al State, bounded, on the N by
the Fcrrarefe, on the s by Tulcany and
Vrbiuo, on the e by the gul^' of Venice,
ROM
and on the w by the Bolognere and Tuf*
cany. It it fertile in corn,- wiiie, oil*
fruits, and pafturn. It has alfo hnines,
mineral waters, and {ait>works, which
make its principal revenue. Ravenna U
the capital.
ROMAIN-MOTIBR, a tOWH 6f ^VfK'
ferlund, in the Pays de Vuud, capha) of
a bailiwic, with a caftle. It it leated at
the foot of a high mountain, in «^flarrd«r
valley, through which flowt the rirer
Diaz.
Romania, a province of Turkey in
Europe, 200 miles long and 1 50 broad ;
bounded on the N by Kilgaria, on the s
by the Black Sea, on the s by the Archi-
pelago and the Tea of Marmora, and on
the w by Macedonia and Bulgaria. It
wat formerly called Thrace, and is the
largeft of all the Turkilh provinces in
Europe. It it fruitful in com and paf*
tures ; and there are mines of filver, lead,
and alum. It is divided into three
governments or fangiacates; namely,
Kirkel, of which Philipoli is the capital;
Galipoli, whole capital is of the fame:
name ; and Byzantium, Byzia, or Vira^
of which Conltantinople is the capital.
Romano, a ftrong and populous towii
of Italy, in Bergamofco. It carries on t
great trade in com, and is feated on a river
that runs between the Oglio and Serio^
Romans, an ancient town of France^
in the department of Drome and late pro-
vince of Dauphiny. It is feated in a fine
plain, on the river Ifere, 22 miles sw of
Grenoble, and 30 s of Vienne. Lon. 5
12 £, lat. 45 2 N.
Rome, a famous city of Italy, for-
merly three times as large as it is at
prefent, but (till one of the largeft and
handlbmeft cities of Europe. It is com-
puted to contain 170,000 inhabitants^
which, though greatly inferior to what it
could boait in the days of its ancient power,
is more than it has been able to number
at fome former periods fmce the fall of the
empire; there being reafon to think, that,
at particular times fmce, it has been re-
duced below 40,000. The numbers have
gradually increaled during the whole of
this prefent century. Some of the prin-
cipal ftreets are of conliderable length,
and pert'eflly Itralght. That called the
Corfo is the moll frequented. Here the
nobility difplay their equipages during
the carnival, and take the air in the even-
ings, in fair weather. The fhops on each
fide are three or four feet higher than the
ftreet ; ahd there is a path for the convc-
nlency of foot paflengcrs, on a level with
the /hops. Tlie palaces, of which tl:ei«
K k 2
!'i
f
1- ;:' «
iii:
V
}i
^f\
V' '■
M
<?': ',
... »■
;■' -■»•
n b'M
ROM
S
•I
W ':
1'^
,4
15
nre fevcral In this flieet, rnnge in a line
witl) tW houCeiif lm\ inu; jio courtb lictorc
theni. Th? St^-;idii Ktlicc, anJ tlie Strada
di Porta Piti, are alio very long and iiol>lc
Ureets. There are no l'ani|)s lighted iu
the Itreets atl^ight; and all Koine would
l«; In utter darknel's, were it not for the
candies which the dnjvotlon ot' imlividuals
i'ometirae;! place before the (tatucs ot' the
Yii-gin: thele appear glinmcrin^, at valt
intervals, like Itars in a cloudy night.
The footmen carry dark lanterns behind
the carriages of people of the Hrlt diftiue-
tioii. This darknels, it may be fuppolld,
is not unfavorable to aflignations among
the inferior people: and when a carriage,
with a lantern behind it, accidentally comes
near a couple who do not wifti to be
known, one of them calls out, <volti la
Intiterna^ turn the lantern ; and is inmie-
ciiately obeyed. Rome exhibits a ilrange
mixture of magnificent and intere(tlng,
and of common and beggarly objeAs :
the former conl'dt of palaces, churches,
fountains, and the remains of anticpiitv}
the latter comprehend all the reft of the
city. The church of St. Peter, in the
opinion of many, furpafTes, In lize and
magnificence, the fineft moiiumcnts of
ancient architeflure. Its length is 730
feet; the breadth 510; and tlie height,
from the pavement, to the top of the crols,
which crowns the cupola, 4.50. ^ com-
plete del'cription of this church, and of
its ftatues, banb-reli<.vos, columr.s, and
various other ornaments, would fill vo-
lumes. The Pantheon is the moft Jun-
i'eil of the Roman temples which now
remain, and in iplt-' of the depredations
it has fultalned from (Joths, Vandals, and
popes, is ftill a beaulirul iiiomuntn!: of
Roman tafte. The pavilion of the great
altar, which ftands un.icr the cupola of
St. Peter, and the four wveath-al pi'lars
of Corinthian braCs which iuppoi': it,
were formed cut of the fpoils of the Pan-
theon, which, after ail, and W\t\\ th**
weight of I'^oo years upon its Irr Jd, htis
Rill i probability of outliving its proud
capacious rival. P'roin tin_ cljcular form
of this temple, it has obtained the name
of the Rotundo. Its height is 150 ffcet,
and its breadth nearly the lame. There
are no windows j the central openirig in
the dome admitting a fufficiency of light.
The rain which falls through this aper-
ture, inunediately tlnlls through holes,
which perforate a hrge piece of pbiphyry,
that forms the centre of the j'-iV^ment.
Being converted into a Chnft'lan templfc,
the Pantheon, originalljr erected to the
honour of all the god^ is now dedicated
to the Virgin, and to all the maityrs and
falnfs. As the Pantheon is the moft In-
tire, the Amphitheatre of Vefpafian is the
molt Itupcndous monument of antiquity
in Rome. About one half of the exter-
nal ciicuit Uill remains; from which a
pretty exart idea may be formed of the
original ftruiture. By a computation of
Ml. IJyies, it could contain 85,000 fpee-
tators. The Canipidoglio is an elegant
ftruiturc, laiftd on part of the ruins of
the ancient Capitol. Hut the antiquitits
of Rome are too numerous to be minutely
delcrlbed. We (lull, therefore, pals over
the ancient Forum, now :\. coiv-markct \
the beautiful Column of Trajan, 110 feet
high, on the top of which is the ftatue of
St. Peter, Inftead of th.it of Trajan, &c.
The church of St. John Latcran, the
Romans fay, is the moft ancient of all
the churches of Rome, and the mother of
all the churches in Chrillendom. To this
church, every new pope conftantly goes
tirft, in a magnificent pvocelhon, to take
jjoHeftlon of the holy fee. The pope has
throe luperb palaces, of which the prin-
tipul Is the Vatican, near St. Peter's
church. The library of this palace is (lit;
laigcrt and moft complete in the world;
rich, efpecially, in manul'cripts in all lan-
guages, and of all ages. In Rome, the
connoilfeur will meet with innumerable
})alntings by the greateft mafters, and with
tlic fintU: works of fculpture. Sec. Tin
caftle of St. Angelo ferves more to keep
the city in awe, than to repel any foreign
attack. Rome is leated on the Tiber,
4x0 mlk's ssw of Vienna, 600 SE of
Paris, 730 E by N of Madrid, and 760
w of Conftauiinople. Lon. 12 55 e, lat.
41 54 K.
RoMF.MA, the general naine given by
the I'urks to their European dominions,
ROMHiLi:)EN, a town of Germany, in
the circle of Franconia, with a caftle. It
belongs to the duke of Saxe Altenburg.
RoMNE Y, Ni:w, n town In Kent, with
a market on I'hurfday, It iij one of the
cinqucports, and once contained five
churches and a priory ; but llnce the lea
has retire J, it is reduced to a linall place.
It is feated in a marfli of the fame nam",
7t miles sE of Loudon. Lon. i fE, lat.
51 ON.
RoMNEY Marsh, a vaft tra6"V of rich,
wet land, which occupies the moft foutli-
ern part of Kent, between Dungenels and
Rye haven, j'^ll- i«nimals are fattened
hereto "an extraordinary fize, and many
buUdicks are fejnt hence to the London
market; but It is deemed a very un-
heakhytradl:.
RoMONT, or RoDii«yNT, a ftiong
town cf Swifi'crland, in the canton c£
R O S
R O S
reign
SE
bcr,
of
760
lat.
:d
, witli
oi" the
five
)e iea
place,
nam-,
E, lat.
f rich,
fouth-
Is and
ttened
many
!.,onclon
•y un-
ftfong
ton cl
Friburff, feated on a mountain, 10 miles
from Iriburg, and ix from Hern. Lun.
7 I E> lat. 4.6 50 N.
RoMORENTiN, a town of France, in
•the department of Loir ami Clur anil 1 itc
province of Hhiifois, witli u ciiitle, «n the
brook Morentin, which loles itielf in the
Saudre. On one of its gates is infcrihed
Homa Minor i but there is notliing to jul-
tify this appellation. On the contrary,
were it not for its nuunifailures of leri',es
and cloths, which arc vu-ry good, this place
would be icarcelv known. t It i* 45 miles
E of Tours, and 100 fl by w of Paris.
Lon. I 47 E, lat. 47 It N.
KoNciGLiONE, a town of Italy, in
the patrimony of St. Peter, capital of a
fmall diftrif^ of the fame name, It is
J<;atcd on the Tereja, near a lakt^ of the
lame name, ii miles -s of Viterho, ami
24 NNvv of Rome. Lon. it 31 E, lat.
42 18 N.
RoNDA, a ftrong town of Spain, in
Granada, with a calUe. It wrs taken
from the Moors in 1485, and is feated
on a craggy rock near the Riq Verde, io
miles nw of Gil>raltar, and Qz &£ of
Seville. Lon. 5 la w, lat. 36 40 N.
RoquEBRUNE, a town of Italy, in the
principality ol Monacojwith a cattle, leated
neair the iia, thtee ; jiles from Monaco.
RoquE-DE M/vUbAN, a town of
France, in tlit dtp irtment of Landes ami
late province of Marian, feated on the
Oouci'e, 10 miles NE of Mont de Marian.
RoQUEMAURE, a town of France, in
the ucpai iivxnt of Card and late province
of Lansjuaioc, feated on a craggy rock,
near the Rhc-iie, ^^ miles NE ol Nifmes,
Lon. 4 48 E, lat. 44 2 N.
RosANA, a. to^vn of Lithuania, in the
pHJ;' • irate oi Novogrodcc, feated near the
Zolva, 20 miles sw of Novogrodec. Lon.
25 45E. lat. 55 -53N,
R 1SBACH, :■ own of Saxony, famoiis
for a vi6lorv obtained by tiie king of
Pruflia, over the Irench, and the arrriy of
the enipi:.* in i7,S7-
RoscH AD, a populous commercial town
of SwiiTcrland; in a l)aiUwic of tlv abbey
of St. Gallcn, wi'. a caltle on a mountain.
It is feated on the lakeof Conttance.
RoscHiLD, a town of Deninajk, in
the i 'e of Zealand, with a bilhop's fee,
an'l a univerfity. It is famous for a treaty
concluded here in 1658; and in the great
church are I'everal tombs of the kings of
Denmark. It is feated at the bottom of
a Imall bay, 15 miles w of Copenhagen.
Lon. 12 25 E, lat. 55 42 N.
Roscommon, a county of Ireland, in
the province of Connaught, 50 miles lon^
and 28 broad; bounded on the £ by
Longford and W Meath, on the n by
Sligo and Leitrim, on the 3 by Galway,
and on the w by Gal way and Mayo.
It is a level fruitful country, and by the
help t»f good hiUbandry yields excellent
corn. It contains 59parifhes} and fend*
eight members to parliament.
Roscommon, a borough of Ireland,
in a county of the fame name, with a
felFions-houfc and a jail. It is 80 miles
w of Dublin. Lon. 8 z W, lat. 53 34. ^.
Roseau. See Charlotte-town.
Rose Castle, in Cumberland, a feat
of the hiftiop of Carlille, iltuatc on the
river Caude, near Ingiewood Forett. It
was burnt down in the oivil'warsi but
has l.nce, by leveral of i|« bifliops, b^en
rtll(;red, tliougli perhaps not totljat mag-
nificence whith it had vvhen Edward |
lodged here, in his expedition to $(ajt*
land. ' ■■
Roses, a feapovt of Spain, in CaU-
Ionia, with a citadel, leated on the bay
of Rofts, in the Mediterranean, 1 5 milp*
NE of Gironna. It was takejj by. the
French in 1695, and on January jj ^79^.
Lon. 3 1 E,- ldt.,4z 16 ^^, , ' .
RosETTQ, a town of Egypt, jfeattd
on the w branch of th^ Nue. '.'^X^le
Egyptians call it R^lichid, and accountdt
one of the pleafanteft places in the country.
It has a great manufaflure 0/ ftriped
and other coarfe linens j.^but its cjai^f
bulinefs is the carriage of goods Hence ,-to
Cairo ; for all European raefchandlfe' is
brought iiither from AlexSindria bylia,
and carried hence by boats- to CJairo. I^e
Europeans havie theii' viceconliils aiid
iadors here,,. It is 15 piifes NE of Alex-
andria, and. 100 N\v of Caiiv, ' X>on> 39
45 E, lat. 31 30N.
RosHAAN,a country qf Afi^,, lying
to the w of ihe kingdom of ipurmal^, tf)
v/hich it is fubje(!^.
RosiENNE, a town of Samogitia, feat*
'.d on the DubifFe, 70 mHes s of, Mitta^ij
and a 88 Np of Warfaw. Lon. »} ft5 £>
lat. 55 30 N. :
Rosiehs-'^ux-Sa^inbs, a town of
Franc.', in the department of Meurtkc
and late^irovince of Lorrain, famous ^^
its falt-w^orks. Itis leated on the MeurtKCf
pine miles S£ of Nanci, and 170 £ of
Paris. Loni 6 27 E, lat. 48 35 N.
Rosoy, a town of Erance, in th? de-
paitment of Seine a^d Manic and h:t<;
province of ^h.e Ilie of France, v' 1* ^
magnificent cattle, i 5 miles s of MeaiiX.
Lon. 2 59 E,. lat. ^8 40 N.
Ross, ar^feapprt of ItelantJ^ in the
county of Cork. It is united to Cori^ast
K.k 3
i#
- H.,
:(«<l
ml
!»;>
" , u
n i .
ROT
ROT
«■«■!
■m
J' ■■
in epifcopal fee» and' is featca on a bay
of tne Atlantic, ^o miles sw of Kinfale.
Lon. 8 58 w, lat. 51 jz.N.
Ross, a town in Heretprdlhire, with
a market on Thurfday, feated on the
Wye, II miles SE of Hereford, and 115
w by N of London- Lon. i »5 w, lat.
51 56 N.
Ross-shire, a county of Scotland,
70 miles long and 5S broaJ j boundtd on
the N by Suthcrlandflilre and the frith of
Cornoch, on the w by the Minch, on the
» by Invei-nel'kfhire, and on the e by the
frith of Murray and the county of Cro-
marty, which la(: it almoft inclofes. The
NW part is mountainous and dreaiy; that
to the E variegated with woods, lakes,
and rivers. The hills feed black-cattle,
Aeep, and goats. In the woods are (tags,
rocs, and the beautiful bird, called the
Capercail/ic, or Cock of the Wood ; it
is of a bright azure colour, and almoft as
!arge as a common turkey. On the tops
of the high rocky moimtains is found the
ptarmigan, a fimple bird, iVJt quite the
iize of a pr»: tiidge. It is oltcn indebted
iov its fafety to its gray colour, which re-
fembles. the ftones aitiong which it lodges.
In Printer its colour r.hanges to a pure
• white, like the fnow, in which it often
buries itlelf. The inhabitants of the w
and 5 parts fpeak the Erfe language,
which is alfo undtrftood on the e coaft,
where, however, English is generally
fpoken.
RossANO, a ftron^ and populous town
of Naples, in Calabria Citcriore, with an
archbilhpp's lee. It is feated on :in cmi.
■ nence,' furrouuded by rocks, three miles
from the gulf of Venice, and 136 se of
Naples. Lon. 16 38 e, lat. 39 48 n.
Rostock, a fortified town of Lower
Saxony, in the duchy of Mecklenburg,
■ with a univwfjty, a good harbour, a rtrong
citadel, and an arl'enal. Here are feveral
handfomc churches, and it was formerly
• ©ne of the h^infeatic towns. It is divided
into three parts, the Old, the New, and
. the Middle Town. It is ftiil imperial,
iinder the proteftion of the duke of Meck-
lenburg, and is feated on a lake, where
the river Vame falls into it, three miles
from the Baltic, i» N of Ouftrow, and
60 E of Lubec. ^on. }a 15E, lat. 54.
RosTOF, a larce town of RulTia, in
tfje government of Yaroflaf, with an ar-
ehicpil'copal fee. It is feated on the lake
rJero, or Roftof, which communicates
vith the Vol^a by the river Kotoroft, 95
miles NE ot Mol'cow. Lon. 40 25 £,
lat. ^7 5 N. '
Rota, a town and caftle of Spain, in
Andalufia, at the entrance of the bay of
Cadiz, fieven miles N of Cadiz. Lon. 6
16 w, |at. 36 35 N.
Rota, an ifland of Afiaj one of the
principal of tlie Ladrones.
RoTENBURC, a free imperial town of
Germany, in the circle of Franconia,
feated on the Tauber, 15 miles N\v of
Anfpach. Lon. 10 13 k, lat. 4.9 7,3 n.
ROTENBURG, a town of Suabin, in
the county of Hoenburg, with a caftle.
It belongs to the houfe of Auftria, and is
remarkable for its mineral waters. It is
(eatcd on the Neckar, feven miles w of
Tubingen. Lon. 8 55 e, lat. 48 z% n.
RoTEWBURG, a town of Germany, in
the landgravate of HefTe-Calfel, with a
caftle, feated on the Fulde, 25 miles s of
Ca/Tel. Lon. 9 30 e, lat. 50 55 n.
RoTHBURY, a town in Northumber-
land, whofe market is difcontinued. It
is nine miles sw of Alnwick, and 302 n
by w of Lonticn.
RoTHER, a river which rifes in Suf-
fex, forms the boundary between that
county and Kent, for. a fiiort fpace, and
enters "the Englifli Channel, at Rye.
RoTHERHAM, a town in the w riding
of York,fhire» with a market on Monday.
It has a large church, and is famous w
confidei-able iron-works in Its neighh&ur-
hood: fee Masbrouch. Rotheiham is
feated on the Don, over which is a ftone
bridge, 31 miles N of Nottingham, and
160 N by w of Londoi). Lon. i 24 w,
lat. 53 24 K.
ROTHSAV, a borough of Scotland, the
capital of the iflt of Bute. It is fituaic
on the E fide of the ifland, and has an
excellent harbour and pier. Here is an
ancient caftle, once a royal palace, which
gives the title of duke to the prince of
Wales, as it long did, before tne union,
to the huir-apparent of the ciown of Scot-
land. It is 70 mil-s w of Edinburgh.
Lon. 5 17 w, lat. 55 50 N.
RoTHWELi , a town in Northampton-
Ihlre, with a market on Monday, I'eated
on the fide of a hill, 15 miles nne of
Northampton, and 79 knvst of London.
Lon. I 7 w, lat. 52 21 n.
ROTTEJIDAM, a city of the United
Provinces, in Holland, with one of the
fineft hai+jours in the Netherlands. It is
the nioft confiderable plate In Holland,
for fire, beauty oi its buildings, and trad^^^,
next to Anifterdam. There are fo niany
deep canals, that ftiips m:ry unload at the
very doors of the warehouies. The town-
houfe, the bank, and the arlenals are mu'^-
nificent. It i^ more frequented by tiic
m^
R O U
R O U
Biitifli merchants than Amft«rdam, be-
caule the ice goes away Iboner, anti a
fmgle tide, in two or three hours, will
carry a veflfcl Into the open iea. Some of
the houl'es are built in the old Spanifh
ftyle with the gable ends embattled in
freut ; but there is a great number of
modern brick houfcs, which are lofty and
Ipucious, jjarticularly on that magnificent
quiy called the Bomb Tees . On this qyay.
is a liandfonie Jcwifli iynagogue. Erafmu*
was born in this city, and his ftatue in
brunze itands in an open place, at the
head of one of the canals { and in a nar-
row ftreet, leading from the Itatue to the
great church, is ftill fticwn the houl'e in
which Ik was born, with an inl'cripiion,
in front, to his honour. Rotterdam re-
ceived the French troops J Jan. aj, 1795.
It is Icated on the Merwe (the nioi't nor-
thern branch of the Maefe) 13 uiiles SE
of flague, and 30 ssw of Anilttrdam.
Lon. 4. 28 E, iat. 51 56 N.
Rotterdam, one of the Friendly
Iflands* in the S Pacific Ocean, difcoveitd
by Taliuan in 1643. Lon. 174 30 w,
Iat, ao 16 s.
RoTWEiL, a free imperial city of Sua-
bi;i, in alliance with the Swils cantons
tince the year 1513. A mile and a half
from this place is a famous abbey, where
they receive none but noble women. It
is leatcd on the Neckar, near its fource,
and alio near the Danube, 27 miles ssw
of Tubingen. Lon. 8 44 E, Iat. 48 9 n.
!l?.OUEN, a city of France, in the de-
pajtment of Lower Seine and late pro-
vince of Normandy, with an archbiftiop's
-^irf. It is the capital of the department,
and i'eated on tiic i: Hde of the Seine.
I'he Itreets art narrow, crooked, dircy,
»nd confUt of wooden houfes ; notwith-
ftanding which, it is one of the moll opu-
lent and important places in France. It
ii> two leagues and a half in circtiit, and
(its fix fuburbs included) is computed to
contain 73,000 jnhabit.-'nts. Among the
public buildings,, the moft diftinguifhed
are, the (vreat Hall of the Palace, in
which the late parliament of Rouen met ;
the s/ld caltie ; and the principal church,
ornanjented with three towers, in one pf
which is the great bell, which bears the
name of cardinal George d'Amboifc, a
minider, whole memory is n)uch rvipefipd
in France. It weighs 40,000 lbs. and Is
one foot thifk J its cirtsuraferpnce is 32
feeti and its height ^nd breadth 10 feet:
the clapper ajone weighs 710 Ibij. Near
thi? church, which is not the only re-
markable one, is the p\iblic library. The
ftcepje of the latt JJsucdii'tinvifQt" ^^ Qwpn
ii an elegant Gothic ftruftun?. The
linens of Rouen, particularly what ara
called the Siamoifi, are much elteeirru.
There are alio manufaftures of cloth, andl
a manvtfaAurv of oU of vitriol, the onif
one in France. The iuburb of St. Sever,
fituate on tiie other fide of the Seine,
coinmiinicRtcs with the city by a bridg«
of boars, which rifes and falls witli the
tide, and is m:>de to open, ib as to ad*
mit the palfage of ftjips. It is pared,
and is ^Jo paces long. Rouc-n is the
birthplace of the two Corneilles, and of
Fonttnelle. It is 50 miles sw of Amiens,
and 70 Niw of Paris. Lon. i 10 fi, Iat.
49 27 N.
RovERE, or RovERDO, a town of
Gerinany, In the circle of Auftria, .ind in
the Tirol, ieated on the Adige, at the
foot of a mountain, and on the fide of a
Itrcam, over which is a bridge, defended
by two large towers and a Itrong cattle.
The Aulirians were defeated near this
place, in September 1796, by the French,
who took pofleflion of the town ; but they
were obliged to abandon it in November
following. It is eight miles s of Trent.
Lon. II 27 £, iat. 46 o N.
RoutiRGUE,a late province of France,
in the government of Guienne, 75 miles
long and 50 broad ; bounded on the £ by
the Cevennes and Gevawian, on the w by
Querci, oh the N by the fame and Au-
vergne, and on the s by Langucdoc. It
is not very fertile, but feeds a numbei' of
cattle, and has mines of copper, iron,
alum, vitriol, and fulphur. It iww forms
the department of Aveiron.
RoviGNO, a iK)pnlous town of Vene-
tian Iftria, with two good haibours, and
quaiTics of fine Hone. It is feated in a
territory which produces excellent wint,
on a peninfida, on the wetlern coait, ciivit
miles s of Parenzo and 32 of Capo d'll-
tria. Lon. 14 2 E, Iat. 45' 16 n.
RoviGO, a town of Italy, capital of
the Poafino di Rovigo, feated on the
Adige, II miles s of Padua, and 37 5W
of Venice. Lon. 1.2 14 E, Iat. 45 38 ^.
Sec POLtSlNO Di Rovioo.
RoujSEI.abt, a town of Frtpce, In
the department of the North antl late
province of French Flandprs, 10 miles \b
of Ypres, ajid 20 H of Oltend. Lon, 3
p E, Iat, 50 58 If.
RoussiLL,ON, a late province of
France, 50 milts long and 15 brqad;
bounded on the E by the Mediterranean,
on the w by Cerdagna, on the N by
l,ower Languedoc, and on the s by Ca-
talonia, from which it is Icparaled by tlje
Pyreotcii' See PYRENEjk* t.vsr^R.N.
I!
1^1
1 "J
m
■fl ,
'i
1
#■1.^
'''.''p
X.-J
1
i.H
w»awi.wr"i<''"
R: U D^
R. V r
IS
1 ,
r
R f
kT .
RoxBTTRRHskiRE, a cotinty of Scot*
land, romt:time.> caii«d Teviotdale ; bound-
ed on the N by Bcrwickfl\ii-e, on the E-and
S by Northumbwland and Ciimberiand,
and on the w by the ftihci of Dumiiits
and Selkiik. Ficim N to s it extends 30
ni Its, and nfearly the fame fro;n e ti> W.
The> principal rivers are the Tweed, Te-
viot, and Liddel. The face of the coim-
t-iy exhibits a roogh, Irregirtar appearance
marjy, In Carniola, with an abbey. If
is feated on tire Qiirck, in a country fer-
tile in good wine, 45 miles SE of Lau-
bach. Lon. 15 aO E, iat. 46 % N.
Ruff AC, a town of France, in the d<;-
partincnt of Upp^r Jihine and late pro-
vince of Alface, fealed on 'he Roibich,
feven miles s of Culmar, and 17 Nw of
Balie. Lon. 7 t.7 E, Iat. 47 58 N.
Rv;ffec, a town of France, in the de-
qi' rrqllci, hills,^ arid 1 mountains, inter- partmrnt of Charente and late province o{
fperfed with narrow Vallies, well watered,
and ferille in com. The hills feed great
numbers of ifieep and cattle.
RoxENT, Cape, or Rock of Lisbon,
a remaikahle mountain and promontory
In Portugal, lying at the N entrance of
the Tajo, a* mi'.s w of Lifbon. Lon.
9 35 w, Iat. 3? 43 N.
RoYAN, once a large town of France,
in the department of Lower Chari.'nte and
Angoumois, feated on the Anche, 24.
mik'3 N of Angouleme.
Ruf;BY, a town in Warwickfliire, with
a market on Saturday, and a famous free-
fchool. It is 11 miles SE of Coventry,
and 85 NNW of Lontlon. Lon t 12 w,
Iat. 52 24 N.
RuoLEY, a town in Staffbrdfbire, with
a market on Tuefday, feated on the Trent,
Id miles SE of i^taffurd, and iz6 NW of
late province of Saintonge, famous for a London. Lon. i 48 w, Iat. 51 57 N.
ficge maintained by the Hugenots againft Rug en, an ifland of the Baltic, on
Lewis xiil, in i6aa. It is now almolt the coaft of Swedifh Pomerania, oppofite
in ruins, and is feated at the mouth of Stralfund, 23 miles long and 15 broad,
the Garonne, 30 miles s of Rochelle. It is ftrong both by art and nature, and
Lon.'O 57 w, Iat. 45 38 N. abounds in corn and cattle. The chief
RoYES, a ftrong town of France, in town is Bergen. Lon. 14 40 E, Iat. 54
the department of Somme and late pro- 23 n.
vince of Picardy. Some mineral w'atei's Rugenwald, a town of Germany,
Awcre difcovered here a few years ago. It in Pruflian Pomerania, the chief place of
is 12 ttiiles Kw of Noyon, and 60 N. the duchy of Wcnden, with a caftlc. It
by E of Paris. Lon. 2 51 E, Iat. 49 46 n. is feated on the Wipper, eight miles from
RoYSTON,ia town in Herts, part of the Baltic, and 35 NE of Colberg. Lon.
which ifr' htnate in Cambridge (hi re. It 16 27 e, Iat. 54 35 N.
has a great n^arket for corn on Wcxlnef- Rumford, a town in Eflex, with a
day; and under the inarkut-place is an market for hogs on Tuefday, anc' Torcorh
ancient fubterranean chapel, iuppofcd to on Wednefday. It is 12 miles £NE of
be of Saxon conrtruftion. Roylton has
given its nameto a fpecies of crcAv, called
alfo the Hooded or Gray Crow, which is
a bird of pafllige in this neighbourhood,
and alio on the whole eaftern coaft. -It is
35 miles s by e of Huntingdon, and 37
N of London. • Lon. o x £, Ift. 52 6 N.
RuATAN, an ifland of Ntvv Spain, in
the' bay of Honduras, with a good har-
boui . ' It liei^fio miles' from the coaft of
Honduras. •* " ''
London. Lon. o 13 e, Iat. 51 36 n.
RuMiLLY, a town of Savoy, feated
on an elevated plain, at the confluence of
the Seram and Nepha, five miles from
Anntcy. Lon. 6 10 E, Iat. 45 56 N.
RuMNEY, or Rhyney, ariver, which
rifes in Brecknockfl;irc, ar.d fcparating
the counties of Glamorgan and Mon-
mouth, enters the Briftol Channel to the
SE of Cardiff. .
Rumsey, a corporate town in Hamp-
Rubiefa, a fmall 'but ftrcng town of fhire, with a market on Saturday. It i
Italy, one of the kt ys of the Mc^denefe,
feated on the Seccia, eight miles NW
of Moden'a. Lon. x 1 14 t., lot. 44 39 n.
Rudelstadt, a lownol Upper Sax-
ony, in the landgravate of Tfluiingia,
and county of Sthwnit/burg, with a caf-
tle, near t)\e river Sala.
governed by a mayor, has a manufafture of
fhaloons, and feveral paper and corn mills.
It is eight miles nnw of Southampton, and
74 w by s of London. Lon. i 31 \V,
Iat. 51 2 N.
RuNNYMEAD, a celeV-ated mend, near
Egham in Surry, where king JoHn was
RuDfesffEiM, a town of Germany, in compelled to 1/gn Magna Ch; .1 and
the el'j(5l crate of Mentz, three miles From Charta de Forefta. See WraysburV.
Bingen. Lon. 7\c6 e, Iat. 49 49 N. On this mead are annual horfe- races.
' RuDisTO*. Set Roi>ESTO. RuPEL, ariverofthe AuifrianNether-
RuDOLFWERD, a ftrong townof Gcr- lands, fwraicd by the junilion of the
6
thd
Fh
the
of
4
U 5
with a
Tjr com
£NE of
36 N.
[y, I'eated
lUence of
lies from
56 N.
.'r, which
bparatiiig
lid Mon-
[lel to the
Hamp-
It is
[aftureof
Irn milh.
pton, and
II 31 V/,
aii, near
''^1 was
I and
IbBURV.
[es.
iNether-
oi the
R U S
Senne and Demer, below Mechllrit After
receiving the canal from Brvsftels, it joins
the Scheld, at Rupelmonde.
RuPELMONDE, a town of Auftrian
Flanders, feattd on the Scheld, oppohte
the mouth of the Rupel, eight miles sw
of Antwerp* and aa N E of Cihent. Lun.
4. 23 E, lat. 51 7 Nf.
Rupert, Fort, a fort in N Ameri-
ca, belonging to the Hndlon's Bay Com-
pany, leated on the e iide of tiie s end of
Hudibn'sBay. Lon. 80 o w, lit. 51 3 N.
RuPiN, or Rapin, a town of G«r-
maiiV; in the marquifate of Brandenburg,
capit'c>l of a duchy of the fame name, with
an ancient caftie. It is become a con-
fiderabie place of trade, has n manufac-
ture of cloth, and is noted for brewers.
It is fcated on a lake, 35 miles Nw of
Berlin. Lon. 13 6 E, lat. 53 3 N.
RuREMONDE, a ftrong town of Auf-
trian (}ueldfc"land, with a hi/hop's fee.
It fuffered gr< itly by fire in 1665, and
has been taken ind retaken feveral limes ;
particularly in 179';, by the French, who
were obliged to evacuate it loon after, but
took it again the next year. It is feateti
near the confli»ence of the Maefe and
Roer, IX miles s of Venio, and 70 ne of
Mechlin. Lon. 5 50 e, lat. 51 S N.
Russia, a large empire, partly in Ada,
and partly in Evirope; bounded on the N
by tlie Fro/en Ocean,- on the s by Great
Tartary, the Caipian Sea, and Pcrfia; on
the E by the lea of Japan ; and on the w
by Sweden, Poland, and the Black Sea.
Ti)ere were three countries th.V: Iiad the
name of RuHia; namely. Red Rulfia,
which i'ee; While Ruffxa, which com-
prehends Lithuania; and Black RuiHa,
which comprehends the goverriniencs of
Kaluga, Moicow, Tula, Rezan, Volodi-
mir, and Yaroilaf ; and hence his s.npe-
rial m,ajefty takes the title of empeioi of
all the Ruilii.s. Tins empire, exctuiivc
of the lue acquifitions from th.e Turks
and from Poland (itc Po!..'*md') foi-n-.s a
fcjuare, whole fides are aooo mik-s cac!i.
The feas of Ruftla are, the Baltic, tho
White Sea, the Frozen Ocean, the Black
Sea, and the Cafpian Sea. There aij
alio five large rivers ; namely, the Dnie-
per, Volga, Don, Dwina, and Oivy. A
country of luch vail extent mult lie in
difftient climates, and the foil and pro-.
tlufts muft be as diHPerent. Tlu' molt
fertile part is near the frontiers of Po-
land J inlbmuch that the inhabitants are
able to liipply their neighbours with corn :
the N pu: t is not only more cold, but
very marlhy, and overrun with forefts,
uiiubited chiefly by wild bealls, Ueliidc
R IT S
domeftic animals, there are wild beeves,
raindeer, martens, white and blick foxes,
weafels, ermines, and iables, wiiojii lkin»
make the belt turs in the world. Thofe
that hunt the.i- creatures for their fkins,
ul'e no fire-arms, for fear of fpoilingj
tht-m. They had very few vines before
Peter the Great cauled them to be planted
in different places. In RullTa, aie large
quantities of cotton and fiik (with which
they make all forts of huffs) ikins, furs,
Ruifia leather, talc, tallow, hemp, Ruf-
iia cloth, honey, w^x, and almolt all the
merchandile of China," India, Perfia,
Turkey, and ibir.e European countries.
Tills v;'rt empire was divided by the iate
empreis into 4.1 govei'nments ; Fiamcly,
Peter!burg!i, Olonetz, VViburg. Revel,
Riga, Pikof, N'jvogorod, 'Tver, .Smo-
hnlko, Polctik, Mohilef, Orel, Kaluga,
Moicow, Tula, Rezan, Volodimii, Va-
roilaf, Vologda, ArchangtJ, Koltioma,
Niihnei-Novogon.d, Kalaii, Simbirfk,
Penza, Tambof, Voronevz, K.urlk, N<>-
vogorod-vie.verikoi, Tchernigcf, Kiof,
Kharkof, Catharinenllaf, Caucaliis, Sa-
ratof, Ufa, Viatka, Perm, Toboiik, Ko-
lyvan, and Irkutzk; all whic!; !ee. The
inhabitants, in general, are rcbuft, well-
ihapsd, and of pretty good complexion.
Thev are p-rtat eaters, aiid very tond of
brandy. They u!"e batlung, but linoke no
tobacco, Jelt the iViioke flvouid diijjonour
the images of the faints, which they have
in great veneration ; however, they take
a great de.i)' of fnuff, uiade of the tobacco
lMoug;ht from the Ukraine. 'Thiry were
formerly the molt ignorant, bruiiih people
in the world, and many ot tiv:m are now
little better. Formerly no Rullian;* wen:
iecn in other countnesv and they feldom
or never lentl amballadors to foreign
courts j but now the gentlemen are more
polite, and ftudy the interetls of different
nations. Their armies are always very
numerous. They had no men of war, nor
merchant ibips., beicre the )-eign of Peter
ilie Great ; but, in the late reign,
powerful Ruffian Iqurtdrons appeared,
not only in the Baltic, hut in the Black
Sea, and in the Mediterranean. They
have images in their churciies ; and the
prieitc [jive a pallport to thoie that arc
dying, ad.lrtifed to St. Niciioias, who is
detired to entreat St. Peter to open the
gales of heaven., a;* they have certified
that the bearer is a good Chrittian. The
church is governed by a patriarch, under
whom are the archliiihopb, and bi(hop'i»
Every pricit is called -i-popa, or pope, and
of theft there v^rerc .^.ooo in Moicow only.
formeiiy he was tliou^^ht a leavned man
\ 'M
V:
W
m
^4l
R tr s
RUT
^oHo to\M read and write } but Peter the of jnuflin, or other fine ftufts ; and the
Great nnilcirook to introduce tke arts and plaid is exchanged for a filk or fat in cloak»
ilci«nc«»j and, in 1714, the firlt unlverfity in the cold fe.ifon, lined with fur. The
was founded that ever was in Ruiila j ami better clafs of females wear velvet boots.
tijicje ih also an academy of fclences at The drels of the higher ranks »» after the
yeterAjurgh, fupplied with fome of thf beft French and Engliftj faflhion •, and all muft
|UX)fielTors, in Europ«. With relpe6> to have a covering of fur fix months of the
dreis, a long beard is in high eftimation year. Thus equipped, the prince and the
ar»\ong the fair nymphs of Kvilfia. Tht; peaiiant are (uirltd in their chailcs and
comnronaity have itilJ a. gre;'.t vtno-ation fledges, through the dreary Scj'thian win-
tor this fringe of hunvuu hair, noivvith- ter. The fovtrcign ot Kullia is ahfo-
Itanding the efforts of their monaichs to
root it o«t ; and it is only i:holc depending
vvj^on government, in the aiiny and navy,
\«ho have yet complied with the cidtom
and the wifli of the court. Thole who
retain their beards, retain likewife the an-
cient diefs } tt-ic long; IwaddlinL', coat, either
of flciiiSj or of coarie cloth Hncd with iklns,
in winter } and in lunnnrr, of cloth only.
lute. He was iormwly called grand
duke, which is now the title of the heir
apparent; he afterward afiumed the title
01 czar, and, iin the fequel, that of em-
peror. The nativea pronounce the word
cznr^ like /a^r, or »a«r, and this, by
curruption from Cefar, emperor; from
fume iasicied relation t» the Roman env-
perors ; on account of which they alfo
About their nnddle thty have a fafh of bear the eagk as a fymbol of their empire
any colour j bvit what they moilly atftu'-L
is green or yellow. They wear trowfors
inltsiad of breeches and i'tockjngj j their
limbs ai'f, befides, wrapped in iviafty folds
of woollen Ittifts to keep them waim, a.iid
The firft who bore the title o{ czar, waa
Bafil, fon of Bafdides, who freed his
country fi onx its fubjeiHon to the Tartars,
about the year 1470. Perhaps no coun.
try ever exhibited, in Co /hort a time, the
above all they wear boots. Their fhiris wondersthat may V)eetfeAed by the genius
a!t fafnioned as women's; tlieir necks and excrtionij of one man. Peter thcGrcat
cspofed to the cold, which are h-vrd and im- at his accelhon to the throne, found his
|-*€neti-able}. fron> this prat^Vice. Govern- iubjects of all ranks involved in the
jT:ent continue to exert every nerve to giofleft ignorance and barbarifm; his nu-
compel the ilibjeils to adopt the German mejous armies ferocious and undiici-
drefs. The clergy alon« excepted, none plined ; and he had neither merchant
can procvu'e any place, any favour from
court, Upon other coiidition than bauiJh--
ing the Afjatic iheep-fkin robes. The
wom-out veteran retires with a peniion,
Ihips nor men of war; which, added to
t!\e reniiotenets of her fituation, rendered
tiiv.' influeiice of JiulHa in the politics of
Europe of little conl'ideiatJon. Peter
vpon tiie txprels terms of never again cjviiixed hi<> barbarous fubjefts, diici-
aiunning tht habit of his fathers. But plined his armies, hullt cities avid for-
fo jealoudy attached are the muititvide to treffes, and created a. navy. Thefe na-
fosTiicv manners, and io honorably do tionai impiovcments have been continued
they efteem them, titat a Rufiian drefled fmce i\!s tim«, and Ruj'fia npw holds a
in his beard and gown, fdls you by his rank among the nations of Europe, of
looks that he has not proftituteu the which human forehght, -at the commence-
weniorj of his ancellors. The drefs of ment of the prcfent century, could have
the -Jvomen is the rcverfe oi the men, formed no conception. Peterfijurg is the
both in falhion and coleur; every part of capital of the vv!\ole empire.
it being as Ihort and tight as decency Russia, Red, Sec Red Russia.
will aUow, and very gavidy. It is ex-
aciiy the i'arne wi«h that of the High-
l;;nd women in Scotland; both have the
ihort jacket, the ftviped petticoat, and the
tnrtan plaid ; and both too, in general,
have a napkin rolled about their head.
']')ic Rufhan women are, however, far
more elegant: nml rich in their attire;
RuTCHESTER, a village in Northum-
berland, !;he Vimiobala of the Romans.
Sevcrus' wall runs on the middle of the E
ramp;ut, and Avirian's vallum '^■■(^tt
about die diltxnce of a chain to t'.. s oi
It. This fort has b.ten very conCdiiiable,
and the ruips of it ar*?, rtmarkabie. It ii
tlx miles N o.t' Hexham,
Ruthin, a town in Denbighfcirc.
nor is gold lace wanliug to let off their
rhnrms, any more than the ^rt of p^tint- with a market on Monday. Ir is featt:
iug. The young gcnc'aiion arc modern- in a valp, on the river Ciwyd, ajul Jiad -
izmg thetc antic \e)tmeuts, ilie liitf euv- ftrong cafUcj now m rums. It is i5nilk»
broiik'jvd napkin is hipplanved by one oi s\y oJ Molywcll, -md za6 NW of Loiulop.
fli.A\'ing filk j the jacket and petticoat arc I.on. ;, 73 w, iat 53 " n.
; and tht
tin cloak,
ur. The
vet boots.
» afttr the
d all muft
ths of the
ce and the
tahes and
;hian win.
I h ihCo.
led grand
>t' the heir
i the title
lat of em-
; the v^ord
\ this, by
ror; fj'om
loman eni-
they alfo
eir empire.
czsrf was
freed his
je Tartars,
s no coun-
a time, the
f the gtniu*
r the Great
1 found his
ed in the
nj his mi-
d undilci-
merchant
added to
, rendered
politics of
n. Pefcr
kits, dslci-
|s and for-
Thele na-
continued
|\v holds a
virope, of
ommtnce-
;ould have
lurg is tkc
(SSJA«
iNorthum-
Romans.
Pe of the t
t'... s ot
Jtf/diJi able,
?ie. It ii
uirc.
is i'eatc:.
Isiul .Had .
Is J 5 miles
'Loiuiop.
R Y S
T^UTLANOSHIRE, the rmalleft county
«f England, being only 1 5 miles iouj; and
II broadi It is fuppolVd to huvc re-
ceived its name from the red coloni" of
the foil, which, in fome parts, is a fort of
ruddle. It is bounded on the w and NW
by Lcicelterihire, on the N and ne by
Lincolnftiiie, and on the s and st by
Norlhamptonfhirc. It lies in the diocelc
of Peterborough, contains 4.8parUhes and
two market-towns, ;md fends two mem-
bers to parliament. The air is very
good, and the foil rich. The principal
rivers are the Wclland and the Gua(h, or
Wafti. Oakham is the county- town.
RuTiGLiANO, a town of Naples, in
Terra di JBari, five miles se of Bari.
RuTTUNpouR, a city or the peninfula
of Hindooltan, in Oriila, and the capital
of one of the Weftern Mahratta chiefs.
Lon.^7. 56 E, iat. 41 16 N.
Ruvo, a populous town of Naples, in
Terra di Bari, with a bifliop's lee, x6
miles w of Bari. Lon. 16 4.VE, lat. 4.1
Ryan, Loch, a lake in the nw angle
of VVigtonfhire. The fca flows into it
through a narrow pafs ; and it was for-
m«'ly crowded, in tiie feafon, with Oioals
of herrings.
RvDAL-WATER, a lake in Weftmor-
bnd, a little to the w of Amblefide. It
is one mile in length, fpotted with little
iJiands, and cotsnmuviicates, by a narrow
channel, with Grafmere- water to the vv,
and, by the river Rothay, with ,Windei-
iiR'te water to the s,
RvE, a borough in Suflex, with ::
mariiet on; VVedntulay and Saturday, ii
is an appendage to the cinque ports, go-
verntd by a mayor and jurats, and fends
two members to parliament. Its port is
ih choaked up with land, that it can admit
fmall vcffels only. It exports corn, malt,
hops, and other produ6iii of the cc\)nty }
and its fijhernien litad conliderable iuppliis
to the London markets. It is »8 miles
ssE ot Mnidltone, and 6^ se of London.
Lon. 0 45 f., lat. 51 on.
Ryeoate, a baiough in Snrry, with
a ni.jket ou I'mithy. It is leated in a
Viillty cnl)al |"loi!iie((l.il«, .i/id li.id a caftir,
f<.'nie ruins of which are lltill to be i'tvn j
} iificularly a long vault, with a room .it
f!(e errti, large tnough ta old 500 perfons,
where (■irturdlng (<» tradition) the barons,
wh'ifookijp arms againd king John, held
till ir priv;Ut; meetings. It i.^ 16 miKs e
iif (iuilfurUi ar)(l *i sw of London.
Loii.o 1 5 w, I It. 51 16 N.
Ryswuk,, a village in IJolhiiKl, feat»:d
bttwctii JLiguc and Dcltt, where tbc
SAB
prln«e fcf Orange has a palace. It Is re-
markable for a treaty concluded here ui
1697, between England, Germanv, Hol-
land, France, and Spain.
Rzeczica, a town of Lithuania, ca-
pital of a territory of the liaiiie name.
It is featcd at the confluence of the Wv-
edfzwck and Dnieper, 125 miles N of
Kiof, Len. 3i 5 £, lat. 50 3ZN.
SAADAH, a ftrong and populous town
of Arabia Felix, where the Turkey
leather is made. It is 14.0 miles WNw
of Sanaa. Lon. 44 55 e, lat. 17 50 N.
Saba, a fertile ifland of the W Indies,
14 miles in ci'-cumference, inhabited by a
few Dutch families from the illand of St.
Eulbtia, almolt all fhoemakers. It lies
a little to the \v of St. Chriftoi>lier.
Lon. 6317 \v, lat. 17 39 N.
Saba, atownof Perfia, in Irac-An;eml,
on tl)e road from Sultaniato Kom. Lon.
52 15E, lat. 34 56 N.
Sab I A, a kingdom on the e coaft of
Africa, bounded on the N by Sofala, on
the e by the Mofambique, on the s by
unknown regions, and on the w by Ma-
nica. It has mines of gold, and many
elephants.
Sabia, a cape of Africa, in the king-
dom of Tripoli, at the bottom of the
gulf of Sidra.
S A BIN A, a province of Italy, in the
Eccleiialtical btate ; bomided on the N by
Umbria, on the E by Naples, On the s by
Campagna di Roma, and on ihe w by the
patrimony of bt. Peter. It is 22 miles in
L'iigth and almolt us much in Ln-adlh,
watered by fcveial linall riv«rs, and
abounding in oil and wine. Magiiano is
tht capital.
Sabioncello, a peninfula of Dalma-
tia, in tlie re|>ublic ol Ragufa. It lies
to (he .s of the gulf of Narenta, and to
the N of a channel which I'cparates the
iilands of (lu/ola and Melif'a.
SABiONti I A, a Itrong- to\\-n of Italy,
in the Milanele, capital of a duchy of the
fame name, with a caltle. It belongs to
the hinifs of Aia'ria, and is 20 miles e
ol Cremona. Lon. 10 30 E, lar.45 on.
Sable, an ancient and '|>opulous town
of France, in the departr.Kiit ot Sar e and
late province of Maine, wi'h a c.tltle.
In fhe neighbourhood are lon:e quarries
of black marble. It is fcated on tiie
Sarte, 25 miles NE of Anpirrs, :ind 135
sw of Paris. Lon. o i\ w, lat ^j ^^ N.
■;■'-' I
1j
llli
'■rir:
I
.^
ilfp
S A H
SAL
Mi
' i'l'
Sable, Cape, the moft fotitherly poin':
rif Nova Scotia, in N America, near
which is a fine cod-filhery. Lon.65 39
W, lat.43 »3 N.
Sables d'Olonne, a commercial
town of France, in the depaitment of
Vtmk'f and late province of Poitou, with
a port caivahle of containing veifels of 1 56
tons. It is leated on the bay of Bifcay,
31 miles vvofLu(,on. Lon. i 36 w, hit.
46 30 N.
Sablestan, a province of Perfia,
boiintled on the N by Cand;ihar, on the f.
by Hindoortan, on the s by Makran, and
on the w by Segeftan. It is a mountain-
ous country, little known to Europeans.
Sacca. See Xacca.
Saccai, a (trong city and fcapi>i'tj one
of the molt famous in Japan, with feveral
caltles, temples, and palaces. It is leuted
on the Ita, an.i has a mi-iir.tain on one
fide, wiiich ferves as a rampart. It is
.300 miles sw of Jedo. Lon. 134 5 E,
lat. 35 ON.
Safia, a trading town of Morocco,
with acaftle. The Portuguele were long
in poifcnion of it, but they forlcwk it, in
1641. It is iuiroundcd by ieverai emi-
nences which command the town. Lon.
i 58 w, lat. 32 zXN,
Sagan, a town of Silefia, capital of a
principality of tlie fame name, belonging
to prince Lobkowitz. Ii has double
walls, a caltle, and a priory- of the Au-
gultine order. By permilhon of the em-
peror, in 1709, a Lutheran fchool was
founded here. It is feated on the Bolnr
and Quels, 62 miles NWofBicllaw. Lon.
15 22 E, l;it. 51 42 N.
Saghalien-oula, a rivtr of E Chi-
nefe Tartary, which enters the fea of
Kamtfchatka, oppofite the illand of Sag-
baliep-otila-hata,
Saghalien-oula-hata, an ifland in
the lea of Kamtfchatka, in about 145° e
lon. and from 50 to 54° N lat. It belongs
to the Rufiians.
Saghalien-oula-hotun, a city of
E Chinefe Tartary, in the department of
Tcitcicar, on the s fide of the Saghalien-
oula. It is rich and populous, and very
important on account of its lituation, as
it fecures to the Mantchew Tartars the
poffellion of extenfive de.'erts covered with
woo<ls, in which a great number of (iibks
art found. Lon. 127 25 E, lat. 50 o N.
b.\r.RF7, a ftrong town of Portugal,
• in Algarva, with a harbour and a fort,
four niiles \v of Cape St. Vincent, and
125 s of Lifljon. Lon. 9 4W, lat. 37
4N.
Sah.\oun, a town of Spain, in Leon,
with a rich abbey. It is feated In a fer-
tile pbin, on the river Sea, 17 mile&
from .icentia. Lon. 5 23 w, lat. 42
33N.
Said, a town of Upper Ef,ypt, feated
on the Nile, 150 miles s of Cairo. Lon.
31 20 E, lat. 27 32 N.
Sainte?, three of the Leeward Carib-
bce Iflands in the W Indies, between Gua-
daloupe and Dominjca.
Saintes, an ancient and large, but
not populous town ot France, in the de-
partmeitt ol' Lower darente and late
■province of Saintchge, v/ith a bi (hop's
lee. There are feveral monuments of
antiquity, of which the moft famous are
tlie amphitheatre, the aquedufts, and the
triumphal arch on the bridge over tlie
Ch'.4rente. The cafrle, built' on a rock,
is deemed impregnable 5 and the cathe-
dral has one of the largett: fteeples in.
Fr^'nce. It is leated on an eminence. 37
miles St of Rochelle, and 262 ssw cf
Paris. Lon.o 38 w, lat. 45 54 N.
Saintonge, a late province of France,
62 miles lorif» and 30 hrbadj bounded on
the e by Aiigcumdis and Perigord, on
the N by Poitou and Aunis, oti the w by
the Atlantic, and on tbo s by Bordclois
and Gin.'U. The rivtr Charentc runs
through the middle of it, and renders it
one of the fiirelt and moft fertile provIiKis
in France, abounding in all forts of com
and fruits 5 and the belt fait in Europe »s
made iiere. It now forms, with the Irte
province of A\mis, the department of
Lower Charenre.
Sal, one ot the Cape de Verd Iflands,
42 miles in circumfe.ence, lying to the E
of St. Nicholas; It has its name irom
the great quantity of Iklt made here from
tne lea w i r. which oviiflows part <.f it,
Irom time to time. It is 300* miles w of
the coaft of Africa. Lon. 22 56 w, lat,
j6 38 N.
Sala, or Salserg, a town of Swe-
den, ih W( ftniania, near which is a very
large ancient iilver mine. This town
was firlt built by king Guftavus Adol-
phtis in 1614, and deftroyed by fire in
1716. It is leated on a rivei', 30 miles
w ol Upial, and 50 n\v of Stockholm,
Lon. 17 45 e, lat. 59 50 n.
Sala'manca, an ancient and populous
city of Spain, in Leon, with a billiop's
fee, and a famous imiverfity, confining
of 24 college*. The ftrufture called the
Schools, where the fciences are taught, is
very large and curious. There wert tor-
merly 7000 ftudents, when the Spaniih
monarchy v\ras in a flouri(hing condition-
and there are ngw upward of 4000J wl...
irf in a fcr-
17 milei
V, lat. 4.2
irpt, feated
liro. Lon.
ard Carllv
weenGua-
laige, but
in the de-
; and late
a birtiop's
luments of
Famous are
U, and the
i over tlic
on a rock,
the cathe-
fteeplcs in
linence. 37
52 ssw of
of France,
)oiinded on
rigord, on
II the w by
r- Bcrdclois
rente nins
renders it
2 provltitis
|rt8 of corn
Europe »s
1th the l:'.te
irtraent of
'd Iflands,
^g to the £
fftnie irom
here from
Ipart i.f it,
liles w of
:6 w, lat,
of Swe-
is a very
[his towH
rus Adol-
)y fire in
30 miles
lockhoini.
I populous
billiop's
Iconilftiiig
palled the
jaiight, is
Iwert for-
SpaniJh
Miditiun j
[00, who
SAL
are all clothed like prielts, having their
heads ftiaved, and caps thereon. Here
are magnificent churches, a large public
fquare, fine fountains, and evtry thing
that can contribute to the beauty and
commodioulhefs of the city. The cathe-
dral is one of the iianilllmeft in Spain ;
and then.- are ievera! fine convents, with
churches belonging to them, adorned with
images, and loiiie with curious pii!:lures.
It is leated partly in a plain, and partly
on hills, and is furrounded by a wall.
The river Tormes, which waflics its
walls, has a bridge over it 300 paces
long, built by the Romans. Without
the walls is a fine Roman causeway. It
is 37 miles se of Miramia, and S3 i \v
of Madtid. Lon. 5 16 w, lat, 41 8 N.
Salamanca, a, town of Nevy Spain,
in the province ■ of Yucat^m, 140 miles
s of Campeachy^ Lon. 89 58 w, lat. 17
55 N. . < -M....- .... '.
Salanakem, al town of Sclavonia, re-
markable for a battle gained by the prince
of Badtn^ over the Turks, in 1691. It
js li^ated on the Danube, ao milvs NW of
Belgrade, and 25 se of Pecer.waradiu.
Lon. zo 53 E, lat. 45 14 N* , •;; :•>, .
Salberg. See Sala.: (
Sa;.cey, a forell in the 6 part of Nor-
thonipton/hire.
SaI-EM, a leaport of th^ ftate of Maffa-
chulets, caprtal of the comity of Eflex.
It is the oklelt town in the Uate,. except
Plymouth ; and tho\igh its harbour is in-
fei ior to that of Boltbn, it carries on a
large foreign trade. It is 15 miles ne
of Bofton. Lon. 71 30 vv, la;. 42 i6 n.
Salem, a town of N Cai>;!:na, in the
county of Surry. It is the prinjtipal Itt-
tjement of the Moravians in this itate,
and 170 miles \v of Edenton.
Salenche, a town of Savoy, in Up-
per Faucigny, liiated on the Arvc, near
a Ihiall lake, 12 miles s of Cluie.
Salerno, a leaport of Napks, capital
of Principato Citeriore, with an arch-
bifhop's lee, 11 caltic, and a univerlity,
principally for medicine. It is ieated at
the bottom of a bay of the lame name,
27 miles SE of Naples. Lon. 14 53 E,
Jat.40 35 N.
Salers, a town of France, in the de-
partment of the Cantal and late province
of Auvergne, Hated among the moun-
t^ms, nine miles N of AuriUac.
Salies, a town of France, in the de-
partment of the Lower Pyrenees and lati
province oi Bcarn, remarkable for its
Iprii.gs of fait water, from which the
white lalt is mad*;. It In f^vcn miles w
- «f Oitbez. .,ir ;. /r ,. . .
SAL
Sal ..nac, a town of France, In the
department of Upper Vienne and la!e pro-
vince ol Limofin, io milis s by w of
Limoges. Lon. i iS r., lat. 45 42 n.
Salignas, atownof Spuin, in Biicajr,
feated on the Deva, at the lout of a moun-
tain, eight miles N by E of Vittoria, juid zi
SSE oi Bilboa. Lon. 2 54 w, lat. 43 5 n.
SaliivI. one ol the Lipari liiamls, in
the Mediterranean. It coniilts ol two higii
mountains joined tugtihtr at the ba;e,
and lies NW oi the iLand of Lipari.
Salins, a conliderable town c' Prance,
in the department of Jura ..nd late pixj-
vince of Franche C^onite, with a Itrong
fort. It is remarkable lor its fait-works,
the largeft of which is in the middle of tlic
town, and is like a lit/le fortified place.
It is feated in a fertile valley, on a (treain
that has its iburce in the town, zo rnilcs
s of Bcnlan^on, and aoo se of PiU'is-
L<:)n.6 51.;, lat. 46 56 n.
Salisbury, or >;i.w Sarum, a city
in Wiltlhire, of whitii it is tlie capital,
with a mmket on 'I ueiitay and Satuiday,
and a bi/hop's fee. It is lltuate in a
chalky ibil, almoft furrounded by the
Avon and its c<mtributory rivers, and is
, rendered particularly clean by a liiiall
ftream flowing through every Itreet. It
has a fine cathedral, crowned by a ipiac,
the loitielt in the kingdom. The town-
hall is a handlome building, and lt;ind«
.in,a fpacious market-place. Saiilbury is
governed by a mayor, lends two lut mbers
to parliamirnt, and has a manufaiUire of
iiaiuiels and linleys, and another of hard-
ware and cutlery. It is ai miles ne of
Southampton, and 83 w by s of Londoiu
Lon. 1 42 w, lat. 51 3 N.
Salisbury Craig, a hill on the s
fitle of the city of Edinburgh. It is re-
markable for a great precipice of lolid
rock, about one mile long, and, in fome
parts, loo feet highj which pafles with
lome regul.irity along its brow. ,
Salisbury Plain, in Wiltfljire, ex-
tends 25 miles E to Wincheiler, and 25
w to Shui^hury, and, in lome places,
is from 35 1040 miles in breadth. Iliac
ate lb many crofs ronds on it, aiid fo fevr
houles to take direftions froin, that
Thomas, cari of Pembroke, planted a
tree at each mileltone from Saiilbury to
Shaitfbury, for the traveller $ guide.
That part of it about the city is a chalky
down J the other parts are noted for
feeding numerous flocks of Iheep, lome
of which cor'.ain trom 3000 to 5000 each.
In this plain, befide the .amous Stohc.-
lienge, are traces of many Komilh and
Jjritilh antifiuiucs, .- ,-^
:i
T"
ill
i.-i'
.f
SAL
SAL
m-v
■sli'V
1^.7,
m
[if
SalleE) nn ancient town of the kliig-
clom ot' Fez> with a harbour and leveral
torts. Its harbour is one of the bell in
the country, anil yet, ©n account of a bar
that lies acrttfs it, Oiips of the linallelt
draught are forced to unload, and take
out their guns, before they can get into
it. I'here are docks to build Hiips, but
they aie ieldom ufcd, for want of fkill
and materials. It is divided into the Old
and New Town, by the river Guero}
and has long been famous for its pirates,
which make prizes of all Chriltian (hips
that come in their way, except there is a
t*eaty to the contiviry. It is loo miles
W of Fez, and 150 s of Gibraltar. Lon.
6 31 w, lat. 34. oiN.
Salm, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Mcurthe and late province
of Lon ain, with a caftle, feated at the
fource ot the Sar, 20 miles w of Straf-
burg, and 55 se of Nanci. Lon. 7 15
E, lat. 48 34 N.
Salo, a town of Italy, in thcBrefcia-
no} taken by the French in Auguft 1796.
It is feated on the lake Digarpa, 1 7 miles
NE of Brefcia. Lon. 10 49 £> lat. 45
38 N.
Salobrena, a feaport of Spain, in
Granada, >yith a caltle. It carries on a
great trade in fugar and Afh, and is
feated on a rock, near the mouth of a
river of the fame name, la miles E of
Almunecar, and 36 s of Granada. Lon.
3 30 w, lat. 36 31 N.
Salon, a town of France, in the de-
partment of the Mouths of the Rhone and
late province of Provence, iiiated on the
canal of Craponne, 20 miles NW of Aix.
Xon.5 5E, lut.43 38 N.
Salon A, a feaport of Venetian Dal-
matia, ieated on a bay of the gulf of
Venice. It was formerly a confiderable
place, and its ruins ihow that it was 10
miles in circumference. It is 18 miles n
ef Spalatro. Lon. 17 29E, lat.44 ion.
Salone, a town of Livadia, with a
biftiop's fee. The inhabitants are Chril'-
tians and Turks, pretty equal in number;
and Jews are not lufFered to live here. It
is Ieated on a mountain, on the top of
which is a citadel, 20 miles NE of Le-
panto. Lon. 23 i E, lat. 38 50 N.
Jjalonichi, the a .nt Thefl'alonica,
a (eaport of Turkey iu T^^Irope, capital
of Macedonia, with an :u iibifhop's fee.
It is 10 miles in circumference, and a
place of great traile, carried on princi-
pally by the Greek Chriltians and the
;^ws, the former of which have 30
churches, and the latter as many fyna-
gogues s the Turk» alfo have a few
mofqiies. It is funounded by walls, and
defended on the land fide by a citadel, and
near the harbour by three forts. It was
taken from the Venetians, l)y the 1'urkb,
in 1431. It is Ieated at the bottom of a,
gulf of the fame name, p.u-tly on the top,
and pnrtly on the fide of a hill, near the
river Vardar, 50 miles N of Larilfa, and
240 w of Conftantinople. Lou. 23 8 E,
lat. 40 4i N.
Salop. See Shropshire.
Salsks, a Itrong caltle of France, in
the department of the Eaftern Pyrenees
and late province of Roufillun. It is
feated on a lake of the fame name, among
mountains, 10 miles N of Perpignan.
Lon. 3 OB, lat. 42 53 N.
Salsette, an ifland of the Deccan of
Hindoollani lying off the coatt of Concan,
to the N of Bombay, from which it it,
fcparateil by a channel half a mile over,
fordablc at low water. It is about 15
miles fquare, and fertile in rice, fruits,
and fugar-canes. It has fubterraneous
temples cut out of the live rock, in the
manner of thofe of Elephanta. In 1773,
the Engl.ih conquered it from the Mah-
rattas ; and it hat proved a valuable ac>
quifition to BombaV) which formerly
depended on foreign iupplies for its fiib-
fiftence.
Salsonna, a town of Spain, in Ca-
talonia, Ieated on the Lobregat, 44 miles
Nw of Barcelona. Lon. 1 38 e, lat. 41
56 N.
Salt ash, a borough in Cornwall,
with a market on Saturday. It has fome
trade, efpecially in mak, is governed by
a mayor, and lends two members to
parliament. It is feated on the fide of
a Iteep hill, fix miles NW of Plymouth,
and 220 w by s of London. Lon. 4 17
w, lat. 50 25 N.
Salt Hii l, a village in Berks, noted
for its fine fituation and elegant inns. It
is on the road to Bath, 22 miles \v oi
London.
Saltza, a town of Lower Saxony, in
the duchy of Magdeburg. It takes its
name from the falt-pits, and is 1 2 miles
SSE of Magdeburg. Lon. 11 54£, lat.
5»3N.
SALT7BURG, an archbifliopric of
Germany, in the circle of Bavaria, 70
miles long and 60 broad ; bounded on the
N by Bavaria, on the E by Aultria, on
the s by Carinthia and the Tirol, and on
the w by the Tirol and Bavaria. It is
a mountainous country, but pretty fer-
tile, and contains mines of copper, fiiver,
and iron.
S A L 1 7 B V R G , an ancient a&i populous
i
SAL
SAM
trails, and
:ad(-l, and
It was
ttoin ot a,
11 the top,
near the
rilia, and
luzz 8 E,
■ranee, in
Pyrtnees
n. It is
ne, among
'erpignan.
Deccan of
>i' Concan,
rhich it it,
mile over,
. about 15
cc, fruits,
terraneous
)ck, in the
In i773i
I the Nhh-
iluable aC'
1 formtrly
or its fub-
lin, in Ca-
|t, 44 miles
E, i3t.41
Cornwall,
X has fome
iverned by
[embers to
the fide of
Plymouth,
iLon. 4 17
frks, noted
inns. It
lilts w oi
>axony, in
takes iti
12 miles
lat.
54- E»
lopric of
[vai'ia* 70
led on the
luihia, on
1)1, and on
ii-A. It is
jetty fer-
ler, I'liver,
popu.
lous
city of Germany, capital of an arth-
biuioprlc of the lame name. It is well
built, and defended by a caltle on a
mountain. The archbiOuip, who is »
I'uvereign prince, has twu noble palaces;
one for liimmer, and the other for winter ;
the latter contains 163 apartments, all
richly furnifhed, withqiit it-vkoning the
halls and galleries. The univtrlity de-
pends on the Bt-nedi^linc monks. The
cathedral is very tine, and contains five
organs. Near Saltzburg are Ibme very
piod\iclive lalt-works. It is Icatcd on
both tides the river Saltz. 45 miles s by
w of Palfaw, and 155 w by s of Vienna.
Lun. 13 5E, lat. 47 37 n.
Salvador, St. one of the Bahama
lAands. SeeGuANAHAMi.
Salvador, St. the capital of the
kingdom of Con^o, with a large palace,
where the king and a Portuguelie bifhop
refide. It is feated on a craggy mountain,
240 miles £ by s of Loango. Lon. 1 5
39 E, lat. 4 503.
Salvador, St. a populous city of
Brafil, with an archbilhop's fee, and
fcveral forts. It is the relidence of the
viceroy, contains ieveral religious houfes,
and carries on a confiderable trade. The
houii:s are two or three ftories high, and
the walls thick and (Irong, being built of
&one. The principal itrects are large,
and there are many gardens, full of great
variety of fruit-trees, herbs, and flowers.
The chief commodities are lugar, to-
bacco, woad for diers, raw hides, tallow,
and trainoil. It is ieated on an eminence,
on the bay of All-Saints, 120 miles sw
of Sergippy . Lon. 40 10 w, lat. 13 30 s.
Salvages, fmall uninhabited iilands,
lying between the Canary Iflands and
Madeira, 17 leagues N ef Point Nago in
Tfncritf. Lon. 15 54 W, lat. 30 o N.
SalvaterrA^ a towu of Portugal,
in Eitramadu^a, with a royal palace,
feated on the Tajo. Lon. 7 51 w, lat. 38
Salvaterra, a ftrong town of Por-
tugal, in Beira. It was taken by th»
Fitoich in 1704, and by the allies in
1705. It is ieated on the Elia, 12 miles
NE of Alcantaia. Lon. 6 14 w, lat, 39
30 N.
Salvatierra, a town of Spain, in
Oalicia, feated on the Minho, 56 miles
i of Compoftella. I«on.8 16 w, lat. 41
4SN.
SaLvatieRra, ^ to'.vn of Spain, In
Bii'cay, feated at the foot of Xlount St.
Adrian, 30 miles K by s of Vittoria.
i,on. 2 17 W, iat.42 <r4 4'«.
iAtvzlOi a towa ef Pisdmont, «a-
pital of a marquifate of the famg naire,
with a bilhop'i lie, and a caiilo. Tli«
cathetbal is magniticent and rich. It is
feated on an cniinentt, at the foot of the
Alps, near the river Po, ii miles s by
W of Turin. Lcn. 7 37 E, lat. 44 44 N.
Samandrachi. Sec Samothracia.
Samarand, a populous town en the
ealtcrn part ot the lUand of Java.
SamaRCAnd, an ancient and |iopuloii«
city of Afia, in the country of the Uiiicck
'I'urt:us, with a calUe and a univeility.
It was the feat of Tamerlane the Great.
It carries on a trade in excellent fruits,
and is Ieated near the Sogde, v,'hich runs
into the Amo, 138 milis e by n of Bok-
hara. Lon. 69 o E, lat. 39 50 n.
Samar, Philivpina, or Tandaco,
one of tiic Philippine Iflands, se of tbat
of Luconia, from which it is feparated
by a flrait. It is 320 miles in circum-
ference, anJ is full of craggy motmtainsa
among which are iertile vallies.
Samathan, a town of France, In the
department of Eure and late province of
Comminges, with a flrong caltle on a
mountain. It is Ieated in a valley, oa
the river Save, five miles N of Lombez.
Lon. I o E, lat. 43 34 n.
Samballas, uninhabited i'^atxls. of
America, on the N coait of the iilhmus ot'
Darien,
Sambre, a river of the Netherlands,
which rif<'S in Picardy, and paflTing by
Landrecy, Maubeuge, Thun, aodCharle-
roy, falls ii^to the \Iaefe, at Namur.
SaMOqitia, a province of Poland;*
175 miles long and 125 broad; buimd«(|
on the N by Courland, on the e by Lithua-
nia, on the w by the Baltic, and 00 the
s by Wettern Pruflla. It is full of fo-
relis and high mountains, whicli feed a
great number ot caltle, and produce
abundance of honey. Here are alio very
aftive horles, in high etteem. The in-
habitants are clownith, but honcit; and
tbey will not allow a young woman to go
out in the night without a candle in her
hand, and two bells at her girdle. Ro-
fitnne is the principal town.
Samos, an illand of the Archipelago,
on the coait of Natolia, and to the E of
the itle of Nicaria. It is 3a miles
long and 12 broad, and extrei|iely fer-
tile, it abounds with partridges, wood-
cocks, Jinpes. thruthes, woodpigeons,
turtlcdgves, wheattars, and excelltnt
poultry. The inhab'tants are clothed
in ttie Turkifh manner, except a red coif,
and ttieir hair hanging down their backs,
with plates of tilvi.r, or block tin, fai>er,«4
t9 the e.»d«. They have abvmdance ci*
SfiSrfhi;
SAN
SAN
melons, lentils, kidney beans, mufcadinc
grapes, and white ligs, four times as big
as the common Ibrt, but not lo well
taltcd. Their lilk. is very fine, and tlie
honey and wax admirable. They have
iron mines, anil nio(t or the loll is ol" a
rulty colour; they have alio einery iluiic,,
and all the mountains .ireot wliite marble.
Tile inhabitanis, about 12,00-1, an: al-
nuilt all Greeks, and have a Ij'dlioi) wlio
rclides at Corea, £011.27 ^i^y '^t. 37
46 N.
Samo.hracia, now called Sa\)AN-
OKACHI, a linall illand of the Archijuhi-
go, between Stalinuni ami the coall oF
Komania, and to the N ot the ilie oi Ini-
bro. It is 17 miles in circumfuvnee,
and pretty well cultivated. Lon.25 17
£, lat.40 34 N.
Samoykdes, once a numerous and
powerful nation of Tartary. They art
now Ihangely diiperJt;d: Ibine of thtin
are found in linall detached l)odits among
the mountains to th.e w of Lake J^aikalj
others are luppoied to be wltiiin the
Chinefe frontiers} otliers arc Icattercd
among the deierts, wliieh extend along
the Frozen Ocean ; and Ibnie nearly as iar
to the w as Archani;el. They have no
lonp;er the ufe of horles, beciuie tlie cli-
mate of their prelLnt country readers then-
lubfilfence impoihble; but tluy Itiii pre-
icrve the manners of a pallmal people,
and retain the uie of "lovcable habita-
tions, with which they v ander from place
to place. Tliey neitlier have, nor appear
ever to have had, any kind of regular
government. 'Ihelr tiaditional longs
mention only certain heroes, who, in
better times, led their anceilors to battle.
Theie longs form their yjrincipal a;nui|:-
ments j but the exploits tlicy celebrate
are never likely to be renewed. 1 iieir
nerves are lb irrita'ile, that a fudclen and
unexpected noife will irequently threw
them into convullions. 'i'hey have a large
head, a flat face, high cheek bones, Iniall
eyes, a wide mouth, a yellow complex-
ion, ftraight black hair, and little or no
beai'd.
Samso, or Samsoi, an ifland of Den-
mark, on the E coall of N Jutland. It
is eight miles long and three broad, and
very fertile. Lbn. 10 33 e, lat, 56 z n.
Samson, St. a town of France, in the
department of Eure, and late province of
Normandy, leated on the river Kille, live
miles from Pontaudemer.
Sanaa, a large and populous town,
capital of Arabia felix, and in Yemen
Proper. It is ieated among the n.oun-
tains, and iine orchards; 2.4.0 miles a he
of Mocha, and 450 se of Mecca. Lon.
46 35 e, lat. 17 28 N.
Sanbach, a town in Cheflilre, with a
market on Thurfday. In the market-
pl.»ce are two lijuire lione crolfes, adorned
with images. It is feafed on the We-
lock, 26 miles e of Chelter, and 161
NNW of London. Lon. a aSw, lat. 53
8 N.
Sancerre, a town of France, in the
department of Cher and late province of
Berry, I'he wines produced in its en-
virons are fcarcely inferior to thole of
Burgundy. It is (eated on a mountain,
near the river Loire, zx miles NWo' Ne-
vers, and no N of Paris. Lon.- j9 E,
lat. 47 18 N.
Sancian, an illand of China, on the
coalf of Quari-tong, 40 miles in circunip
leience, and iaiuous for being the bury-
ing-place of St. Francis Xavier, whole
tomb is to be lien on a fmall hill.
Sancoins, a town of France, in the
department of Cher and late province of
Berry, leated on the Argent, 15 miles
sw of Nc vers.
Sa.nda, an ifland of Scotland, one of
the Orknies, lying ne of that called
Mainland.
Sandecz, a ftrong town of Little Po-
land, in the palatinate of Cracow. There
are mines ot gold and copper in its terri-
tory, and it is itrated at the foot of Mount
Krapack, 32 miles se of Cracow. Lon.
20 32 E, lat. 49 43 N.
Sandersted," a village in Surry, to
the s of Croydon, noted for its elevation,
which alFoids a delightful profpeft over
the adjacent country.
Sandgate Castle, a caftle in Kent,
sw of Folkftone. It was built on the
Englifti Chaimel, by fienry viii; and
here queen Elilabeth lodged one night,
when ihe came to vilit this coalt in 1588.
Sando, an i%nd of Japan, on the N
coalt of Nipiion, with a town of the lame
name. It is 87 miles in circumference.
LoYi. 139 30 E, lat. 38 35 N.
Sandomir, a ftrong town of Little
Poland, capital of. a palatinate of the
liime name, with a caftle, feated on a hill,
on the Vjftula, 75 miles E of Cracow,
and 112 s of VVarfaw. Lon. 22 o E,
lat. 50 21 N.
Sandovvn Castle, a caftle of Kent,
a little N of Deal. It .was built by
Henry viii, for the fecyrity of the coalt.
Sandugal, a town of Portugal, in
Beira, feated on the Coa> 12 miles SSE
of Guarda. ...
Sanduliet, a town of Auftrian
JSraban(; on the river Scheldt 12 iniks
^4
w
hh
in Kent,
on the
[II; and
le night,
in 1588.
on the N
the lame
ifeience.
)f Little
of the
w a hill,
Cracow,
22 O £,
Df Kent,
juilt by
coatt.
[ugal, in
Ikilcs SSE
Luftrian
I miks
S
SAN
N.w of Antwerp. Lon. 1 he, lat. 51
22 N.
Sandwich, a town in Kent, with a
market on Wediielllay and Saturday. It
is one of the cinque- ports, governed by
a mayor and jurats, and lends two mem-
bers to jiai liamciit. It has three churches,
and about i 500 houlcs, molt of them old
and built with woi^d, others with brick
;uid flints. It is walled romid j but the
walls are much decayed, though four of
the gates are ftill ftanding. This was
once a town of confiderable trade, but it
is much decayed, on account of the river
Stour, on which it is leated, being fo
choked up with fnnd, as to admit only
fmall veflels. It is 13 miles E of Canter-
bury, and 67 E by s of London. Lon.
I 25 E, lat. 51 19 N.
Sandwich, Cape, a cape in the ifland
of Malicollo, in the Pacific Ocean. Lon.
167 59 E, lat. 16 28 s.
Sandwich Bav, a bay of the Ifland
of S Georgia, in the Southern Ocean.
Lon. 36 12 w, lat. 54. 42 s.
Sandwich Harlour, a port in the
ifland of Malicollo, in the Pacific Ocean.
Lon. 167 S3 E, lat. 16 25 s.
Sandwich Island, a fine large ifland
in the Pacific Ocean, difcovei-cd by captain
Carteret in 1767. It is feparated from
New Ireland by St. George's Strait, and
from New Hanover by Byron's Strait.
Lon. 149 17 E, lat. 2 53 s.
Sandwich Island, one of the New
Hebrides, in the Pacific Ocean. Lon.
168 33.E, lat. 17 41 s.
Sandwich Islands, a group of
iflands in the N Pacific Ocean, difcovered
by captain Cook in his lalt voyage. He
\'o named them in honour of the earl of
Sandwich, under whofe marine adminif-
tration thefe dilcoveries were made. They
confift of eleven. Iflands, extending from
18 54 to 22 1 5 N lat. atid from 1 50 54 to
160 24 w lon. They are called by the na-
tives, Owhyhee, Mowee, Ranai, Morotoi,
Tahoorowa, Woahoo, Atooi, Neeheehe-
ovv, Oneehoua, Morotinne, and Takoora^
all inhabited, except the laft two. The
climate differs little from that of the W
Indies in the fame latitude j but there are
no tra-ts oi' thofe violent winds, which
render ; he llcmy months in th«; W Indies
fo dreauful. Tnere is alio more rain at
the Sana-.-'ch Ifles. The vegetable pro-
duft ions are neaily the fame as thole of
the other iflands in this ocean; but the
taro ropt is here of a faperior quality.
The bread-lfuit trees thrive not in fuch
abundance as Ip the rich plains of Ota-
iieite, but produce double Uie quantity of
SAN
fruit. The fugar-canes are of- a v«rf
unulual fize, fbine of them meafuring
eleven inches and a quarter in circumter .
cncc, and having fourteen feet eatable.
There is alio a root of a brown coloyr,
fliaped like a yam, and from fix to tea
pounds in weight, the juice of which is
very fwcet, of a plcalant tallc, and is an
excellent lubftitutc for fugar. The quad-
rupeds are confined to hogs, dogs, and
r.its. The fowls are ot the common
fort ; the birds beautiful and numerous*
though "not various. Goats, pigs, and
Eiuopean ieeds, were left by captain
Cook ; but the poUellion of the goats foon
gave rife to a conteft between two diftrifts,
in which the breed was dellroyed. The
inh:ibitants are undoubtedly of the lame
racje that poflefles the iflands s of the
equator ; and in their perlbns, language,
and manners, approach nearer to the
New Ztalanders, than to their lefs diftant
neighbours, either oi' the Society or
Fj'iendly Iflands. They are, in general,
above the middle fize, and well madej
they walk gracefully, run nimbly, and
are capable of bearing great fatigue.
Many of both fexcs have fine open coun-.
tenancesj and the women, in particular,
have good eyes and teeth, with an en-
gaging fweetnefs and fenfibiiity of look*
There is one peculiarity, charaaeriftic of
every part of this nation, that even in
the handfomeft faces there is a fulnefs of
the noftril, without any flatnefs or Ipread-
ing of the nofe. The men fuffer their
beards to grow, and wear their hair after
various fafliions. The drefs of both men
and women nearly refembks thofe of New
Zealand, and both fexes wear necklaces
of linall variegated fliells. Tattowing
the body is praclil'ed by every colony of
this nation. The hands and arms of the
women are alfo very neatly marked, and
they have the fingular cuftom of tattowing
the tip of the tongue. Like the New
Zealandtrs, they live together in villages,
containing from 100 to 200 houfes, built
clofely together, without any order, and
having a winding path between them.
They are generally flanked, toward the
fea, with detached walls,, which are meant
both for fhelter and defence. Thefe walla
confifl: of loofe fl:ones, and the inhabitants
are very dexterous in ftiifting the.r. fud-
denly to fuch places as the direftion of the
attack may require. In the fides of the
hills, they have little caves, the entrance
to which is fecured by a f^nce of , the fame
kind: thefe are, places of retreat in cafe*
of extremity, and nuy be defended by a
iingle person againft fevei;al affailafitSi
ilP'
■I
'• It
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IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
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Hiotographic
Sciences
Corporation
a W'iTfAAIH STREET
WEBSTEit.N.Y. I4SM)
(716) 873-4503
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V
SAN
SAN
StfMe of their houiet are large and com-
ModkHitv (torn 40 to 50 feet long, and
fsom «o to 30 broad; others are mere
liovi;U. The food of the lower clafs
confifts principally of fi(h and vegetables,
to which the people of higher rank add
the flefli of dogs and hogs. The making
of canoes, mats, Scz , forms the occupations
of the men ; the women are employed in
manufacturing cloth j and the fervants are
principally engaged in the plantations and
fifliing. I'hcy have various amuli:ments,
fuch as dancing, boxing, wreftling, &c.
Their agriculture and navt^tton bear a
|;reat relemblance to thofe of the fouthem
iflands. Their plantations, which are
foread over the whole feacoaft, conHft of
flie taro, or eddy-root, and fweet pota-
toes, with plants of the cloth-tree let in
rows. Tliey make fait in great abun-
dance, and of a good quality. The bot-
toms of their canoes are of a fincle piece
<ftf wood, hollowed out to the tnickiKls
of an inch, and brought to a point at
each end. The fides confift of three boards,
each about an inch thick, neatly fitted and
laflied to the bottom patt. Some of their
double canoes meafure 70 feet in length,
three and a half in diepth, and la in
breadth.. Their initruments of war are
ipears, daeger«, clubs, and flings; and
for dcfeniiVe armour they wear ftrong
mats, which are not eafily penetrated by
fuch weapons aa theirs. As the iflands
are not united under one fovereien, wars
are frequent among them. The fame
fyftem of fubordination prevails here as
at the other iiVands ; the ahfolute autho-
i^ity on the part of the chiefs, and un-
reuilting fubmilfion on the part of the
people. The government is monarchical
and hereditary. At Owhyhee is a regu-
lar fociety of priefts living bythemftlves,
and diftin6l in all refpefts, from the re(f of
the people. Human facrifices are here
frequent ; not only at the commencement
of a war, or fignal enterprife, but the
death of every conTiderable chief calls for
a repetition of thefe horrid rites. Not-
withitandiog the death of captain Cook,
who was here murdered through fudden
relentment and violence, they are acknow-
ledgtd to be of the molt mild anil affec-
tionate difpofition. They live in the ut-
mofk harmony and friendfhip with each
, other; and in hofpitality to itrangers they
are net exceeded even by the inhabitants
of the Friendly Iflatidt^ Their natural
capacity, ieemt, in no refpe6l, below the
tommon ftandaid of mankind; and thdf
improvements ih agriculture, ^ikl'the per«
Action of tbiup manviiiAures, are sertaialy
adequate to the circumflance of their fitur-
tion, and the natural adva«tagci which
they enjoy.
Sandwich Land, a barren and defo-
late country in the Southern Ocean, ntn
the idand of S Georgia. The moun«r^ins
are of a vaft height, their I'ummits con-
iiantly wrapped in clouds, and their
bafcs covered with fiiow to the wati:r''(
edge. It is doubtful whether the different
proje£liug points form one connected land,
or feveral diltind iflands. Southern
Thule, the moft tbuthern extremity of it
that wasfeen, lies in 27 45 W Ion. and 59
34 8 lat. This is the greateft s latitude
ever ytt explored, on which accouat this
part received its appellation.
Sanguesa, a town of Spain, in Na-
varre, I'cattd on the Arragoii, zo mik-s
SE of Pampeluna. Lon. i 17 w, lat. 42
34 N.
SaNPOO. See BURRAMPOOTER.
Sanore-Bancabour, a town of
Hindoollan, in the kingdom of Myforc,
117 mikrs e by N of Goa. Lon. 75 44 E,
lat. 15 39 N.
Sancuthar, a borough in the diliriA
of Nithl^ale, in Dnmfriesihire. It has a
ruined caltle,^ and is remarkable for its
coal trade and a manufaAure of worfted
mittens and (lockings. It is feated on
the ^ith, 34 miles n of Dumfries. Lon.
3 56 w, lat. S5 30 N.
Santa Clara, an ifland of Peru, ia
the bay of Guyaquil, 90 miles w of Gu-
yaquil. Lon.Sz 36 w, lat. » 18 s.
Santa Cruz, a feaport on the e fide
of Teneriff, on a fine bay of the fame
name, defended by many imall batteries,
and a ftrong fort. The town is irregu-
larly built ; the principal ftreet is bruad,
and has more the appearance of a fquare
than a ftreet \ at the upper end, is the
governor's houfc, and at the lower a fquare
nionument, commemorating the appear-
anee of Nuettf^ Senora (Our Lauy) to
the Guanchtfs, the original inhabitants
of the ifland. The outikirts of the town
have more the apj^aran^e of a placie de-
ferted, than a place of trade; tor many
of the boufes are either left half-built, or
have fallen to decay. Jjon, 16 16 w, lat.
aSi7N.
SanTa CrV7., a feaport on the ccaft
of Morocco, widi a fort. The Moors
took it fix>m the Portuguefc in 1536. It
IS feated at the extremity of Mount At-
las, on Cape Aguer. Lon. 10 7 w, lat.
30 38 N.
Santa Crvz, an ifland in the Pacific
Ocean, one of the mcMft coniidefable of
thofe of Solomon* befaig 150 .miles in
sTa-i^
S A R
ctt^tyiYifirttncr. Lon. ijb oW, liti^ id
II s.
Santa Cruz, a feaport on the i« fide
of iht, lAimA ot' Cuba, 60 miles b of Ha-
vannah. Lon. SI 16 w» Iat4l3 10 N4
Santa Cauz-de-la-Sierra, a lowtt
of Peru, capital of a governraent of that
itaime, in the audience sf Lot-Charto.'^,
with a biflMi|p*s1ee. It is fcated at tht
f >ot of a mountain, in a country abound-
ing in eood truits, on the river Guapy,
300 mtles E of Plata. Lmi. 59 55 iV,
lat. 19 468.
Santa Fe, the capital of New Mexico,
fcated among mountains, near the Rio-
del-Nbrte, 950 miles n of Mexico. Lon.
106^5 W, lat. )$ 3a N.
Santa-Fe'-de Bogota, the capital
of the new kin^om of Granada, m S
America, with an archbU?iop*s fee and a
univerfity. It is the feat of^a new vice-
royalty eftablifhed in the prcfent centuiy,
the juriidtAion of whjch includes the
whole of Terra Firma, and the audience
of Quito in Peru.- It is feated on the
riverMadalena, in a country abounding
in com and fruit, with mines of filver in
the nuAihtains, 360 miles s of Canha-
gena. Lon. 73 s w, lat. 3 58 Ni
Santaren, * town of Portugal, in
Eftramadura, feated on a mountain, near
the riirer Tajo, in a country fertile in
wheat, wine, and oil. It was taken from
the Moon in 1447^ and is 55 miles nb
of Li(bon. Lon. t 25 w, lat. 30 a N.
Santbn, a town of Weftphalia, in
the duchy of Cleves. It has a handfome
church belonging to the |)apifts, ' wherein
it an image of uie Virgih, which, they
pretend, pcrtbrms a great many miracles.
It is feated on the Mine 15 miles it of
Cleves. Lcm. 6 S5 e, lat. 51 50 n.
Santillana, a leaport of Spain, ca-
pital bf Afttirias de Santillana, feated on
the bay of Bifcay, 50 miks e of Oviedo,
and soo Nw of^ Madrid. Lon. 4 3»w,
lat. 43 34 N.
SAntOrini, an ifland of the Archi>
pelaeo, to the N of Candia, and to the 9
of Nio. It fs,ei|;ht miles in leneth, and
nearly af much in breadth; and near it
are three or four other fmali iflands, each
of which bears evident marks of a volqi-
nic origta. It^prqd«u:e8 plenty of barley,
cotton, ind wi i>, <lh which^ and the
cotton KJiahufafhttM,' its trade conllfts.
Fruit is 'liarcer'cHlMpt fin, and it has
neither oil nor wood. The inhabitants
are alf Greeks, ai)OUt lotooo in number,
and thewfh'lubjtjl to the Turks, they
choofe their «Nrn inaglftrates. Pyrgos is
tin cto'rtiUr L«ii.»6 it, IM. 36 to^v
SaAjte, Upper, a department of
France, including part of the late province
of the i(le of France* It is n;im«d frdhi
a rivet , which riles in Mont Vol'ges, in4
falls into the Rhone at Lyons. 'Fhe ca-*
pital is Vefottl.
Saone andL6irb, a departmeiitof,
France, including p^ of the late proviiicft
of Burgundy. Maton is the capital. •/
Sapienza, a finall ifland apd cape»'
near the s coaft of the Mofed. The pi-
rates of Barbary conceal themfelves be*.
hind it, to Hirprife veflTcls which com«
from thegtlf of Venice, or the coatt of •
Sicily. Lon. SI 35 e, lat. 3650 k/
Saracens, a people celebrated fonic
centuries ago, whb £ame from the defertt
of Arabia : Sarra in their language iigni*
fying a defert. They were the fiifft dif-
ciples of Mahomet, and, within 40 years,' -
after his death, conquered a great part of '
Alia, Africa, and Europe. They kept:'
pofleillion of Spain till ifii, whcntKejr,,
were expelled. They maintained a vtrar '
in the Holy Land, along time, againft'
the AVItftern Chriftians, and at length,
drove them out ol* it. There arc rtow no."
people known by this namei for the'
defcendants of thofe who conquered Spain
are called Moors.
Saragossa, a city of Spain, in Arra* ; , .
gon, with an archbilhop's fee, a Univerfity* ' :
and a court of inquifition. It is faid to /
have Seen built by the Phoenicians ; and
the Romans fent a colony here in the reigR ,
of Auguftus, whence it had the name of
Cefar Auguius, which by corruption has
been changed into Saraguflfa. It is
adorned witn many magnificent buildings*
and there are 17 large churches, and 14 ' '
handibme monafte|ies, not to mentioa
others lefs confiderablc. The Ebro ruay
through the place, dividing it into two j .
and on its banks is a handibme quay» '
which fer\'es for a public walk. The-
Holy.ftreet is the largelt, and lo broad, * '
it may be taken for a Iquare ; and hertf- '
they had their bull-fights. The cathedral ',
Is a fpacious Gothic building j but the
fineft church is that of Nueftra Sehora dei
Pilar, and aplace of the greateft devotion ,
in Brain. Tney tell us, that the Virgin, '
yet living, appeared to St. James, who :
was preaching tht- gofpel, and left him
her image, with a handfome pillar of ,
jafper : it is fhov^n in thi? churcn, whiciT^'
they pretend is the firft inthe world built .
to her hqnour. .This im:^e ftands on a '
marble pillar, with a little Jeliis in her
aims, ulumlna^ed by $0 limns. The
ornaments of this image are the ri^eit '
thnt «aa ht' imagined, fcr fcarce any
Li % '
tUng is to be fcen but gold and jewels ;
tM a vaft Qumbcr of 'people come in pil-
erimage hither. Th^ townhoufc is a
fttmptiious ftniAure ; tn, the hall arc the
pifti^es of all the kings of ^ragohi a^d
lit ihe corner of it St. Geq^ge op l^offe-
bacKt with a djragon o^ wnite ii>arble
tmder him. SarasoUTa is feafed in a large
p)at«l» where the Et^ro receives two other
rivers ; knd over it are two bridges, one
offtoneand the other of woo4» wnich la^t
w... w.. ..«..«.. ...» Spaniacd^ .^ •'i''*
but It was abandoned by the aljies icon
after. ' It is i ij miles w of Barcelqi^a,
and 150' N£ of Mat^i^* I^^n. o %i,\Ht.
life* 4« S3 N. .,<!
Sar/^TQP, a goveminent of I^uflla,
forinerly a province of Aitracan. It is
divided into ix diftri^S) of which ,t^ of
t^e faime name is thie principal. , \.
Saratov, a toyijii'of RuAj^, capital
of the government of that name, feated
on the ^e of a inountaih, Mar the river
Volga, i>o miles s ot Kafan, and 300
nW uf Albracan,. Lea. 49 15 1^^ lat, 5a
Saratoga, a fort uf N ^VKrict, in
the' ftate of New York, n^emorable f->r
the fiuTendttr o£ an army of Britifh a^
Heffians. to the Americans, in 1777. It
ii fejit^ on the e fide of I^ud|bn'^.J[^iver^
5^ rtiiles N of Albany, , ,
;SARBO|u;|tG, a town of Germany^ in
tht cl^JVpratA: of l^reves, feated on the
Sii'e, eight miles s of Treves. Loii. 6
4dE,'iat;4^ 37 N.
Sarbourg, a town of France^ in the
def^urtment of Meurthe and late province
of^Lbrrain, feated on the Sta^e, at tne
foot of a mountain, 1 5 miles e of Marlal,
and 50 SE of Metz. Lon. 7 $ e, lat. 4S
46 N.
Sarbruck, a town of France, in the.
departraeht of Kfofelle and late province,
of Lorraih, ieate'd on the Sare, 14. mi^es
CSE of Sarlouts, and 40 B by N of Metz.
Lon. 7 2B, lat. 49 14 M.
Sar!dah, a.lfcaportof N Holl^ndi wh^re
there are valt niagaiines'of timber fon^
b<!iildii^ ftiips, and n^val i(^«s, wi2jx a,
gfeat number of (hipwrights; andnere ip.
le^ th« h^t in which, Peter the Great r^-
lid^, while he worked as, ^fliipwfight
in.^K}^, tiqjyn, $a|d:^n is f^tfd on the
^yci fevw ro»^w Nw.pf Amfierdaip.
Lon; 4 45 Br lat. s» »$ R.
^AROiNjiA, an iflai^,.o^v,the A^cditcrr
R^^ean> i4» miles ficvn.N to s^ ji^a. Sp
tf^pin E to w. T^ ibU 19 fertile uiicffm.
S, A R'
the coaft i« a fiihery for uchovlet and
coi-al, of which large quantities arr fent
to Genoa and Leghorn. Beeves^ and ftieep
aren^merp^s, ap well as horfcs, which
are g9od, for labfnir ai)d the road . They
are l^d in t^hfc ILti^e iflands about it, which
abound in game; and in that of Afnaria
are a gre^t number of turtles. The air
is very^ iinhealtl^, from the marihy laiid.
HcTf are mines, of fi^v^, lead, (ulphur,
and aluip j and they tpi^ke a. good deal of
fal^. Thfs id^nd has i^nd^gone various
revolutions: in 1708 it was taken, by tlve
Englifli for the emperor Cl^r^ vi | and
in 1720 c^ded to the du)(jB| of,.S;iK9y, as
an eqpiv^«mt fpr t^t.qf, ,$isiiy« It.ww
then ereded into > ^n^pa^i. bHt hrs
Sfu:dinian,iDrje% kecf s ^U cot^rt at, Tu-
mi, the capita) of his. Piiaiiiionteiii terrr..
tories. £ie has a viceroy at CagUari, the
capital, of tbls inland.
Sardq, a,town.of Tur^ceyip A-Coip in
Katplia. It was foiinfi?ly c^led Sardis,
and was the capital pf Ljdifi« ui^,er th*
famous l^iag Creefus. It w^s aiteiN-
ward onfi ot the feven chiffches of Afia,
c^ebrat^ inti^ bool^ of H^c^lf^pn, but
was <i(t>i^rc^/nil by ao -«^thq>|^,i^, th«
rcizii ofTiberius. I^.a6w;Cqi^ins only
a, jtevii( wretched' hutfv H|!)w.qrf r* hen; is
a large carayanlary, where tbe^^i^rjpl)^-
f(^Vl9<igingf for, tr^v^llersi^. if Ivi^g in
thic.gniat r<^ froip SgnVfm %^%mi-
antj, the TurHs bav« a )mq^<.fqrpd?rry a
Chriman church. Th$ i^,(bitaAtf, ?[r^
npw ailmsftjail Oiephei;ds, who if^ th«ir
flQck^ iff, th^ iteighbouriqg^ipkip** Thrra
are alfit a Uw Chriftiansy yr)^. employ
thei^felvM in gfrdgynff, but tbfy.WCi
neither clnircb nor, prie^. lf> U 70 ipilea
E of ^yrpa, Irop.,i(^ 3.9 B»>tr 3ft 44 N.
Sar|, Rriyjsrwbich rifes at. Sa'lm, in
France^ runs, N into Qerina|^y« and falls
into the Mo^le, a little abovje Treves.
^ Sa^PAN^, a town of Swifterlandt ca^
piu4 of a.cQvnty of the, ff^, name, in,
tHe canton of Zurie, with a cfU^le cn,\
rock, It fl^t <m tbt tcqp of^a fa|l\} and
n^ar i^ WrejpBinfrM.flwJngs,
Sar.qei., a Ifij^ a<iianc^ti&ap9rtot
Africa,. ^n,Tr^ijael«|» witji a>q4I<> f«tcd
; 01^, tb; ff acoaft» as miUji ssfV of A^icrs^
Lon^a 15 B> lat, 36.}o)f,
SARpuKK^I^X, a tpi|n» of, Fnpcf, !«
the departn^i^nt of Mp^e^. aM \t^. PfP^
vince qf Lorrafn, ff ate4 ,«i) tl)^ .%CP, vm
mil^s fi by e of Sawl^iNt^f Lop.? ^h
lat. 49 9n. ,
Sark, a little iflaful beloigHig^tp Omt -
' B4;i|^, lyii)gbetwe«BOiN^^«l4 JcF*
fe^^ on thf coaft of Nocmaadjo
■ 6 A R
% dtfe 'fe psot of IXimfrietfUre,' add fbr
many milet fbrmi the boundary .with
£n|;laAd.'
SaRiat^ ^ town of FraneCf {h.tf|e de-
partment of Dordogneimd'hitie ]^r6Vin'ce
of Perigord. It was lately a bilhop's fee,
but it a poor (Aicr, feated in a o0ttom>
Ibrrounded by mbuntains> 27 ■'miles se
#f Perigueux» and 87 i by n 6f h6\Xt-
dea;ux. Icm.j 19 B> kt.A5N.
SarIquis, a Ititng to^n of France,
w the department "Ji Mofelle and kte
province of Lorrair , feated on the IfUi-
mus of a peninfiila formed by the river
Sare, it miles, e of ThioAviUe, and 32
NE of Metz. Lbn. 6 4S e, kt. 49 21 n.
SahnO) a river of tjie kingdom Of
Naples, ^hich rifes ntitr Sam6, and foils
into Uife bay of Naplt^.
SARNb* a town of Naples, in PHnet-
pato Citeriore, widi a biflio^'s' AiiE'. ft
16 feated on. the Samo, near its fJtp-(^/
12 fniles Nl of Salerno, and i'o it pf
Naples. Lon. 14 49 E, lat.4b 4l>'i('. '
Saros, a ftrong caftle in Upper Ktuii-
gary, in 1 cblinty of the fame name; '^Atitd
on the Tariz^ at the foot of MqiUAt
Kr&pi^h, fivb mites Nit w of fiWrtk.
S^^Ri;AL, a toyen of Sfmin, iitPt^ti-
Ibiiia, feated on the Fnuili;bU> iif tUe
neie{}^#rfa(^ of #Mch are buiittcs 6f
aldbaftir, 10 tranlpareilt thai;^Mt|idbws ire
glazed ^ith it. Lon. soEj^U^ i^ V|.
SAliiAAA, a tbwh of TtAly, inM-
ma^a^ With abiibopS flb,'2<indl^s kW
of Riliiini, ahd 1 38 nw bf Rome. tdti.
II 14E, lat.43 59N. ■ '^'
Sarte, a department of Fi^ce, iii-
dudine the late province of Malne« . "It
takes Its name from a riviV whfeh joins
the Maine and the Loir, above An^eri.
The capital is Mans.
Sarum, New. See SAti^B'txR* i
\ Sarun», Old, an •'hcient boVbugh Jh
Wilts, which, though now reduced to a
fingle farmhoufe, fends Wifp me-nfiers to
pariiament. It once covered the lutnmit
of a iteep hill, and was ftrohgF^ fbrtifiedj
but nothing is to be feen ek&Qt the ruins
and ti-acb of the walls. , tt is a little to
S AV
■ » .
Tee. "It ^1 jglveh to ihe XSiStik%lif
the great duke of Tufcany, In litni of
Legfiorn.' )[t is fisated at the mouth pf
the MaffTa, 50 mllfcs » of Gdt^oa. 'Loh.
9 S2E; lat.44 8k.
SaseIixMi a to^ of'Hindooftah I^.
per, ih '^eid^, tiktid at tl^^ Ibbt bfa
mountain, neata greiit lake. In t^e mi«&-
die of which is an ifland with' the ti«i»i^-
iicept maufoleuni pf the ' emjMifor '^b^e
Sh^, whlcK'had a iine bridge iikdiiie to
itj but bdth'^i-e greatly dec^y'eidt' ft U
40 miles ftotn Beiiaries. Vitl.ie 44; k»
lat.26 ION. .J
Sassari, i <;Slty b¥ Slirdiiiii, capital of
the territiM-y of Lug4rl,'»jt'^tJi'k <iafeleand
an archbiflOp'i fee.' If cbntklris 304,600
inhabiutats^ ^d is famous foit a miiitiiin
called Rofleli whicb is faid tb 'be tiioire
SAiislEWi, aiittofig towndf Tran^-
v4n|a, ci^ibl bf a coiiAt^ pf the fame
nMey'.'fe^Ved a't the c^tiuehdle of V^o
H^^eriJ, ^Hlih fatnhto the Miroth. Lon.
28-(iVi;1at.4«26ij. ■' :'•'•■'•.;-'-•-
SAi-yXii-'Gfkiii'r, a fttc%'^to 1>f
](>utcfi FtiifMeV^. ' It has ^i lldicek, ai^
is ft-ited *bn a.caha); v^Kich coiiiifnuiii^ktes
witYi dhtW, Sti^uV el^ht milek n ffoiii j(.
It was blftlt by^e'li^iibibrttts vtf OheW,
as a -buW^ark tb' tha*! toWni ^but >4gs
taken, in 1.(44. by the 'iyAHhi^fmti
m<fln the Fi-M tm'it in-HJl^.' ton!
3 49Ei iat.'5'i''hN. ^/-f "^-i '
SAtStitifilbi'a: towtv of KSlyi' ?& '"ftl*!
Mbdfenclfe. ii^itH'i ftr<ing ciWei Ifeatfed »»
the Seccii,">6',*«ille8 sv^ of Modei^,
Lon. r« it E,' latr44. i^N. '
Sat ALIA, i rtrdrig tfeaj^rf of Nitbilsl,
bn the tioaft'of C^am^ik.'; It is divided
into three towns, aiid has a fdpert>
IIUU3 *iui uiau^cs <uc cxuciiict*
fine. It, is 1 j-6< mlUs w by. ^ bf Co^I,
and aij 1; -s by Ebf Ci(nftantitti|le. Gi^.
3» 21 E, l^t. 37, 1 N.
SX^dbMdj of SA'i'AG;oN&; a vilhi
.id^ "a vilhge
the N of Salilbury. , Loft, t ,42 W, ht. 51 of Hinll^obftin .Frbper, iti Btlflgal. lU
7N. ,
SARVfeRbfeN, a town ofFrancb, iti the
dcpartihent of Mofelle and' lite brovlfltc
olLorrsin, feated on the Sar^, i« miles
s of Sarbruck. Lon. 7 7 E, lat. 48 ^8 N.
SaHWar, a town of Lower Hungary,
eapital of a* county of ihe fame name,
feitW bh tTie Raab, 50 miles w bj N of
Buda. Lon. 16 48 e, lat.47 jo n.
Sarxana, a ftroi^ toWn of Italy, in
the terriiory iif Qtm^i With a bifhop's
the i6tk tentii^y it \vas a Urgfe-fci^,
which the Eiifd^an iMiitk ik Bcn^ had
their ^bries. It h'tiiM <iii a cfeek df
the Htfbgly ftli^t^. tout fttUes liw df
Savannah, VH^fr W l5f %»rtfiHWi,
vtrhich i<irms a ^Hxt of the dlvifibfisilline
that febafa^b M ftate of G^brgiafro^
thai of t Ci^rbl!na. It i^ havl^bfe for
boats of toe f^i keel ^r<l^m Auguftst tn
Savuiini^, ainid thefi«<r for lare< veflcte ^
P A U
^.itt dntnpejB iMo thp Atlaa^lc O^ean, at
, > ybee Bar; in lat;« \t 57 n.'
' Savannah* a town pf thr United
Statesi in&corgia, of which it was for*
merly tKe capital. It is regularly built
in tbp form of * paralielograna> and ftated
, on a high fandy bluiFf on the t (ide of a
uypr ojt ](|iieTanie naipe» 17 miles from it«
mouthk anJ 117 sB of Augufta. 1/ov.
So 10 w, lat. j» o r.
SAVBf a river of Geqnanyi which has
ita fource iii Carniola, runs through that
ceuntjry Irpm Wto b» feparates ScTavonia
from Croatb* Bbfnia, and Servia, and
, falls i9tp |he, Danube, at Belgrade.
SAyeNpRoaOi a ftrong foitreis of ^he
^kingd<"n of Myfore, in Hindooftan, It
^ It utUwi.e on the top of a vaft rock, rtfrng
!.half a mile In perpendicular height, fropi
a bafe of above, eight miln in circumfe-
rence, and dlvi^fd at the fummit by a
chafm, that forms it into two hills;
chefe hayiftg each its peculiar defences,
lerve as two j:itade)s, capable of being
, maint^ped, inflependently of the lower
wprks, whlich are alfi> woiulerfully ftrcAig.
' Notwithftanding this, it was takep by the
•J^ngllfli, in i79f, after a iiege of l^en
;4,ays. It is 18 niiles w of Bangalore.
SAViftffyNy a town of France, in* the
department of Arriegc and late jNrovince
of foUf fl»ted on the Arriege, 95
!inp^f ssE of Toulottfc, Lon,.,i 36 g,
^AVSR.N^i a town ptfinnft, m the
ilepartment of Lower BUne and late pro-
. vincp of Alfxc, with a palace, the occa-
llpnal refidence of the late archbifhops of
;Stra(burgh. |t U ffated at the foot of
, *Mont Vofges, in ^ fertile country, which
produces piepty of wine, 18 miles Nw of
3trafl>urgn, and 110 I of Paris. Lon.
".Sj^^iqLiAtHQ, a (irong town of Pied-
|nont, capital of a territory of the fame
Mmtt with a rich BenediAine abbey. It
is featnl on the Maira* five miles W of
'I'diflano, and s6 8 pf Turin. Lon. 7 44
|t, lat. 44 30 N.
SAU^GENk a town of Suabia* capital
.^f a county of the fame name, which
, 'belongs to the' baron of Walburg.
Savlieu, a town of Trance, in the de-
jportment of Cpte d'Or and late province
< f f Bt^gvmc'y* Seated on an eminence, %$
miles w pf bijon, and 14.1 Bi >A Paris.
l-on. 4 f B» |a^ 47 «7 N.
Savmvi^, ft confiderable town of
7'rance, in the (Ifpartment of Maine and
Lo)re and late Pfoyipce of Anjeu, with
m ancient caftle, Here is a famous
of |»
J?fifl^ pvff the toiff.
'$ A'U >, .
elliptic arehesi each 60 feet in diameter.
It ;» %x miles s£ of Angers, and 1(0 sw
of Paris. Lon. o 4 w, lat. 47 15 n,
Sa^u,|!DERS, Cape, a cape of Sand-
wich l^dy in the Southern Ocean* Lon.
36 57 w, lat. 54 6 s. .
Saunders Isi^e, an ifland near S.
Georgia in the Southern Ocean. X<on.
a6 38 w, lat. 58 o s.
Savona, a populous ^nd ftrong town
of Italv, in the territory of Genoa, with
twocanlcs^ a biHiop's fee, and iVvetal Ane
ehurehes. The Genoele, fearing that it
would hurf^ their trade, ruined the bar-
hour, and rendered it up^t for large
yeflels. It was taken by the king of
Sardinia in 1746, restored in 1748, and
taken by the French in 17^5. The lur-
rounding country abounds m filks and ail
Ibrts of fruits. It is feated on die Me-
diterranean, ao miles s>v of Genoa, Loo.
8 ao £, lat. 44 l8 n.
$AVQN|ERS, a towp of France j in the
department of Indre and Loire and late
wovince of Touraine, five miles from
Tours. Near it are caverns, famous for
their petrifications.
Savoy, a duchy of Europe, between
FnuKje and Italy, 83 miles long, and 67
broad } bounded on the, n by the lake of
Geneva, which ieparatei it fnuai.Swifler-
land; onthe e by the Ahps, which divides
it from Pied^oont and vu|ais; qn the w
by the RhbiQe, whif h parts it from Brefle ;
and on the 8 by Ei^upniay and Piedmont.
The air is cola on account of high moun-
tains, whicn are almbft always covered
with fnow} but the foil is pretty fertile.
The mountains which are not covered
with Iflow in winter, abound with paf-
tures that feed a vaft tiuniber of cattU.
There are alfo Itaes, fallow deer, roe-
bucks, wild Wars, hears, maripots, white
hares, red and gray partridgef, woodcocks,
and pheafants. The lakes are full of fifli,
and the principal rivers are the Here,
Arc, and Arve. The French invaded
this country in 1791, and the fame year,
the National Convention decreed, that it
fliculd be ZA 84th department of France,
by the n^me of Mont Blanp. ^haimberry
is the capital. '
Sa uvES, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Gard and late province of
Languedof, feated on the V^doure, n
miles sw of Alais.
SAUVETki^RE, a tpwn of France, in
the department %)i |.ower Pyrenees an(l
late province of ^eam, with an ol^ ruined
caftle, 10 miles wifw of Pay.
Sauvbterrej a town of'Franfc, in
th^ de|)aftmen( of' Aveir9P v^ lat^ pr9-
SA Y
S C A
vioce of RouerguC) ii milef st tf ViUc*
franche.
Saxenhagbn, a town of Wcftphalia,
4n the county of Schawenburg, lo milct
NW of Hanover. Lon, 9 36 e> lat. it
30 N.
Saxmvndham, a town in Suffolk,
with a market on Thurlila^f leatcd on a
hill, 19 miles NB of Ipiwlch, and 89
N£ of London. Lon. i 40 i, lat. 51
18 N.
Saxony, Uppsr, one in the nine
circle* of the German «;mpirr | bounded
on the £ by Pruiila, Poland, and Silella ;
on the s by Bavaria, Bohemia, and Pran-
ronia; on tlie w by the circles of the
Upper Rhine and Lower Saxony; and on
the N by the Baltic and Lower Saxony.
The elector of Saxony is the direAor. It
comprehends the cleoorate of Saxony, or
Saxony Proper, the principality of Anhalt,
the landnavate of Thurmgia, the mai'che
^ Brandenburg, and the duchy of Po-
mcrania. and thefe are fubdivided into
many diftri^s, taken notice of In their
proper places.
^ Saxony, Lower, one of the nine
circlet of the German empire) bounded
on the N by the Baltic and the duchy of
Slefwick, on the w by the German
Oi an and Weltpbalia, and on the & and
E by the circles of the Upper Rhine and
Upper Saxony. The direflqrs of this
circle are the dukes of Magdcburgh,
Bremen, and Bruniwlck-Lunenhureh. It
comprehends the archbilhopric of Magdc-
burgly the btihopric of Hildeiheim, the
archbifhopric of Bremen, the bifltoprics
of Halberttadt, Schwerin, Ratzburg, Lu-
bcc, and Slefwic; the duchies of BrunT-
wick • Lunenbureh, Lawenburgh, and
Mecklenburgh i the principality of Vcrden,
the counties of Reinftein ancl Blaubprg,
and the free cities of Hamburgh, Lubec,
Ooflar, Mulhaul'en, and Northaiiien.
S iXONY, Proper, or the electorate of
Saxony, in the circle of Upper Sa]i;ony, is
bounded pn the N by the marche of Bran«
denburg, on the E by Lower Lu-
fatia, on the s by Mifiiia> and on the
w b]r the principality of Anhalt. It is
75 miles long and 6z broad/ and is a very
fertile and tniding country, Rbouoding in
mines. It i^ cut into two une<|ual parts
by the river Elbe; and divided mto three
principal parts ; namely, the duchy of
Saxony, of which Wittonberg is the
capital ; Lufatia, of .which Bautzen is
the capital; and Miihia, the capital of
whi<:h (and of the whole eleflorate) is
Drefd^n*
Saycocki one of the Ulands of Japan*
divided from Niplion by a narrow chaiine).
The Dutch hSion are permitted to reiide'
in the little iliand pf Dilhia, which is on
the w fide of this. Lon. 13a a> e, Iri.
34- ON.
SaVO. Sere SiDON.
Saypan, one of the Ladrone Iflan/iS,
larger and plcai'anter than that of Tinirm 1
lying between 140 and 150® £ lon. and
in 15 sx Njat.
SciiACEN, or ScAOEUip, a proir.on-
tory of N Jutland, in Denmark, at the
entrance of the paflage o^t of the ocean
into the Caicgate. Lou. 10 6 e, lat. if-
t6 N.
ScALA, a town of Naples, li Princi-
pato Citeriore, with a bithop's &c. It
was a large city formerly, but if now
greatly decayed. It Is 6 miler N of
Ainalfi. Lon. 14 44 E, lat. 40 3^ N.
ScALANovA, a toMm of Turkey in
Afia, in Natolla, with a caftic and W-
bour« feated on the feacoaft, eight mile*
from Ephefos. Lon. ^7 3t.B, lat. 4(7
54 N.
ScALiTZ, or ScALA, a town of Upper
Hungary, in the county of Pofon. Tnese
is a very advantageous paflage by it, from
Moravia to Hun^nuy, and it is feated on
the Marck, somUes M of Preiburg. Lon.
17 17 E» lat. 494 M. '
ScAi^DEROON. See Alexandrbtta*.
Scania. See Schonbn.
ScARO, or ScAREN, a town of Swe-
den, in W Gothland, feated on the lake
Wenner, 66 miles NB of Gottcnburgh.
Lon. la 4» s, lat. 58 16 N. .
Scarborough, a feaport 'and bprough
in the N riding.of Yorkshire, with a market
on Thuriday. It it feated on a thacf
rock, iKar which are fuch craggy clittt
that it is almoft inaccemble on every fide.
On the top of this rock, is a lai^ green
plain, with R Ihtle. well of frem water
lpi;inging out of the rock. It it gceatfy
trequenttd on account of its mineral
waters, called the Scartorough Spa, itA
alfo for fea-bathing ; on which account it
is much improved in the number an4
beauty of its buildings. The fpring wag
under the cliff, part ot which fell down
in 1737, ^^ '^^ water was loft; but in
clearing away the ruins; in order to re-
build the wharf, it wat r^overed, to the
great joy of the town.. Scarborough fends
two members to parliament, has a good
harbour, poffefles a confiderable trade*
and is much engaged in the fiiheries. It
is 36 miles nb of York, and »37 N of
London. Lon. o 15 w, lat. 54 18 n,
Scarborough, a town and fort oi|
the ifland of Tobago, taken from the
LI4
^ -I «!
6C?ft
s^cu
Fmidi by ftorm, by the EngHlh, in
SjC'AtooNA, a tdwA af Tiirkifli Dal-
matian feated oii ilie Cheica, with a
bishop's fee. It has been often taken and
retaken .by the Turks knd Venetians, and
thcffe laft mined the fortiiicationvy and its
?incipd buildings, in 1537} but the
urkt have fince f>ut it ih a fiate of de-
fence. It is 35 miles ..K\V pf Spalatto.
Ion. ,17 « E, »t. 44 a9 N.
ScARLiNO, a feaport of Titfcany) with
H ciftle, feated ori tne feacoaft, five miles
(Tsf M^ifa, and' i(^ bne of Piombino.
Lon. 10 57 Ef lat. 4s 58 N.
ScARo, » towii of the ifland of Santo*
rini^ with a bi(hop*s f^e. Xx)n. 15 58 £>
Ut. 3^10 N.
-SCARPANTO, an ifland of the Archi-
pelago, aa mibs loitg bnd tight broad,
lying sw mf Rhodes, and nS 6f Candia.
Tliere are fbveral high mountains; but it
afbouhds in cattle and game, and has
mmear of iron, quarried of marble, and
fcver^ .good harbours. The Turks are
rnaftfcri of it, but iht inhabitants are
Oreeks. Lon. 17 4:0 e, lajt. 35 45 n.
Scarps, a river of France, which rifes
in Aftois* waihes Arras, Douay, and St.
Aniand, and faUs into the Sdield.
ScARspALE, a fertile trafl, in the ne
part of Derbyftiire, furrounded by barren
rocks and mountains.
'Sphafphausen, the fmalleft canton
qf S\ndflerland, bounded on the n and
w bv'Suabia, on the £ by the canton of
Zuric and the bifliopric of Conftance, and
on tbe s by the fame and Thurgaw. It
is btit five leagues in leagth and three in
breadth, aiid contains 30,000 inhiabitrints.
T^e revenue^ of the ftate are not very,
cohnderabie, as will appear from the fa-
lary of Ae burgomafter, or chief of the
li^ublic, which barely aQioynts to 1 50K
aTytar.' The f tfformation was introduced
lipiie in 1529. Tfie clergy are paid by
the ftate } but their income is barely fujt-
f^ient for their I'naintenance; the beJft
Wring being only lool. and the worlt 40I.
a year. The profeflbrs of literature
aWb, who are taken from the clergy, are
paid by government} and a fbhool is fup-
pbyttid at the public expence. Sumptuair '
Jaws iire in force here, as virell as in moft
f^rts of Swiflerland } and no dancing is
allowed except upon particular occafions.
The principal article of, trade is wine,
.the cduntry »boundin|( hi vineyards ; and
as the canton affbrds but little corn, it
ie procured from S^iibia in exchange for
wipe. . '
^HAVrHAViEN} » town «f 8wifl«r^
land, capital of a eantbn of the fame name.
It iA leated on the Rhine, and owef its
origin to the interruption of the naviga-
tion of that river by the cataraft at
Lauifen: hvits being *t flrft conftruftcd,
-for the conveniency of unloading the mei -
chandil'e (Vom the'b&ats, by degrees in-
crcafed tb a large town. It was formerly
an imperial town, an<) 'was admitted a
member of the lltivetic tonfv'deracy in
1501, and its territoi^ forms the twelfth
canton in rank. iTie inhabitants are
computed to be 6000 ; but the number of
citizens or burgeflesi (in whom the i'u-
prem« power uuimatety i-efides) is about
x6oo. From thefe ar«'ele<;1ed S5 metnbers,
who form theereat and little council; the
fenate, or litik council of 15^ being en.
trufted with the execiitiv^ power; and
the great council (including the fenate)
finally deciding all a^^peals, and regulating
the more important concerns of govern-
ment. Though a frbntier tbwn, it has
no garrifon, and tUte fortification^ are
weak ; but it has a famous t^ooden bii^ge
over the Rhine. This rivfr dicing ex--
tremely rapid here, had already de*ftrdy6d
feveral ftone bridges of tHe &ron^& con-^
flni6)ion, when lliric Grubmnnan; a car-^^
penter, offeitd to throw a'Arqoden oHdge^
of a fmgle aVch, over the riv^r, tMikhjs'
near 400 feet wide. The "madttrates^
however, required that it ihould cbnfifr'Jr
two arches, and that he fliould, ^rihat
purnofe, employ the middle pitr' of th^
old bridge. He has done lb; but' has
contrived to leave it a matter of doubt,'
whether the bridge' is lupported* by the
midd le pier. 'Ihl ffdes n\d top igf it are,
covered ; and it is a kind of banging
bridpes the road, which is almblt kVe),
not being carried, as ufual^ over the top.
of the arch, but (if the exprelflon tnay
In; uled) let into the middle of it, and
there (ulpended. Schaifh^ufen is az
miles N ky E cf Zuric, and 39 E of BaPil.
Lon. 3 41 E, lat. 47 39 N.
S9HALHOLT, a town of Iceland, wltl^
a bilhop's lee, and a college. Lon. ii
20 w, lat, 64 40'N.
ScHAMACHYA, i towii of PeHia, ta-
ntal of Schirvnn. It was formerly vtiy
arge, but is now decayed, above 6000
loui^s having b^en thi'cwn down by an
earthquake. It hais manufaflures of filks'
and cottons, and is feated on the jw fide
of the Cafbian S^l, '250! miles ne of
Taitrls. Lon. 37 5 e, lit. 40 50 ».
Sqhant 3 STERNEr, a fbrtrefb in the
Rtiiffian government of ^iburgh, feated
on the Neva, a little b of Peteitburgh.
X^m, 31 IS E» ^^' ^o^ W, -
s <: H
ScHARtliNO, n town of Ltiwer Ba-
varia, ieated on the Inn, feven miles s of
FalTaw. Lbn. 13 16 i:, lat. 48 11 n.
SCHAftMiTZ, u fortified town of Ger-
many, in the Tirol. It !■ a pafla^ of
greit importance, on the confines ot Ba-
varia, t»' miles H of Ihipruc.
ScHAWBNBt;RC, a territory of Weft-
thalia, 'XX miles long and 10 broad, V-
tonffing to thi landerave of HeAe CafTel.
SCHEtD, a conuderable river of the
Netherlaiids,: <i^hich Vift* in France, in
die late province of Pltanly. Pbliihg by
Cam1>ray , Bouchaih, Valehciennei.t^ondc,
Toiimay, O^denard, Ghent, Dender-
mond, and Antwerp, it divides into two
branchea below Port Xillo. One of thefe,
called tlve Eaftfem ^held, flows by Ber-
gcn-Obtbom: tfc<< Wtlter. the Weftern
Scheld, proceeds to Framing, aiVd both
idnning feveral ^fluids', ehter the German
Oct»h. tn 164.7, Pliilip IV of Spain
acknowledjgt^l tfie ihdcpendpnltle' of the'
Seven lAiif^d PlfoVlhits, zti^ ie^fefl to
theitiihfe rovcrtiferi^'df the Sciielct j ftjpy-'
Jartit^, i«ortii<^*P, tliitK^ large-AVpYho\i|d
go diieflly t > Antwerp, 1>ut flvbuld unlade'
its d}rgo if. Holland.' >^«rtVvrtMandrnff
**•" '- ^'rW.^^ Wjieror jofeph iT
vifCdi with the imperial /lag.
ardkttAk
tb*ttrt)ceHi .^..... -_.,.^ _.„.,.,.,
and another, .up th^^5fe]r> to that city,
froiWOfl:ehdl" Bbth'thfeTc* rtfiiliW to be,
detained bytllfe1>iitcliV wei-e fu-ed upcm,
and ftrbelt their cor6\\h immediately.
The iemperor, in purluince bf a prevfoiis
declariiion tothat effeiJ^.^ (ioWidered.thls
as a declaration of war, arid prbceedeo ta
take meafures accordlhgly'; put, by the
good ofli^es of the court of yerfaille«, he
was prevailed tipon tO give up the, point,,
on tWDutch lending a deputation to
Vienna, to make an apology for the Ihfult
to his flag, and conlenting to pay a large
fum of money as an inden'.nlncaiion ror
the expences he had incufVed in the pre-
parations for war. In 1791, wtjeh the
French took Antwei-p, they infifted upon
opening the navigation of this river, oa
the plea that all rivers were free, and that
the confequent right of navigating it
could not be ccdra by any treaty what-
ever. This, with, their itivafion qj^
Holland, dtiw that counti-y and Great
firitaifa into the geheraWoalition agaih(l
them, at th^ tomiheiteeitnent of 1793.
ScHfiLEitAtot, a ftrorig tovn p£
France, in the department of Upper
Rhine and late province of Alface, feated
on the river III^ 10 miles sw of Strait
|)urg. Lon. 7 4^0 Kf lat. 4.8 17 N.
S^iielCa, g tQWfl of Uppef Hungary^
StH
ftated on tlie tV'a^rg; 15 nillf^s ki dT
Prefburg. Lon. 17 40 E, lat. 4.8 1* N«
Sc HE LLE NBu RG, a fortrefs of BaVaHft^
remarkabk for a viAory obtained here by
the allies, over the Preiifcli and Bava-
rians, in 1704. It is ai miles w of
Ingolftadt. Lon. 10 58 S, lat. 48 46 n.
Sc HELLING, an ffland of the United
Provinces, in Frieftand, lying at the'en-
trance of the tZiiid«r-Zee. Loh. 5 10 B.
lat. 53 20 N. ' " " ■ ' '
StHEMNiTz, a town of XJpj^lr Hih-'
gary, one of the teven mouiitain-tOWntf,^
with three cafttes.'It is famourfbr milder
of niver and other metals ; as alfb for
itk hot baths. Nvar It is a ht^h i^dtdf,
Ihininff blue ftone, mixed With gr6en UAd
fohie fpots of yellJW. tt U 56 mites ttt,
ot rreiburg.
«ChENCK, affertrefs of Dutch ' Gitiff.
ddlahd, feated On the point vAfiHi S^h^
Rhint; dividejk iritO two br&ndli^i, ' tK»'
J^hihe and the Wihal. If il of gWat.
iri^^oitan'ce, as.^e'^entr^ bf ' e<^itaui^-'
cati9n b^twe^n ttbli^ha and- Gi^jti^yr
aVid is ijinil?^ i^it^ltfiipxtii. TUbt^-§^
SdfrEAii4<s, a'^oM'bf Swetfrii.- iil!5|
Gdt1itehd-,-fe"atW ih aferttle cdtfn^;;'#
miles SE of W,aftena. Lon. li 47 Jl
to' ffife b^bii of WJtlBbHg. It'IS T^tea
rti^Vhe baftube, j<5' mitei W'ofjMl
Lbn. o jx E, lat. 4^ i V. '' ' ' ' . '
' ^CtfEkDt i«<^ « to^i'bf Balii^k, 'ici(<4
oH the Tnh,' height milfts S by W <*
Paflhvyr. , ^ . . ; ''' '
ScHBVE, a tbwhof.Dfetiiifirk, iii N,
Jutlund, feated , at the ttiouth of a fiver,
in the gulf qt Virl^-FuRd.
Schiedam, si, tSvAi of the UViifed
Provinces, in Tfollatid, feated on a c'aha't,
which commutircatesw^ith the Maefe, foui^'
ifiiitfs E'b'y s'^offtdttrndaAt. Lon. 4 f*
E, lat. 51 54 N.
ScBiLtA, a"Kht)ife toWn of Upper
HUngiry, ih'tHe coWy 6f N^itra, ftated
Oh the river Wai]^'.
SchiHtznAc'H, a town of Swifler-
]and> ill the canibik of Bern^ rattiarkabli
for its s,greei'b!:e p8fi^pn on the Aar, ait||
its tepidmbier^l wtffelrs. Neajf it, JDh 4'
lofty eminence, are ^1^ ruins of th0 fiunoul
caftle bf HapiStu:^..' , * ,
SCHJRAS, a. fsmm city of Pei1ui« ill
Farfilbn, attd th^ cimttal of all PMU«
It is'thr^e miW in Ifcngth, but dot fo
much in breadth j and is leaftd at the c^
of a rpacious plain, furrouiided bv hirii
hills, under one of which the town nands.,
The boufts are built of bticju dr^sd* ifc
9C H
S C H.
Ihr fiiB i ihe roofs ire fl»t and terraced.
Tnere are ic haiidfome mofques, tiled
with Ibnes of » bluifli green colour* and
lined within with black poliflied marble.
There are many large and beautiful gar-
dcnat, furroumled by walU 14 feet high,
cuiataining variou* kinds of Ane trees*
with fruits almolt of every kind. The
wines at' S<:hiras are nut only the belt in
Perfia, but* fome think, in the whole
^rld. In 177S, the (cat of government
xr^ transferred irom Ifpahan to this
f'lace. It,, is %%s miles s of Ifpahan.
•OR. 54 ao E, lat. 19 40 N.
ScHiyBUsoNOEM, a town of Franconia,
in, the province of Henneburg, feated on
tltc fiver Schleus.
' ScH>;iBERG, a town of Silefia, in the
duchy of Jaur. Almoft all the inhabi-
tants are iiniths, whence the place takes
it« name^ . It is i'eatcd at the foot of a
ibountain, ^near the fource of the Bauber.
ScribiiJBERO, a town of Germany« in
die elqfloratc of Treve||» feated on the
mbviitaln, 15 miles front Limbourg.
. ^UONBCK* or 3CHQINECK, a town
^ Germany, in the cleAorate of Treves,
wtth a cai^e,. (catjcd on the Nyma, 17
Aiiles Ik of Treves. Lon. 6 %6 i, lat.
SotxU.
' ' ScciNEK,' Scania, or SxoiiE, a pro-
vince of Sweden, bounded on the w by
the Soiinid, Jwbtch feparates it from Zca.
abi(. ^ ^ by Halland and Soioland ;
^ ' i and s by Bleckinaen and the
BaltiK.. ^; i« 58 utiles lon^ ?Qa 40 broad,
and is a ticriile country. Lunden is the
capital.
ScHONOAW, a town of Upper Ba-
varia., feated on the Lech, 30 miles s of
Augfburg.
ScuooNHOVEN, a ftronz town of the
United Provinces, in Hofiand, with a
commodious haven, feated on the Leek,
14 miles E of Rotterdam. Lon. 4 54 e,
ht. 51 58 N.
ScHOENOORF, » tovm of Suabia, in
the duchy o£ Wiiteroborg, with a ftrone
talile. Here are fait fprings, from which
a great deal of ialt is iha<w. Thiji place
was pofietfed by the French in Auguft
X796. It is ieate4 on the Rem^, 11
miles KB of Stutgard. Lon. t 54 E* lat.
48 56 n'.
SCHOUTCN, iflaiaJs in the Pacific
Oceans near the coaft' of (lew Cruinea.
'thity were difcovo^^ by William Schou-
fttt, a Dutchman, in i(«i6. Lon. 135
95 K, lat. o 46 s.
ScHOWEN, an ifland of the United
J^rovinces^ in Zealand, nb of the ifle of
Walcheren. It is 1.5 miles in length.
and fix in breadth. Ziriczec is the
capital.
SciivYKiLL, a river of Pennfylvania,
which riles nw of tlie Kittatinnv moun.
tains, and is navi}|^ablc 85 miles from
above Reading, to its entnince into the
Delaware, three miles below Philadcl.
phia.
ScHWALBACH, a vtUagc of Qcrmany,
in the circle of the Upper Rhine and
county of Naflau. It is freqaentcd for
its inineial waters, which are of a
rnnilar nature to thofe of Spa. It it
I'eated on the river Aa, nine miles n of
Mentz.
Schwartz, a town of Germany, in
the Tirol, famous for its mines of dif.
ferent metals., It is feated on the river
III, 14 miles NE of Infpruc. Lon. n
4a E, lat. 47 19 N.
ScHWARTZBURG, a town and callle
of Upper Saxonv, in Thur^ngia, capital
of a county of tlie fame name* belonging
to a nrince of the lioufe of Saxony. It is
feated on the Schwartz, ii miles se of
Erfurt, and 35 N of Cullembach. Lon.
II 30 E, lat. 50 40 N.
ScHWARTZBMiiVRG, a towH of Fran,
cunia, captt)il of a principality of the
fame name, with, a caiUe, feated 90 tht
Lee, 25 mile* Kw of Nurcmburg. Loa.
10 44 B, lat. 49 43 N.,
ScH WBIONITZ, a ftrong iitV of Silefia,
capital of a province of «i« lame name,
with a callle. The ftreets are larse, the
churches fine, and the houles well built.
All the magiftrates are catholics, but moft
of the inhabitants are. protelbnts, who
have a church without the town, as alfe a
public fchool. In 1 7 1 6, the greateft part
of this city was burnt down, out was re-
built in an elegant manner. The Auf-
triana took it, in 1757, from the Pruf-
fians, who retook it the next year. It is
feated on an eminence, on the river
Weitlritz, sa miles sw of Breflaw, and
17 SB. of LigiMti. Lon. i(S 54 E, lat.
50 46 N. .
ScHWEiNFURT, a ftrong and imperial
tovifn of Germany, in Franconia, with a
palace, ^here the lenators |ne«t, who are
twelve lA number. The inhabitants are
proteftants, apd carry cm a Ivge ti-ade
m vvine, woollen and linen cloth, goofe-
quilis, and feathers. This town was
takep by the French in July 1796, but
they were obliged to abandon it in Sep-
tember following. It is feated on the river
Maine, 15 miles w of Bamberg. Lon.
10 *s ttf lat. 50 15 N.
ScHWftiTZ, a canton of SwiiTerland,
bounded oa the w by the Lake of the
./
S C H
four Canteni, on the f by the canton of
Uii> on the K by that of Ularut, and on
the N by thofc of Zurlc and Zug. Thi«
cahtont with that of Uri and Uiuier-
waldeUf threw off the yoke of Auttria
in 130S I and formed a perpetual alliance
in 1 3151 which was the grand foundation
at' tiie Helvetic confederacy. The name
of Schweitxfrlaad, Switzerland, or Swif-
ierlandy which originally comprelunded
only thefe three cantonbf wat afterward
extended to ail Helvetia. It derived that
appellation, either from the canton of
^chweitz, at being the naoft dHUnguifhed
by the revolution of 1308, or becaufe the
Auttrians called all the inhabitants of
the^ mountainous parts by the general
denomination of Schweitzers. Tlie go.
venunent of Schweitz and Uri is intirely
democratical, and nearly the fame. They
conuin, including their fubjeAs, 50,000
(miUi and, in cafe of mceffity* could
^rnifli above i a,ooo militia. The fame
kind of foilt and the^lame produAions, are
common to the two cannons. The whole
country beinff rugged and mountainous,
confifts chiefly ot paftMre* raifet little
com, and hat no wine t but this (oil, na-
turally barreUf has been improved by the
natives to a great degree of fertility.
|.uxury is fcarccly kncMm in thefc can-
tons; and a purity of morals prevails,
which can fcarccly be imagined by the
iahabi^tf of great and opulent cities.
The Roipan catholic religion is here cx-
duHvely ^abliflird.
Schweitz, a town of Swiflerland,
capital of the cantOn of that name, (bated
near the Waldftaetter See, on the Aope of
a hill, and at the bottom of two high,
Aarp, and nigged rocks, called the
Sch^yeitzer Haken. The church is a laree
m^gaiReent building. It is 10 miles ti
of Lucem, Lon. S 30 t* lat. 46 55 n.
ScHEWKiTz, LAicfi OF. See Wald-
STATTER SbB.
ScHWEEiN, a town of Lower Saxony,
caMtal of the duchy of Mecklenburgh
Schwerin. It is divided into four parts ;
nanie'y, Schwerin, thp New Town, the
iflari of Sch^lf, and th« Moor, which
art all nearly encircled by a beautiful
lake. The cathedral is a fine Gothic
pile, with a lofty fpire. The ducal
Italace and gairdens are on an illand in the
ake, and hav; a con^munication witb the
ffmjk by a drawbridge. |t is 35 miles w
by f of Gulirow. Lon,*^ x| 4! I, lat,
53 48 N. ^ '
ScHwiNBVRC, a town of Pctnnarkf
'fm thf 8 9oal^ of ^ UhHjd pf fyn^n, s|
SCI
milts Ut of Odenfee. Lon. le 30 b»
lat. 55 ip-«i.
SciATii w Uland of the Archipelago,
near the coaft ot Janna* to the n of Nc-
gropoat, and almoft at the entrance of the
gull; of Salonichi. It is t% miles in
length, and eight in breadth.
bcioiio, or SciLLA. See Scylla.
SciLLY, a dufter of iflands aiid rorks,-
almoH 10 leagues lying w of the Land**
£od Id Cornwall, and are eafily dilicemed
from il. Of tlieie^dy live or fix are in-
habited. They iare ru(>noied formerly to
have produced much tin, but are now '
chiefly known as a relbrt for feafowli and
aplace of flielter for ftiips in bad weatlter.
Tne inhabitants principally fubiitt by
fifliingy burning kelp, and aAing aa ,
Jilots. The chief ot the iflands is St.
Iaiy*s» which has a good port, is the
beft cultivated, and contains mare inha-
bitants than all the reft- put together.
In this ifland, and in two or three others,
are vaiious antiquities, particularly the
remains of 'a temple of the ^vids, and
ancicpt fepulchres } but the greateft oraa-
roent is the lighthoul'e, which, with the
gallery» is 51 feet high, and a very fine
column. The Scilly rocka have bcem
fatal to numbere of fliips altering the *
Eaglifli Channel. One o{ the molt dif.
aftrous events of this kind happmcd ia
s 707* when admiral fir Cloudefley Shovel,
with three men of war, periflied with all
theiy crews. Lon. 6 46 w, lat. 49 56 m.
SciLLY, a group of iflands Or fiioals,
in the S Pacnic Ocean, dilcovered by
captain ^Vallis in 1767, and defcribed as
extremel) dangerous. Lou. 155 30 w,
lat. 16 aS 8.
Scio, anciently called Chios, a cele-
brated ifland of the Archipelago, near
the coaft of Natolia, Nw of Samoe. It
is 31 miles long and 15 broad, and a
mountainous country ; yet fruits of va-
rious kinds grow in the fields, fuch a*
oranges, citrons, olives, mulbeixies, and
pomegranates, interi'perfed with myrtles
and jafmines. The wine of Scio, u> ce-
lebrated by the ancients, is ftill in great
efteem} but the ifland is now principally
diftinguiflied by the profiuble culture of
the n^iftieh } it ha* aUb fome trade b filk>
wool, checfe, and figs. The partridges
are camejt beiqg fent every day into the
fields tp fipedf and in thie evening are
called back with a whiftle. It is com-
puted that there are to,odo Turks,
10,000 Greeks, and 10,000 Latins, on
this ifland. The TyrHt became mafter#
pfitihf^^^,
n
m
B C O
1$ CO
tciOi « (iapoitr tlM eaphil «f «li
iflanU of the fame name, and a bifliop^a
•4w. It U the bdl boilt town of any in
Ike Levant } the heafet'boingcommodioui,
"Ibinc of th«m temecd,' and others eovered
with tiles. The caflle U an old citadel
butit by the Oitioc!e, in which thoTutrka
have a garrifdn. Tbc harbour is b ren-
■4txvo\n for IMpt^ that ko to or come f^om
'ConUantinople, and vHrcontaih So ^^fk\».
'It is le&ted on the B fide of the i<lttyic(> 4V
wtiles w of 8myt-nai and 116 ftwtf Coti-
Haminople, '' '
bciROS, an Idind of the Archipelago,
JW of Metelin. It i» i5iiil)es long and
eight broad, and a mountainous coontkj,
but has no mines. The vines tiiike the
iwaqty of the iiland, 'and the wint. H tx-
^Uont i not' do the natives want vfet*A,
It contains ohly the vllla^ and coftrem
•of St. OeorgVy both buiK on k'««nlear)
ttxkf TO M^s> from the harbour of Bt.
jG-coifgCi' The fuperfor of the convei^
vterctl^k dtfl^ic Iway oVcr the iftha'bi-
lants) Whtfik fudei'ftition is ihore tutefRvh
^bm tihM lof the other Greekft is the
Vlrchlpdag<»^'
ri BcLAVoknA, li couiitry of Efirot>ey W
<lween th« fivers Save, Drave, and Da-
, siUbei it 'it 'diii^d into fix counties^ ah(&
belongs to the'houle of Auftrla. If Wik
fortnmfji •kingdom^ ftnd is not a)^6^ 75
Milefe in.breiidth) biitit ift jobMlefitEH,
'from the tVo»iti(»»of Auftria to B«*lfet§d*.
The eafterh^art is called Ratzia, aflAt the
inhabitants K'Aftiafls. Thefe fonfh a par-
ticular iittc)6n, t.nd are of the Crctfk
«lunxh. Th^ language of Scl&Vbni& i^
the mothei- of lour othei^, namely tKofe
of Hungary, Bohemia, Poland^ ihU
JlufTia. .
ScotiSt ov SchoOne, a village ih
Pcrthfliirc, tjfi f be e fidebf'thierivei-Tay,
♦» 'by vr of Perth.' Here is tHe^al1o^ent
royai' palace (ntfw 1 ftftt bf thfr ^ftrl of
Mansneld) in which the kings of Scotkmd
were cixjwncd, intbe celebrated ftone chair,
BOW to WcftmUiHleF abbey. It is 36 mileb
sof Edinburgh.
ScOPBLO, anifland of thi Al*ehipe>-
lago> five mdea Eof Sciati, an^ct t-f v of
. Negittpont . It liM ?t the enltra^e tif the
g«ktt' of Salt>iikhi, aind is io ttiiks lotig
wid Ave bnfU. It Is Vely iFertife, ^rb-
ttteeft pleUf^ of Jgood iArin«, ind cdn^alhs
xa>oD» tahhbitftnfts who tire akho^ all
ScdpiA, Of UsCAPiA, A toWtl of Tur^
key in Euirofie, ifi Bulgaria, With ah atxh-
Iriwop's fee. * It is featcd on the Vardat',
ovcc which is a bridge of i» airdke*, 6f
miles lysW of Soflfk. Lon. tt a; t, ]Jf^
4a 10 M. '; ' '
ScoTLAwliy, tit NokTH Britain,
the iA)rthern of (he two kingdoms into
which the ifland of Great Britain wa&
fonnerly divided. It is bounded on the
W by the Atlantic Ocean, on the n l)y
the North Sea, on the t by the German
Ocean, on the ht by Enghhd, and on
the I by the Iriih Sea. To Scotland
alio appeitaifi the idands oh its We^em
cofcH, calkd' the Hebrides^ or Wedem
Illands, and thoie to the ne called the
Orkney and ^hetlahd Idands. From r<
to 8 it extends 270 milt« ; and its greatcft
breadth is I'jo^'but In foihe places not
abovt 30. Nat\ire feems tA have pdimcd
out thiree gi^^hU divifions in Scbtland.
The fij-ft, of North diviiion, is formed
by a chain -df lake*, which crois the
cowmy, from the frith 6( Murray to the
ifland of Mun> ih 1 dire^ion from Nfc to
»w; thf; fe<r6hd,"or Middle dtvifion, U
bounded dJi ihie s by-<he friths of Forth
and Clyde, ahd'tte wirt canal by "which
they are ithitedV and oil Uik s •fide of thfs
boAidal-y Is thfe thifd, tor SdUth divtfion.
The Noi^th dlViAdta te thiefly'^iM aflhil.
bhgt of yi(ft:dreatyiinbui)trfinkYriot; ho^.
evw, Withttyt foMt ftWite Valt^s on the
northern 'aAd ibttii^ Aibrek; • The^Mlddle
diVifiah r« tWt^eWed;' ih diflferent direc-
tion*, b*f Vfcdhy great rtttges of fHbbiftaihs ;
ftnd'th&ngh IctiltivatfeA hei% id AHo JBsui&i
chiSHyon thie iafterii flioit, jtf of this
divifion, as. well as- of the rorrher, the
iirsillle 'lati<l bears a firtall prApoftion to
the mo^nfalnons and ^.'nTeH tratVs; Tht
SoMth dififiBn has a great wJembbncc tb
Englawa," ind with refpeft both ^b tht
genetttl af^ett of Ihe cbiiAtm ^d to the
Erogrcfs- of cultivzltion, 'exnibit^ eVclry
\m of rumi Variety. ^ The principal
rivera'afe the Spfey,''DdnrTay, Tweed,
Clyde, -Fbrth,^ 'Ndrthcfti Dee, fefk,
Annan, Nith, and Southirn Dkii. The
tllrtlate is Vrty vftrlbXis. The northern
extt^eMityrwhich isih the i^nie lattCiufe
with fome ^rts of Norway, is extriiiheiy
ctfld; iHit tMm its iniulkr (ititatidri, ihe
ffdihf arfe far from being ib intenfe, as ih
part* of the contineht equally as far to
th» N. Iti Hveft eoaft is i'ut^iea to fir.
quefft hilns in thetfun^mtr, liiid to fuddclj
ehahges'bf Weather. In many places oh
the eait^rh (ho^et Uid m the wtMlfe South
divifi61i,' tht Climate h' Hot 'tt!ktibr tb
the liorth }>krt of Engtctfld ( atid, iii
general, the air is very healthy. The
■prbduSta of tKe e6uhtry are li-ain) flax,
wood* ef o^k atWl ^s cOt^ -"^i '^^^
S C Y
s:e ar
frecftone, limeftonc, flabe» the moft beau- Iluk out to Tea, \nd mekw tht whdli-
ijftil msu'bii;, fiat rock.-ci-y(Uk, pcarU, force of the waters ai they come out of
vjiiegated pebble»» &c. It fiecdn vail the narroweii part o( the ttcaite. rho
herds of cattle and flocks of flKi;|f.t they hpad of this promontory is the famon*
itt both fmall, but miKh valued fcr the Scyila ol the ancient poets. li does not
iklMcacyof their ikHi; aod the fleece of come op to the formtdabt* deicription
ibe latter emulates the tinetiSpaniih wool, that Homer gives of it, nor \f the paffaM
It ia in the high f;rounds that the. cattle fo ivrondroua narrow hjvI difficult as ho
3)t fo diminutive j fort in many parts. of m^lGes it) hut it is probable that sta^
the country* the hor.es and Qoy art. tiot brea4th U grtil^T incrraled i«n«e his time»
txceiled in fize and bei. jty by thore of the by the violent imitetuofity 6f the cuiTcnt|
iJIngiifli breed. Among the wild animals and this violence muft alwaya have di-
ift the roe, ltag» Hobi, badger, ■ otter, mixu(hcd» in proportion iu the breadth^ of
hcdgethog, rabbit, wealiiU moia, and the channel tncreafed. There are many
other fmull quadirupeda. Among the li^ij^U roclcs. that (bow their heads neai"
feathered i^ce are the cafercailtie, or the bafe of the large. ones. Thele aie>
cpck of the wood, the eagle, talcon, par- probai)ly the dog» that are defcribed aa
KidgvqvtaU^ Inipe, plover« black game, ho\yl,ingxoundttbemoiifterSoylla. Thew;
kc. Scotland iii divided into 33.counf are likewile many caverns that add gritatly
tii's^t namely Shetland and Orkney, Bute, to tb« noife of the- water, and tendi»
Caklinelii, Suihedand, Hofi, Cromarty, incfeafc the horror of the fccne. Th«
Nairne,! Invcmela, Murray, Banf^ Aber- rocK,ia near too &et high} and there ia
(ken* KiBpitfdine, Angus^ Berths Fife, a,kindot- cattle or fort on its fummit.
Kinroft,. Claickmannai), Stirling, Dam- Scvi'.' or SciCLio,a.townof Sicily,
hartoni Argyle> Ksni^tvtt J\ytt V/igtaa, fitvaie on 'u fide of the rock Scylla.
Kirkcudbright, Ovrafries, Roj&urgh, In. the terrible earthc)uake ok' 17S3 (lee
Selkirk, P«d»les* Lanark, >I(inlithgQw, Calabkia) awaveof thefea» which hadi
Edinburgh, Haddit^gtion, and Berwick, fwdj^tthec^uiitry for three mUes, carried
Tbek.lcnd one member, cath to parlia.> oif, oaks i-etum, %^7i of the inhabU
meiu» ixcept Bute and Caithoefa, Cn^, taqta, with the )>rinceat their head. It
muty andt Naime^ Kinnofs and Clack- is iOi.mile8 !U.of MeAlaa.
q^nOao, whicbk.iiBnd membecs. in coq- Seafood, a borough and fcaport^ iii<
juii^^ni' fo that the. counties &nd 30 SuAu^' which fiolda two members to
a^;tnbe^l) which, with 15. ient by, the pftriiament, but haa no ndarket. It *•'
b9rough^» make the 4^ met)bers fent eight miles ssb of Lewes, and 59 s '
by Scotland. The elbbltflied rriigiov is . by e of LoiidoA. .Loifa. o to B, lat; 50
the pt^ytei'ian. Witl^. reipe^ to the 50 n. v 1..,
ti^deand inaauiaAuies, they.- are ootioed;^ SsATON.ror BaitT< S^aton, a leji-
upiler the. refpeclive cities, and. towns. port» in H^ddingtonfliire... Her« is a
E^in[)\)rgh i» the capital..' ...» ryinoua palace, in .which Mary queen of
ScRivAN, a feaport of. Xerr^^Firmai Sfpts, oocahonally kept .her court, after
PfTop/er* 5P ft>iles E:of Foiito Bcilp* Lon. hex jretilm foam France. . in the chapel'
7*491 ^Y» lat. 9.40 N, , ;! ..l 1 ;... -
$QUTiARii .aJisi«ing.an^vpqpulaufttOMmi
0^ Turkey: in. Europe, capital (of ^Upper
Albania,. wtfh a bifliopie.fee. Jt; isifeated-
on the lake Zeta«. at, tJietn^quth of the. Wt< mi-SS o.N.
are feveral curious monuments pt' marbfe.
Se^n/has 'a/cbnfiderable trade in fait and
coai»j«nd itiltuato onithe/fridi of FV>rth,
nineimiles '« of Edinburgh; , Lob. % 54
river Bocan^, ao. miles , nj,. of . Antivari,
and f7 N.w of AlbanppojUi iLou. .19 15
it lat, 4.1. 35 n.
:^ Bift vri AM , ' Sir* a populous- leaport of -
Sp/nio, in.jBiftay/- It.is featedi at ths '
foot of a mouiua^^ onkhe^tep of which- '
.S<;uTAXJr atovmoCilTjlrkey i»^fia, . ia ;a .ftrfmg^ citadel ).:ai|lthlfc. harbour ia
iq Natolia, with a goc4> harbour •i.feated feovXed by'twoAKiie8»>iarid a narro\y en>
oathe:E fideofConltaniUiipple, ohwhi«h< ti>Micct/or the fliiptk-'The toMvm in An'-
it.is c<»:^t;red ^s a fubucb,. being dire^tfy. rqundtck byt a double vndi, and is fortiHiad;-
oppofite. It conu^yah^UMUbqicinolquc*: tQyvM<^'!tlic fea. , >It' safries bn a great
ai)d:is. b(}iU c^tl^.iidilAf A. ])U1^ *i<«a* trwl«>i' t^articokrlytiin .irony vfttel^ ^jnd -
39 4. S, lat.' 41, o ^;, J M ' 'U .ri J. I0W06I St^, Sel^aftuAt^was taken hy th«<
SCgrLi,A,ia. rotk^ sew the/FMv of>. Fsencjh'd«;x794. itiisT5or itiiies a of
Meffiaa,, «a the miJ^ «fi Calabria,, oppot* BUbo^ an< 50 ; n w of; Bitmpelnaa. IkML ^
iItetbe;Ctle]torabedC)i»r|rijNd|(t^! ItiUabo«t i.s6£W,,lat. 43 a4.i>.r-\ O ' w-
a^ilf from. the «ia«raM»p£ th< F«ro» and ■> Sebastian, Sr.'aiat^ cl^^ 6r^,
^m a.fi||)i^ia[^poittiBiry« ;^ nmt a^ capit«l .of the pcoviiic« of Rio: ]sasAn,
SEE
«fiAa btihop^g ^. It hat t very exten-
iivc md commodiotit harbour, defended
hf numerout forts. The city (tands on
Imrpottnd, which was formerly fwamf^,
and i» furrounded by high hills, which ex^
elude the benefit of the refirefliing Tea and
land breezes; lb that it is Aii^Katingly
Kot, and unhealthy, in the fummer. The
different mechanics carry on their bu-
&iefs in diftinii perts of the town; par-
ticular ftreets beme fet apart for parti-
cular tradflt^ Oivthe s fide of a i'pacious
Iqtisrr is the palace of the viceroy. St.
Scbaftian is leated at the mouth of the
Hio Janeiro, in the Atlantic, jj^. 43
II w, lat. s« 54 s. -
Sebastian, Cape St. a cape at the
WW extremity of Madagal'car. Lon. 46
s5 E» lat. j% 30 s.
Sebenico, a ftrong feaport of Venetian
Salmatia, capital of a county of the fame
name, with a bifltop's fee, a fort, and a
caftle. The Turks hayc often attempted
it) vain to take it. It is feated near the
mouth of the Cherca, in the gulf of
Venice, 25 tuiles SB ojf Zara. Lon. 16
46 E, bt. 44 17 K.
Sbbourc, a town of France, in the de-
partment of the. North and late province
of French Hainault, tx miles fi of Va-
lenciennes, and 1% SB of Conde. Lon:
3 50 B, lat. 50 ax N.
Seck aw, a townof Germany, in Upper
Stiria, with a bifliop^s fee. It is feated
on the Gayle, nine miles n of Judenburg,
and 90 sw of Vienna. Lon. 14 27 £,
lat. 47 19 N.
Seckinoen, a town of Suabb, one of
the foreft towns. It belongs to the Ivoutt
of Auftria, a«d is featra oa an ifle,
formed by the Rhine, fix miles $e of
Rheintclden, and 27 \V of Schaffhaufen.
Lon. 7 57 E> bt. 47 34 N.
' SfiCiciNGTON, a village in Warwlck-
ihire, near Tamworth, famous for a battle,
f<>ught in 757, between Cuthred, king of
the W Saxons, and Ethelbaid, king of
the Mercians. On the n iide of its church
are the ruins of a tort, and near it an
artificial hill, 45 feet high.
Sedan, a Itronf town of France, in
the department of the Ardennes and bte
piovince of ChMopagne. It is one of the
moft important keys in the kingdom }
and has a ftrong caftle, '.an arfenal, a
foundry of cannon, and i manufafluce of
black cloths of a iupericr quility. The
famous marihall Turenne was born in the
caftle. Sedan is felted on the Maefc, x6
iDiles SB of Charleraont, and I35 Mt of
Paris. Lon. 5 z e', lat. 49 4x N.
Sabchinc, a town ax. NorfiaUc, wtUi
-;- S E G
a market on Tuelday, feated on a fmall
navigable river, four miles s of Lynn
and 93 NB of Londont Lon. o 24 e<
lat. 5x 44 n.
Sebz, an ancient and confiderable town
of France, in the depanment of Orne
and bte province of Normandy,, with a
hifliop's lee. It is feated in a fine country,
near the fourcc of the Orne, la miles n
of Alen^on, and lox v^ by s of Paris.
Lon. o 1 5 E, lat. 48 36 n.
Segbberg, a town of Lower Saxony,
in the duchy of Holttein, with a caftle,
on a high mountain conhfting of limt<
itone, brge quantities of which aie car.
ried to Hamburg and Lubec. I* is feated
on the Trave, xx miles s of Kiel, and
x8 N of Hamburg. Loq. 10 9 e, ht.
Sbgedin, a ftrong town of. Lower
Hungary, with a caltle, taken from the
Turks in i6«6. It is feated at the confhi.
cnce of the Teifle and Maltroch, 50 railei
SE of Colocza. Lon. xo 35 E,bt. 46 zS n.
Segestan, a province of Perfia,
bounded on the N bv Korabn and Balck,
on the E by Candahar aiid Sabkftan, on
the n by Mackeran, on the sw by
Kerman, and on the w by Covheftan
and Farfiftan.
Segbswar, a town of Tranfylvania,
capital ofa county of the fame name. It it
built in the form of an amphitheatre, on
the fide of a hill, near the river Kokel, 47
miles N of Hermanftadt. Lon. 14 5^ e,
lat. 47 '4 N.
Seg M A, a ftrong feaport, capital of Hun-
garian Dahnatia, witk & fort, and a biihop't
lee. It is feated on the gulf of Venice,
too miles nw of Spoletto. Lon. 15 xt
fi, lat. 4$ xx N.
Seoni, an annient town of Italy, in
Campagna di Roma, with a bifhop's fee.
It is jilid that organs were firft invented
here. It is feated on a mountain, is
miles SB of Paleftrino, and 32 b of Rome.
Lon. 13 15 e, lat. 41 jiO N.
Seoorbe, a town of Spain, in Valen-
cia, with a bifliop's iec. It is leated on
the fide of a hill, between two motintains,
in a toil fertile in corn and wine, and
where thrre are quarries of fine marb.
It is near the river Morvedro, X7 miiei
NW of Valencia, and 150 e of Madrid.
Lon. o 3 w, lat. 39 48 n.
Segovia, an ancient and populous city
of Spain, in Old CaitUe, with a bilhop'i
lee, and a caftle, called Alcaxar. It t»
furrounded by a Ifa-ong wall, flanked with
towers and ramparts ; and is fupplied
with water by a Roman aqueduA, 300s
paces in lengtli^ .and liipp^rted b^ i7f
'f
..?='
S E I
uche« of a prodigious height, confifting
of two rows, OM placed above the other.
Here the beft cloth in Spain is made,
from the fine Spanifti wool (o much
etteemed in other countries. This is one
Sart of their trade, and another is, very
ne paper. The cathedral ftands on one
fide of the great fquare, and contains the
ftatuc of the Virgtn in malT^ fihrer. The
Alcazar is feated in the highefl part of
the town, and has f6 rooms richly
sdorned with tapeftry, and ornaments of
marble and porphyry. The royal chapel
is magniHcently gilded, and embellilhed
with very fint paintings. The molt re-
markable ftru£lure is the Mint, ' feated in
a vallev, I'urrounded by a river, on which
arc mills, employed in coining. Segovia
k feated on a mountain, near the river
Arayadda, 45 miles sw of Madrid.
Lon. 3 44 w, lat. 40 57 n.
Segovia, a town of Terra Firma, in
the province of Venezuela, feated on a
river, near a high mountain, where there
are mines of gold. Lon. 65 30 w, lat. S
20 N.
Segovia, New, a town of New Spain,
in the audience of Guatimala, ieated on
the river Yare, on the confines of the
province of Honduras. Lon. 84 30 w,
lat. 13 z$li.
Segovia, Nueva, a town in the ifle
«f Luconia, and one of the largeft in the
Philippines, with a bilhop's iee. It is
feated at the n end of the ifland, near
the mouth of the Cagayan, 140 miles n
of Manilla. Lon. izo 59 e, lat. 18 39 n.
Secra, a river of Spain, which rifj>s
in the Pyrenees, and runs sw through
Catakmia, pafling by Puy-Cerda, Urgel,
fialapier, Lerida, and Mequinenza, where
it falls into the Ebro.
Segura, a town of Portugal, in Beira,
with a caftle on a mounuin. It is ne^r
the rivers Eiia and Tajo, eight miles SB
of Caftel-Branco, and 30 NW qf A!jan-
tara.
Segura, a toyrn of Spain, in New
Caftiie and territory of La Mancha, feat-
ed ainon^; the mountains of Segura, 35
miles N£ <j( Baeza. Lon. x 3|^ w, la^. 37
56 N.
SEGt;RA> a river of Spain, which rifes
in the mountains of Segura, in New
Caftile, and croflinc Murcia, and the s
part of Valencia, falls into the Mediter-
ranean.
Sk'ks, a powerful nation of Hindoof-
tan Proper, confifting of feveral linall in-
dcpeident ftatcs, tliat have formed a kind
•f ftiilleni union. They pofliefs the whole
•f Lahore, the principal part of Moultan^
. * S E I.
^ the w part of Otlhi. This traA at-
tends 400 miles from NW to sB, and i«
from 1 50 to soo broad, in general, buC
the part between Attock and B«hker can^
not be lefs than 310. Little is known
conceming^he itate of their government
and politics; but the former is repre-
fented as being mild. In their mode of
making wai:, they are unqueftionabtf
favage and cruel. Their army confifts aU
moit intirely of horle, of which they are
faid to be able to bring at leatt 100,000
into the field. The Seiks, like the Hin-
doos, are perfeflly tolerant in nfttters of
faith, and require only a conformity in
certain figns a!nd ceremonies ; but, unlike
the Hindoos, they admit profclytes ; al-
though thofe from among the Mahome-
tans are the leaft efteenged. The Seiks
are now become one of the moft powtrfiil
ftates in Hindooftan. Their capital it
Lahore.
Seine, a river of France, which rifts
in the department of Cote d*Or and late
province of Burgundy, and flowing by
Troyes, Melun, Paris, and Rouen, falw
into the Englifli Channel, at Havre 4t
Grace.
Seine, Lower, adepartmentofFrancr*
including part of the late province of
Normandy. Rouen is the capital.
Seine and Marne, a department of
France, including part of the late pro^
vince of the IHe of France. Meaux is
the capital.
Seine and Oise, a department ef
France, including pait of the 'late prtf-
vince of the Ifle of France. Verfailles is
the capital.
Seinsheim, a town ofFranconia^ with
a caftle, 33 miles NW of Nuremburg.
Lon. ioi8e, lat. 49 40 n.
Seir, or Hor,- a mountain in Arabia
Petrea, which formerly bounded Judea
on the s, and feparated it from Idumea.
It is now called Sardeny, and is 140 miles
E of Cairo, in Egypt.
Selby, a town in the w riding of
YorkOiire, with a market on Monday, It
is feated oh the Oufe, and is a place of
feme trade, n miles 9 of Vork, and x8s
n by w of London. I^n. i a w, lat. 53
47 N.
Seleshia, anciently Seleucia, a
town of Turkey in Ana, in Caramania,
10 miles from the fea, and jS w\ of
Teraffo.
Selettcia Ilber, an ancient epis-
copal town of Syria, feated on the i'ea-
coaft, eight miles N of Antioch.
Selinstadt, or SelingvnstadT,
n town of Germany, in the «le£^orate of
' i'
$•. El W
M^QtH fonnerly. Hngr.i^U It is fcated
9f Um conflu«n«9 o£! t^r G •jr;..'pentz ai^d
Miiqfi i^ mifes, k of, fira&^tort) and 27
« of Aflqotz. Left. 8; }2 ^, k\t. 4.9 54 N.
SfiViVjRBiiVt. 9 town 0'^ I'tu^y ip £u-
rppe> in,Roin;M:)iii» wU^ an, ai:clil7libpp's
i«4. It.wa^ 9r JargA p|af«>. but is, now
much, decayed^ It i$,l(:sum4. opi tiie lea, of
Mvmoiia* 35 inile« W q% Conftanti^ople.
, ]^n. 2(8> >zBf lat.4.1 4N.
SsLKiRiC, a borough, oi Scotland, and
t^; county,•t9^Yn of Sell^irkfliire. It has
' 9, alat|U^E^)4}^e of boot* and flioes, and is
f^at^'On thf; Ettrick,; ^o mji^ea s of Edin-
kfir^ , X^, 2.4^ >¥• lat. 55; x6.N.
•.^,9BJbK|RK&Hii^p» a (;qunty of Scotland,
bounded on the n by Edlnburgbniii-e, on
tiM & by BiOxbursMhi^e» on. the s by
JXuQ&iftsOiirei and op the; w by Peeble-
fy\tf^ 4t. extends fi:om n to s 10 miles,
9fiii icP, from; B to v^, where broadeft.
The principal rivers are the Tweed, Et-
tcie^a' YarrQw, and Gala.
. SBsiflfBAt a town of, France, in the de-
partioent of Loir and Cher and late pro-
viQ^e. of Blaifois, with a caftle. It is
i«iit«d on the Cher, over which is. a
bridge, 11 miles SE of filois, andv 105
,MW of "Paris* Lon. 1 36 e, lat. 47 25 n.
SU^TZ, a town of jRrance, in tiie de-
partment of Lower. Kbine and late, pro-
vince of Atfa^e, ieated onthelRhine, 270
miks- Bof Paris, Lon. 8 i^e, lat. 48
J3N.
Sbltzer Niuder, or' Lowbr
Sbi»T*Bji» a, village of Germany, 10
qtii^frfrpm Francfort on the Maine; cele-
.l^rAtedf for. a fpring, of mineral water,
which is exported, in great quantities,
toother countries.
3BM9NORIAH, a, town of Turkey, in
Europe, in Serv^a, with a citadel, feated
ctD^the Danube, 26,raile«,SB of Belgrade.
I^l>t«l,45^ lat. 45 ON-
Sbm(gal^i\, the E.partof the.ducby
c^jCourJ^ndifepara^ed by the liver Maiza,
from Coiuiand Proper. Mittau is the
jcapitffi.
, SxMiNAB,!, a town of Naples, iq C^-
UWia Ulteriore, 22 miles, ne of liegj-
gf.9., Lon. j6 21 £,, Int. 38, 20 N.
SBffiNiOLAS, a diyifion of the.Creek
Indians, which inhabit a fertile country
pn.thei'riveii« Appalachikola and Flint,
in. the Aatc of Georgia, in N America,
StHLiN^ a tQwn of Sclavonia, on tlie
XV fide of the Danube and Save) oppo/ite
K^gradsj and 70, miles, SB of Eueck.
Xon. 21 o e, lat. 45 ^^ N.
Sempach, a lake of Swifferland, in
.t)ie canton, of Lucern, three miles long
wdoBcbKiaUt Tt^c banks on eacK .£<!#
'SEN
dope gently to the ed«« of the water, and
are checkered with. wood.
S&MPACH, a town of Swiflerland, in
the. canton of Lucern ; celebrated for the
battle which eftabliflied the liberty of the
Swifs, and in which Leopold duke of
Auftria was defeated and, (lain. The
aoniyerfa^-y of this battU, which happened
Julf 9« .13&&, i» commemorated with
freat fokannity, both at Sempach and
.ucem. Sempach is licated on a lake of
the fame name tJeven miles nw of Lucern.
Lon^7 5.7 B, lat. 47 xoN.
Se«mt;r, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Cote d'Or and late province
of Burraindy, with a caftle. It has a
manuraeiure'of cloth, and is feated on
the Arman^pn, over which are two
bridges,, 37 mile» N of Autun, and 135
SB of Paris. Lon. 4 1 9} E, lat. 47 28 n.
Semur.-en-Briennois, an ancient
town of France, in the department of
Saone and Loire and late province of
Burgundy, 40 miles Nw qH Lyons, and
175 s of Paris. Lon. 4 aa "e, lat. 46
14 N.
Seneffe, a. town of Auftrian Brabant,
four miles s of Nivelle } famous for a bat-
tie gained b}* the French ovec the prince
of Orange,, in 1674.
Senegal, a kingdom of iNegioland,
fefitcd on a river of theiame name, which
overflows like the Nile,.2j)d much about the
fame time of the year. It is 40 days before
it comes to the height, when the cnaanel is
difficult to find by tbofe who go up it in
boats . The French once fent 30 men up
this river, who rowed 1000 miles, under-
goins great hardihips, ihipmuch that
only ftve ivtymed back. alive. The king.
dom of Senegal was fortn^xly confiderabie,
but it is now reduced.into^^.venr nairow
comrais. It is populous .and full of trees,
but tne foil being fandy, they never fow
till the. rainy feafoii cconeson, in June;
and get in their harvett in September.
The French had a fort and faftory, in an
iilandat thenaputh of the river, and were
tntite maifte^s of the gx^n**^!*^^^' I^ >«
called Fort Louis, was t^ken by the Eng-
liihjn 17 5t, and connrmed to them by
the peace of 1763$ but, in 1783, it wis
reftored to. £<^^jg««k LQn.j6 3^\v, lar.
^snti> ,..:i,:.- . , . ".,;■'..;,
SBii^Bpi, a-t^jwiv of France, in the de^
j»rtnuot ol'.theil^werjilfts and late pro-
vince of Provence, feated in a rough bar-; .
ren coutHry, 4^.mile» N£ of Aix, and'49
N w of Nice. ionv4 4P E»^ lat. 43 59^.
Senlis, an ancienitov^n of France, in
the department of Cfi^ia^ late province oj
tiie l4«,of,ft;a|9cf|,4a|!^y;>.V4PP> f«^
' S E K
tlie cathedral bus- one of the hlgHeft ftee-
ples in iFraHce. It is feated on the fide of
a hili, on the river Nbnette, alnrpit I'ur-
rounded by a large fotvft, xo miks nw
oi Meaux, and 27 ne of Pari*. Lon.i
40 E, lat.49 laN.
Sennar, a town of Africa, capital of
s kingdom of the fame name. See Nu-
bia. It is five miles in circumfeiTncen
and contains near 100,000 inhabitants.
The houfes are ?.!' one ftory high, with
flat roofs; but the ''■iburbs contain only
cottages covered wit reeds. The palace
is furrounded by higii walls, of bricks
dried in the fun, but ii> only a confufed
heap of buildings. The heats are almoft
infupportable in the daytime, except in
the rainy Icaibn, which begins in April,
and continues three months, at which
time the air is unwholefome. The com-
modities are elephants teeth, tamarinds,
civet, tobacco, and gold'^iuft. There is
a market near the palace, where flares
are fold : the females fit on one fide, the
males on another, and the Egyptian mer-
chants buy great numbers of tnem every
year. The women of quality have flight
garments of filk, and wear rinss of viari-
ous metals on their hair, arms, legs, ears,
and fingers. Women of a low rank, and
girls, l»ve clothes wrapped round them
from the waift to the knees. The men
go almoft naked. The merchandife re-
<|uired at Scnnar are fpices, {iaper, brafs,
hardware, glafs beads, and a black drug,
with which they colour theii* eyelids and
eyebrows. It is feated on an eminence,
near the river Nile. Lon. 30 o E, lat. 1 5
4N.
Seks, an ancient town of France, in
the department of Yonne and late pro-
vince of Burgundy, with a bifhop's fee.
The metropoUtan chuydi is a handfome
Gothic ifaiiflure. The dauphin and dau-
phinefs, parents of Lewis xvi, were in-
terred in this church; and here was lately
their monument, a mafterpiece of Couf-
ton's, ci'Owned by two urns united, ex-
preflive of the unalterable affe^ion of
this virtitous paii . It was the laft re-
«ueft of the unfortunate monarch, their
ton, to the National Convention, that his
ffmains might be interred with theirs ; a
requeft which they refiifiK] . Sens is feated
in a fertile country, at' the comHuence of
tbe Vanne widl^e Yonne, z$ miles N
of Auxerre, flRd6o||t of Paris. Lon. 3
t»B, lat.^t.isH. '
SsRAio, a town of Turkey ^n Europe),
capital of Bofnia, 110 miles sw of Bel-
pade. Lon. 18 5 B, lat. 4424 N.
^fiBAifPoua» a (Dwa of Hixutooftaa
S E H
Propel-, in Bengal, feated on Hoogljf
River, a imall diltance above Calcutta.
It is a Danifh tettlement, and carries otf
a confidc-rable trade.
Seravalle, a town of Italy, in the
duchy of Milan, 24. miles n of Olenda.
Lon. 8 36 E, lat. 44. 44 K.
Sercelli, a jeaport of the khigdpm
of Algiers, a little* to the w of Algiti.t«
Lon. 1 ao E, lat. 36 50 N.
Serchio, a river of Italy, which ha«
its fource in the Appenninctf, in Modena.
It crofles the valley cf Carfagnana, in thd
territory of Lucca, and fells into the Tu'f-
can Sea, five miles from the mouth of th€
Arpo.
Serpo, or Serpents, an ifland of th<
Archipelago, 50 miles uw of Naxia. It
is eight miles long and five broad, and
fiill of mountains and rocks, is which arf
mines pf iron and loadltone. The inlu^~
bitanis are all Greeks, anr! have but one
town, called St. Nicholo, which is t
poor place. Lon. 25 ice, lat. 37 19 N.
Sergippy, a feaport of Brafil, capitat
of a aovemment of the fame nams. It is
feated at the mouth of the Rey, 120 mile*
NE of St. Salvador. Lcm. 39 46 W; lat.
31 30 N.
Seringapatam, acity of Hindooftan«
capital of Myfore, fituate in an ifland of
the river Cauvery. The maufoleum of
Hjrder AU is one of the moft iragnificenC
obje£ls in the place : it h on tht s angle
of the ifland, furrounded by a grove ot
beautiful cyprefs trees. Sermgapatam is
flrongly fortified ; notwithftanding which,
lord Comwallis, In 1792, here compelled^
Tippoo Sultan to fien a treaty, by which
he facrificed half ofhis dominions, and a
vaft fum of money, to the E India Com-
pany and their alues. It is 290 miles vr
by s of Madras. Lon. 76 46£}'lat. 1$
31 N.
Seronge. See SiRONC.
Serpa, a ftrong town of Porttigal, it%
Alentejo, 'ftated on a rugged eiiiinence^
with a caftk; three miles froth the Gua-'
diana, and 83 se of Lifboh. Lon. 7 45
w, lat. 37'47N.
Serrjes, a towft of France, Ih thed^
partm^nt q{ the tJpper Aljps and late pro-
vince of Dauphiny, 1 5 miles s w of Gap.
Se^VIa, a province of Turk«?y jh tu-
rope, 196 miles long and 95 >broa(ii
bounded on the N by the Danube and
Savei which feparate it from Hungary,
on the B by Bulgaria., on the \v,by EoC-
nia and on the 8 by Albania and Mace-
donia. ' It is divided into four fanylai-
eates j two dfwhich were ceded, ii\ 17 1 2^
to the Avftliu^) <irho reltorcd th«m to
" ■ M 14
S E V
S E V
/
lb? Turks, in 17J9, by the treaty of
BelgradK. The names of them are JkU
Jade, Semendrtah* Scupla, and Cratowo.
elgrade is the capital.
. Sbrvulo, a cattle of Auftrian Iftria,
feattfd on a high mountain, tour miles
from T^ieft. Near it is a famous cavern,
in which the fparry exudations have
formed various figure* of blue and white
flours.
SpssA, an ancient town of Naples, in
Torra di Lavora, with a bilhop's I'eo.
It was formerly very confiderabte, and is
£0 miles N of Naples. Lon. 14. 19 £,
It. 41 aoN.
Sesti-di Pinente, a town of Italy,
in the territory of Genoa, five miles w
of Genoa. Lon. 8 36 E, ht.44 14 N.
Ses-to, a town of Italy, in the Mila*
Dele, featetl on the Tefin, where it ifliies
from the lake Maggie. e, 25 miles WNW
•f Milan.
Sestos, a ftron^ caftlc of Turkey in
Euiope, in Romania, feated on the Itiait
•f Gallipoli. See Dardanelles.
Se5tri-di-Levant£, an ancient town
ef Italy, in the territory of Genoa, 30
miles w of Genoa. Lon. 9 z8 e, lat. 44.
43 N.
Se-tchven, a province of Chin),
bounded on the n by Chen-fi, on the e
by Hou-quang, on the s by Koei-tcheou,
and on the w by Thibet. It is watered
by the great river Yang-tfe-kiang, and
•s rich, not only on account of the great
quantity of filk it prmtuces, but its mines
of if|}n, tin, and lead, as well as its
amber, fugar-canes, and lapis lazuli. It
likewile abounds in muik, rhubarb^ &c.
Tching-tou-fou is the capital.
SiTtMO, a town of Piedmont, feated
^n the Po, eight miles N of Tujf^ Xion.
7 47B, latj4j 14 N. t
' Shtines. See Av|f€ti».
Setlegb, a river tf Hindooftan Pro-
j>cr, ■ the .nttC eafterly of the fiv» eattern
sranches of the Lulus. About midway
between its fource and the Iiwlus, it re-
ceives the Beyah, and joins the Indus a
great way to the Sf of Moultan.
Settle, a town In the w riding of
Yorkfhii«| with a market on Tuelday.
It is feattd on the Ribble, over which is
a bridge, a8 miles £ by N "f Lancuilcr,
m&2-i$ KNW of London, juon. 2 i$w,
lat. 54 5 N.
S'E\'£ii Islands, iilands t.o that num-
ber, in the Kronen Oceun, lying in lon.
. x8 49S e, lat. 80 31 N. Among thde
iflamJi captain Phipps, with che Race-
horse ind v.'arca<s, wt;re fuiToundcd bj
ihv ice, from (he jiftof ivly tv thit lot)^
of Aoguft 1773, when a briik wind at
NNE enefled their deliverance.
Sevb'ooaks, a town in Kent, with a
market ui Saturday. It obtained iu
name from feven large oaks which were
near it when it was firft built. Here is
an hofpital for the maintenance of aged
people, with a freefchool, firll erefled by
lir William Sevenoaks, lord mayor of
London in 141 S, who is faid to have been
a foundling, cliaritably educated by a ptr.
fiSn fit' this town. Queen Elil'&bcth hav-
ing augmented the revenues of the ichool,
if was called Queen Elifalieth's School;,
and the whole was rebuilt of ftone ia
17x7. Near this town is Knole, an an-
cient palace of the fee of Canterbury,
which archbifliop Cranmer exchanged with
the crown for other lands, and queen
Elllabeth gave to Thomas loixl Buck-
hurft, afterv^ard earl of Dorfet, from
whom it defcendcd to the preient duke of
Dorfet. In 1450, the rebel John Cade
defeated the royal aiiny near this towik
It is fix miles NW of Tunbridge, and 23
ssE of London. Lon. q 18 b, 141.51
19N.
Sever, St. a town of France, in the
department of Landes and late province
of Marian, feated on the Adour, 10 nnles
E of Dax, and 65 s by b of Bourduux.
Lon. o 35 w, lat. 43 45 n.
Severing, St. a fortified town of
Naples, in Calabria Citeriore, with aa
aichbilhop's fee. It is feated on a craggy
rooky on the river Necto, eight miks
from the fea, and 45 se of RpUano. Lon,
17 14E, lat. 39 15 N.
Severing, St. a town of Italy, in
the raarquifatc of Ancona, with a bilhop's
fee. It has fine vineyards, and is feated
between two hills, on the river Petenzi,
fix miles N w of Tolentino. Lon. 1 3 6 E,
lat. 43 16 N.
Severing, St. a town of Naples, in
Priucipato Citeriore, feated on the river
dartfo.
Severn, a river, which riles in the
mountain of Plynlimmon, in Wales.
Flawing firll accols Mongtymeryfliire, it
then enters Shropfliire above the Brythen
Hills, juft at its confluence with the Vyr-
new, or Wirnew. It is navigable in its
wiiole courle through this county, and
entering Worcdlerfilire, runs through its
whole length, into Glou«:c(^erlhire. In
its courle it waters, Llanydlos, Newton,
Welfhpool, Shrewlbury, Bridgenorthl
Bcwdley, Worcefter, Upton, Tewkel»
bury, and Glouceftrr; axid entering the
iea, its mouth is called the 3nfloI
(;;!ianiiel. , This river, has a .com^gpi:
- t
S E V
S H A
cition with the Thames by a canal. See
Thames.
Sevekn, Vale op» a fpacious and
(iitennve vale in Gloucefteriliirei which
borders both fides of the river Severn, and
whole fen ile paftures furnifh that cheefe
for which the county u fo famous. In
this vale the air is very mild, even in
winter. /See Evesha!&, Vale of.
Severn, a river o( the United States,
in Maryland, which waters Annnpolis,
and enters by a broad mouth into Chela-
peaic Bay.
Severndrooc, an ifland of Hin-
dooitan Proper, 60 miles s of Bombay.
Hrre was a itrong fort Uiat bc-bngtd to
Angria the pirne, which was taken
by commodore James, in 1^96. See
Shooter's Hill.
Severo, a town of Naples, in Capi-
unata, with a biftiop's lee, Itated in a
plain, 75 m..es NE of Naplfj. Lon. 2^
34. E, lat. i;.! 40 N.
'Severus' Wall, commonly called
Graham's Pike, in the w of Scotland.
It is a work of the Romans, luppo!ed,to
be done by the emperor whole name it
bears, to prevent the incurfiUns of the Pifls
and Scots. It began at Abercom, un the
frith of Forth, four miles ne of Linlith-
gow, and ran w to the frith of Clyde,
ending at Kirkpatrick, neai' Dumbarton.
Seville, an ancient and conliderahle
city of Spain, capital of Andalulla, and
a bifhop's lee. It is leafed on the Gua-
dalquiver, and takes up more ground
Ihan Madrid, although it has not I'o
many inhabitants. It is of a round form,
and fortified with ftrong walls, flanked
by high towers. The Moors built an
aqueducl, ftill to be feen, fix miles in
length. The cathedral is the largelt in
Spain : the lleeple is of curious workman-
Ihip, and extremely high, confifting of
three towers, one above another, with
galleries and balconies. Of the convents,
that of St. Francis is the moft curious,
adorned with a handibme pablic fquare,
in'the midft of which is a fine fountaia.
The univerfity confifts of many colleges {
and the proteiTors enjoy rich penhons,
The royal palacci called Alcatar, was
partly built after the antioue by the
Moors; and partly in the modem tafte by
king Pedro; it is a mile in extent, and
Hanked by large fquare towers, built
with ftones, taken from the ancient tern*
Ele of Hercules. The exchange is a fquare
uilding of the Tul'can order, each front
100 £Bet in length, and three ftories high.
The iownbo\ile is adorned with a ereat
cumber of -ftatuet, tuMt- there (• a Iar|^
fquare before it, with a fine fountain la
the middle. There are lao holpitali
richly endowed. The fuburb Itanda on
the other fide of the riyer, over which
is a long bridge of boats. In this fuburb
the houle of the Inquifition is placed ; and
there are public walks, where moft of the
inhabitants go to take the air. The
Htuation of Seville, renders it one of the
molt commercial towns of Spain« AH
the trnde of that kingdom with the New
World centered oiiginally in its port.
Formerly the galleons and the flota took
their annual departure hence; but the
port of Cadiz having been found more
commodious, they have failed from that
place fincc 1710. Such vaft employment
did the American trade give aft one
period, that in Seville alone then were
no fewer than x 6,000 looms in illk or
woollen work, and 130,000 perfons were
employed ini'thele manufaiHures } but»
before the end of the reign of Philip iu»
the looms of Seville were reduced to 400.
The country about it is extremely fertile
in com, wine> &c. and thei-e is abmi'
dance of oil } for to the w of the riyer is
a grove of olive-trees, 30 miles in length.
Seville is 45 miles from the Athmtic.
112 w of Granada, and iia s by w 01
Madrid, Lon. 5 zx w, lat. 37 3a N.
Sevres, Two, a department of
France, including part of the late pro*
vince of Poitou. It is ib named from
two rivers^ one of which flows w by St.
Maxiepf and Niort, into the bay orBilV
cay, bppofite the ifle of Rhe, and the
other takes a N.iv direction, pafles by
Cliflbn, and enters the river Loire, oppo*
lite Nantes, St. Maixent is the capital.
Sewalick, Mount, a chain of
mountains that borders on the level covn*
try, on the N of the province of Delht^
in Hindooftan Proper. At Hurdwar, the
Ganges forces its way thi'ough this ridge
into the plains of Hindooftan.
Seyssel, a town of France, in the
department of Ain and late province of
Breife. It is divided by the Rhone,
which here begins to be navigable, into
two parts; of which the eaftem was
ceded to the king of Sardinia, by the
treaty of Turin, In 1760. It is 14
miles NE of Belley. Lon. 7 45 £, lat. 46
( N.
Sezanne, a town of France, unthe
depai'tment ^ Mame and kte {^ovlnce of
Champagne, feat^d on a little river, li
miles NW'of Troyei, and 65 SEOf Paru^
Lon.4 lOB, lat.4i IM N. '
Skaftsbury, a oN'ough In Dorfttt
fltire, with a market dn'tluurda/. It ijl'
Mm %
sn E
ieated on a hill, where water is To fcarce,
that the poor get a iivin:;i by fetching it
from a ^eat diftance ; but it enjoys a
ieiTne wholefome air, and ha« a fine prof-
pcA. It fends two members to parlia-
ment, ir governed by a mayor, and had
formerly 10 parifh churches, which are
now reduced to three. It is 25 miles
HNE of Dorchefter, and loz w by s of
London. Lon. 2 20 w, lat. 51 o N.
' Sham. See Damascus.
^ • Shannon, the larseft river of Irebnd,
jWhich iffues from Cough Allen, in the
bounty of LeitrH, and running s divides
the provinces of Leinfter and Connaught ;
it then turns sw, pafles by the city of
Limerick, and falls into the Atlantic
Ocean, between the counties of Clare and
Limerick.
Swap, a village in Weftmorland, at the
feurctf of the Loder, between Orton and
Pwirith. It had once' a famous abbey,
built in 1 1 19; but it is now of little
note, except for fome k^eat (tones, like
^yranrids, placed aimoft in :* direil line,
lor t mile together, at eight, ten, and
twelve yards diftance, of fuch immenie
weight, that carriages now in ufe could
not fupport them. The abbey ftood
about a mile w froni the church, of
which little remainS) except the tower at
the w end of the deftroyed church, and
the ruins of an old bridge.
Shappinsha, one of the Orkney
Iflands, lying ne of Mainland.
Sheerness, a fort in Kent, leated on
•be N point of the iJle of Shepey, at the
principal mouth of the Medway, three
miles N of Oueenborough. It was built
by Charles II, dfter the inlult of the
Doteh, who burnt the men of war at
Chatham. The buildings belonging to
it> in which the officers lodge, make a
little^ neat town, and there is alfo a yard,
a dock, and a chapel, ^on. o 48 e, lat.
Sh^ffieid, a ili'ge and. populous
town in the W riding ^f YqrkJhir^, with
i niarkd ca Tuefday. It has beeii long
celiebratted for its various hardwvc iooanu-
iafhires, which confilt particularly of
cutlery ware, plated gpods, and buttons.
i^nre are atfd Ifcad works and a (ilk mill.
^ is feattd oh the Don, which is naviga-.
llik whin two bi" three mileis of the town,
an4 its neighbourhood abqunds witl) coal.
|t has 'two lai^ge churches^ an4 a fpAcipus,
tjiacket-place> ftipiihed with neat ihop^
ibr bijtshersK ^c. It is 54. milc!* ssw
o/yoirk, and'i6r Njiw of Londpn.. Lpo.
1 m'w, Iftt. S3 ap N. * ' ,
'^'^f^fj69,if,. a iown »..1S«df«(dfhire|
SHE
with a market on Frldajr, featcd between
two rivulets, which unite their ftreami
below the town, and fall into the Oulc,
It is eight miles SB of fiedford, and 41
N by w of London. Lon.p at w, Ut.
5a 8 N.
Shefnal, a town in Shropfhirc, witk
a market on Friday, nine miles Ng of
Bridgenorth, ^nd 136 NW of London.
Lon. 2 22 w, lat. 52 4.2 n.
Sheilds, South and North, two
reapft>rts, one in the county of Durham,
and the other in Northumberland; n.
markablc for being the mart where fliipj
take in their loading of coal, and where
they make large Quantities of fait. They
are feated on>eacn fide of the Tyne, le
miles E of Newcaftle. Lon. i 13 w,
lat. 55 4 N.
Shelburne, a flourilhing town of N
America, in Nova Scotia. It is iituatc
at Port Rolbway, and extends two miles
on the water ^de, and one mile bacic>
waid, with wide ftrects croffrng each other
at right angles. The harbour is deep,
capacious, and fecure. About a mile
from Shelburne, and fcparated from it by
a fmall river, is the Black Town, con-
taining about 1200 free blacks, that
ferved on the royal fide during the late
war. Shelburne is 100 miles sw of
Halifax. Lon. 65 o w, lat. 43 46 n.
Shepherd's Isles, a clufterof ifli^nds,
part of the New Hebrides, in the Pacific
Ocean, to the s of Malicollo. Lon. 16S
42 E, lat. 16 58 s.
Shepey, an iHand of Kent, at th»
mouth of the Thames, fcparated from the
mainland by a branch of the Medway,
called the Eaft Swale. It yieUs plenty oT
corn, and feeds numerous flocks of ilieep.
It contains the burough of Queenbprough
and the fort of Sheemefs.
Shepfe&ton, a village in Middlefnc,
feated pnthe Thames, four miles sse of
Staines. It is mUch reforted to by the
lovers of angling, and near it, part of a
Roman camp is Bill vlfibU.
Shepton Mallet, a town in Somer-
fetlhire, with a market on Friday, and a
confiderable manu&£lure of fecond cloths,
the principal material pf which is fine
Englifti wppI. It is feated under Men-
dip Hills, 17 miles, ^w of Bath, and
? 14 W of Londpn. Lpn. a 39 w, lat. 54
SiiiRvoiK^v & town itt Derft^lbiit,
V9xt^H maik«(,aii T^^riilay and Saturday.
It was, formerly a, bifbop's fee, aitd bad
tljree c^jn'rc'liMi! t^iPWgh n0W but one,
vrhich was the ^aithedral, and ia. it ire
^thelberf. tt had airo a aSAt, now in
ruins. Here is a famous freefchoul*
founded bv Edward Vi ; two large fllk
ipilU ; ana a conduit of excellent water,
which is continually ininning. It is i6
miles N by w of Dorchefter^ and 1 1 8 w
by 8 of London. Lon. a 41 w, lat. 50
Sherbork, a town in the w ridinzof
Yoi'kihire, with a market on Friday,
feated on a river, which foon falls into
^e Oufe, 1 4 miles sw of York, and 181
K by w of London. Lon. i 15 w, lat.
53 +9 N.
Sherborough, a foft of Guinea,
jfeated at the mouth of Sherborough River.
It belongs to the Englifli, and is ico miles
SE of Sierra Leone. Lon. now, lat. 6
ON.
Sherburne, the only town in the
ifland of Nantucket, on the coaft of
Maflachufets Bay. It is 80 miles s of
fiofton. Lon. 70 30 w, lat. 41 o n.
Sheriff-muir, a heath in Per thfh ire,
between the Ochils and the Grampian
Mountains ; famotk for a bloody but un-
deciftve battle, in 171 5, between the
royal army and the rebel forces under
the earl ok Mar.
Shetland, the general name of about
40 iflands. lying too miles NNE of Caith-
nefsihiie, in Scotland, between 59 56 and
61 II Nlat. The names of the principal
are Mainland, Yell, Unft, and Fula or
Thule. The dcfcription eiven of the
largeft, or Mainland, wUl enable the
reader to form an idea of the others } and
as the particulars of the climate, inhabi-
tants, &c. are much the fame as in the
Orcaoes, we muft refer to that aiticle
for them} addii^, however, fonie curi.
ous particulars o? the Auroras Boreales,
or Merry. Dancers, as they are called in
thcfe iflands. Thefe are the conflant at-
tendants of clear evenings, and prove
great reliefs amid the gloom of the 'long
winter nights. They commonly appear
tt twilight, near the horizon, of a dun
colom*, $p[»-oachihg to yellow, fometimes
continuiiig in that ftate, for feveral hours,
without any apparent motion ; after which
they break out into ftreams of ftronger
light, if reading iajto columns, and alter-
ing flowly into ten thouf^nd^ ,difterent
Aiapes, varying their colours from aU the
tints ofyellow to.the.moft Qbiciire luiTet.
They often cover the wliple jieniil'pl^re)
and then make the moft brilliant. appear-
ance. Th^ir motions, at thefe times, are
amazingly quick ; and tliey aitoniiOi; the
IpeJlator v^ith the rapid change of their
form. They break oUt in places where
S H O
none were feeti before, flcimming brifltfy
along the heavens; are fuddenly extin-
fuifhed, and leave behind an uniform
uflcy traa. l:h again Is brilliantly
illuminated in the (ame manner, iJad as
fuddenly left a dull blank. In ceitain
nishts, they afliime the appearance of
vait columns ; on one fide of the deepelt
vellovv, on the other declining away till it
becomes undi(iingut(hed fi'om the Iky.
They have generally a ftrong tremulous
niotion from end to end, which continues
till the whole vanifhes. According to
the ftate of the atmofphere, they differ iu
colours i they often aiTume the colour of
blood, and make a very dreadful appear-
ance. Shetland, with Orkney, tonna
one of the counties of Scotland. ^
Shin, Loch, a lake in the mountain^
of Sutherlandfliire, 81 miles in circuit.
From this lake jiTues a rapid ftrdun^
which flows into the frith of Democh.
Shifton, an fincient town in Worce'f-
terfhire, though furrounded by Warwick-
fhire, with a market on Saturday. It i«
feated on the Stour, 14 miles' w of Ban-
bury, and 83 Nw of Londm. Lon. i
X5 w, lat. 5» 5 n.
Shittbrton, a village in Dorfetfhirei
in the parifli of Bere-Regis, near whicb
is a Roman encampment, of a Jong fquare
form, containing an area of about feveil
acres. • *;
Shoales, Isles of, in N Amertci^
on the coaft of New Hampfhire. They
lie conveniently for the cod-finery, Whicn
was formerly carried on hertf to great ad*
vantage] but the inhabitants are now
few and poor.
Shoole, a town of Syria, feated oH
the Aft, anciently called Ormitsfs, over
which is a bridge of 13 arches. It is it
miles 8 by e of Antioch, and 45 sw of
Aleppo. Lon. 36 40 E, lat. 35 ao H.
Shoomska, one of the Kurile Iflands,
three leagues 8 of Cape Lopatka, in
Kaintfchatka. Its inhabitants conilft of
a mixturl; of natives and Kamtfchadalcs.
S)ee KuriLes.
Shooter's Hill, a village in Kent,
fituate on a hill ibcallcd> eight miles ess
9.f London. The hill affords a very ex«-
tenfiVe profpe^, and the Thames makes
a munificent appearance from it. On
the w part of this hill is a lofty tower»
p-eaed by lady James, to cominethoutfe
the rcduclibn, in 1 7 56, of Severndroogj *,
ftrong jfort m the E Indie», by her.huf-
band ftfOmmadore James. It is tailed
Severndroog- Cuftle, is of a triangular
form, and contains fome of the arms, 0%
naments, &c. taken from the cficmy*
I" !
'i' ?;•
S ri R
S I B
Shoreham» a borough in Suflex, with ftone, pipe«clay, bitumen, and coal. Tlit.
principal riven are the Sevrin and the
Tend. The capital it Shrewftury.
Si AM, a kingdom of Afia, bounded on
the N' by China, on the B by Laos and
Cambodia, on the s by the gulf of Siam,
and on the w by the bay of Bengal and
Pegu. It is ^50 miles in length, and
»50 in breadth, though in fome placet
not abuvc 5O; and is divided into the
Higher and Lower. It is a flat country,
and in the rainy feafon is overflowed}
for which reafon mv(k of the houfcs are
a market on Saturday. It lends two
iuembert to parliament, and is commonly
called New Shoreham, to diftinguifh it
from the Old, which lies near it, and is
now of little account. It is leated on an
arm of the Tea, which makes it a place 6f
fome trade, and many fmall veflfels are
built here. It is i« miles Nw of New-
haven, and 56 8 by \v of London. Lon.
o 15W, lat. 50 54 N.
Shrewsbury, a borough in Shrop-
fliire, and the capital of that^ county.
with t market on wednefday, Thurfday, built on pillars, and have no comitiunica-
and Saturday. It is featea on a )>enin- tion for fome months but by boats.
lula formed by the Severn, over which are There are mines of gold, filver, tin, and
two bridges, and is furrounded by a wall, copper, and plenty of pepper, rice, cot.
with three gates* Here was formerly a ton, aloes, benjamin, and ^uflc. The
caftle and abbey, both now in ruins. It
contains five churches, is governed by a
mayor, and fends two memoers to parlia-
ment. It is the chief mart for a coarie
tame cattle are beeves, buffaloes, and
hogS} the woods abound with elepliantit,
rhinocerofes, leopards, and tigers; be-
ftde which there are large crocodiles, and
kind of woollen cloth, made in Montgome- lerpcnts ao feet long. The Inhabitants,
ryfliire, called Wellh webs, and for all forts both mciv and women, go almolt naked ;
ofWelfli commodities, which are generally but the better fort wear rich garmentti.
bought.inaroughftateat Welihpool, and They are well ihapM, have large fore-
finimed here. It is alio famous for its ex- heads, little nofes, handfome moutlis,
cellent brawn. In 1183, Edward i held a
parliament here, when the lords fat in the
caftle, and the commons in ^ b?.m. Ano-
ther parliament was held heroin 1397, by
Richard 11. Near this town, in 1403,
was fought the battle between Henry iv
and Henry Percy, nicknamed Hotlpur,
in which th< latter was defeated and (lain.
plump lips, and black fp rkling eyes.
The men are of an olive colour, with
little beards } but the women are ot a
ftraw complexion, and fome have their
cheeks a little red. The king Ihows
himl'elf but once a year to the commca
people. He is proprietor of all the lands
m the counrry, and keeps a numerous
Shrewlbury is 18 miles e of Welihpool, army, among which are 1000 elephants..
36 w of Lichfield, and 160 nw of Lon- Though pagans, they have fome ideas
don. Lon. 141 w, lat. 5a 43 N. of integrity and benevolence; for thty
Shrewsbury, a town of the United think that doing good both to men ana
States, in New Jerfey and county of Mon- bealts is the principal part of their duty
mouth, 35 miles sw ot New Vork. '^t • - • 1 __?.*
Shropshire, or Salop, a county of
England, 50 miles long and 40 broad }
bounded on the N by Cheihire and a de-
tached part of Flintflure, on the e by
Stdffordfliire, on the sb by Worccfter-
ihire, on the s by Herefordshire, on the
8W by Kadnoi-ihire, and on the W by the
cofunttes of Montgomery and Denbigh.
It lies partly in the dioccle of Lichfield
Their temples and priefts are very nu-
merous : the latter are dittinguiflied from
the laity by an orange coloured garment,
and they keep their heads, beards, and
eyebrows, clofe Ihaved. They have
fchools for the education of their child-
ren, and there is fcarce any among them
but what can read and write.
Siam, a city, capital of a kingdom of
the fame name, in Afia. It is leated on
and Coventry, and partly in that of Here- the Menan, near its mouth in the gulf of
ford} contains 14 hundreds, 16 market* Siam, 400 miles se of Pegu. L(m.xoi
towns, and 170 pariftesj and fends la 10 e, lat. 14 ion.
members to parliament. The air is fa- Siara, a town of Brafil, capi^of a
lubriousr and not very (harp, except on eaptainihip of tlie fame name, which lies
the hills. The foil is generally fruitful, between thofe of Maragnan and Rio-
cfpecially In the N and b parts, which
produce plenty of wheat and barley; but
the s and w being mountainous, 'are lefs
fertile, vet yield fuflicient paftnre for
ftieep and cattle. This county abounds
with lead* copper, iron, limeftone^ free-
Grande, on the N coaft.' In the neigh-
bouriiood is a fort, on a mountain, near
the river Siara. Lon. 39 35 w, lat. s
Siberia, a country, comprehending
the moft northern part of the Ruffian cm*
S I c
S 1 E
■in in Afis. le is boandcd on the s bj
^ Eaftern Ocean, on the s by Great
Tutvj, on the w by Ruflia, and on
the If bv the Frosen Ocean. It extends
sooo miles from g to Wt'and 750 from n
to s. The s part is fertile, producing
all the neceflaries of life ; but the n part
it extremely cold, almoft uncultivated,
and thin of people. The printipal riches
of Siberia connlt in fine fkins and furs.
The inhabitants are of three foita, pa-
pmtt or the natives of the country }
Mahometans ) and Ruflians. The former
(Mrell in forefls in the winter, and in the
Aiinmer on tiie banks of rjlvcrs. Their
garments are the fkins of wild beafts, and
their riches conAft in bows, arrows, a
knife, and a kettle. They makf ufe of
raindeer and dogs, inltead of horfes, to
draw their fledges. They have feveral
idols, which they are fometimes dilpleafed
with, and will either beat or bum them.
Hiey alt live in wretched huts, which
they remove from place to place. Thole
in the fouthem paits are not much nvore
pdire ) but they have horles with which
tfaey go a hunting, and their houlev,
though poor, are not fhifted fi'om place
to place. Nor ai*e the Mahometan Tar-
tars, who dwell in thefe parts, lb ugly as
in other places. The Kulfians kttled
here are much the fame as in their native
country. Through this valt traft the
Ruflian caravans travel every year, with
their merchandii'e, to China. The prin-
cipal rivers are the Oby, Lena, Irtyfli,
Yenifei, and Okota. The w part of
Siberia is coinpriled in the Rulnan go-
vernments of Tobolik and Kolyvan ; (he
I part in the government of"^ Irkutzk.
Siberia is the place to which criminals, as
well as perlbns under the difpleaiure of
the court, are commonly baniHied from
Kuflia. Tobullk is the capital.
SicHEM, a town of Auftrian Brabant,
to the s of which is a celebrated monal-
tery. It is feated on the Demer, 18 miles
E of Mechlin. Lon. 5 o e, lat. 51 6 n.
Sicily, an ifland of the Mediterranean
Sea, almoft in the form of a triangle, ter-
minatiile in three points or capes: that
which u neai'eft Italy is called Capo del
Faro } that which renrds the Morea, Ca-
po PalT^ro ; and tl\f third, which points to
Africa, Capo di Boco. Sicily is leparated
from the kingdom of Naples, by a narrow
fltrait, called the Faro; but as Meflina is
feated on it, it is called the Faro di MefQ-
na. The two kingdoms of Naples and
Sicily are under the lame climate, and the
pfoduftions are much the lame; but Sicily
abp^nds inuch mof« iq ^orp, p^icularly
in the vallies of Noto and NTatara. The
valley of Demona has more fnirrts and
fruit-trees than the two others. Sicily i«
165 miles lung and iia broad, and di-
vhlrd into the vallies jutl mentioned,
called Val di Demona, Val di Noto, and
Val di Mazara. In this iflanJ tlie ancient
practice of treading out com from the ear,
IS in ufe ; and here is the celebrated vol-
cano, called Mount Etna. See Naples.
Sid A YE, a ftiong town on the Vt coalt
of the iflami of Java, with a harbour.^ -
Lon. 113 15 b, lat. 6 4.0 s. '■' I
SiDoiNUTON, a village in Gloucefter-*
fliire, on the river Chum, one mile SE of
Cirencetter. It has a handfome chapel,
an unfinifhei' tower, and Ibme painted
glals.
SiDEROCAPSA, a town of Turkey in
Europe, in Macedonia, famous for a goU
mine in iu neighliourhood. It is five
miles from the gulf oi' ContefTa. Lon. i j .
44 E, lat. 4.0 30 N.
StDMOuTH, a Hfliing town in Devon-
flurc, once a confiderable feapdrt, befora
its harbour was choked up. It is 1%
miles SE of Exeter, and 158 W by s of
Lonrion. Lo% 3 1 5 w, lat. 50 38 K.
Si DON, or S A YD, a feaport of Palef-
tine, anciently a place of great ftrenp^thi
and extenfive trade. It is flill of fbme
note, hav a gubd cattle, and a well fre-'
quented harbour, and is the refidence of
a TurkiHi balhaw. It is 45 mile) w of
^amai'cus. Lon. 36 5 E, lat. 33 53 n.
SiDRA, an illand of the Archipelago,
between the gulf of Napoli and tqat of
Engia. Lon. 14 o E, lat. 37 o N.
SiDRA, a fpacious culF on the coaft
of Barbary, bvtween lAipoli and Barca.
which takes its nanu: from a fmail iflana
at the bottom of the gulf.
SiEG^URG, a town of WefVjrfiaHa,
in the duchy of Berg, lubjeft to the elec-
tor palatine. It is feated on the Sieg,
15 miles SE of Cologne. Lon. 7 324,
lat. 50 43 N.
SiEGEN, a town of Germany, in We-
teravia, with a caftle, and the title of a
principality, which it gives to a branc^
of the houle of NafTau. It is feated. oti
the Sieg, 17 miles NW of Diilemburg,
and 37 E of Cologne. I^on*8 Sth \^*
50 53 N.
Sienna, a celebrated city of TufeanYf
capital of the Siennefe, with an arch-
bifhop's fee, a univerfity, and a citadel.
It is about four miles m circumference,
and furrounded by a wal|. The Gothic
metropolitan church it built with black
and white marble, and the pavement is of
Mofaic warlLf Sienna is not yi^ P^^Vh
Sl%
SIX,
I .
lotti { but U adortcd with a grcM itumbcr
pfyaltcff fouBtaini, and fuperb ch«rebe».
Tne great area U round, and th« houiet
«bovt it arc of the fame helgbt» fupported
by piamsi under which people may
walk in all wcathei's. Jn the middle ii a
bafiOi which they can fiU with water &t
any timc» ai\d reprefent a ftafight with
I'raall velTcla. The Italian language is
taught here with fuch purityt that many
foreigners frequent it en that account.
It is featcd on three eminences, 36 miles
8 of Florence, and 105 N by w of Rome.
Loq. II II B, lat.43 34'^'
Sl^NNESEt a duchy of Italy, 55 miles
in length and nearly ah much in breadth }
IxpuntKd on the N by the Florcntino, on
the s by the Mediterranean and the duchy
of Caflrp, on the e by the Pcrugino and
Qryietanoy and on tlu; w by the Fioren-
tinp ai^d the Tuican Sea. The ibil is
prejtty fertile, efpecially in mulberry trees,
which feed a great number of filkwonr.s,
and there are feveral mineral fprings.
Siitnna is the capital.
Sierra Leone, a country on the w
co^ft of Africa, fo named, according to
fome .authors, by the Portm|ut:fc, on ac-
«QU|it of its imountains on this coaft
abounding with lions, ^me extend its
limits from the Grain Coaft on the se, to
Cape Verga or Vega on the n w ; that is,
between ^and 10° n lat. Others, how-
ever, confipe the country betwten Cap<
Verg3 and Cape Tagrin. In the open
and plain parts, on^the banks of a river
of the fame name, the heat of the fun,
before any brteze aiifes, is almoft in-
tolerable; but aj^ a rcfrelhing gale con-
ftant}y i'prings ^p about i^oo^)) it renders
t)ie jqountry fusportable. Th^e whole
trafl, on each ^ue the r^ver, i; rich in rice
and jnU'et, ^vhich ik the chief fuftenance
of the inhabitants ^ and, upon the whole,
jt is one of the beft jqouiUries on the ,coa(t.
SiKRRA Leone, a river of Africa, in
f country of the fame name. Its Iburce
. is tuKertain; but its mouth, in Ion. 12
10 >y, ^^t. .8 15N, is nine miles wide.
In 1791, ah a^ of parliament was ob-
tained, incorporaiing a company, called
"tile Sierra. Leone Company, for the pur-
.'pofe of cultivating W India , and other
tropical product ions on the' banks of til is
rivei*. TheiSr/l fettlc'rs amounted ^o aoo
yhite perfojas, befide a number of free
blacks frcin Nova Scotia. ' The jiatlyes
appe^i'ed. ip be extremely friendly, and a
few, "m 1792, had' come to work for the
colony. ' .On the fetting in f>( the f»in^t
abpvt the ia'ter end of May, the fame
year^ a degree of iickiw^ and mortality
pffctrailcdi occaiiowd chiefly kv the k,
iutficiency of the tcnpanury habitations,
which could not be cowpleted before the
rains fet in. Thirty- nvc white pci-fons
((rf whom 14 were Ibldiers') and many
(A' the blacks, dUcd of this ficknets.
The next year, theftttii^ in of 4he raini
was |iot produ£l)ve of the fame fatal
effects. The colonifti weve in good health,
were all put into poflefnon or (inall lots
of land* and a new town, on a regular and
extended fcale, was begun to hg built,
Beiide the Nova Scotia blacks, a large
party of the nati^rcs were at work for the
company* and the experiAicpts in fuaar,
cotton, See. appeared to be promilmg.
The native chiefs and people continued to
be extremely friendly } apa the corapany'i
fchools were regularly, attended by '^00
children, among wliom were fome chii
ren of the natives. In Sept. 1794, a
French fquadtoo deftroyed the Icttleraent,
and captured leveral of the company's
fhips ^ but from this diiaAtr, they have
iince recovered) and a factory was efta.
bliflied in the Rio Pongos, in 179J,
which is likely to become the means of a
luci'ative trade.
Sierra Leoi(e, or Lion Moun.
TAINS, mountains of Africa, which dir
vide Kigritia from Guinea, and extend ai
far as Abylfinia. They were ftylcd by
the ancients the Mountains, of God) on
account of their being fubje£l to thunder
and lightning.
Sierra Morena, mountains of Spain,
which divide Andalufia from Elhamar
dura and New Caltile.
Sigelmessa. See Sugelmessa.
SiGETH, or Z|Gat, a town of Lower
Hungary, capital of a county of the fame
name. It i9 feated in a morafs, has a
tf iple wall, witli ditches full of water, and
is defended by a Cftadei. It was retakeji)
from the Turks in 1669, after it had
been blocked up two years* It is 50
miles N\y of Efleck, and 38 w by s of
(Tolocza. lA>fi.it 58Ey lat.46 17 N.
Sigtuna, an ancient townof Sweden,
in Upland, feated on tlie lake Maeler^
between Stockholm and Upfal.
SiGUENZA, a town c! Spain, in New
Caftiie, with a univer(ity> an ardibilhop's
fee, and a caftlc, in which t« an arftnal.
The uniyerfity confitts of feverai /ooUeges ;
but dbie moft confideral}^ ftrujfture. is the
.cathedraf. It is feated on a hil), at the
foot of "Mount Atiencai 60 miles HE of
Madrid. Lon. s 41 V, lat. ff 6 H.
SiLjBSiA, A duchy p{ Germany, a7^
miles long and 100 broad { bounded 01^
the N by firandeubuirg and Poland, on
SIM
SIN
d» t by' Moravia aad Husgury, on the
I by P4>land, and on the w by Lower
liifsuia and Bohemia. The principal ri.
vcn arct the Oder, Viftuia, Neifle, fio<
ber, Qjicia» Oppa» and Elfe. A long^
chain ot mountains fiepaiates Silcfia i'rcm
Bohemia: the faighett mountnin, called
Zoteabergt ia in the principality of
SehwcidnitCi and it 104, miles in circum>
fcieoce. There are minei of gold and
fjvcr, but they are not worked} alfo
fome precioas ftones, but too much time
ii required to obtain them. There are
alio nrities of lcad» copper, and ironi and
quarries of various ttoncs, befide anti«
mony» faltpetrc, fulphur, alum* vitriol*
(}tuckhlver» he. The principal mann-
iaAure t« liiten cloth ) and there are alft
Ibme woollen manufaQuret} and glafa-
boulet. In this country are a great
number of cattle» lar^eituds of horrea»
and plenty of game m the woods. It
has but few lynxes and bears, and fewer
wolves, becaufe a ducat a head is given
for every one that is killed. There an?
many laketi, full of jMkc, carp, and
0ther good fiAi ; aUb plenty of bees,
which produce nnich hooey and wax.
It atfords wheat, batiey, oats, millet,
Uid turnips, fufficient for the ufe of the
inhabitants} and in fome places faffrou
is cultivated; but its wine is bad, and
^eretbre is turned moftly into vinegar*
Siielia is divided inta the Upper and
Lower. In the Upper, the innabitants
are generally Roman catholics, fpeaking
the Poliih language : in the Lower, they
are almoft all proteftants, and fpeak their
mother tongue. It is aUb divided into
17 fmall duchies, and feven free ftates,
exdufive of the county of Glatz. The
greateft part of this country was ceded
jto the kmg of Pruffia, in x74-a, by the
treaty of Bredaw.
SiLiSTRiA, or DoRESTRO, a town of
European Turkey, in Bulgaria, with a
citadel, and an archbifliop's lee. It is
feated near the confluence of the Miflbvo
and Danube, ^7 miles ne of Nicopoli,
and 170 NE of Adrianoplco Lon. 17 31
£, Ut. 45 o N.
SiLLBBAR, a feaport on the w coaft
of Sumatra, a little « ^' Bencoolen. Lon.
^01 01, lat.4.~o8.
6iLLB-LE-GvfLLAVJtfE, acommcrcial
lown of France, in the department of
Sarte and late province of Maine, ao miles
NE of Mans.
Simbirsk, a government of RufHa,
formerly a province of the kingdom of
Kalbn. The capital, of the fame name,
h (eated 09 the ¥a^s^ >oo milet i hj
-w oi Kafan. Lon. 4! 34 1, lat. ;4*
saN.
SiMMlRBN, a town of Germany, m
the. circle of the Lower Khine, capital of
:i duchy of the fame name, with a caftle.
It belongs tu the eleAor palatine, wd ia
feated on the river Simmeren, ^6 miles w
of Mentz, and 35 E of Tiiers. Lon. 7
41 B, lat. 49- SI N. .i
Simon's, St. an ifland of N America**
on the coaft of Georgia, oppofite the*
mouth of the Alatamal». It is ^5 mUes
long and four broad, aad has a good
tpwn called Frederica.
SiMONTHORHA, a ftrong town of
Lower Huaaary, inihe county of Tolna,-
wkh a caille. It was taken iroai tha
Turks in 1686, aod is. feated 4>a tha
Savwige, ei^t miles from Tolna. L$a»
xS ijSl, lat.46 40K. 'r.^^
StNAi, a mountain of A.abia PMsca^'
in a oeniafula formed by the tvra arms o^
the Ked Sea. Here ibc law waa, ajvea'
to Mpics, for which reafon the Malknaie*
tnns hald it ia great vcaerationj and!
l>ere the Chriftians have a monafteqr,
which formerly contained a great number
of nonk«, tuid them were muy little
chapels and sells for hermits, llie'mo-
naitery is furrouoded by a high wall, and
thoie i:hat go in and out, are drawn up
and let down in baikets. Lon. 34 1 5 E,
lat. 29 IN.
SINCAPOl^R, an iiland and town at the
moft Ibuthein extremity of the peninfula
of Malacca, from which it is parted by
the (trait of Sincapour. It is xoo milea
SE of the city of Malacca. Lon. 104 la
E, lat. X ION.
SiNDB. See Indus and Tatta.
SiNDY, a province of Hindoofhm Pro.
per, bounded on the w by Perfia, on the
N by the territories of the king of Canda-
har, on the ne by thole of ttejSeiks, oa
the B by a iandy defert, and on the sb
by Cutcn. It extends along the courfe
of the Indus, from its mouth, to the
frontiers of Moultan, 300 miles } and its
breadth, in the wideft part, is 160. In
foil and climate, and the general appear-
ance of the furface, it referables Egypt ;
the lower pai't being compofed of rich
vegetable mould, and extended into a
Wide dell ; while the upper part is a nar-
row flip of country, confined on one fide
by a ridge of moimtains, and on the
otlier by a delert ; the Indus, equal at lead
to the Nile, winding through the midft
of this level vulley, and annually overflow-
ing it. During great part of the sw mon-
ibon, or at leaTi in July, Auguft, and part
of September (the laiay feafoa in laoft
I fi
S I N
S I P
■tlicr paru of iNdis) tke atmefpherc ii
htrc gciMnilly clouded { but no rain falls,
akccft near tlw fea. Owing to this, and
the ntighbourhood of the I'andy dei'crtR,
on the I and on the Nw, the heatt arc fo
viokjK. and the wtnda firom thofe quar.
tcra So pcmlciout, that the houfes are
contrived ib la to be occafidnaUv venti.
latcd by apcrtuiei on the top» retemhling
the fiuincla of fmaU chimniet. When
the hot winda prevail, the windows are
dofirly (hut, by which the hotteft current
ot air, ncav the Anface, ia excluded)
•nd % cooler part, becaufe more elevated,
dcTccnda into the houle through the fun.
aela. By thia $\(o vaft clouds of duft
arc tsduded) the entrance of which
wovld akmc be fuAcient to render the
hoiiiaa uninhabitable. The roofa nre
conpofcd of thick layera of earth inftcad
•f tcrrscaa. Few countries are nx>re un«
vAtoktamt to European constitutions, par.
ticttfaurlpr the lower part of the I>'ta.
The Hindoos, who were the original
kabitanta of Sindy, are treated with gr
rigour- by their Mahometan eovenK j,
and arc not permitted to ereet anv pa-
J^odas, or places of woHhipj and this
KVtHry drives vaft numbers of them into
other countries. The inland parts of Sin-
dy produce I'altpetre, fal ammoniac, hoi-ax,
bczoar, lapis lazuli, and raw filk. They
have alio manufaAures of cotton and 111k
•f various kinds ; and they make fine ca.
binets, inlaid with ivory,' and finely lac-
quered. They alio export great quanti-
ties of butter, clarified and wrapt up in
duppa^i, made of the hides of cattle. The
ladies wear hoops of ivory, on both their
arms and legs, and when thry die, they
are burnt with t\vtm. They have large
black-cattle, excellent mutton, and Imail
haidy horles. Their wild game are deer,
haves, antelopes, and foxes, which they
hunt with dogs, leopards, and a fmafl
fierce cieature tailed a (hiahgiilh. The
prince of this province is tributary to
tiie king of Candahar. He refides at
Hydrab^d, although Tatta is the ca-
pital.
Si-NGAN-FOU, a city of China, ca-
pital of tlie province of Chen-ii. It is
one of the largeft and moll beautiiui in
the empire next to Pekin. In its terri-
tories (which contain fix cities of the
fecond and 3 1 qf the third clafs) bats of
a Angular fpecies are found ; they are as
large as donteflic fowls, and the Chinefe
prefer their flefh to that of chicken. It
IS 480 miles sw of Pekin. Lon. 108 43
B, lat. 34 16 N.
']. Sin GO, a town of Tvrkejr in Europe*
in Macedonia* «n the fulf of Monte
Santo. Lon. 14 o b, lat. 40 13 n.
SiNGOR, a town in the oeninfula ((
Malacca, feated at the mouth of a linau
river, in the 5ay ot Patan. Lon. 101
a5 I, lat. ( 40 N.
SiNir.AOLiA, a ftreng town of Italy,
in the marquiliitc of Ancona, with a
caftle, and two harbours. It is leatcd
at the mouth of the Nigola, in the gulf
of Venice, 17 miles as of Pefaro, aid
30 ISK of Urbino. Lon. 13 a9E, lat.
4J45N.
SiNori, a decayed fcaport of Turkey
in Afia, in Natolta, furrounded by wallt,
with dcobie ramparts ) but the cattle in
much neglcAcd. The inhabitants are
Turks, who will not admit any Jews,
and the Greeks are oblirad to live iii the
fuburbs. It is the birthplace of Dioge-
nes the cvnic {khilofopher, and is feated
on the ilthmu* of a peninfula, in the
Black Sea. Lon. 33 55 k, lat.41 5N.
SiNTKHEiM, a town of Germany, 'n
the palatinate of the Rhine, feated in a
merafs, la miles be of Heidelberg.
Lon. 9 OS, lat. 49 15 n.
SiON, an ancient town of SwilTcrland,
capital of the Vallais, and an epilcopal
fee, whofe bifhop is a prince of the empire.
It is fituate near <he Rhone, at the toot
of three inlulated rocks, that rife imme-
diately from the plain. The highdt,
called Tourhillon, fupports the old i-uin-
ous and deiirrted epilcopal palace. On
the fecond, denominated Valeria, are the
remains of the old cath:dr?l, and a few
houl'es belonging to the canons. On
Mayoria, the third rock, (lands the pre-
fenr epilcopal palace, an edifice of Ifonc,
built in 1 547 ; the apartments furnifhed
with great pluinnels and fim^licity. Sicn
was formerly the capital ot the Seduni,
and fome Roman infcriptions Itill remain.
It is 50 miles E of Geneva. Lon. 7 ixE,
lat. 46 6 N. See Vallais.
SiON, a famous mountain of Judea,
on the s fide of Jerufalem.
SiouT, one of the largrft and moft
populous towns in £gyi>t. It has feveral
mofques, and is the fee of a Cophtic
bifliop. Here are the ruins of an ancient
amphitheatre, and fome fepulchrcs of
the Romans. It is furrounded by fine
gardens, and palm trees that bear the
befl dates in Egypt. This place is the
rendezvoua of thofe wlu> go in the caravan
to Sennar, in Nubia. It is a mile from
.the Nile, and 185 s of Cairo. Lon. 31
a4B, lat. 27 aN.
- SiPHANTO, the ancient Siphnos, one
of the moft fieitiie and belt cultivated
% X
S IS
S K E
»•
IflanHt of the Archipelago, to the w of
I'aruv. It it %6 mil«* in circumference.
The air is lb good, that mv^j of the in-
habitants live to the age of iio} and the
conntry abounds with marble and granitct
excellent grapes, olives, capcri, uid (ilk^
LoQ. 15 15E, lat.37 9N.
SiRAOU, a town of Great Poland,
capital of a palatinate of the fame nanie,
with a caftle. It is f«ated in a plain, on
the river Watra 6« miles ne of Breilaw,
and 105 NW of Cracow. Lon. 18 55 e,
iat. 51 31 N.
SiRHiND, an ancient city of Hindooftan
Proper, in the province of Delhi. Proco-
pius takes notice, that in the time of
Juftioian (the fixth century) filk was
brought from Serimia, a country in India.
Sirhind is 195 miles NwofDelni. Lon.
75 35 B» lat'io »Si*.
Sir Charles Hardy's Island, an
ifland in the Pacific Ocean, dtfcovered by
.'uptain Carteret in 1767. It is low,
level, and covered with wood. Lon. 154
aoE, bt. 4 41s.
Sir Charles Saunders' Island,
an ifland in the Pacific Ocean, difcovered
by captain Wallis in 1767. It is about
fix miles from b to w ; and the natives
.tppeareJ to live in a wretched manner.
Lun. 151 4W, lat. 17 z8 s.
Sirik, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Molelle and late province of
Lorrain, with a caltle, on a neighbouring
hill. It is I'eated on the Mofelle, 25
miles N of Metz. Lon. 6 38 E, lat. 49
36N.
SiRiNAGUR, a large rugged country
of Afia, between Hindooftan Pi'oper and
Thibet. It is hounded on the N and
NE by the Thibetian mountains, on the
SE by Napaul, on the s by Rohilla, on
the s\v by Delhi, and on the NW by La-
hore. The capital, of the fame name,
is 160 miles N of Delh*.. Lon. 77 38 e,
lar. 30 59 N.
SiRius Island, an ifland of the Pa-
cific Ocean, about 18 miles in circuit,
difcovered by lieutenant Ball, in 1790.
Lon. i6i 30 B, lat. 10 51 s.
Sir MICH, a celebraLjd town of Scla-
vonia, capital of a county of the fame
name, with a biihop't fee. It is feate4.
on the Bofweth, near the Save, 4a milel
SE of ElTeck. Lon. 10 191 £> lat. 45 13 N.
StRONO, or Sbronoe, a town of
Hiodooilan Proper, in the province of
Malwa, no .miles nb of Ougein. Lon.
78 4B, lat. 144 N.
Sis SAC, a town of Sindflerland, in the
canton of Baill, capital of the province
•f Sifgow. It il 17 oiilts SB of Baiil.
SissBO, « town of Auih-ian Croatit,
with a monallcry, feated on the Save, at
miles SB of Zagrad, and 41 F. of Cail*
Itadt. Lon. 16 17 f, lat. 46 6 n.
SissoroLi, a town of Turkey in En-
rope, in Romania, 'with an archbifiiop's
fee. It is thin of people, nnd leated oa
a peniniula of the Black Sea, 15 miles a
of iMctembria, and 97 Nw of ConiUnti-
nople, Lon. 18 9 c, bt. 4a 30 N.
SisTERON, a town and late epifertpal
fee of France, in the department of tiie
Lower Alps and bte province of Pin-
vcnce. It is ieatcd on the Durance, at
the foot of a rock, on the top of which i«
a citadel, that was the uriibn of Cafiinir v,
king of Pola^i. It is 45 mites nb of
Aix, and 407 sb of Paris. Lod.& i e«
lat. 44 UN.
SiSTON, a village in Gloucefterfturr,
(even miles £ of Briftul, on a rivulet-
which rifes here, and runs into the Avon.
It has a manufaAure of bral's, and another
of faltpetre} and tin ore has been foiind here.
SiTiA, a town on the N coalt of the <
ifle of Candia, near a bay of the fame .
name, 58 miles from Candia. Lon. a6 >
19 E, lat. 35 ON.
SiTTARu, a town of Weftphalia, in
the duchy of Juliers, felted near tht
Maefe, 10 miles s of Ruremoiule. Lon.
5 50 E, fat. 50 58 N.
SiTTiNGBURN, a fmall corporate town
in Kent, 15 miles WNW of Canterbury,
and 40 E3E o( London. Lon. o 48 e, lat;
51 19N.
SivR.M, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Vienne and late province of
Poitou, feated on the Charente, 15 miles
s of Poitiers, and 100 ssw of Paris.- -
Lon.o23E, lat. 46 t6n.
SizuN, a fmall illand of France, on
the coalt of Bretagne, eight miles from
the mainland. It is almoft on a level
with the water, and produces only barley.
Skara, a town of Sweden, in W
Gothland, with the ruins of an ancient
falace, the refidenoe of the Goihic kings.'
t is t'eated on the Lida, in a moiafs, 17^
miles NE of F^lkoping. Lon. 14 o St
lat. 58 16 N.
Skeen, a town of Norway, in the go«
vemment of Aggerhuys, remarkable for
its mines of iron and copper. It i^ feated
near the Categate, 40 miles w of Fredc-
ricftadt.
Skbnbctaoay, a town of the United
States, in the ftate of New York. The
French and Indians furprifed and maf«
fiicred the inhabitants, in 1690. It is
feated on the Molawk River 16 mikt
Mw of Albany.
i'
t\
SLA
S L U
ficiDDAW, a mouDtain in Cumt)er]and,
•a« at' the molt remarkable in England,
hemg above iiooo yards perpendicular
height from the furface of the lake of
Dement -water, to the n of Mi^hich it is
lituate. Here eavles and other birds of
prey refort. This mountain is not difli-
colt of accefs, and is almoft covered with
grafs, which gradually grows coarfer in
the ai'cent. The whole top is coveivd
tirith a loofe brown flaty Hone.
Skipton, a town in the w riding of
Yorkihirc, with a market on Saturday.
It is feated among hills, near the river
Aire, 41 miles s by e of Richmond, and
aji N by w of London. Lon. z 42 w,
lit. S3 55 N.
Skoue. See Schome«.
Skye, an ifland of Scotland, one of
the largeft of the Hebrides. It ' is 50
miles long, and, in fome places, above
ao broad. The SE end is feparatcd from
Invemelsfliire (to which it belongs) by
a narrow channel, called the Inner bound j
in the jnoft narrow part of which, named
the Kyie, cattle are made to fwim acrofs.
This fide of the ifland fwells gradually
from the fhore, in a verdant Hope, over
which are leen the naked hiiU of Strath;
and above theie riles the rugged top of
CulUn or Cucbuilin. On the sw are feen
a fei'ies of rude mountains, difcoloured
black i^nd red, as by the raee of fire ;
and on the E a Wg extent of Alpine hills.
There is, notwithftanding, a great pro-
portion of level ground, with excellent
pafturage ; and it has numbers of deer
and different kinds of game. It abounds
with limeilone, marble, &c. but the
bafaltic columns, refembling the Giant*s
Caufeway in Ireland, are its gieateft cu-
riofltv. A cave, at the E end of the
ifland, afforded an afylum, in 1746,
tp the difappointed pretender, and his
faithful guide, for two nights. Many
thoufands of black-cattle ate annually ex-
Sorted hence. Some fmali horfes are
red, and' a great quantity of kelp is
manufai^lured here. Portiee is the chief
{}lace.
Slaguen, a town cf Germany, in
Fruflian Pomerania, feated on the Wip-
m;r, 10 miles B by s of Rugenwald.
Slaney, a decayed town of Bohemia,
with a caftle, iS miles DW of Prague,
^on. 18 27 E, ut. 50 16 N.
Slate, a diftriA of the ifland of Skye,
one of the Hebrides of Scotland. It is
on the SB fide of the ifland, and is a pe*
rinfula, ^rminating in a nigged promon-
tlLiy, called the Point of Slate.
6LAWKAW> or AVSTERUTZi a tOV(Q
oT Moravii, capital of a circle of the
fame name. It is 10 miles e of Brinn.
Lon. 16 57 E, lat.49 5N.
Sleaford, a populous town in Lin-
colnfliire, with a market on Monday.
It had formerly a caltle, now in ruins,
and has a large market-place, in the iorm
of a parallelogram. It is feated in a
valley, on a rapid rivulet, t8 miles s of
Lincoln, and 115 N of London. Lon.*
»i w, lat. 53 I N.
Sleswick, or North Jutland, a
duchy of Denmark, feparated from HoU
ftein, by the river- Eyder. It is loo
miles long and 60 broad, and a fertile
and populous country.
Sleswick, an ancient and confider-
able town of Denmark, capital of a duchy
of the fame name . It is an irregular town
of great length. The houfes are of brick,
and, like all the other towns in this coun-
try, refemble thofe of Holland. The
inhabitants drefs alfo like the Dutch ; and
n^any of them fpeak their tongue, though
the ufual languages are the German and
IXinifli. Near to Slefwick, is the old
ducal palace: fee Oottorp. Slefwick
is fituate near the bottom of an arm of
the Baltic, called the Sley, 60 miles Nw
of Lubec, and 125 sw of Copenhagen.
Lon. 10 o E, lat. 54 39 N.
Sligo, a county of Ii-eland, in the pro-
vince of Connaugfat, t§ miles long and
nearly as much broad ; bounded on the e
by Leitrim, on the se by Rofcommon,
on the sw and w by Mayo, and on the
N by the Atlantic. It contains 41
fiarilhes, and fends four members to par-
lament.
Sligo, a borough of Ireland, in a
county of the lame name, and the only
market town in ;t. It is feated on the
bay of Sligo, 16 miles b of Killala, and
100 Kw ef Dublin. Lon. 8 z6w, lat.
5413N.
Slimbridge, a village inGIoucefter-
fliire, II miles 9W of Gloucefter. . In
this parifh, which is ao miles in compafs,
1000 acres of land have been gained from
the Severn.
Slonim, a town of Lithuania, in the
palatinate of Novogrodeck, with i caftle.
It is feated on the Sezraa, 40 m!ks sw
of Novogrodeck, and 60 se of Grodno.
Lon. 23 57 E, lat, 53 ON,
Slooten, or Sloten, a populous
town of the United Provinces, in Fricf-
land, feated on a lake called Slooten-mere,
three miles from the Zuiokr«Zee, and iS
Nw of Stcenwick. Lon. 5 a6 e, lat. 51
55". ■ ^
SlvczK} n^a^ukrui towoof Lit)iuani3k
■\
S M O
S M Y
capital of a duchy of the fame name.
Here Conftantine dyk? of Oftrog, gained
three battles ovei- the Taitars, in the
reign of Sigifmund I. It is leatect oa the
river Sluczk, 70 miles SE of Novogro-
tleclc. Lon. 27 44JS« lat. 53 a N.
Sluttelbur.q» » town of Kuflla, in
the government of Pe:erfburgh». ieaced
on the s fide of the lake Ladoga, 30 miles
£ of Peteribwgh. Lon. 31 xo i» lat. 60
0N.
Slvy», a town of Dutch Flanders,
oppofite the iilai^ of Cadfand, with a good
harbour. It has its name from its fine
iluices, by which the whole country cim
be laid under water. It was talSen by the
Spaniaids in 1597, retaken by the Dutch
in 1604, and taker by the French in
1794 It is 10 miles N of Bruges. Lon.
3 35E, lat. SI \9 N.
Smalicald, a town of Franconia, in
the county of H'<enneberg, iubjedl to the
landgrave of Helle-Canel. It is famous
for the league entered into by the pro-
teitants, againft the emperor, m 1539, to
defend their religion and liberties. It is
feated on the Werra, 25 miles sw of
Erfurt, and 50 nw of Bamberg. Lon. xo
53 E, lat. 5049 N*
Smarden, a town in Kent, with a
market on Friday, 10 miles SSE of Maid-
ftone, and 56 se of London. Lon. o 43
S, lat. 5t II N.
Smith's Island, an ifland in the
Pacific Ocean, diicovered by lieutenant
Ball, in 1790. Lon. 161 ,54 E, lat. 9
44- s.
Smithfield, a town of the United
States, in V'rginia, le?*:':d on James
River.
^^MOLAMD, s province of Gothland,
in Sweden, 112 miles long ami 62.broad.
It has irtim'nfe fortfts of pine and fir;
and the approach to the villages is an-
nounced by groves of oak, beech, and
birch, and numerous plota or parterres of
arable land among pailures and rocjks.
An acre of land has been frequently ob-
ferved to be laid out with alternate flips
of rye, barky, Hax, and hemp; the in-
tervals between and around, Ibwn with
grafs. In many parts, the trees are cut
down, and burnt in order to manure the
foil. Ca^mar is the capital.
Smolensico, a duchy of Raflla, on
the frontiers of Lithuania. After having
been an objed oi .ontention, and recipro-
cally ^poi^elied by Poland and Ruifia, it
was conquered, by Alexay Miohaelovitch
in i654.» and: ceded to Ruifia by the peace
of MoiiEow in 1666. It now forms one
f f the ^t Ru£Elan ^cranmita, .
Smolessko, a cit]r of Ru^av capital
of a gcvernmenc oS the fanae name. U
is fitoau on the Dnieper, and extends o9«c
two mountains aad the valley between
tbem. It is fucroundled by walls 30 f««C
high and 15 thick; the lower part of
ftone, the upper at brick, ami ihcir ci/-
cumterence iiour miles and tkreequarters.
Tlie houies are moftly of wood, :ind
little better than cotuges : they are only
of one Amy, except a tiew i'cattcred beiv
and there, which ace dignified with th«
title of palaces. The cky is divided,
through its whole length, by one ftraight
paved itreet i the others are circular, and
floored with planks. The cathedral (tands
on an eminence, wher« there is a view <^
the whole city. The alternate rifing and-
finking of tlie walls from the inequality of
the ground ; their Gothic architecture and
grotelque Cowers ; the lleeples rifmg above
the trees, which conceal the houies from
the light ; the gardens, meadows, and corn-
fields within we wall»; all together form
one of the raoft fingular, piAureique, and
varied prolpefts. Notwithftanding its
extent, it contains only about 4000 mha-
bitants, ana has no manufactures, but
carries on with Dantzic, Riga, and the
Ukraine, a petty traific, in linen, hemp,
honey, wax, leather, furs, &c. It is 197
miles NE of Novcgrodeck, and 230 n <k
Kiof. Lon. 32 34 E, lat. 54 50 n. '
Smow, a noted cavern, on the n coaft
of Sutherlandftiire, between Cape Wrath
and Loch Eribol. It runs fo far under
ground, that its extremity, it is laid,
could never be explored.
Sm Y R N a, a leapcrt of Turkey in Afia,
in Natoiia, and one of the largeft and
richeft cities of the Levant. The good*
neis of the haibour has caaicd it to b« re-
built fevei-al times, after hsiyifig been dc
ftroyed by earthquakes, ft is the ren-
dezvous of merchants from almoft all
parts of the world, and the raagasine of
their merchandife. The Turks have i^
mofques, the Greeks two churches, the
Jews eight fynagogucs, the Armenians
one church, and dlie Latins three convents^ .
There are tluxe bifliops, one Greek, the
other Latin, and tl\^ third Armenian.
The ftreets ace more open, better paved,
and the houfes better built, than in other
towns of the continent. The ftceet of
the Franks- is the fineft in Smyrna, and
lies all along the harbour, l* is eight
days journey from Conftantinople hj
land, 25 days from Aleppo, by the cam-
vans, fix from Cogni, feven from Cataya,
and fix from Satalia. The caravans ot
Periia oft%n bring aao-bcWa of filk is 4
:u ^^
S O A
s o c
year, befide druffs and cloths. The
other commodities brought hercf are thread
made of goats hair» cotton yarn, cotton
m bagtj various kinds of drugSi and ail
Ibrts of carpets. The Engliih and Dutch
faftors have protectant chapels, and ta-
verns are as opsn here as in Europe. The
ibrtifications confift of a fort, a caille, a
nmuntain, and an old citadel. It is
leated at the bottom of a large bay, 183
miles w by s of Conilantinople. Lon.
%7 19 B, lat. 38 a8N.
Snackerbvrg, a commercial town
of Lower Saxony, in Brunfwick- Lunen-
burg, feated at the confluence of tbe
UtcTit with the Elbe, 35 miles E by s
•f Danneberg. Lod. la z» s, lat 53 10 N.
Snaith, a town in the w riding of
Yorkfliire, with a market on Friday,
leated near the Aire, »i miles s of York,
mA 174 n by w of London. Lon. i a w,
lat. 53 39 N.
Sneeck, a populous town of the
United Provinces, in Frielland. It h
called Snits by the natives, and is leated
«Hi a lake of the fame name, in marihy
land, eight miles s of Fi*aneker. Lon. 5
a6E, lat. 53 »N.
Snetsuam, a town In Norfolk, with
% market on Friday, feated 6h a iinall
inlet of the lea, 12 miles nne of Lynn,
and tii N by E of London^ Lon. o 32
E, lat. 52 55 K>
Sniatin, a trading town of Little Po-
hnd, capital of Poketia, feat«d on the
Pruth, ei^ht miles £ of Coloni, and 4.5
2SE of Halitz. Lon. a6 7 £, lat. 48 44 n.
Snowdon, a famous mountain in Car-
narvonfttire. Its name fignifies literally,
the Hill of Snow, from fuow and down.
Eryri, the WeKh name, is from Mynyd
Eryrod, the Hill of Eagles. This is
the moft noted eminence in the whole re-
gion of the Wellh hills, and may, with
propriety, be ftyled the Britifli Alps.
It is boggy on the top, and has two lakes
that abound with fifh, particularly the
char and the guiniard. The height of
this mountain, from the quay of Carnar-
von to its Iiigheft peak, is 3,568 feet.
It was held facred by the ancient Britons,
as Pamairus was by the Greeks. Pieces
of lava have been found on this mountain ;
and, on the funamit, groups of columnar
(lones, of vaft fize, lying in all dire^ions.
Fron-i its fummit may be feen a part of
Ireland, of Scotland, and of Cuinberland,
L^icalhire, Chefliire, and all North
Wales.
SoANA, or SuANE, an ancient town of
Tvlcany, in theSiennefc, with-^^a bi(hop's
(te. The badntTs of the air has earned
I
it to be almoft deferted, and it is now no
more than a village. It is feated on »
mountain, near the river Flora, soniiUi
SE ot Sienna. Lon. 1 1 46 g, lat. 41 40 n
SoANE, a river of Hindooitan Proper
which rifes on the s confines of Allalia*
bad, iffuing from the fame lake, which is
the fource of the Nerbudda; and flowing
in an oppofitc direftion to that river
1 500 miles, it falls into tbe Ganges, above
Patna.
Society Isles, iflands In the Pacific
Ocean, dilcovered by captaui Cook in
1769, fituate between 150 57 and 152 o
w lon. and 16 10 and 16 55 s lat. They
are fix in number; namely, Huahinc
Ulietea, Otaha, Bolabola, Maurua, and
Tabooyamanoo, or Saunders* Ifland. The
foil, prodyaions, people, their language,
religion, coltoms, and manners, are nearly
the lame as at Otaheite. Nature has
been equally bountiful in uncukivated
plenty, and the inhabitants are as luxu-
rious and as indolent. A plantain branch
is the emblem of peace, and changing
names the gieateft token of friendlhip
Their dances are more clegam, their
dramatic entertainments have fomething
of plot and confiftency, and <hey exhibit
temporary occiurrences as the objerts of
praile or fatirej to that the origin of
ancient comedy may be already dilcerned
among them. The people of Huahine
are in general ftouter and fairer than
thofe of Otaheite, and this ifland is re-
markable for its populouihel'sand fertility.
Thole of Ulietea, on the contraVy, are
fniailer and blacker, and much lets or-
derly.
Sock, a village In Somerfetlhire, three
miles from Yeovil. Here is a large pool,
at which pigeons often drink j but cattle
will not touch its water, even in a time
of drought. It has a brackilh and loath-
Ibme tafle, and looks, when put into a
glals, like cider when it is firlt clarified.
SocoNusco, a province of New Spain,
in the audience of Mexico, ^8 miles long
and nearly as much broad ; bounded on
the N by Chiapi, on the E by Guatimala,
on the s by the Pa. : Ocean, and on
the w by Guaxaca. it is flieltered from
tlie N winds by high mountains, which
renders the air exceeding hot} and the
foil is not very fertile. There are few
Spaniards fettled here.
SocoTORA, an ifland of Afia, between
Arabia Felix and Africa, about 50 miles
long and i% broad. It abounds in fruit
and cattle> and is particularly noted for
its fine aloes, known by the nam* of
Socotrise aloes. The natives are MalM>-
S O G
SOL
BCtant» with a mixture of pagamfm, and
they have a king who 4ep<n<i» on Arabia.
iiOCZOWA, a town of Turkey in £u-
rope> in MoKlavia, katcd on the Seret,
3s miles sw of JaUy. Lon. %6 10 £, lat
47 16 N.
SooBUBY, or Chipping Soobury,
a rown in GlQUceftcr(hire» with a market
on Thurfday, and particularly not,.d tor
iu fine chceie. It is I'eated in a buttcm,
near the downs, 15 miles ene of Brittol,
and iia W of London. Loo. a i^W,
Ut. 51 36 N.
SoooR> a village in Icolmkill, one of
the Weftern Itles of Scotland, near that
of Mull. It was formerly a biihop^s 1' e,
whjch comprehended all the idands, to-
{ether with the Hie of Man -, for which
reafon the bifhop of Man is (^ill called
kifhop of So4or and Man.
SOCST, a large town of Weftphalia,
ia the county 01 Marck, formeviy tree
and imperial, but now belongs to the
king of PrutHa^ The ilr<etii are watered
with ftiearos that proceed from a lake,
and the inhabitants are generally papilts.
It is I a miles swof Lipiiadr, and 30 ss
•f Muafter. Lon.S 11 E, lat. 51 4> n.
So FA LA, a kingdom on the £ coatt of
Africa, extending s of Zanguebar, trom
the river Cuama to the river Del £lpiiiito
Bknto; that is, from 17 to as® s lat. It
coi^tains mir^'s of gold, and is tributaiy
to the Portugueie.
So r ALA, the capital of a kiugdoin of
the fame name, with a fort built by the
Portugueie, which is of great importance
tor their trade to the £ Indies. It is
ieated in a lm:Ul iiland'^ neai* the mouth
•fa river. Lon. 35 40 £, lat. ao ao s.
SoPFA, or Sophia, a town of Turkey
in Europe, capital of Bulgaria, with an
archbiihop's lee. It is Ieated at the foot
«f the nlouDtains of Argentaro, on thtr
river Bogana, 135 miles WNW of Adria.
nople, and 155 £ of Scutari. Lon. 23
58 E, l3t.4S 36 N.
SoFROY, a town of the kingdom of
Fez, noted for a very handibnie molqiie.
It is feated on a hill, at the foot of a
Biounuin of the fame name, part of
Vfount Atlas, and between two rivers,
I a miles £ of Fez. Lon. 4 48 w, lat.
33 40 w.
SocKO, a town of the kingdom of
Congo, in a province of the laipe name,
which is a dry landy country, but yields
a great deal of lalt. The inhabitants ar^f
laid t» be Chriltians, coovtfted by the
Portugueie, and the capuchincs huve a
«hiir<h here. It is ieated «n tht^ Zaire,
near its mouth, 185 miles w$w of St.
Salvador. Lon. 13 15E, lat. 5 50 s.
SoHAM, a town in Cambridge/hire,
with a market on Saturday, feated on a
fen of the fame na.^e, near Sohani-niere,
which takes up 1060 acres of land. It
is five miles S£ of Ely, and 70 n by ■ of
London. Lon.o 14 k, lat. 51 n k. •
SoHO, a village in Statfurdniire, noceif
for a confiderable inanufaflure of buttons.
Sec. It is two miles from Birmingham.
SoiGNiEs, a town of Aullrian Haiiu
ault, feated near a foreft of the fame name„
on the river Senne, eight miles nb of
Mons, and 17 w of Bruilels. Laa.4 af
E, lat. 53 49 N.
SoissoNNois, a late pixnrince of
France, bounded on the n by lAonnoisa
on the E by Champagne, on the s by L«
Brie, and on the w by Valois. It
abounds in corn, wood, and paihires{
and with the late province of Vermandois*
now forms the department of Atlne,.
SoissoNs, an ancient and coufidenbk
city of France, in the department of
Ailhe and late province of Soiilbnnois.
It was the capital of a kingdom of the
fame name, under the firlt race of the
French monarchs. It contains ia,oo«
inhabitants, and is a bi(hop\ iee. Hera
St. Lewis, Philip the Bold, andLewiaxiv
were crowned. The fine cathedral has
one of the moft confidetable chapters in
the kingdom ; and the bifhop, when the
archbiftiop of Kheims was abfetit, had a
right to crown the king. The cattle,
though ancient, is not that in which the
kings of the firft race refided. Among
the late abbies here, that of St. MedanI
is remarkable: Lewis le Debennaire was
confined in it by his children. Soil^ns
is feated in a fertile valley, on the river
Ailhe, 30 miles w by N of Rheims, and
60 NE of Paris. Lon. 3' t8E, lat. 49
23 N.
SoLDANiA Bay, a bay on the sw
coaft of Africa, a little to the n of the
Cape of Good Hope. Lon. 1842, lat«
33 10 s.
SOLEBAY. See SOUTHWOLD.
SoLSURE, a canton of Swiflerland«
which holds the eleventh rank iif the HeU
vetic confederacy, into which it was ad-
mitted in 148 1. It ttretches partly
through the plain, and partly along the
chains of the Jura, 36 miles in length and
3 5 in breadth, and contains 50,000 inha-
bitants. The toil; for the moti part, if
fertile in corn^ and the dillrifls within
the /ura abound in excellent paftures.
It is divided into eleven bailiwics, tJb^
'fT
SOL
8 O M
Itthabhants of wKich arc all R«maM ea-
tboiicB> cxctpt thole of the ba>ltwic of
Buckcgberg^ who profeCs the reformed
leligicn. The foycreign power refides ih
the great council^ which, comprifing the
lenate, or little council of thkty-fix,
confilts of loa members, choftn by the
fenate in equal proporticHis, from the
tleven tribes or companies, into which
the ancif nt burghers are diitributed ; and,
owing to the diliintlion between the an-
cient and the new burghers (the former
conftfting oi' only S3 families) the govern-
ment is a complete ariftocracy.
Soj:.eure, an ancient tov/n of SwiflTef-
land, capital of a canton of tha lame
same. It contains 4.000 Inh:«l)itants,
and is feattd on the Aar, which here ex-
pands into a noble river. Aniung the
molt remarkable objefts, is the new
church of St. Urs, Jiniflwd in 1774: it
b a noble edifice of a whitifli gray Hone,
drawn from the neighbouring quarries,
which admits a polifh, and is a l'j)ecies of
rude marble. Sok-ure is I'urrounded by
regular ftone fortiivcations, and is so
Htilcs NNE of Bern, and 27 ssw of Bade.
I,.on. 7 zoE, ht.47 15 N.
SoLFATARA, a lake of Italy, in Cam-
pagna di Roma, near Tivoli, formerly
called Lacus Albulus: In this lake aie
veirtain fubltances which have the name of
floating illands. They are nothin|r but
bunches of buHrufhes, fpringing from a
iiiil, formed by duit and land blown from
the adjacent ground, and glued together
by the bitumen which fwiraa on the fur-
face of the lake, aitd the fulphur with
which its waters are impregnated. Some
of tbofe iflands are 1 5 yards long ; and
the Ibil is ftrong enough to bear five or
fix people, who, by a pole, may move to
different parts of the lake. From this
lake ifi'ues a \v*vitifh muddy itreani, which
emits vapour of a fulphureous fmell, tilt
it reaches thft Teverone. . The water of
this lake has the quality of covering
every fubftance that is put into it for a
lew days, with a hard white ftony mat-
ter; but this encruitating' quality is not
£0 (trong in the lake itlelf as in the rivu-
let that runs from it ; and the further the
water has flowed from the lake, till it is
auite loft in the Teverone, the hronger is
lis quality. Fifh are found in the Te-
Terone, both above and below Tivoli,
till it receives this lake; after which,
during the re(t of its courfe to the Tiber,
there are none.
SoLPATERRA, a mountain of Naples,
m Texrti. di Lavora, furrounded by other
MiountjiUMt in the form of aa aniphi.
theatre. It hat a crater above a mile in
diameter, which fmokei in the day, and
flames ia the night. It brings in a coa-
fiderabte revenue to the king, on account
of the large quantity of ful^ur and alum
obtained irom it. Near it is a fnaall laka
full of black thick water, which letms
always to be boiling.
SoLiHUL, a town in Warwick/hire,
near which, to the w, is a triangular
Danifli camp, en an eminence, containing
about nine acres. It is la miles w of
Coventry, and 107 NW of London.
SoLiNCBN, a town of Weftphalia, in
the duchy of Berg, feated near the r'lui
Wipper, 15 miles SE of Duffeldorp.
Lon. 7 10 E, lat.51 to N.
SoLKAiyiSK, a town of Ruflia, in the
government of Perm, famous for its falt-
pits and good hories. It is feated on the
UlTolka, which falls into the Kama, 43»
miles NB of Kafan. Lon. 57 26 &, lat.
59 16 N.
SoLMS, a town of Germany, capital
of a county of the fama name, in the
circle of the Lovver Rhine. It has a
ftrong caftle, belongs to a branch of
the houl'e of Nalfau, and is feated on a
hill, 10 miles SB of Hetbom. Lon. i
31 E, lat. 50 35 N.
Solomon's Islands. Sec Dancer,
Isles or.
So LOR, an ifland in the Indian Ocean,
to the s of Celebes, governed by xi% owa
king. Lon. 123 55 B, lat. 9 OS.
SoLTWELD, a town of Gennany, in
the old marche of Brandenburg, ieated
on the Jetze, 40 miles NW of Stendal.
Lon. II 36 E, lat. 53 6 N.
SoLWAY Frith, an arm o^ the fex,
between Cumberland in England and
Kircudbrightfhire in Scotland.
SoLW^^Y Moss, a black morafs in
Cumberland, near the river £fk, on the
borders of Scotland, which, ini 7 7 1 , being
fwoln by rains, burft through the Hiell of
tiu'f which covered it, and Ipread an inky
half- fluid deluge over 400 acres of culti-
tivated land in the qetghhouring valley,
which it intire'v filled up.
Sombrere, an ifland in the Indian
Ocean, 30 mties N of Nicobar. The in-
habitants are mild, timorous, and very
obliging to ftrangers.
Sombrero, a clutter of uninhabited
iflands in the W Indies, belonging to the
Englifl). The molt remarkabU of thera
is a league long,' and confifts of an erai"
nence, to which the Spanifli difcoverers,
finding fomerclemblance to a hat, gave the
nameof i^em^rfrP. It Et'iomiles ff'vf oi£u
Chriftopher. Lon. 63 37 w, lat. 18 38 u.
SON
SOMEiiSETSHIKE, a coiuity df tiSAg-
lamt, 65 tnil«8 long ami 49 bi'oad } boun-
ded on the NW by the Brittol Channel, on
the N by Gloucis(Verftiirc» on the £ by
WittAiire, on the »E by Dorietfhire, and
on the sw by Oevonfhire. It lies in the
diocefesof BriHol, and of Bat hand Wells i
contains 41 hundreds, ibi'ee cities, 31 mar-
ket-towns, and 385 pariHies; and fends
1 8 members to parliament. Tl>e air in
the lower grounds, is unlverfally mild,
and generally wholelbme. The foil in
the NE quarter is in general ftony, and
poiiefles a lofty tnineral tra£l, called the
Mendtp Hills. Toward the centre,
where its principal rivers unite, are fern
and mar(hy moorsof great extent. On the
vf fide are the Quantock Hills, with many
downs and open lieaths; and in the Nw
corner is the black fteril region of Ex-
moor. The s part,- toward Dorfetlhire,
is high, but well cultivated ; and through-
out the county, efpecially in its sw quar-
ter, vales of the greateft fertility are in-
terfperfed. The principal rivers are the
Parret, Ivei, Thone, Brent, and Avon.
The Mendip Hills afford abundance of
coal, lead, calamine, copper, manganefe,
bole, and red ochre. Chedder i^ celebra-
ted for its cheefes. Cattle, nearly equal
in fize to the Lincolnftiire, are fed in fine
meadows about the head of the Parr.'t.
The beft gooi'e feathers for beds coine
from the marlhes. Cider is a common
produfl of this county, and it has a con-
fiderable fhare in the woollen manufac-
tures. Briltol is the capital of this
county with refpeft to fize, population,
and comrtierce; but Bath is the great
mait for health and pleafure.
SoMERTON, a town in Sumerfetihire,
with a market on Tuefday. It was for-
merly a conftderable place, from which
the county took its name. It is at pre-
fent pretty large, and the market confider-
able foi' com, iheep, and cattle. It is 1 3
miles s of Wells, and 1x3 W by 8 of Lon-
don. Lon. % 40 w, lat. 51 as n.
SoMME, a department of France, in-
cluding the late province of Picardy. It
takes its name from a river which rifes in
the department of Aifne, md watering
St. Qnenein, Peronne, Amiens, and Ab-
beville, enters the Englilh Channel.
Amiens ie the capital.
SoMMiERES, a towa of Fraitcc, in the
department of Card and late province of
ianguedoc. It has a manufaAure of thick
ferges, which bear its name; and is feated
on the Vidourle, 10 miles W of Nilines.
Lon. 4. 1 1 iv lat. 4.3 4J K.
SoNCiNOj a^ftroi^jg; town «f Itilyi^ ^^^
^ OP
Crenionefr, issted on the Oglid, so iSiHet
NWofCremona. Lon. 9 44 b, lat. 45 24 Kl
SoNDRio, a town in the country of th4
Grilons, capital of the Valteline; It il
built in a very romantic fituation, at the
extremity of a narrow valley, and occu-
pies both Cdes of the Maknco, a furiouft
torrent, which frequently overflows it^
banks. On the aoth of July, i6ao, herfc
was a dreadful maflTacre of the proteltants,
which began at Tirano, extended to all
the towns of the Valteiiiic, and UVi^
thiee days. Sondrio is 34 miles NE wf
Como. Lon. 9 40 E, lat. 46 11 n.
SONERGON, or SV>NNSRGAUM, a Vil-
lage of Hindoottan Proper, once a largfe
city, the provincial capital of the eaftem
divifion of Bengal, before Dacca was built,
and famous for a manufacture of fine cot-
ton cloths. It is feated on a branch of
the Burrampooter, 1 3 miles SE of Dr.cca.
SoNG-KiANo-FOU, a city of China, in
the province of Kiang-nan. It is celei.
brated tor the prodigious quanti,ty of cot-
ton cloth which it exports to foreign coun-
tries, but has only four citiee initsdiftritt.
SONNEBERG. See SUNNEBIJRO.
So NORA, a province of N America, in
the kingdom of New Navarre, extending
along the B fide of the gulph of California,
in about 960 w lon. and 19* n lat. It
lies in the molt delightful part of the tem-
perate zone i and all its produftions, whe-
ther animal or vegetable, are perfeft in
their kind. The number of Spaniards
fettled here is very fmallj but as rt<3»
mines of ^Id and frlver were difccvcred,
in 1771, m an expedition againft forae
fierce tribes of hohile and ui-edatory In-
dians, it is probable that the population
of this province will gjeatly increafe.
Sooi-oo, an ifland of the Eaftern
Ocean, fituate sw of Mindanao, almoft
midway between that ifland and Borneo.
It is 30 miles long and 12 broad, and
contains about 60,000 inhabitants. It is
governetl by a king or fultan, and the na-
tives are Malays, and confequently Ma-
hometans. The popv ioufnefs of this little
fpot is caufed by its advantageous fitti-
ation, which renders it a great mart.
1 he Englifl) E. India Company have a
refidcnt here. Lon. 121 7.$ e, lat. 5 58 1«.
Sophia. See Sofpa.
SoPHiANiA, atownofPerlia, in Ader-
beitzan, feated in a valley, 25 miles l^w
of Tauris. Lon. 47 251. lat. 38 35 n.
SoPRA Sel VA, a valley of SwiiTerlind,
in the couufiyof th^ Grilons. It extends
from Me«inc ST. Gothf&rd to Reichentu«
and is the moft populw* valley gf the
CkcT^ttaguf.
. Nn
%
'ft?-
J
■^ ^
sou
sou
Ser RO V, » ftrong town of Lower Hun- lands, which rons, from w to i, through
gary, capital of a county of the lame Luxemburg, and falls into the Mofelle, a
name, fcatcd on a fntall river, 27 miles sw
of Prefburg, and 30 SE of Vienna. Lon.
17 of, lat.47 46 N.
SoRA,, a town of Naples, in Terra di
Lavora» with a cattle and a bifliop's fee.
It is feated on the Garigliano, 65, miles
MV^ of Naples. Lon. 14. 4E,lat.4.i 34.N.
SoRA, a ftrong town of Denmark, in
Zealand, with a college for the nobility,
9 miles w of Ringfted. Lon. 11 53 £,
.bt. 55 26 N
little above Treves.
SousA, or SusA, a ftrong town of the
kingdom of Tunis, capital of a province
of the lame name, with a caftk and a good
harbour. It is a place of Ibme trade, and
feated on a high rock, near the lea, 65
miles SE of Tunis. Loa.i) 15E, !«.
35 S*N'
Sou-TCHEOU-FOU, a city of Clilna,
ihe legend in the province of Kiang nan!
It is fo interledled by canals of frdh wa-
SOR AW, a town of Germany, in Lufa- ter, tliat Europeans compare it to Verricc j
tia, feated near the Bober, zc miles s of and the country romui it is fo deliirhtjuL
Croiftn, and 32 nb of Gorlitz. Lon. >5
48 E, lat. St 40 N.
SoRjA, atownof Spain, inOldCaftile,
built on theruinsof the anticnt Numantia,
near the fource of the Douero, 74 miles
»E of Burgos. Lon. z z w, lat. 41 48 N.
SOROCK, a town of Poland, i'euted on
the river Dnieder, with a ftrong caftle.
The Turks were obliged to raile the fiege
of this place in i6oz.
, Sorrento, a feaport of Naples, in
Teita di Lavora, with an archbifhop's fee.
It i« the birthplace of Tor^uato Taflb j
that tlw Chiiiefe call this city the paral
dife of tlie world. 'I'he brocades and
einbroidtries made here are elteeii.cd
throughout tlie whole empire. Its popu..
lation is prodigious ; but its jurilui6tioH
extemis over only one city of the itcoml,
and feven of tli* thiid clals, Lon. uj
ao K, lat. 38 40 N.
SouT£RRAiNEratowBofFvance,lntlie
depaitintnt of Cieule and late province ol"
Marchc, 24 miles N of Limcges.
South Sea. See Pacific Ocean.
SouTHAM, a town in Warwick/hire,
and is fluted on a peninfula, m the bay of with a market on Monday, and noted for
Naples, at the foot of a mountain of the
fame name, 17 milesvSEof Naples. Lon.
14 a4E, lat. 40 36 N.
SospELLO, a town of Piedmont, in the
county of Nice. It has a Ciade in dried
fruits, particularly figs } and is feated at
the foot of three very high mountains, on
the r'lver Bevera, 1-5 miles ne of Nice.
Lon. 7 34 E, lat. 43 52 N.
SovANt)> a town of Tufcany, in the
Siennefe, *$ miles W of Orvietto. Lon.
II 48 E, lat. 4a 41 N.
SoUBiSE, a town of France, in the de
its cider. It is 13 miles' s of Coventry.
and 83 NW of London, Lon.i 13 w,
lat. 5z 36 K.
■ Southampton, a feaport ami borough
in Hampthire, witba market on Tuelday,
Thurlday, and Saturday. It is fituatir'
btjtween the Itchen and Teft, which hew
How iuto an inlet of the lea, called Trii-
lanton Bay, or Southampton Water.
Tlie inlet is navigable almolt to the head
for velTcls of cpnfiderable burden; and
the two rivers admit linall craft forae way
up the country. It was formerly a poj't
partment of Lower Charente and late ter- of great comiiierce, ttill poffcfles a trade
ritory of Saintonge, feated on an eminence, in Ficntii and port wines, and has a par-
«n ):he river Charente, 22 miles s of ticiilar connexion with Guerniey and
Rochellc. Lon. 1 2 w, lat. 45 57 N. Jerfey. It contains five churches j ii
f'OUlLLAO, a town of France, in the lurroundcd by walls and feveral watth-
de jartraent of Lot and lute territory of towers 3 and had a ftrong caftle, now in
Querci, feated on the Boreie, 32 miles N ruins. It is a county of itlelf, governed
oi Cahors. / Lon. i ai e, lat.44 55 n. by a mayor, and lends two members to
Sound, a ftrait between Sweden and parliament. It is a faftiionable place ef
Denmark, through which ftiips uiually reibi-t for iea-bathing j and it was on this
fail from the Calegate into the Baltic. It beach that the Danifti king Canute gave
n about four miles broad, and here the that ftriking reproof to his flattering
Danes take toll of all merchant-ftiips courtiers, when the difubedient tide walhci
that pafs into the Baltic. SeeELSiNORE. his feet. Two rnile^ from this town is
Sour, or Sur,i a feaport of Turkey Woodmills, where is a very curious ma-
in Afia, in Syria, where ftood the famous nufadure of fliip-blocks, from which all
city of Tyre, of which there is now no- the king's yards are fupplied. South-
thing remaining but ruins. Lon. 35 50 e, . ampton is lamiles s by w of Wincheiler,
lat. 33 18 N. See Tyre. and 75 wsvv of London. Lon. x 26 w,
SovRfOr SvR» a river 0f the Nether- lat. 50 55^ n.
SPA
Southend, New, a village In EiTex,
(eated at the mouth of the Thames, 44
mile» E of London. Bein"; the nrareft
place to the metropolis, for lea-bathing, it
ii much reibi'tcd to, and has handlome
accommodaticn ibrtbe company.
SoUTHWARK, a borough in Sunv,
which may be confidiTLu as purt of tne
metropolis, being leated ou che oppofite
fide of the Thames, and ur.dfr the jurif-
diflion of the corporation of L»'ndon, who
hav« an officer here called the bailiff of
£outhwark. It is calltd the Borough,
by way of di(lin6lion, and i,> a populous
place, participating confiderably in the
commerce of London. It lends two
members to parliament.- It contains fix
churches, a Roman catholic chapel, many
places of worlhip for dlfltntcrs, and feve-
j-al charitable lotmduticns, particularly,
St. Thomas'* Hofpital, Guy's Hofpitai,
and the Mng'aalen Hofpital; alio the
King's Bench and Marlhallea prilbns, and
acountygaol. SeeLONDON.
Southwell, a town in Nottingham-
fliire, with a market on Saturday. It is
an ancient place, and hais a collegiate
church. It is 16 miles Ke of Notting-
ham, and 139 NNWoi London. Lon. o
51 w, lat. 53 6n.
South WOLD, a corporate town and
ibaport ' in Suttbtk, with a market on
ThurlUay. It is lieated on a cliff, near
a fine bay, with a harbour to the s, and
the river Blythe, and a drawbridge on
the w ; fa that it is almoft lurroundtd with
water, efpecially at every high tide.
Here a much efkemed fait is made, and
it has alio a trade in com, be^r, and her-
rings, It is commonly cialled Sowle or
Sole, and its bay is named Soleray.
In this bay was the great leafight between
the Dutch admiral De Ruyter, and James
duke of York, in which the viftory was
undecided. Southwold is ao miles s of
Yaimouth, and 104 se of London. Lon.
I 54 E, lat. 51 14 N.
SoviGNY, a town of France, in the
department of Rhone and Loire and late
province of Lyonoi9» leated on the Quelne,
50 miles SE of Bourges, and 167 s of
Paris. Lon. 3 ai e, lat. 46 30 n.
So-UTRA Hill, the moft elevated hill
in the mountainous ridge of Lammermuir,
in the N partof Berwickfbire. In former
times it was a noted leamark.
Sow, a river in Staffordlhirc) which
Hfes neslr Healy Caftle, in the w part of
the county, runs by EceUfhal to StafFordj,
below which it receives the Peak, and
foon afterwkrd falU into the Trent*
Sl>A, a wim of Germany, m the bi-
SPA''
fhcpric of Liege, famous for !h mineral
waters. The inSiabitahts are very civil
to Grangers, and ready to do them all
manner of good offices, but mull be paid
for their labour. It is feated in a valley
furroimded by mountains. That called
the Old Spa confifts of milerable cottages,
and is piojicrly nothing but the fuburb to
the other. The houieti of the New Spa
are all wood, dark, and I'mall, and yet it
is affirmed they can make laoo beds for
ftrangers. The church of the capuchins,
and the parifh church, "are both leated
upon eminences. The inn called the
Court of London, is very large, the belt
in the place, and moft frequented. ' The
nnmes of the five principal wells are,
JHouhon, Geronflerd, Saviniere, Watpotx,
and Tunnelet. The inhabitants are em-
ployed in making toys lorltrana;ers. Sp4
was taken by the French in 1794. It-
is 17 miles SE of Liege. Lon. 5 50 E*
lat. 50 30 N.
Spain, a confiderable kingdom of Eu-
rope} bounded on the N by the bay of
Bilcay; on the NE by the Pyrenees,
which I'eparate it from France j on the
E, SE, and s by the Mediterranean; on
the sw by the Atlantic; and on the w
by Portugal and the Atlantic. It is 700
miles long and 500 broad ) and contains
the provinces of Old and New Caitile>
Andalufia, Anagon, Eftramadura, Ga«
licia, Leon, Catalonia, Granada, Valen-
cia, Bifcay, the Afturias, Murcia, and
Upper Navarre, fome of which have been
feparate kingdoms. The air is dry and
ftrcne, except during the equinoftial rains^
but exceOively hot, in the fouthem pro-
vinces, iri June, July, and Auguft. The
vaft mountains, however, that run through
Spain, are beneiicial to the inhabitants by
the refrefhing breezes that come from them
in the s paits ; tliough thofe in the N and
N E are in the winter very cold. The foil is
very fertile ; but there are lai'ge traft s of un-
C\)ltivated ground. The produce of the
country is wheat,barley,faffron,honey,lilk,
laltpetre, hemp, barrillas, and even fuear-
canes, with the richeft and moft delicious
fruits that ate to be found in France and
Italy ; and its wines are in high efteem.
Wolves are the chief beafts of prey that
infeft Spain. The wild bulls have fo
much ferocity, that buU-feafts were the
moft magnificent fpeiWle the court of
Spain could exhibit. The domeftic ani-
mals are horfes that are remarkably fwift,
mtiles, black>cattle, and fheep, the wool
of which it fuperior to any in Europe.
Spaih abotinds in minerals and metals t
cornelian^ «gate, jacinth, loadlto&e»i txtr-
-4 ---■■- ' ■ Nn a •■• '--
I i c
SPA
S P I
cois ftones, quickfilver, copper, lead, ful-
phur, alum, calamine, ciyital, maihleit Ci*
iitvcral kinds, porphyjy, , the fineft iafper,
and even diamonds, uricralds, and anie-
thyft», arc found here, ilncicntly it was
celebrated for gold and filver mines j but
iince the.difcoVery of Am;.rica at leafl, no
attention has been paid to them. 'I'he
principal river* are tlie Douero, Tajoi
Guadiaiiia, Guadalquivcr, and Ebro.
Spain, fonncrly the moil populous king-
dom iiv Europe, is now very thinly in-
habited; to which various caufcs have
contributed, as the expuUion of the Moors,
the emigrations to the. colonies, the vait
numbers and celibacy of the clergy, and
the indolence of the natives. The perlbns
of the Spaniards in general, are tall j their
complexions fwartliy i their countenances
cxpreiTive. The beauty; of the ladies-
reigns chiefly in their novels and ro-
mances; in thttir perlbns they are fmall
and flender. Jealoufy is no longer the
characleriftic of a Spanilh huHiand : the
married ladies hav« here tht-ii' curtejo, or
male attendant, in the fame manner as the
Italian^ have their cicifbeos. The eftab>
liflied religion is popery j and here the in^
quifition once r«igued in ail its horrors i.
hxktf although it ftill exilts, it has been
lately rendered, by the intervention of the
xoyai authority, comparatively harmlefs.
There are eight ai chbiihopi ics, 44 eprifco-
]0al fees, and 24. unirerfities. Spain, once
the inoll: free, is Qpw one of the mo(t
defpotic monarchies in Europe. They
had once their cortes, 01; parliaments,
which had great privileges j but though
not abfoluttly aboliihcd, they have no
part in the government. They are afleni-
bl^d indeed, occafionally (as at the aeccf-
iionof the monarch) but merely as aa ap-
pen\':age to the royal Itatc," without power,
•r any other conlieqnence thanwhat r^i'ults
from their indvviduai fankr Mad«i4. is
thf capital. -y
Spain, New. See MEXrco, (>LP*»
Spalatr», or Spalatto, a patu-
lous and ttrong town, capital oif" Venetian
Paimatia, with a good harbour,. a»d an
aiotibifliop's fee. Here are the ruins of
the palace ot Dioclefian, of which, in 1764,
Afi. Robert Adam published a fplendid
accoant. In 17S4, Spalati'o was nearly
depopulated by the plague. It is feated
on a peniniula, in the gulph of Venice, ^5
miles SE of Sehenicoj and loa NW of Ra-
guia. Lon. 17 jiE, lat.44 4K.
Spalding,, a 'town in Lincolofhire*
with a market on Tuemav. It is ieatcd
near thcmofitb ef the Welland, and from
iU»eau»f«»aiuithe<aw49 » thtftKets^
r*remblie8 a Dntch town. It has a good
iying trade in corn and coal j and
much hemp and flax is grown in its neigh-
bourhood . Near it is the greateft heronrC
in England, the herons building togeihcc
on high trees like rooks. It is 14 miks
s by \v of Bofton, and 100 N of Londonv
Lon. o 2 E, lat. 52 45 N.
Spandaw, a ttrong town of Germany,
in the middle marche of firadenhurg. it
is fuNounded on all fides by morafl'es, and
clofe to it is a fine fortrefs. The arfenal
is in fubterranean vaults, and there is'a
jn ifon for ftate cjciminals. It it fcated on
the Havel, eight miles ifw of Berlin, and
17 NE of Brandenburg. Lon. 15 ar?
lat. 52 36 N. *
Spanish-Town. See Jaoo, St.
Sparsholt, a villag* in BerkfliiM
five miles w of Wantage. Its church i»
in the form of a crofs, and in k are fome
veiy ancient monuments,, one of which i*
of a knight templar } and the font, whici»
is alio very old, i» made of porphyry.
SPARTELj Cape, a promontory on.
thecoadof Barbary, at the entrance of
the ftraits of Gibnaitar. Lon. 5 56 w
lat. 3550 N. *
Spartivento, Cape, a promontory
of the kingdom of Naples, at tjie se ex-
tremity ef Calabria Ulteriore. Lon. iff
40 E,. lat. 37 SON.
Spean. See Lochy, Loch.
Spello, a town of Italy, in UmbrH.
Here are the ruins of a theatre, and other
vt'ir.alni of anticjuity. It is ieated on a
hill, three miles NW of Foligni, and 13
N ot Spoletto. Lon.'i a 24 E, lat. 42' 50 K.
Spetia, or SPEZZIA, a town of Italy,
in the tcnitory of Genoa, with a good
harbour. It is fcated at the foot of a hill,
at tht bottom of a gulph o£ the lame
ni^nic, 47 miles SE of" Genoa, and 65 N\v
of Florence. Loni 9 37 £, lat. 44 10 N.
SPEY, a river of Scotland, -which iflues
from a lake in the centre of Invernefsfhire,
divides Murrayftjire from Banfshii'e for
more than 20 miles, and enters the Ger-
man Oeean at the village of Speyraoutli,,
eight miles w of CulUn. .
Spige Islands. See Moluccas*
Spi^tz, a tovn of Swiflerland, in tht
canton of Bern, ieated on the w fide of
the lake Thun^ ao miles se of Bern.
Spigelbvrc, a town of Gcraiany, in
the cir«k:of Weftphaiia, capital of a coun.
ty of the fame name. It is 22 miles sw
•f Hildeftieim. Lon. $46 E,Iat. 5156N.
Spigna, a town of Iuly« inMontferrak
with a caftle. It js 15 miles n by w of
Savona, and 40 se of Tudn* Lq»»& ifi
fi, lat*44 4,5N»
S P L
Spilbmburgo, a tov4i of Italy, in
^netitoFriuH, 37 miles NWot'Aquiltia,
and 4-7 N by E of Venice. Lon. iz 15 e,
lat.46 ION.
SpiLSBYy a town in Linco1nnru'c> with
a market on Monday, featid on the fide
of a hillf 30 miles E of Lincoln, and 1 32
N by E of London. Lon.o 7 e, lat. 53
:2N.
Spire, a biftiopric of Germany, in the
xircle of the Upper Rhine, 50 miks in
length, ;tnd 30 m breadth, where bi )ad-
eft. It U divided into two parts by the
Rhine, and is a fertile country^
Spire, a free imperial city of Ger-
4nany, capital of a bifhopric of the fame
name. It was burnt by the French in
1689 i and, in 1603, tht imperial cham-
ber, which was in this city, was re-
moved to Wetzlar. It was taken, in
179*, by the French, who evacuated it
the next year, but reentered it in 1794.
It is feated on the w fide of the Rhine,
fevea miles n of Philipfl>urg. Lon. :; 32
E, lat.4.9 19 N.
Spirebach, a town of Germany, in
the palatinate of the Rhine, feated on a
aver of the fame name, eight iniles n of
Landau. Lon. 8 ixe, lat.4.9 20 n.
Spirito-Santo, a feaport of Brafil,
capital of a government of the fame
name, with a cattle. Lon. 41 oE, lat.
10 1,0 s.
Spital, a town of Germany, in Ca-
rinthia, with a cattle. It is feated on the
iiier, near the Drave, 30 miles w of
Clagenfiirt. Lon. 13 37 e, lat. 46 53 n.
Spital, an ancient village in Lincoln-
ihire, 11 miles N of Lincoln. It was
part of the Roman cauleway, leading
iVom London, by Lincoln, to the Humber.
Here are two fprings, one called Julian's
Well, and the other Caftleton Well.
Great numbers of Roman coins have
been dug up in this village.
Spithead, a famous road between
Portlinouth and the ifle of Wight, where
the royal navy frequently rendezvous.
Spitzbergen, the mott northern
countiy of Europe, being to the N of
. Norway,, between Greenland to the w,
and Nova Zembia to the B. The coaft
is befet with craggy mountains, and in the
v/jnter it is corrlnual night for four months.
The animals are large white bears and
whit« foxes. There are no fettled inha-
^itants, and it is known only to thole who
, go on the coaft to fiih for whales. See
Greenland.
Splugen, a town of Swiflerland, in
the country of the Grifons, capital of the
valley of Rheinwald. It is leated neair
S T A
the fource of the Hinder Rhine, 41 miles
sw of Coire.
SpoLETTO, a duchy of Italy, 55 miles
long ind 40 broad ; bounded on the N
bv Ancona and Urbino, on the e by Na-
ples, on the s by Sabina and tiie patri-
mony of St. Peter, and on the w by Or-
vieto and Perugino. It was formerly a
part of Umbria, and is now fubje^l tp the
pope.
Spoletto, an aniiient town of Italy»
capital of a duchy of the fame name, with
a bifhop's lee, and a cattle. It fuflfered
greatly by an earthquake in 1703, and
now contains iz,ooo inhabitants. Here
are the ruins of an amphitheatre, a tri-
umphal arch, and an aquedu£r. It is
feated in a country noted tor good wine,
near the river Teifino, 40 miles E of Or-
vieto, and 60 N by E of Rome. Lon.
13 6 e, lat. 41 45 N\
Spreb, a river of Germany, v^hich
rifes in the mountains of Bohemia, and
paiHng through Lufatia, info the marqui-
late of Brandenburg, runs by Berlin, and
falls into the H.^vet, oppofite Spandaw.
• Springfield, a town in the ftate of
MalTachufets, and county of Hampfhire,
feated on the E fide of Conne£licut River»
$6 miles w of Bolton.
Sprottaw, a town of SileCa, in 't\\c
duchy of Glogaw, with walls flanked by
towers, and a ftrong cattle. It is feated
at the conflxience of the Bober and Sprotta,
20 miles sw of Glogaw. Lon. 15 38 £»
lat. 51 40 N.
Spurn Head, a promontory in York-
fhire, at the ne entrance of the mouth of
the Humber, on which is a lighthoufe.
Lon.o 15 E, lat. 55 38 N.
S<^ilaci, a town of Naples, In Ca-
labria Ulteriore, \ th a hifhop's fee. It
was formerly famous, but is now a frtiali
place, feated on the Favelone, near a gulf
of the fame name, 30 miles sw of St.
Severino. Lon. 16 40 e, lat. 39 3 n.
Stablo, a town of Germany, in thC
bifliopric of Liege, with a cele'brated ab-
bey, whofe abbot Is a prince of the em-
pire. Here is a manutaflure of leather,
which is fent to foreign parts. It is
feated on the Recht, nine miles s of Lim-
burg. Lon. 6 5 e, lat. 50 29 N. »
Stade, a town of Lower Saxony, in
the duchy of Bremen, with a fortrefs, a
college, and three churches. It is the
principal town of the duchy^ fubjeft to
the elector of Hanover } Bremen, the ca«
pital, being a free imperial to\(*n. It is
the feat of the regency and chief courts
of juttice of the duchies of Bremen and
Yerden; and is feated on the Swingel,
a n 3
M
mo
S T A
ST A
near its conflilence with the Elbe, zs miles
w of H^tnburg, ajid 45 NE of Bremen.
^..011.9 17E, lat. 53 36 N.
Stafarda, a town of Piednionf> in
the murquirate of Saluz'zo, featc-d on the
Po| \yith a rich abbey. It is fiinious for
a vifto>7 eaincd by the French, in 1690,
pvcr the duke of Savoy. I.on. 7 15 e,
lat. 44. 34 N.
Staffa, a famous idnnd of Scotland,
one of the Hebrides, a little to the w of
Mull. It is one mile long, and half a
mile broad. The whole sw end is fup-
ported by ranges of pillars, nioftly above
50 feet nigh, and Ibme above 60 feet
thick, (landing in natural colonnades,
tiere Is alfo a cavern, called Fin-ma- coul,
ox FingaTs Cave, which extends 150 feet
tinder ground. Its entrance is a natural
arch, more than 100 feet high, from which
the cavern is lighted, fo that its furtheft
extremity may be feen } it is ilipported
on each fide by ranges of columns, and
roofed by the fragments of others that
have been broken off in forming it. This
ifland i^ every where fupported by bafaltic
rocks and pi])ars, fupeiior in beauty and
jgrandeur to tliole which 'fonn the Giants
Caufeway in Ireland.
Stafford, a bprough, and the county-
town of Staifordfhire, with a itia'rket on
Saturday. It has two pariHi churches,
and a fine fquare market-place, in which
IS the ihire-hall, and under it the marke't-
houfe. It is governed by a mayor, ferids
two members tp parliament, and is fcated
on the river Sow, 41 rallies nW of Lich-
IBeldj and 1^5 nw of London. Lon. 2 4
W, lat. 51 48 N.
Staffordshire, a county of Eng-
land, 55 miles long and 42 broad;
bounded on the W by Shroplhire, on the
NW by Chelhire, on the ne and E by
• JDerbyfliire, oh the SE by Warwick-
shire, and on the s by Worcelterfliire.
Jt lies in the diocefe of Lichfield and
Coventry; contains five hundreds, one
city, 1 7 market- towns, and i3opari(hesj
jand fends lo member^s to p.irliament-. The
principal rivers are the Trenf, Dove, Sovy,
Churnet, Stour, Peak, and Maiiyfold.
The air is mild and whotelome. Tne foil
in the s part is good and rich, though not
without heathis, which take up a large
traft of ground : it abounds in cortl and
iron. The middle is level and plain' }
the N hilly and barren', being full of
heaths and moors, and where they uTe
peat for" fuel. There are alfo good ftone-
quarric8,_plenty of alabafter, and Htti'e-
' ftone. This county is famous for its
potteries,' and for its noble canal niviga-
tion. See Caital, Grand Trunk.
Stagira, a town of Turkey In Eu,
rope, in Macedonia, feated on the gulf of
Contefla. It is remarkable for bemg the
birthplace of Ariitotle, from whencehe ii
cullea the Sta^irite. It is now caIJ|ed Lyba^
Nova, and is 16 miles from Contcffa.
Lon. 214SE, lat. 41 15 n.
Stag NO, a feaport of Ragufan Dal-
matia, with a bifliop's fee. It is feated
on a peninfula, in the gulf of Venice, 30
miles NW of Ragufa. |.on. 17 50 e, lat!
43 12 N.
Stain, a town of Auftria, feated on
the Danube, over which is a toll-bridge,
65 miles w of Vienna. Lon. 15 oe, lat.
^8 II N.
Staines, a town in Mlddlefex, with a
market on Friday. It is feated on the
Thijnes, over which is an elegant fton*
bruige, of three elliptic arches. At
fbn'ie difiance above the bridge, at Coin
Ditcl), IS the London Maik Stone, which is
the ancient boundary to the jurifdiftion of
the city of London on the Thames, and
bears the date of 1280. Staines is 17
milei w by s of ^London, Lon. 0 25 w,
lat. 51 »7 N. '
Stalbridgp, a tovrfi in Dorfetftiire,
with a market on 'iTuefday, and a manu-
fa^lure of (lockings. Here is ak ancient
cj-ofs, "22 feet high, on a'Bafe qf eight feet.
It is 20 miles N by E of Dorfetfhire, and
III w by s of London. Lon.i 18 w,
lat. 50 57 N.
Stalimene. SeeLEMNOs.
Stamford, an ancient borough ii\
Lincolnfhire, with a market on Monday
and Friday. It is feated on the river
WtUand, which is navigable hence, and
^ns a good trade, particularly in malt and
fVeeftone. It fends two members to par-
liainent, and is governed by a mayor.
Met-e are fix parifh churches, and it
had formerly a college, whofe ftudents
reinoyed to Brazen Nofe College, in Ox-
ford. It is" 26 miles N of Huntingdon,
and 96 N by w of London. Lon.o 31
\y, lat. 52 41 N.
' Stampalio, an ifland of the Archipe-
Ingo, 60 miles w of l^hodes, and 37 from
the coaft ofNatolia. It is 15 miles long
and five broad, almoft w^ithout inhabit-
ants, and wants frefh water.
Stanchio, a fertile ifland of the Ar-
chiptlago,near the coaft of Natolia, ix
tniles NE of Stampalio, and 40 Ww of
Rhodes. It is the ancient Cos, the bitth-
|)Iace of H ippocratek ahd Appelles ; and is
Z5 miles long- and 10 broad. The capital,
of the fame name, i^ feated at the foot of
a mountain, at the bottom of a bay, and
hear a good harbour.' '
Standon, a town in Hertfordfhire>
S T A
S T E
with ft mftrket on Fridajr* eight mile* N
oi Hertfb d and 17 of London. Lon. o j
t, Iat5i 56 N.
Stanemori, a dreary diftriA in tht
I angle of Weftmorland. Here i« a fra)(.
ment of Rerecrofs, let up at a boundary
between England and Scotland, when
Cumberland belonged to the latter.
Stanhope, a town in the county of
Durham, with a market on Tueiday, 10
miles w of Durham, atxl 164 N of Lon*
dun. Lon. 1 o w, lat. 54. 48 N.
Stanley, a town in Gloucefter/hire,
with a market on Saturday, 11 mllrt s of
Glouceiter, and 104 w of L<mdon. Lon.
I 16 w, Jat 51 40 N.
Stanmore, Great, a village in
Middlefex, two iiulet Nw of Edgware.
Here ii a fine hill, Irom the top ofwhich
the inhabitants had been long accuftomed
to fetch their watery but, in 179 1, a well
was dug, and water found, at the depth
of 150 feet. On this hill is Stanmore
Common, which is fo very elevated, that
the ground floor of one of the houfes is
&id t-o be on a Jevel with the battlements
of Harrow church ; m\4 fome high trees
hero, are a landmark from the German
Ocean.
Stajdmore, Little. See Whit-
church.
Stanton, a town In Lincolnfliire,
with a market on Monday^ 16 miles s of
Lincoln, and 1 29 n of London. Lon. o a
w, lat 53 18 N.
St A NTS, a town of Swiflerland, capi*
tal of the canton of Underwalden. It is
feated in a plain, at the foot of the
Stanzberg, and near tlie lake of Lucern,
X9 miles s of Zuric. Lon. 8 X2 E, lat.
46 5» n.
Stanwjx, Fort, in the ftate of New
Yx)rk, liiated on Mohawk river, near its
Iburce, io miles nw of Albany. Lon.
75 i5\v, lat. 4? 15N.
Star a; A Kussa, a town of RuiTia, in
the government of Novogorod, leated on
the river Polifh, not far from the lake
Ilinen, 40 miles s by e of Novogorod.
Lon. 332 e, lat. 5740 n.
Stargard, a town of Germany, in
Prullian Pomerania, with a college, and
the ruins of a caftle. It has manuta^ures
of ferges, flialoons, tammies, druggets,
&c. and is feated on the Ihna, 18 miles
SE of Stetin, and 37 nw of Landiperg.
Lon.A5 8E,.lat.53 3aN.
Starcaro, a town of Germany, in
Mecklenburg Strclitz, 30 miles s of New
Brandenburg.
Start Point, a promontory of De>
venibire, in the EnglUh Channel) 14 miles
s by wof Dartnwuth. XiOn.) 51W, la%
50 9 N.
Statsn Island, «it iflaad of N Aim-
rka, which forms the county of Rick-
mood, in the ftate of New York. It U
It miles long and fer broad, andcomaiiu
upward of 3000 inhabitants. On th«
s fide is a eoHfidcraUc traift ef levtl
good land} but, in general, this illaa4
IS rough, aitd the hills high. Richmond^
its only town of any note, k an incottfi-
derable place, aiae miiec sw vf Nd^
York.
Statin Land, a barren craggy ifland,
on the st fide of the iflands which form
the ftraits of Magellan, in 5;* s lat.
Between this ifland and Ticrra del Fuego
is the ftrait of Le Maire.
Stavanoir, a feaport i« Norway, in
the province of Bergen, capital of a terri-
tory of the fame name, with a biftiop's fee.
It is feated on a peninfula, near the for-
trels of Dofwick, 75 miles « of Bergen.
Lon. 545 s, lat. 59 6 m.
Staveren, an ancient feaport of the
United Provinces, in FrieflanJ, formerly
a conrideral>le town, but now much de-
cayed, the harbour being choked up with
fand. It is feated on the Zuider-Zee,
eight miles w of Slooten, and 15 ne of
Enchuylen. Lon. 5 13E, lat. 5a 34 n.
Staubbach, a celebrated cataract of
SwifTerland, near the village of Lauter-
bruunen, in the canton of Bern. It rulhes
down a precipice 930 feet hich with fuch
impetuoht^, as to relblve itfelf into a fine
Ijpray, which, viewed in fome particular
fituations, refembles acloud of dult. Hence
it derives its name ; the word Staubbach,
in German, lignifying a fprtng of duft.
The roaring noiie it makes is accompa-
nied by a tempeft, occafioned by the vio-
lent agitation of the air, excited by the
rapidity of the fail. The brook which
forms this torrent is named the Kupfci--
Bachlcin, or Kivi]^et of Copper.
Staunton,- a town of Virginia, on
the river Potomac.
Ste£N.berg£N, aftrong town of Dutch
Brabant, in the marquilate of Bergen-op-
Zoom. It has a communication with tne
Maefc, and is leven miles M of Bergen-op-
zoom, and 17 w of Bi'eda. Lon. 4 18 e,
lat. 51 31 N.
Steenkirk, a village of Auftrian
Hainault, famous for the victory obtained
over William iii, in 1691, by the dxike
of Luxembui'g. It is 1 5 miles N of MonSf
and 16 w of Bruifels.
Steenwick, , a ftrong town cf the
United Provinces > in Overyflel, feated on
the ,v\vtx Aa, 20 miles SE of Slooten.
N n4.
S T E
•id Z* N •( Dcvoitcr. Lotis 5 50 B, Ut.
5* 50 N.
sVtqiBVRo> » ft^port Qf Sweden* in
E Gottiiuidi (cated on tlve fittltic, asmilet
8 of Nikoping, ai4 8« stv of btockbolm.
Lon. 16 40B»,l<it. 58 16 N.
3t£|N, a fmull independent town of
SwiflvrlMid, unckr the protc^ion of the
qjMnton of Zuric. It is Icited on the
I^hine, where it iflue* from the lake of
Conftance, 1 5 ntilet w ot Conitance, and
%^ NE of Zuric. i.pn. 8 48 e, Ut.4.7
3aN.
Steinhbim, a tovrnof Germany, In
the decorate of Mtntr, leated on a hill,
near the river Maine, with a caftlc, nine
ntilet from Franctort, Lon. 8 54 1, lat.
49 5*N'
Steke, a town of Denmark, on the
tj coaft of the ifle of Monn, with a cattle.
It is almo(t furrounded by a lake. Lon.
ii 15 e, lat. 55 4N.
Stenav, a fortiricd town •f France,
In the department of Meufe and late
duchy of Bar, iiated on the river MeulV,
24 miles N by w ot Verdun. Lon. 5 1 9 e,
lat. 50 28 iN.
Stendal, a town of Germany, in the
niarquiiale of Brandenburg, leated on the
Ucht, 30 miles n by E of Magdeburg.
Lon. 12 6£, lat. 52 41 N. •
Stenfort, a town of Weftphalia, in
the county of Bentheim, with an academy,
feated on the Vecht, 16 miWs Nw of
Munder. Lon. 7 41 e, lat. 52 15 n.
$TBNNI6, a village in the iilatid of
Orkney. At this place, between Kirk-
wall and Stromnefs, is a curious bridge,
or caufeway, acrofs a narrow neck of land,
between two lakes. At the end of this
caufeway, fome Itones of a(toni(hing mag<
nitude, and ao feet high, have been
ereJled j and there are many other huge
inafles of ftone in the neighbourhood,
Very fimilarto Stonehenge, on Salifbnry
Plain.
Stepney, a village e of Lord jn,
and almoft contiguous to it. Its pa)i:h
w'as of fuch extent, and lb much increaled
in buildings, as to produce the partflies of
St. Mary, at Bow 5 St. Mary, Whitecha-
pel ; St. Ann, Limehoufe j St. George,
Jlatcliff Highway ; Chrift-church, Spiral-
fields j and St. Matthew, Bethnal Green j
«nd yet it remains one of the hrgiit pa-
riflies in the bills of mortality, and con-
tains the hamlets of Mile-^End Old Town,
Mile- End New Town, Ratclilf, and Pop-
lar.
Sterkveji'G, a town of Germany, in
the marqui£ite of Brandenburg. '. It car-
ries on.% gccat commence Iq cattle, land
S T I
i« xo tniks Kt of Francfort on Oder.
Lon. 1$ .11 1, lAt. 5a 30N.
Stert/inoen, a town of Germany,
itt the Tirol, lieatcd at the foot of a moun!
uin, on the river £yfoch» xa mile* nw of
Brixvn.
Stetin, or Stkttin, a feapnrt of
Germany, capital of Pruifian Pomcra-
nia, and of a duchy of the fame name,
with a cattle. It is a flourifbing place,
and cai'riet on a confiderable trade. In
1795, a dreadful fire coniumcd a great
number of houles. It is fcatcd on the
Oder, 70 miles N by E of Fierlin, and 7%
N of Fiancfort. Lon. 14 38 e, lat. 53
35 N.
Stevenage, a town in Herttbrdfhire,
with a market on Friday, ix miles nnw
of Hertford, and 3 1 N by w of London.
Lon.o 10 w, lat. 51 59 N.
Stevenswaert, a fortrefs of Dutch
Guelderland, feated on the Maefe, zo miles
N e of Maelhicht.
Stewart's Islands, five iflands in
the Pacific Ocean, difcovered by captai;*
Hunter in 1791, and named by him in
honour of admiral Keith Stewart. Lon.
163 18 £, lat. 8 %6 s.
Steyning, a borough in Suflex, with
a market on Wt^^nefday. It fends two
members to parliament, and is 1 5 miles w
of Lewes, and 51 s by w of London.
Lon. o 1 5 w, lut. 50 56 N.
Steyre, a town of Upper Auftria, in
t!ie quarter of Traun. It carries on a
great trade in iron, and is leated at the
confluence of the Steyre and Ens, 10 miles
SE of Lintz. Lon. 14 23 e, lat. 48 6 N.
Stiligiano, a town of Naples, in
Balilicata, famous for its baths, and itrated
near the river Salandrella.
Stili'ON, a town in Huntingdonfhire,
which gives name to a rich kind of cheeti;,
• fail!, however, not to be the produft of
its neighbourhood, but of Melton Mow-
bray, in Leicefterfhire. It is 14 miles s by
E of Stamford, and 75 N by E of London.
Stiria, a duchy of Germany, in the
circle of Aultria, 125 miles long and 17
broad ; bounded on the N by . the arch-
duchy of Auftria, on the E by Hungary,
on the s by Carniola, and on the w by
Carinthia and Salt/.burg. Though a
mountainous countiy, there is a great
deal of land fit for tillage, and the foil is
fertile. It contains mines of very good
ijon, whence the aitns made here are in
great efleem. The inhabitants are very
fimple, and zealous worfhippers of the
virgin Mary : the women have all iwcl-
lings on their throats, called broDche-
ceks< . Gratz is ihe fapital.
SrirxiMC, '
ftjtcd ©n the
which termiB
rock. Onthij
often the refid
itfd, and »n
«|iole of h»
flf Buchanan.
^vas lucceiahi
jlakeney. T
cui ioully eticin
ligures. The
Gothic ftruftu
parate placet
and it» neigh
of carpets, Ih
ftuffiJ that
flourifliing, i»
ling, fro"*^!
commands the
part of Scotia
Edinburgh.
Stirlings
land, boundei
(bvre, on the 1
;,e SE by Lii
pumbartonfh
county and L
in length, an
greif -It bread
SriRUM, 1
diuhy of Bei
miles N ot
lat. 5» *4-'**
Stochbm
biiliopric of
i» miles M <
lat. 51 4N'
Stockak
landgravate
river of the
Conftance.
Stockbv
(hire, with
is governed
beis to pari
of Winchel
doQ. Lon.
Stockh
In a fituatic
fcenery. I
fulas, fever
in the Mae
fr«m that 1
tic. A V
formed by
rifing bol<
water, par
partly dal
with wooc
the Baltic
that ihtps
S T O
*
STir.LiNC, the capital of StirlinglhiiVt
fcatcd «n the trith of Fortht on a hili,
which termioatca abruptly in a fttrp
rock. On thU rock u an ancient caftlc,
often th« refidence of the kings of Scot-
jand, and in which James vi Ipent the
whole of his minor ity, under the tuition
of Buchanan. In the laft rebellion, it
was ruccel'shiUy deicndcd by general
Blakeney. The outftdc of the palace is
curioufly encircled will) various grotefque
iigures. The church is a niugnificent
Gothic ftrut^ure, and ftrrves for two le-
parate places of worihip. In the town
and its neighbourhood are manufaiStures
of carpets, Ihaloons, and other woollen
ftaSii that of tartans, formerly very
flourifliing, is now on the decline. Stir-
ling, from its commodious fituation,
commands the pafs between the N and s
part of Scotland. It is 30 miles Nw of
Edinburgh. Lon. 4 59 w, lat. 56 6 n.
Stirlingshire, a coimty of Scot-
land, bounded on the n and nb by Pertli-
(hire, on the e by the frith of Forth, on
lie SE by Linlithgowfliire, on the s by
Pumbartonfliire, and on the w by that
county and Loch Lomond. It is 30 miles
in length, and not more than 13 in its
gre:('elt breadth.
Si IRUM, a town of Germany, in the
diuKy of Berg, feated on the Aoer, la
miles N of Duflcldorp. Lon. 6 5a e,
lat. SI »4'*«
Stochem, a town of Germany, in the
bifliopric of Liege, feated on the Maefe,
11 miles N of Maeitricht. Lon. 5 4^. ^,
lat. 51 4N.
Stockak, a town of Suabia, In the
landgravate (>f Neilenburg, feated on a
river of the fame name, la miles N of
Conftance. Lon. 9 10 b» lat. 47 50 n.
Stockbridob, a borough in Hamp-
(hire, with a market on Thurfday. It
is governed by a mayor, fends two mem-
bers to parliament, and is nine miles nw
of Winchefter, and 67 w by s of Lon-
don. Lon. I 30 w, lat. 51 on.
Stockholm, the capital of Sweden,
in a fituation remarkable for its romantic
Icenery. It occupies^ bcfide two penin-
fulas, feven fmall rocky iflands, fcattered
In the Maeler, in the ftreams which iflue
frwn that lake, and in a bay of the Bal-
tic. A variety of contntibsd views are
formed by numberlefs rocks of granite,
rtfing boldly from the furface of the
water, partly bai'e and partly craggy, end
partly dotteid with houfes, or feathered
with wood. The harbour is an inlet of
the Baltic, and the water of fuch dopth,
that fbtps «f the iargelt 4)urd«i can ap-
S T O
proAch Che quay. At the extremity of
the harbour, fcvcral ftreets rile one abovs
another, in the form ot nn amphitheatre |
and the pabce, a magnificent building,
crowns the fununit. Except In the
fuburbs, where icveral houks ut of
wood, painted red, the generality of the
buildings arc of itone, or of brick ftuccoed.
Mrhite. Stockholm is aoo miles nk of
Copenhagen, and 900 NB of London.
Lon. f8 9E, lat. 59 20 n.
Stockport, u town inCheAiIre, with
a market on Friday. It is one of the moft
confiderable places in the kingdom for the
manui'a<^ure of cotton and prjuu^d goods,
and is feated on the Meri'ey, lix miles s of
Manchefter, and 175 nnw of London.
Lon. 2 x8 w, lat. 5; 3^ N.
Stockton, h flourifhing town in the
county of Durham, with u luarkr*: on
WednelUay. It has a hrgo manufact. re
of falldotli, a trade in lead, corn, and
butter, and is noted for its good ale. It
Is Aiated on the river Tees, not far fi-om
Its mouth, 18 miles ss£ of Durham, and
244 N by w of London. Lon. i 6 w, lat.
54 38 N.
Stockzow, a town of Sllefia, in the
principality of Tefchen, leated on the
Viltula, 12 miles se of Telichen. Lon.
18 32 B, lat. 4^ 45 N.
&TOKE, a vtUuge in Dorfetflilne, nw
of Wareham, commonly called East
Stoke. At Highwcod, near this village,
in 1750, on opening a tumulus, three
urns were taken up full of decayed bones.
Stoke, a village lA Moriblk, be of
Downham, with a feiry on the Stoke,
which is navigable to it from the Oufe.
Stoke, a village in Suffolk, nearNey-
land. It has a church on a hill, whofe
tower is izo feet high, and is a landmark
to fliips that palj the mouth of the har-
bour of Harwich, at 13 miles dittance.
Stoke, or Stoke Poc.es, a village
in Buckinghamiliiri:, four miles nne of
Windiur. Its churchyard was the fcene
of Gray's celebrated Elegy.
Stokbcovier, a town in Somerfet-
flilre, 36 miles w of Wells, and 152 w
by s of London.
Stoke Dabernon, a village in Surry,
four miles w by s of Epfom. Near it is
JefTop's Well, a fulphureous fpring, feme-
thing of the lame kind as that ofHarro-
g.ite, in Yorkftiire.
Stokesley, a town in the n riding
of Yorkshire, with a market on Saturday,
36 miles N of York, and 139 n by w of
London. Lon. i 2 w, lat. 54 29 n.
Stolberg, a town of Upper Saxony,
in Thuringia, capital of a county of wt
, ;f ■• .i
M'-f
S T O
S T O'
fkme ntxtit, with a c^ftle, where tlie ccMnt
Kfides. It is leated in a valley betwcvm
two mountains, lo miles K of Nordhau-
Xni> and 58 nw of LeipTick. Lon. 11 $
Sy lat. 51 41 N.
Stolhokfen, a town of Suabta, in
^ marquifate cf Badca, fcated in a
moraisy near the Rhine, eight mi'es sw
of Baden, and .12 ne of Straiburg. Lon.
S 10 E, lat.4.8 41 N.
Stolpen, a town of Germany, in
Pruflian Pomeitinia, feated in a valley, on
a river of the iaine name, 50 miles ne of
Colberg, and 66 nw of £)ant£ic. Lon.
16 45 £, lat. 54 31 K.
Stone, i. town in StafFordfhIre, with
amarketonTuefday, feated on the Trent,
fevt-n miles n by w of Stafford, and 140
MW of London. Loh. z 6 w, lat. fz
54 N.
Stonebyres, a remarkable catarafl
in LanerkAiire. See Clyre.
Stoneham, North and South,
twovillaeet in Hants, feated on the Itchen,
three mil'-s ne of Southampton. In the
church of the former is an elegant monu-
ment, erefted in 1783,' to the memory of
admiral lord Hawke.
Stonehenge, a remarkable heap of
ftones, on Sali(bury Plain, fix miles N of
Salilbury. It confifts of feveral very large
ftones, placed on one another, and is fup-
fofed to have been a temple of the ancient
>ruids, becaufe it is in a circular form,
and fei^ms to have been much more regu-
lar than it appeal's to be at prefent. It
has puzzled many ctiligent mquirer" to
account for the laying of thofr enormous
ftonesjone upon another; for they are ib
heavy, that it is thought no method now
Jcnown is fu^icient to have raifed thofe
that lie acrols, to that height.
Stonehaven, or Stonehive, a
town in Kincardincfhire, with a good
harbonr fecurtd by a ftone pier. Nc ir it are
theruinhof t'-'t tamouti cattle o^f Donnotyr,
formerly the rtfidence ol' the hereditary
carl mar/hal of Scotland : it (tands on a
lofty rt'rpendiculi'r rock altnoft furrounded
by the fea. Not far hence, is a precipit-
ous clifF*, called Fowl's Cleugh, remark-
able for the refbrt of the birdc called kit-
tiwake^, the young of which are much
fpuglit after in the hatching feafon. In
this town i« a munufaflure of canvals, and
fome trade in drill fiih and oil. This
oil is obtained chiefly from the dovfifli,
grfeat quantities of which are feaugnt on
this cca£. Stonehaven is 14 miles s by W
cf Aberdeen.
Stormakia, a principality in the
duchy of Hol/tcin, bounded on the n by
Holftein Pj opcr, on the e by Wageria and
Lawenburg, and on the s and w by Lu-
rcnburg and Bremen, from which it is
feparated by the Elbe. Gluckftadt is the
capitsl.
Stornaway, a flourilhing town of
Scotland, in t' . ide of Lewig. It has a
harbour called Loch Stornaway, on the e
fide of the N divifion A the ifland.
Stortford, or Bishop's Stort-
ford, a town ir. Hertfordlhire, with a
market on Thuriday. It is leated on the
fide of a hill, on the river Stort, which
hau been made navigable hence to the Lea.
On the E fide are t&e niins of a caftle, on
an artificial mount. It is ix miles ne ot
Hertford, and 30 n of London. Lon. 0
izE, lat. 51 55 N.
Stour, a river which rifes on the moft
northerly point of Dorlet(hire, waflies
Stunr.inlfer and Blandford, then flows to
the Hapipihire border, and enters the fea
at Chriftchurch.
Stour, a river in Kent, which rifes
in the Weald, flows by Canterbuiy, and
enters the fea below Sandwich. ,
Stour, a river which forms the intire
boundary between Efle? ap-*. Surtblit,
watering Clare, Sudbmy, Neyland, and
Manningtree; and, being joined by the
Qrwell from Iplwich, forms the poblehar-
ijour of Harwich.
StouRj a river in StafFordfliire, which
runs through the s angle of that county
in its courle to the Severn, in Worcefter-
fhire.
STOURBRinoE, a town in Worcefier-
(hire, with a market on Friday. It is
feated on the Stour, over which is a bridge,
and is noted for its glafs and iron works.
It is »x r.iiles N of Worcetter, and 124
NW of London. Lon. z o w, lat. 51 3zn.
STOURBRiDG£,or Stvrbich, a field
sear Cambridge, famous for an annual
fair on the 7th of September, which con-
tinues a fortnight. Th..e are many
traieiinen go thither from London, as
well as from other parts j and the commo-
dities are horles, hops, iron, wood, lea-
ther, cheefe, Sec, This fair is under
the jurifdiflion of the univerfity of Cam-
bridpc.
Stourminster, a town in Dorfet-
Ihire, with a'mar||cet on ThuriUay, aiid
remarkable for , the^ ruins of an ancient
caftle near it, wLich was the feat of the
W Saxon kingn. It is feated on the Stour,
over which ia a ftone bridge, 10 miles nb
of Dorcivefter, and j 1 1 w by s of London.
Lon. % 37 w, lat. 50 56 N.
Stourport, a town in Wortefter-
flure, whlchi from a plaiu field) is become
m^m
S T R
within a ftw years, a very bufy and
thriving ceptre of inland navigation. It
ii featea oppofite the place where the Staf-
fordfhire and Worcefterlhirc Canal enters
the Severn, x>ver which river it has a long
(tone bridge, finiihed in 1775. It is four
miles S ot Kiddenninfter.
Stow, a town in Gloucefterlhire, with
a market on Thurfday: Some call it Stow
on the Would j and it is not only Tested
on a bleak hill, but is deftltute of wood
and water. It is x i miles s of Campdeo,
and 77 w by N of London. I^ou. i 50
vf, lat. 51 54 N.
Stowey, a town in Soxnerfetfhire,
with a market on Tuefday, 22 miles y/
of Wells, and 145 w by s of London.
Lon. 3 9 w, lat. 51 ion.
Stow-Makket, a town in Suffolk,
with a market on Thurfday. It is feated
between the branches of the Gipping and
Orwell, and has a navigable cut to Ipf-
wich. Its cherries are thought to be the
fineft in England, and it has a large ma-
nufafture ot woollep llufFi. It is 12 miles
NW of Ipfwich, and 75 nne of Lom^on.
Lon. I (S E, lat. $2 16 N.
Stradella, a ilrong town of Italy, in
the Milanefe, with a caftle. It is feated
on the Verfa, near the Po, 10 mil?s se of
Pa via, and 47 nw of Parma. Lon. 9
12 E, lat. 45 5 N.
Straits of Calais. See Pas de
Calais.
Straelen, atown of the Netherlands,
in Pruflis-n Guelderland, five miles sw of
GiieWiC*. Lon. 5 57 E, lat. 51 23 n.
Stralsund, a ftrong feaport of Ger-
many, in Swedifh Pomerania. In 1678,
it furrendered to the ele6lor of Branden-
burg, after 1800 houies had been burnt
in one night. Carles xii, in 1714, came
hither after his return from Turkey j but
Sweden not being able to hold out againll
five great powers, it was forced to fubmit
in 1 71 5. In 1720, i* was reftortd to
Sweden, but in a very poor condition. It
is almoft furrounded by the Baltic and the
i.>ki: Francen, and has a harbour feparated
from the ifle of Rugen by a narrow ((rait.
It is 15 miles nw of Gripfwald, and 40
NE of Guftrow. Lon. 13 28 e, ht. 54
17 M.
Stranqford, 4 leaport of Ireland,
in the county of Down, feated on the
narrow channel that conned s Lough
Strangford with the Irifli Sea, feren miles
E of Down. Lon. 5 3c w, lat. 54 31 n.
Strangford, Lough, a deep inlet
of the Tea, in the county of Down, on the
e coaft of Ireland. It is 17 miles long
»nd five broad, and abounds with excel*
S T R
t
lent fifli, particularly fmelts; and ofF th«
bar, about Auguft, is a periodical her-
ring fiihery. The bar, or entrance into
It from the Iriih Sea, is thi'ee miles below
Strangford. It contains 54 tflands, that
have names, and niany others that are
namelefs. The burning of kelp profitablj
employs a gi'eat number of hands in thew
iflands. Four bJF them are called Swan
Iftands, from the number of fwans that
irequent them.
STRANRAWf R, a borough in Wigton-
ihire, fituate on Loch Ryan. It has a
manufa^xure of linen, and is eight miles
w of Glenluce. Lon. 5 1 5 w, lat. 55
O N.
Strasbvrg, an ancient, populous,
and commercial city ot France, in the
department of Lower Rhine and late pro-
vincs of Alface. It is fituate near the
Rhine ; and the river lU runs through it,
and forms many canals. There are fix
bridges of commtmication between the
different quarters of the city; and the
inhabitants, excluUve of the garrlfon,
are computed to be 46,000. The princi-
pal ftni^tures are built of a red <tone, dug
from the quarries which are along the
Rhine. This town, formerly imperial,
was taken by Lewis xiv in i68i. The
citadel and tortifications, which he con-
ftruSed, liave been fo much augmentec.,
that Strafburg >may be confidered as one
of the ftrongeft places in Europe. It was
confirmtd to France by the peace of Ryf-
wick in 1697. The town is entered bir
fix gates. Before the revolution of lySg,
it was an archlepifcopal fee, but is now
a biihopric. In the cathedral is a clock,
Afhich fliows the motions of the conftella-
tions, the revolutions of the fun and moon,
the dayT of the week, the hours, &c. Ano-
ther remarkable circuinfianee in this ca-
thedral is its pyramidical tower, which i« '
549 feet high, and is afcended by 635
(tcps. Here is a i'chooi of artillery, and,
in one of the Lutheran churches, the mau-
foleum of mnrflial Suxe. Strafburg is 55
miles N of Bafil, and 255 e of Faris.
Lon. 7 51 E, lat. 48 35 N.
Strasburg, aftrongtownof Weftem
Pruflla, in Culm, with a caK*e. It was
often taken and retaken In thfc wa: be-
tween the Swedes and Poles, and is feated
on the Drigentz, 30 miles froih Thorn.
Lon. 18 13 £.. Isx, 53 5N.
Stratfor:*, a confiderable viUace In
EfTex, feparated from Bow, in MiHdkefex,
by the river Lea, over which ; a bridge,
faid to be the mofl ancient ftone one in
England. It is feur miles emc of Lon>
d«n. ' - r • . ' • - ' , r:" - -
S T R
S T R
. 6TftATFX)RD O/N.AvoN, a coKJorate
town in Warwickfljire,^with a marlcet on
T^Mci'ds^y. It is governed by a mayor,
and ibited on the Avon> over which is a
iioAe bridg«. with 1 3 great and 6 fmall
ardies. It is . memoraDle as the birth-
place or' Shaki'peare, who was buried
^re in 1616^ It is eight miles sw of
V(rarwLck, and 94 MW oi 'London. Lon.
144 w, lat. 51 15 N.
Stratford, Fenny, a town in Buck-
inghamftiire, with a market on Monday,
feaitd on the Koman Watling-ftrcet, 12
miles E of Buckingham, and 45 Nw of
of London. Lqn. o 42 w, lat. 51 58 N.
Stratkord, St. Mary's, a confi-
derable villagt: in Sufibik, which has a
fliare in the woollen m^nufadure. It is
iz miles sw of Iplwich.
Stratford, Stony, an ancient town
in Huckinghamfliire, with a market on
Friday. It is leated on the Oufe, and on
the Roman highway, called Watling-
ftreet, and has two churches. It is eight
miles NE of Buckingham, and yz N.w of
London. Lc.n-o 50 w, lat. 52 3 n.
Strath A VON, a town in Lanerk-
ftire, to the s of Hamilton. It is iiir-
roundrd by a little tertile traft, from
which it takes its name.
Strathearn, a vale in Perthfliire,
extending many nniles to the w. It is
{kieened on the N by the Grampian moun-
jains, and on the s by the Ochils ; the
river Earn winding through it abf)ve 10
miles.
Strathmore, a valley in Kincardine-
fliive, one of the fineft trafts In Scotland.
It begins near Stonehaven, extending sw
klmolt as far as Ben Lomund, and is fliel-
tt:red to the NW by the Grampian moun-
tains.
Strathmore, a river in Sutherland-
ihire, that falls into Loch Hope. On this
xiver are the ruii.s of a curious ancient
fort, called Dornadilla.
Strathnaver, a diftrift in Suther-
jandfhire, which comprifes the ne part of
that county. It takes its name from the
the river Naver.
. Strathspey, a fertile valley in Mur-
ifaylhire, famous for giving name to a
yopulrr fpecies of Scotch mufic. Tul-
iocngoium, Rothiemerchus, and feveral
other places, celebrated in long, are met
\vith in this vale.
,. Strath Y, a river in Sutherland/hire,
•ti'hiith flow$ into an extenfive bay of the
"Moit^vSca, Iheltered by a large promon-
Jtcfy, to wlMch.it gives name.
St&atton, a town in Cornwall, with
a market on Tucfday. It is icuted be-
tween two rlvuletj, which here unite and
fell into the Briftol Channel at a fmall
diftance. It fe 18 miles nw of Launcef-
ton, and aai w by s of Loudon. Lon.
443 w, lat. 50 55 N.
Straubinc, a town of Bavaria, capi,
tal of a territoly of the fame name. It ij
a large place, with broad ftreets, hand-
fome churches, and fine convents. It
was taken, in 1743, by the Auftrians,
who demolilhed the fortifications ; but it
was rcftored in 1745. ^t is feated on the
Danube, a a miles se of Ratllbon, and 65
ne of Munich. Lon. 12 35 e, iat.48
54 N.
Streatham, a village in Surry, five .
miles s of London. A mineral water of
a cathartic quality, was difcovered in thit
parifli, in 1660.
Strelit2.- Old, a town of Lower
Saxony, in the duchy of Mecklenburg
Strelitz. It liad a palace which wa«
burnt down in the night, in 1711; duke
Adolphus Frederic III, and his family
narrowly efcaping. It is feated in a plain,
almoll furrounded by moraffes, 3 5 nile«
sw of New Brandenburg.
Strelitz, New, a town v ■ y
of Mecklenburg Strelitr, whicii owes its
origin to the deftruftion of the ducal pa-
lace in Old Strelitz; in confequence of
which, duke Adolphus Frederic III, be-
gan to ere6l a magnificent palace, two
miles from the fite of the old one, at a
place called Glieneke, whit^h was before
his hunting feat} and, in 1733, he
founded a new town adjoining to the
palace, and ordered it to be called New
Strelitz. It is regularly planned in the
foim of a itar. The centre is a fpacious
marketplace, and thence a number of
ftreets branch out in ftraight lines. The
chief ftreet leads to the palace, and the
next to a pleafant lake.
Strenc, or Strenoues, a town of
Sweden, in Sudermania, with a bi(hop"s
fee, and a cullege. It is feated on the
lake Maeler, 30 miles w of Stockholm.
Lon. 17 40 E, lat. 59 20 n.
Stroma, a fmall ifland, on the coaft
of Caithnefsihire, once ufed, as a place of
inta-ment, by thp inhabitants of feveral of
the neighbouring iflands. In the caverns
of this-ifland, uQCornipted human bodies,
that had been dead fixty years, or mo)\ .
were formerly to be found.
STROMBOi^.Qf the JTK)tt nort)(ern of ti :
Lipari Ifland . Jt is a volcano, which
rifps in a cpnj^al form above the furface of
the fca. G)i tl»€ E f^d«, it h?.R thrue or
four little *rv.tcri.ranj»:idn',ar each other,
not at the iununit, buv uu the 4ecliYi^-,
S T U
S^0J0
\f flii(i
fmall
uncef.
Lon.
capi.
It is
I hand.
It
Jtrians,
(but it
on the
[nd 65
fat. 48
fiv£ ,
Mer of
kthi«
nearly at two thirds of its height. It is
iahabited, notwithftanding its fires } but
tare is taken to avoid the proximity of the
crater, which is yet much to be feared.
Of all the volcanos recorded in hillory,
Strombolo feems to be the only one that
burns without ceafiiig. Etna and Vefui
viiis often lie qmc for ipany months, and
even yeats, without ihe'leaft appearance
ofHre; but Srombolo is eyer at work,
and, for ages paft, has been looked upon
as the great ligbthoufe of the ftlediterra-
nean Sea. Lon.15 45 E, iat. 3S 4.0 n.
Stromness, a town on the w Hde of
the ifland of Orkney, with an excellent
harbour, nine miles w of Kirkwall. .
Stronberg, a town of Gernwny, in
the bifhopric of Munfter, and capital of a
fmall diftri£l. It is 20 miles Nw of Pa-
derbom, and a 2 se of Munfter. Lon. 8
14. E, Iat. 51 49 N.
Strongoli, a town of Naples, in
Calabria Citeriore, with a bifliop's fee.
It is feated on a high rock, fi'.rrounded by
others, three miles from the lea, and feven
N of ot, Severino. Lon. 17 26 e, Iat. 39
20 N.
Stronsa, an ifland of Scotland, one
of the Orknies, fituate ne of that called
Mainland.
Strotjd, a town in Glbucefterflilre,
with a market on Friday. It is feated
on a brook, whofe waters being peculiarly
adapted to the dying of fcarlet, its bauks
are crowded with the houfes of clothiers j
and a navigable canal accompanies its
progrefs to the Sevei-n. This canal has
been lately extended to join the Thames
at Lechlaide. See Thames. Stroud is
II miles SE of Gloucefter, and t jz w by N
of London. Lon. 2 8 w, Iat. 51 42 N.
StroDDi a confiderable village in
Kent, which joins the n end of Rochefter
bridge, being parted from the city by the
river Medway. It is 29 miles 9E of
London.
Stulingen, atownof Suabia, fubje£l
to the duke of Furftenbui'g, with a caltle,
35 ralles w of Conftance. Lon. 8 24 e,
iat. 47 45 N.
S 1 ulweissenbvrc, a ftrong town of
Lower Hungary, capital of Ekekerfdege-
war. It had the title of regalis, or royal,
bccaulv'; formerly the kings were crowned
and buried here. It has been fevcral
times taken by the Turks, but has been
in the hands of the houfe of Auflria ever
llnce 1688. It is feated on the Rau-
fiia, ao. miles sw of Buda, and 162
V by w of Belgrade. Lon. 1 8 40 e, Iat.
47 »9^-
Stvtoard, a'populvus city of Sualnx;
capijtal of the-duchf of Wirtemburg. Ir
is liirrounded by walls and 'ditches, ami
has an ancient caftle, with a rich tabjne'c
of curiofitjes, a ducal palace^ an orpHnn
houfe, .and a collegt. The' ftreets are
narrow in the city, and the houles gene*^
rally ot wood j but tltcre are fine houfes,
and ftraight Itreets, inoneof tlie fuburbsi
Stutgard was taken by the French in Jurer
1796. It is feated in a plaih among moun*
tains, near the river Neckar, 36 miles E of
Baden, and 5* n E of St::afburg. Lon. 9
10 E, Iat. 48 50 N.
SuABiA, a circle of Germany, bounded
on the N byFranconia and the c»icie of the
Lower Rhine, on the w by that circle
and Alfacc, on the s by Swi0erland, and
on the E by Bavaria. It Contains the
duchy of V/ irtemburg, the itargravate of
Baden, the principalities of Hoe«-Zcdlem,
Oetingen, and Mlndtlheim, the bifhopric*
of Auglburg, Cbnftance, and Coire, with
feveral abbies, and imperial towns.
The French republicans overrun thi»
country in the beginning of 1796, but
were compelled to evacuate it before the
end of the year.
SuANE. See So AN A.
SUANES, SUANI, or SUANETI, a pOOT
and flm{>le people of Afia, who inhabit
one of the four dividons of Iraeritia.
They fubfift by raifing cattle, and by a
little agriculture.
SuAquAM, a feaport of Africa, in the
country of Abtx, feated on a fmall illand
of the fame name, on the w .ide of the
Red Sea. It is the refidence of a Turkifli
governor under the bafhaw of Cairo, and
was once a very flourifhing place, but is
now gone to decay. Lon. 37 55 e, Iat.
19 36 N.
SuBBiACO, a town of Italy, in Cam-
pagna di Roma, with a caftle, feated on
the Teverone, J3 miles E of Rome.
Success Bay, a bay of S Amerifca,
in Tierra del Fuego. The s prohiontojV,
at its entrance, calledCape Succelis, is m
lon. 65 27 w, lat.;^ is.
Sudbury, a borough in Suffolk, with
a market on Saturday. It contains three
ancient churches, is governed by a ma!yor,
and lends two Jnenibers to parliament.
It was one of the firll leats of the Flemings,
who were brought over by Edward nt,
to teach the Englifli the ai't of manufac-
turing their own wool. Its trade is now
diverted, in great part, into other chan-
nels 5 but many kinds of tllin fluffs arc
Itill made here, particularly fays, bunt-
ing for navy colours, and burial cra,pes.
It is feated on the Stour (which is navi-
gable henc? to Manningtrtre) 14 miles s>.
S U F
SUM
^ -
•f Bury St. Edmund^s, and 56 KB of Lon-
don. JLon. o 50 E, lat 5» 1 1 N.
ISUDBRCOPINO, a town of Sweden, in
E Gothland, zo miles s of Nordkiopingi
and 90 &w of Stockholm. Lon. 15 56 £,
lat. 58x9 N.
SyDERMANIA, Or SUDERMANLAND, a
wrovince of Sweden Proper, .6* miles
long and 42 broad } bounded on the N by
Upland and Weftcnnania, on the e by the
I>eninfula of Tarin, on ths s by the Ba!
tic, and on the w^ by Nericia. It is the
moft pop\ilou8 part in Sweden, and
abounds in corn, and mines of divers
metals. Nikoping is the capital.
SuDOREE, one of the Faio Iflands, in
the Northern Ocean; remarkable for a
dangerous whirlpool near it, which is cc-
cafioned by a crater, 61 fathom deep in
the centre, and between 50 and 55 at the
£des. The danger, efpecially in ftorms,
is very gi-eat ; fliips are irrefliiibly drawn
in, and the waves beat fo high, that an
cfcape is almoft miraculous ; yet, at the
lefiux, and in . ^ ftiU weather, the in-
habitants venture ats, for the fake
of fiihing.
Suez, a feajport of i^gypt, with a caf-
tle, feated at the N end of the w gulf of
the Red Sea, called the gulf of Suez.
This gulf is feparated from the Mcdi.
terranean, by an ifthmus, 125 miles over,
which joins Afia to Africa. The town
is furrounded by a fandy country, and is
without water. It is much crowdeii with
people, when the Turkifh gallies arrive
there, but at other times, is almoft de-
ferted ; and the hai-bour is too fliallow to
admit ihips of great burden. It is ( j
miles E of Cairo. Lon. 32 4.5 e* l&t.
30 4 N.
Suffolk, a county of England, 58
miles long and 28 broad j bounded on the
W by Cambridgeihire, on the N by Nor-
folk, on the s by Efiex, and on the e by
the German Ocean. It lies in the diocete
of Norwich; contains zi hundreds, 28
market-towns, and S75 pariihes; and
lends 16 members to parliament. The
air is clear and health v. The foil is of
various qualities, but toe country in ge-
neral level. That near the fliore is fandy
and full of heaths, yet abounds in rye,
peas, turnips, carrots, and hemp, with
numerous flocks of Hieep. Copious beds
of petrified (hells, called (hell-marl, which
tre found in various parts between Wood-
bridge and Orford, have for many years
been made ufe of for improving light
land. High Suffolk, or the Woodlands,
vrhich is in the inland part, has a rich
deep clay and marl^ that yields good paf-
ture, on which feed abundance of cattle
That part on the confines of Eflex and
Camb-ndgefliire, affords alfo excellent pal-
ture ; and to the N and Nw it is fruitful
in com. Its principal produce is butter
and cheefe j but as the latter is only fun,
plementary to the former, it has gained,
almoft proverbially, the charaftcr of the
worft in England. The faimels are opu-
lent and (kiltul i and have an excellent breed
of draught Wrfes. The principal rivers are
the Stour, Waveney, Little Oule, Larkt,
Deben, Gipping, and Orwell. IplWich
is the principal town; but the aflizes arc
held at Bury St. Edmuml'b.
Suffolk, a town of the United States,
in Virginia, on James River.
SucELMESSA, or SioELMESSA, a pro-
vince ot Barbary, bounded on the s by the
kingdom of Tafilet, and on the n by
Mount Atlasi It is about 100 miles in
length ; abounds in corn, dates, and other
fruits, and has mines of iron, lead, and
antimony. The government is a repub-
lic. The capital, of the fame name, is
feated on the Zig, 150 miles nne of
T'.lil6t, Lon. 5 5 W, lat. 49 40 N.
Sully, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Loiret and late province of
Orleanois, Teated on the Loire, 20 miles
se of Orleans. Lon. z 26 e, lat. 47
40 N.
SuLMONA, a town of Naples, in Ab-
Fuzzq Citeriore, remarkable tor being the
birthplace o* Ovid. It is feated on the
Sora, 26 miles sw of Chieti. Lon. 14.
55 £, lat. 42 ON.
SuLTANiA, a confidcrabic town of
Perfia, in Irac-Agemi. Here is a very
magnificent molque, which contains the
tomb of fultan Chodabend. It is 50
miles NW of Calbin. Lon. 51 53 e, lat.
36 16 N.
SuLTZBACH, a town of Germany, in
the palatinate of Bavaria, with a calUe,
fubjeft to the duke of Neuburg-lSultzbach.
It is 10 miles NW of Amberg, and 32
N of Rati(bon. Lon. 11 56 £, lat. 4.9
38 N.
SuLTZBURG, a town of Suabia, in the
margravate of Baden-Durlach, with a fine
palace. It is feated in a territory, fertile
in good wine, eight miles sw of Fribug,
Lon. 7 30 E, lat. 47 54 N.
Sumatra, an iiland of Afia, the mof(
weftem of the Sunda Iflands. Its general
dire6Hon is nearly NW and se. The
equator divide* it into almoft eqxia! parts ;
the one extremity beiqg in 5 33 n» the
other in 5 56 S, lat. afid Acheen HeaJ,
its N extremity, is in Ion. 95 34 £> It is
feparated from Malacca, by the ftraits oi
SUM
S U M
that name, and from Java, by thr'Araits
ot tunda. It is 900 miles in length, and
iroih 100 to 1 50 in breadth. No acsounp
hai been given of this iiland, by any
Kngliihman, till the year 1778, when Mr.
Miliar (Ion of the celebrated botanift)
gave an account of the manners of a par-
ticular diliri^t. Thelie were tke Battas,
} people who live in the interior parts,
called the Caiiia country. They differ
from all the otlier inhabitants in language,
manners, and cuftoms. They tat the pri-
Ibntri's whom they take in war, and hang
up jir (kuUs as trophies in their liuufes.
He ubferves, however, that human fle(h is
eaten by them in terrorem, and not as
common food; though they prefer it to
all others, and ipcak with peculiar rap-
tures of the ibles of tiie feet, and palms
oi the hands. They cxprelled much fur-
priii; that the white people did not kill,
much iefs cat, th<fir prilbners. From
this country, the..^ateft part of the
calfia that is lent to Eui.'ope U procured.
It abounds aifb with the camphire trees,
which conftitute the common timber in
ulcj and in thefe trees- the camphii^ is
found native, in a concrete form'. In
17S3, Mr. MariUen, who had been fecre-
tary to the pveOdent and council of Fort
Marlborough, publi/hed an account of
this IQand, and re;.>relents it^ais furpaffed
by few in the beautiful indulgences of
nature. A chain of high mountains runs
through its whole extent; the ranges,
in many parts being doubly and treble :
their altitude, though great, is not.fuffi-
cient to cccafion their being covered with
fnow during any part of thfc year. Be-
tween thefe liiiges are extenilve plains,
confiderably elevated above the furface of
the maritime lands. In thelir, the air is
cool ; and, from this advantage, they ar£
elteemed the iiioft eligible poition of the
country, are the belt inhabited, and the
moft cleared from woods, which elfe-
where, in general, cover both hills and
rallies with an eteriial Ihacle. Here too
are found many lai-ge and beautiful lakes,
that facilitate much the communication
between the different parts. The heat of
the air is far from being lb iutenle as
might be exp^t^tvd from a country occu-
pying the middle of the torrid zone ; and
it is more temperate than many regions
without the tropics ; the thermometer, at
the moll lultry hour, about two in the
afternoon, generally ftuftuating between
82 and 85 degrees. Mr. Mariden dividea
the inhabitants into Malays, Achcnefe,
Battas, Lampoons, and Kejangs; and
takes the latter as his ftandard ot defcrip-
VxQUt with rcfpeit to the perlbnsy man-
lien, and cuftoms of die inhabltantfr.
They are rather bdk>«r dK middle Itaturci
their bulk t& jveportion; their ilQD^
for the fliaftfart, flight, but ttII Jinyrd.
and particularly imall at tke nwrifts afid
ancles. Their hair is itrong and of a
fliining black. The men are beardlefk i
gieat pains \yiu,g taken to render them
lb, when boys, by rubbii^ their chioa
with a kind of quicVUme. Their com-
plexion is properly vellow, wanting tiw
r«d tinge that conititutes a copper or
tawny colour : thole of the fuperior claf)^
who are not expofcd. to the rays of the
fun, and particularly their women of
rank, approaching to a degree of fairnefs*
The nuijor part of the females are ugiy«
many of them even to dilgull: ; yet amon^ '
them are fome whole appearance is ftri-
kingly beautiful^ whatever compofitioa
of perlbn, features, and <;omplexion, that
fentiment may be the refult of. Sonic of
the inhabitants of tlie hilly parts ace ob—
lerved to have the fwelied neck, or goiter i
but they attempt no. remedy for it9 as
thefe wens are confiftent with the higbeft
health. The rites of marriage among the
Sumatrans, confift fimply in joining the
hands of the parties, and pronouncing
them man and wife, without mui;h cerfr.
mony, excepting the entertainnient which
is given upon the occafion. But little a|»-
parent court/hip precedes their marriage>i.
Their manners do not admit of it i the
young people of each fex being carefuUif
kept afunder, and the girls bemg feldon
truHedfrom under the wing of their mo-
thers . The cpjportunities which the young
people have ot feeing and converling wi£
each other, are at che public feuivaU.
On theie occafions, the perlbns who are
unmarried, meet together, and dance and
fmg in company. It may be fuppofoi
that the young ladies cannot be long with-
out their particular'admirers. The niea»
when determined in their regards, gene-
rally employ an old woman as their agent»
by whom they make knovtrn their Senti-
ments and ftnd prefents to the female of
their choice. Tne pai'ents then interfecv*
and the preliminaries being fettled, a feaft
takes place. At thefe feltivals, a gosit,
a buitalo, or feveral, according to the
rank of the parties, are killed to enter-
tain,^ not only the relations and invited
guefts, but all the inhabitants of the
neighbouring country who choofe to re-
pair to them. The ^ater the concourfc,
the more is the credit of the hoft, who is
generally, on theft occafions, the fad[icr
of the girl. The cuftoms <k the Suma-
trans permit their having as many wives
as they can compafi the purcha^l'c of, or
lils
!*:'i'iik;-^
r*H*fe
Mi
BUM
alKari to maint^iiii j b^t it is extrtmeljf
rare that an ir:ft;inteoccUrt of their having
m^t^ thai4 onCf 3*vj! tint only- among a
ffc^oT the chiefs. Thi; co^tSnence they
«we, in ro'tne n)e«fiif«, tp i^eir iMHrefty.
Mother» carry theic childnen, Hot on the
armj but ftraddling cm the hip, and uAi-
, stUy fti'^perted by a doth which ties in a
knot on the (mpofite ihoulder. The
childivn are nuried but little ; are not
' ^confined by any IWathing or bandages;
Snd' being lufFeied to roll about the floor,
ibon learn to wallc and ihift foi' tliem-
•tiilvflS': \yhen cradles are ufed, they fwing
.fefpended' ft'om the ceilings of the roonis.
Ti«t Suhiatrans are fond of cock-fighting.
JRIl iDaii who has a high opinion of his
'Tack;, will not fight him under a ceitain
•nuniber of dollars i and a father on his
deathbed has been known to defire his
fon to take the fiift opportunity of match-
ing a cock for a (urn eq«]al to his whole
property, under a blind conviAion of its
n^Ag; invulnerablet The wild beafts of
•SuQiatra are tigers, elephants, rliinoce-
i«ft», bears, and monkics. The tigers
|nM>«6 to the inhabitants, both in their
jotiniies, and even their domeilic oceu^a-
ti^ns^ raoft deftrudive enemios. The
niiiiibitr of people annually ilain by thefe
nipMi^s tyrants of the woods, is almoft
ilicredible ^ yet. froma fuperiiitiouspre-
jndicei it is w'lth difficulty they arepre-
>itail£d tipon, by a Iwge reward which
the IlKHa Company ofters, to ui'e .methods
of deftroying them, till they have fuf-
taUied iom: paVti<>ular injury in their
ownfafl^tly or kindred, AUigatora like-
• wife oecafion the lo''- of many inhabitants,
frequently deftroying the peO]^« as they
• bathe in the river, according to their re-
git kkr cuffore, and which tlie perpetual
^evidettte bf the ri(k attending, it, cannot
•de«itr"then> from. A fiiperftitious idea of
their- fan<51ity, alfo, "prelVrves thtnfi from
Mokftatimt, although, with a hook of fuf-
• ficiintArength, they may be taken with-
']_ cur much dilficiilty , The other animals
{ 'of^toffifttra are butfaloes, a imall kind of
^ . htorftsi goats, hogs, cker, bullocks, and
-feog-deer. This la(t is an animal fome-
wlut larger than a rabbit, the head re-
• fembliiig that of a hog, and its {hanks and
, feet like thofe of the deer. The bezoar-
fione ^ound on this animal has been valued
at ten times its weight in gold ; it is of
a dAik brown colour, fmooth on the out-
fide j and the coat, being taken oflF, it ap-
- pears kill darker, with, ttrings running
underneath th^ coat : i* will fwim on the
top of the water. If it be infufed in any
' -liquid, it makes it extremely bitter : the
>iBttttf nfually attVibi»ttd ^o this j^e fire
S U N
eleanrmg the ftomach, creaUng anawetif-
and fweetening the blood. Oi birdJ thev
luve a greater variety than of b.a(l,"
1 he coo.ow, or Sumatraa pheafant h a
bird ot uncommon beauty. They have
V.W- °i P'^^^IS***"' ^' parrots, dung,
hill towls, ducks^ the largett cocks in tHc
world, woodpigeons, doves, and a ereat
variety of Imall birds different trom
our*, and diftinguifhed by the beauty of
their colours. Of their reptile, thcv
have lizards, flying lizards, and camelions.
The ifland Iwarms with infects, and their
varietiea are no lefs extraordinary than
their numbers. Rice is the only grain
that grows in the coiftitry : tiiey have lu-
gar- canes, beans, peas, radifhes, yams,
potatoes, pumkins, and feverai kinds of
potlierbs unknown to Europe j and here
are found inoft of the fruits to be met
with in other parts of the E Indies in
the greateft.perleftion. Indigo, faltpetre,
fulphur, arlenic, Bcafil wood, two %!
cies of the bread-fruit tree, pepper, ben-
jamin, coffee, and cotton, are likewlle
the produce of this ifland, as well as eaffia
and camphire mentioned before. Here
alfo is the cabbage tree and filk cotton
tree; and the i^refts contain a great
variety of valuable fpecies of wood, as
ebony, pinej fandai, eagle, or aloes, teek,
manchineel, and iron wood, and alfo the
banyan tree. Bees wax is a commodity
of great itnpm-tance heie; and they have
likewife edible birds-netts. Gold, tin,
irw», coppe^, and lead, are found in the
countty; and the former is as plentihil
here as in any pwt of Afia. The Englifh
and Diitch have factories on th4s ifland;
the principal one of the former being Fort
Marlborough, on the sw coaft. The
original natives of SunaaAa are pagans;
but it is to be obferved, that when the
Sumatrans, or any of the natives of the
eaftern iflands, learn to read the Arabic
character, and fubmit to circumcifion,
they are laid to become Malays ; the term
Malay being underftood to mean Mujful-
man. See Acheen.
SuMSRBiN, a town of Lower Hungaiy,
feated in the ifland of Schut, made by
the river Danube. It is i6 miles s of
Prefburg. Lon. 17 »3 E, lat.48 4N.
SuNART, a diliri£l in Argylefliire, in
the peninfula at the nw end of that
county. It is remai'kable- for numerous
veins of lead, but they are not very pro-
duftive.
Sun ART, Loch, an inlet of the fea,
in Argylefhire, which divides the ifland
of Mull from the diftri^ of Morven.
SuNBURY, a fejiport of the United
StaieS) inQeorgla, with a fal« and con-
SUN. .
renient harbour. Several fmall iflands
interlockins; with each other, render th«
paHagc to lea winding, but not diflicult.
The town being very healthy, is the re-
ibrt of tbe planters from the adjacent
places of Midway and Newport, during
the fickly tnunths. • It is 34 miles s of
Savannah. Lon.81 15 w, lat. 35 34 N.
SvNBURY, the county-town of Nor-
thumberland, in Penulylvania, ieated be-
low the jun£iion ot the £ and w branches
of the Sufquehannah. Lon. 76 50 Vf,
lat. 40 51 N.
Sunk Island, an ifland nine miles in
circuit, within the mouth of the Humber,
fepai'ated from Yoi-kfliii'e by a channel
near two miles broad. It produces all
Ivrts of grain, alio wood and black rabbits.
Sunning, a village in Berklhire,
fituate on the Thames, two miles ne of
Reading. It was once an cpil'copal iee,
and had nine biHiops in lucceiFion, the
lalt of whom, Hermannus, removed the
fee to Salisbury.
Sunning Hill, a village in Berk-
(hire, in Windfor Foieft, fix miles ssw
of Windfor. It is noted for its medicinal
wells, which are efficacious in paralytic
caies.
SuNDA Islands, iflands in the Indian
Ocean, near the Itraits of Sunda. The
chief of them are Borneo, Java, and Su-
matra.
SUNDERBUNDS, Of ThE WOODS, a
tracl of country, confiding of that part
of the Delta of the Ganges, in Bengal,
which. borders on the iea. In extent it
is equal to the principality of Wales,
It is completely enveloped in woods, in-
feited with tigers, and compofed of a
labyrinth of rivers and creeks, all of which
are fait, except thole that imttiediattly
communicate with the principal ai'm of the
Ganges. Here fait^ in quantities equal
to the whole ccnfumption of Bengal and
its dependencies, is made and tranfporttd
with equal facility j and here alio is found
an inexhauftibk Itore of timber for boat
building.
SuNOERBUHO, a town of Denmark,
in the idand of Allen, with a Baltic. It
is i«ated on a itrriif called Sunderburg
Sound) 12 miles E of Flenlburg. Lon.
10 OE, lat. 54 51 N.
SuN^DERDOo, or Melvndy« a forti-
fied inland and ieaport vf the Dcecan of
Hindooftan, on tlic Concan coait, i ed«ced
by commodore James in 1756. It Js
about 10 mites ne of Vingoria Rock*.
Sunderland, a ieaport in the bi-
/ho^)Uc of Durham. It is a jHouriftiing
toviii, aimIk iiQ% the «xporcatiea ot coal.
S U R
fs next in confeqxience, on that fide of thcL
kingdom, to Neyrcaltle. Its port, at the
mouth of the Wear, though improved
firom its formtr ttate, will not admit very
large fliips j but veflels hence can get out
to lea much more readily than from the
Tyne. The coal is brought down the
Wear from numerous pits near its banks.
Here are feveral glafshoules; and there
is an exportation of grindftones and other
articles. It is 13 miles ne of Durham,
and X64 It by w of London. Lon. i i^i
w, lat. 54 56 N.
Sundj, a province of Africa, in Con.*
go, which lies along the river Zaire. Its
rivers render it exti-emcly fertile, and in
the mountains are mines of feveral metals*
The capital is of the fame name. Lon.
17 55 B, lat. 4 509.
SuNDSWALLy a feapoit of Sweden, in
the divifion of Norland, and province of
Medelpadia. It is feated near the gulf
of Bothnia, 195 miles N by w of Stock*
holm. Lon. 18 5 e, lat. 6z 45 n. >
SUNNEBURC, orSONNEBERG, a flou-
rilhing town of Brandenburg, in the ter-^
ritory of Stemburg, with a caftle. It is
feated on the Darta, 50 roiks E by N of
Berlin. Lon. 15 10 E, lat. 5» ai n.
Superior, Lake, a lake of N Anie«
rica, fo called from its being the largelt
on that continent. According to the
French charts it is 1 500 miles in cirnim>-
ference^. It contains many iflands } two
of them very lar^e, efpecially Ifle Royaie,
which is 100 mil^s long, and, in many
places, 40 broad. The Indians fuppole
thei'e iflands to be the refidence of the Ureat
Spirit. Upward of 30 rivers enter this
lake, Tome of which are of confiderablc
flze. It abounds with trout and tturgeon |
the former weighing from i a to 50 pounds.
Storms 9.ffe& this lake as much as they
do the Atknik Ocean. It difcharges its
waiters from the SE corner, through the
flraits of St. Marie, into Lake Huron.
Sul>iNO, an ancient town of Naples,
in Molil'e, with a caftle. It is feated at
the lource of the Tamara, at the foot of
the Appennines, 17 miles N by w of Be-
nev<tnto.
SuR. SeeSovR.
Surat, a city and feapwt of the Dee*
can of Hindooftan. It is fy.\d to bav3
200,000 inhabitants, and its ,trfdc ie
now very conilderable. In this city arc
many different religions * for there are
Mahometants of feveral fe£l«f many forte
of Gencoos, and Jews and Chriftians ot
varions denominations. The Mahome-^
tans at Surat are not, by /ar> fe fbriA as
they are in Arabia, or m ^i^^ TurkifU
O o
t
H
illfi
''i ....
■Ji-C''
'■4'
fin ■('(.■'■■t
S U R
S U S
Munlclet, ndr are the diftmAieot of WaterfoHi, and faiia into St. Geoive'f
trtbet among the Hindoos \«rho refide here^ Channel.
ftri£tty obl'erved. Thefe Httidoott are a Surinam, a countpjr of. S America
(et ot induftrious fober peopie, and of a in Guiana. It extends, about 75 ntile»
moft furprifing honeity. Tiie Hindoo along a river of the fame name, and
women aiiift their husbands in earning abonnds with game, and fmgular animals
tlieir bread, and keep themfclves fo clean, of different kinds ; the toad, in particu.
that the European women, who come to lar, being remarkable for its enormous
India, are obliged to follow their ex- Hzc and ugly fui-m.. It produces fruits.
amtHe, or run the riik of lofme thtir
huioands affefliions. When a child is
born, a branrin is to declare, by aftroio-
gical rules, whether the child is tiome
into the world in a lucky hour or not.
This done, he hangs a thin ftring over
the (hould'er of a boy, who wears this
diftinftive mark of his nation all his. life>
time. If a banian, or common Hindoo,
intends to give his child in maniage,
which is doiie when the c/iUd is about lix
intligo, lugar, cotton, tobacco, gximsi
and wood for dying. The wood* arc
full of monkies, and it is faid there are
fcrpcnts 30 feet long. The capital h
Paramaribo.
SuRiNGiA, a commercial town of Ja-
pan, in the illand of Niphon, capit.d of
a province of the fame name, with a
calHe, where the emperors- formerly re-
fidcd. Lon. 139 5 E, lat. 39 30 N.
Surry, a county of England, 37 milts
br eight years' old, a bramin is to fix the long -and 27 broad; bounded on the n by
times when- the father '$ to aflc for the Middlelex, on the e by>Kent, on the a
bride, and when the wedding is to be by SuHex, and on the w by Hampftiire
celebrated. In the mean while, the and Berks. It lies in the diccele of
children remain in the hoaliss of their pa- Winchefter; contains t? hundredii, u,
rents till they arriveat the age of maturity . market-towns (including Southwark) ^n]
The bramins order and announce ahb the 340 parishes } and fends 14. members to
holy days. Every baniain is obliged, parliament. The air is generally tem-
cvery morning after wafhing and bathing perate and licalthy. The Ibil is very
himlelf, to have a kind oi feal imprefled drffereht in the extreme parts from that
on his finehead, by a bramin; though in the middle, whence it has been com-
tliis is the office of infnrior hmmiTii'ftmy. pared to a coai>-fe cloth with a.fine bor-
The country round Surat is fertile, ex- derS for the. edge of the country on all
cept toward the fea, which is fandy atod lides has a rich foil, extremely fruitful
barren. Before the EnglifhE India Com* in coin and grafs, particularly ow the n
pany. obtained poffefllon of Bombay, the ^fid \v toward the 1 hames ; but it is far
vreudency of their affairs on. the coaft of ifinlierwife in the heart of the county,
Malabar was at Surat; and they had a.<v«{here are wide trafts of fandy ground
faAory eftabliihed there. Even after the. ^^k1 .barren heath, and in fome places long
prefidency was transferred to Bombay^^j ridges of hills. It produces com, box-
the factory was continued. The Grc^tj.v'^ood, walnuts, hops> and fuHers^earth.
Mogul had then an officer here, who waii| The principal rivers befide the Thames
ilyled his admiral, and received a revemte ' (which is the bouivlai'y of this county on
called the tanka, of the annual value OT* the n). are the Mole, Wey, and Wandle..
three lackft of nipees*' arifmg from the The lent alfizes are held at Kingfton, and
rents of adjacent lands^ And the tfaxes the fummer. affixes at Guilford and Croy-
levied at Smat. The tyranny of this don ahtrnately..
officer toward thti merchants, induced the . Sua/ Eg, a town of Swifferland, in the
E India Company, in 1759, to tit o*it an canton of Lucern, feated nearthe lakeof
-armlment, which difpoffeffed the admiral Sempach, five milt s s at Luecin.
of the caltle ; and, foon after, thepofleflion SUvS, a river of Morocco, which foims
of this cafile was coflftrifted to them by the s boundaty of tliat empire, and enters
•the court ef Delhi. They -Dbtairted,f'' the Atlantic, at Mefla.; Like the Nile,
■moreover, the appointment to the ^eff of its annual inundations enrich the country.
admifal, ixid were conftitutcd receivers Sus, one of three grand divifions ot
ofthetanka, by vtrhich their authority in the empire of Morocco ; boaadwlonthe
this place becaine fupreme. Surat is w by the Atlantic, on the n by Mount
■ fituate on the confines of.Guzerai:, ao Atlas, en the f by Gelula, and on the s
miles up the river Tapty, and 17^ N of bythe river Sus. It is a ffat country,
JBombay. Lon. 71 48 b, lat. ti 10 N. abounding in com, lugar-cs^nes, and
Sure, a liyer of Ireland, inTipperary, dates. The.inhabitants, who are chiefly
iVhidi ffovi^'by Cbnniel and Garrich to iBereber$-» .or ancient /natives^ ar«-diffia<
I .■i,'>i"w*jjn\|
s us
gulibed by their induftryj and mimy of
tnenr» who live in towns, become opu«
lent, and are much more polite than ^he
natives of Fez and Morocco. In tlic
mountainous part they are intirdy free,
and are governed by their .own chiefs. _
SvsA, a leaport of die kingdsm of
Tunis. See Sousa.
SusA, an ancient and ftrong town of
Piedmont, capital of a marquilate of tite
lame name, with a fort. Here is a rich
convent, called the abbey of St. Juft, and
a triumphal arch to the honour of Au-
gultus Celai . It is feated on the Doria,
among pleaihnL mountains, and is called
the key of Itjdy, being the principal
^uifage out of France into Italy. It was
taken by the French in 1 704, but reltored
to rhe duke of Savoy in 1707. It is 30
lailts NW of Turin. Lon. 7 24. E, lat.45
■ao N.
SusDAL, a town of Rufiia, in the go-
vernment of Vohxlimir, capital of a duchy
of the lame name, with an archbifhop's
fee. It is built of wood, and feated on
the Khafma, 90 miles nb of Mol'cow.
Lon. 40 25 E, ht. 56 26 N.
SusqvEHANNAH, a river of N Amc
rica, which illues from Lake Otiego. It
crofles three times the line which divides
the fta^e of New York from Pennlylva-
nia, and empties itfelf into the head of
. the bay of Chefapeak.
Sussex, a county of England, 70
miles in lerjth, and 28 whert bro'uleft;
bounded on the N by Surry, on the ne
and E by Kent, on the s by the Eng-
lish Channel, and on tlie w by Hamp-
shire. It lies in the diocefe of Chichelter ;
contains 65 hundreds, one city, 16 mar-
ket-towns, and 142 pariftjesj and lends
28 membeis to parliament. The air of
this coimty is various : along the fea-
iliore it is thought aguiib; but has a
much greater efteft on ftrnngers than on
the natives, who are generally healthful :
in the Weald, which is a rich deep foil,
it is apt to be foggy, yet not unwhole-
fome ; but upon the downs it is extremely
fweet and healthy. The foil is likewife
various : that qX the downs, and thence
to the fea, is fertile in corn and grafs,
the latter feeding ftieep whol'e wool is re-
markably fine; the middle abounds with
meadows and rich arable ground } and the
N' ilde is (haded with e'xtenfive woods,
that ufed to fitpply fuel for the iron- works
when they wue ii* a floUi'ifliing ftate.
, Tins plentiful county, therefore, lupplies
niunerous commodities, the chief of which
are com» malt^ cattle, .wool, wood, iron,
, jchj4k» glafS} Mx, and fowl,} and is par-
SWA .
t'lcularlv famous liar it|| , wheateartj a, de»
licious bu-d of the fize'of ;i lark, which
are taken in greaH jiumbecs, on the SE
downs. Suffex is not diftinguiibed f9f
any manufaflure, but that pf gunpowder
at Battel, and of needles at Chicheilqr*
The principal rivtjrs aie the Arjun, Advur«
Oufe, and Rother. Chicheder is .thk
capital.
SusTBR, an ancient and celebrated, but
now decayed, town of Peirfia, capitarof
Kufillun. It is leated on the Cat-on, 105
miles sw of Ifpahan. Lon. 51 19$, lat.
31 ISN. .
SusTEREN, a town of Weftphalia, in
the duchy of juliers, two miles from the
river Mael'c, and 12 s of Rureraond^.
Lon. 5 50 E, lat. 5056 N.
SuTUERLANosHiRE, a county of
Scotlard, 52 miles long and 50 broad;
bounded en the N by the North Sea, on
the E by CaithnefsAiire arid the German
Ocean, on the s by the frith of Dornoch
and Rofslhire, and on the w by the Minch.
Some parts of this county, called foreftsf
are tracklefs deierts, dellitute of trees; or
bleak movmtains, abounding with wild
roes. In thele parts, there are few inha-
bitants, and no villages ; but, along the
frith of Dornoch, the country is popu-
lous and well cultivated. Dornoch is
the county-town.
SiTTRi, a town of Italy, in the patri-
mony of St. Peter, with a bifliop's fee,
feated on the Puzzulo> 22 miles NW of
Rome. Lon. 12 25 e, lat. 42 10 N.
Sutton, a village in Cambridgefliire,
fix miles sw of Ely. In 1694, here were
ploughed up feveral fmall old coins, three
filver plates, tluee twitted rings, and a
plain one. There was a Saxon infcription
on the plates, but not legible.
SuTTON-CoLEFiELD, a town in War-
wickftiire, with a market on Monday, 24.
miles NNW of Warwick, and iii NW of
Londdn. Lon. i 40 w, lat. 52 39 N.
Suzanne, St. a town of France, in
the department aiid late province of
Maine. It has a conAderable paper ma-
nufaflure^ and is 24 miles w of Mans.
Swaffham, a town iii Norfolk, with
a market on Saturday, feated on a hill»
34 miles NNE of Newmarket, and 94 nb
of London. Lon. o 46 e. lat. 52 42 n.
Swale, a iiver in Yorkihire, which
rifes on the oonfines of V^eftmorland, and
nmning se, by Richmond and Thirik*
falls into the Oufe.
Swally„ a tovra of the Deccan of
Hindooitan, in Cambaya. It has a har-
bour, where fhips receive and deliver their
cargoes £or the merchants of Surat» being
O o a '.. '■"' '■
Ml? '*'V
ii ,ti
^ M
ivift
SVf t
t* miles Nw of that place, Lon. 7» »S
t, bt.ii ttN.
SwAMSCOMB, a Village In Kent, two
mllei w by s of Oravcfcnd. Here arc
the remainv of camps and forts, fuppolld
to be Danifti } ana it is laid to be the
'phee where die Kentilhmen, with boughs
in: their handd, like a moving wood, lur-
^pril'ed William the Conqueror, and throw-
ing dowit their boughs, threatened battle,
it' they had not their ancient cuHoms and
franchiiLS granted to them j to which lie
'conlented. But the fatt is doubted,
though it is certain that many peculiar
cuftonu ftill remain in iCent ; one of tlm
mott remarkable ot which is that of gavcl-
' kind, or the equal diitribution of landed
prc'perty among all the fons of a family.
SwANS^Y,' a leapojt and corporate
town in GUmorganfhire, with a market
On Wedneiduy and Saturday, an old
caftle, and two churches. It is feated at
the mouth of the Tawy, is governed by
' a portreve, and has plenty ot coal in its
neighbourhood. Of theic it fends great
()uantities to Ireland and the s coaft of
England } and it has a confiderable trade
to Briftol. Here are great works for the
imelting of copper and lead ore. Many
fliips have been built here, and it is re-
fortedto for fea-bathing. It is 24. miles
WNW of Cowbridge, and 105 w of Lon-
don. Lonk4 ow, lat.51 38 N.
SwARTSLVYS, a town of the United
Provinces, iii Overyflcl, feated on the
Vecht, four wiles hom its mouth, and
Ave nnW of Halfelt.
Sweden, a kingdom of Europe,
bounded on the N by Danilh Lapland and
the ocean, en the e by Rufiia, on the s
^by the Baltic and the gulf of Finland,
«nd on the w by Norway, the- Sound,
and the Catenate. It extends 800 miles
from N to s, and 350 from e to w. The
- whole king<iom is divided into five gene-
ralparf s ; namely, Sweden Proper, Goth-
land, Norland, Lapbnd, and Finland ;
and each of thefe is fubdivided into feve-
ral provinces. Sweden JPropcr contains
Upland, Sudermaniaj Nericia, Weitma-
riia, and Dalecarlia; Gothland contains
Oftrogothia or E Gothland, Smoland,
W^fti'ogottua or W Gothlaml, the illes
of G<)tWand and CEland, Wermland,
]|^ohu«» Dalia, Scania or Schonen, Hal-
land, and Blekingcn. Norland includes
Getoikfr' 01' GelhHkeland, Helfmgland,
Medelpadisr HJemtland, Hcrjedalia, On-
f' ernfvania', and W Bothnia. Swedifli
.aphncf comprifes Afeia, Heimtland,
Uraeo, Pitheo, Luleo, Tomeo, and Ke-
iMf*. Findland contains Findland Proper,
E Bothnia, Tavafteland, Nyland, Saviv
lak, and that partrof Kymene and Carelia,
Siirhich Sweden has prelervtd. At Stock-
holm, Ipring and autumn are fcarcely to
be perceived; for winter continues nine
months, and fummer during the remain,
ing three. In winter, the cold is ex-
ccflive, and in fummer the heat is con-
fiderable, the air being ftrene all that
time. Notwithftanding this the Swedes
live to a great age. All the rcrks are
quite covered with flowers in the iummer
time, and the gardens have plenty of
fruits. The trees are early in bloflbming,
becaufe the foil is fat and fulphureous,
which contributes greatly to vegetation j
but the fruits have not fo good a tafte as
in the more fouthern countries. The
animals are horfes, cows, hogs, goats,
(heep, elks, raindeer, bears, wolves, toxes,
wild cats, and fquirrels. In winter, the
foxes and fquirrels become gray, and the
hares as white as fnow. Here are feveral
forts of fowls, and partridges, wood-
cocks, and falcons, in great plenty. It
has rich filver, copper, and iron mines,
and va(t forefts of timber trees. The ar-
ticles of export are boards, gunpowder,
leather, iron, copper, tallow, (kins, pitch,
refm, and mafts ; and it imports fait,
brandy, wine, linen cloth, ftuifs, tobacco,
fugar, fpice, and paper. The inhabi-
tants are of a robuft conftitution, and able
to fuftain the hardeft labour. They are
much more polilhed than formerly ; and
have feveral public fchools and colleges,
where the arts and fciences are taught.
Their houfes are generally of wood, with
very little art in their conftru6lion. The
roofs, in many places, are covered with
turf, on which their goats often feed.
There is no conntiy in the world where
the women do fo much work j for they
till the ground, thrafh the corn, and row
the boats on the fea. The form of the
Swedifti government has frequently varied.
Before the acceifion of Guftavus i it was
an eleilive monarchy. By the union of
Calmar, in 1397, it was ftipulated that
the fame monarch fliould rule over Den-
mai'k, Sweden, and Noi'way, to be chofen
by the deputies from the ftates of thoie
three kingdoms afiembled at Calmar., By
this regtdation Sweden became a mpre
tributary kingdom to Denmark. From
this llate of fubjei:\ion to a tyrannical
foreign yoke, it was refcued by Guftavus
Vala, on whom the Swedes, in 1513,
conferred the fovereignty, and made the
crown hereditary in his male iflue. He
was entrufted with great prerogatives;
and thefe were augmented by Guftavtis
S W I
3:VR
/^()olp1iui» the ri^ht of fucceffton being
cxttnutfd) at the lame time, to the fc-ir.?'**
line. In the minority of his daughter
Chriftina, the regal poweri were greatly
circiimlicribedi aiid the nobles acquired
Tiich an exorbitant authority, as gave
great iirabrage to the three other orders
of the clergy, citizens, and pealants.
This proved a favorable opportunity for
Charles xi to obtain from the ftates a
formal celfion of jibfolute fovcreignty,
which quietly devolved upon his iim
Charles xii. Upon the death of the lat-
ter, the Sweden conferred the crbwn upon
Ulrica Eleanora, his youngeft fifter } Iti-
pulating, at the fame time« great limits
to the prerogative.* Ulrica refigncd the
crown to her confort Frederic i. From
this period, the Swedifti monarch was the
moft limited one in Euroiie, till 1772,
when Guftavus iii effcftecl a revolution,
by wjiich he regained the molt eflcntial
royal,preroga,tiyes, without, however, be-
ing an abloiu^e monarch. He was aifai-
ilnated in 179a, leaving his fon Guftavus
Adolphus a minor, who attained his
majority in 179^. The eftabliflied reli-
gion is the Lutheranji arid they have on^
archbifliop, and feven bifiiops. The ca-
jutal is Stockholm. ,
,Sw^RNicH» a town of Turkey in fiu-
rope^ on the confines of Seryia and Boft
i)^, feated pa the Drino, 70 miles »w of
•jP!elgra4e. Lon. 19 3aE> lat.44 4aN.
. SWINDON, a town in Wiltfliire, with
a market on Monday. It is feated on the
top of a hill, near a rich val^, aS miles n
ofSaliibury, and 83 w of Lqndon. Lon.
I 45 w, lat. 51 30 N.
SwiNN A, a little ifland of Scotland, one
of the Orknies, fituate to the nb of thct
called Mainland. Here are two whirl-
pools, that have been known to fnatch in
boatt^nd light veflcU> whi<;h are inftantly
fwallowed up.
SwissBRiwiND, or Switzerland, a
country of Europe, bounded, on the 9 .^y
Tirol, on the w by France, on the N by
Siiabia,. 9xid bii the s by Savoy and Italv.
TtTs t*$ miles in Jength, and 8 3 in breadtli,
feparatied fripm (|ie advent countries by
hiirh mountams, ciH^ the Alps. Swii-
rcrlaind is divided &)io 13 cantons, ex-
dufive of. th(^r allies; namely^ Luceiti,
Uri, Sphweitz, Underwalden^ Zug, Fri-
Wg, ^nd Soleure, which are cj^tluJics.
The proteftant cant<^s are Zuric, . Beri)»
Bafle, anH Schiaiffhauren. ..Glarus and
Apperizel contain both religbnsr There
are four paflTages over the Alps into ItjJy
from Swiflerland; ^the firft of which is
b^nd d)e lake of Geneva over H^vg^t
Cennts, which leads to Savoy { tht fecond'
V>eerin« in thf rountry of the Ghfons, and
crulfLs Mount St. Bernard, leading to the.
valley of Aoufta, which belongs to Picd<
mont i the third begins io the cmmtry
of the Grifons, croiTes Mount Simpl^^
berg and leads to the duchy of Milan |,
the foiuth croflrs Mount St. Gothard, and
the bailiwics of Italy, and terminates Iq
the Miianefe. The piincipal lakes are
thofe of Conilance, Geneva, Lucem, Zu-
rlc, and Neuchatel. The niplt confjdrr-
able rivers are the Rhine^ Rhone, Aar,
Arve, Rcul's, and Inn. The chief richeso£
SwilTe: land condlk of excellent paftures in
whifhjiiany cattle are bredimd fattened,
and the goats, and chamois, feed. on the
mountniiii), and in the woods. The men
are all ftrong and robuft, for vohich reafon
they are preteried by ieveral nations for
the military teryice-j and even the pope
has his Svvils^u^rds. The women are
tolerably handlume, h'ave many good qua*
lities, and are in general very induftrious.
The pealants r«|aii) their old mariner of
drelii, and are content to live npon milk,
butter/ and cheefe i. and there, are iome of
the mountaineeis who never have any
bre^. See Glacises, and Schwbits.
Sydenham, a village in Kent, onthr
declivity of a fine hill, eight miles s by
E of London. It is noted for medicinal
wells.
SyoNEY Bay, a bay on the s fide
of, Norfolk Ubnd, in the PiKiiic Oeeafl»
fprmed by Point Hunter and/ Point Rofs,
which are near two miles afuftder. Here
is a fettlement of conviAs, from England.
Lon. t6i8 iz E, lat. 2948. .0 . ;. '
Sydney Cove, the townc^ fettlement
,of conyif^s, founded at Ponijackibn, in
New S Wales, in 1788. The ground
about it was then covered by a thick fo-
reft J \allfi, in 1 790, fpme good buildines
had been erected, and greateft part of the
civiland military, officers .were comfoit-
ably lodged. Th^ governor's houfe Ss
butlt of &one, and ha$i a viny good ap-
pearance, being 70 feer In front. The
lieutenant-governor's houfe is of brick,
as are alfo thofe belonging to the judge
and the commiflary. > The :reft of the
houfes are biuU with logs and plai^red,
and all the noofs are eitMr covered by
Singles, or tbatdied... LoKmISI aS e»
t.33 50s.. • i .,,... . .
,,:.,SY&ACiv>B> an «ncieiit and itroog city
'of Sicily* i»;tl^e Yalidi-Noto, with a
.,>Uhop's ifee, anda fine harbour, defended
^y a, caftle. It was almoft ruined by an
earthqu|ake in 2693. , Near this place,.in
;,}7i?£ t)»^e wp« Jt fcMight. betweeai.Ui»
- 7' • 0 o s
i •„!'!: air
* '4;' ■■■'■=■'»;
T A 6
t A F
chief riches confift in €ocoi-ntit«. The
is extrenitly nfoift, and there are
^stnlardt - and Ehglifh, \a wKIch the
fbrmer werebe*ttn. It is ftatcdnerrr the air
fta, 71 miks fc by w of Melfiha, and no ihowers every day for nine months in the
•E0fPx4«mmo. Lon.t5 30 k, ht.-jr 5N. year.
\£yria, of SuRiSTAif, a province of Tabasco, an ifland of New Spain, in
Turkey in Afia. hounded on the N by the province of Tabal'co, formed by a
Piarbecic and Natolia on the E by Diar- river of the fame name, and by that of
beck and the deferts of Arabia, on the St. Peter and St. Paul. It is 30 miles
long axui 10 broad, and is 10 miles from
a by the fame deferts and Judea, and on
the w by the Mediterranean. Under the
general name of Syria, was included the
ancient Phccfnicia, lying s of S)Tia
Proper. I'his province abounds in oil,
eom, and feveral ibrts of fruits, as well
peas, beAn>> and all kinds of pnlfe
the bay of Cam peachy.
Table Island, one of the New He-
brides, in the Pacific Ocean. Lon. j6 77
E, lat. 15 38 s.
Table-MovntaiN, a promontory af
Africa, near the Cape of Good Hope.
miad garden-JftuflP; but it would produce The bay at th* toot of it is called Table
much more than it does, if it were well Ba
cultivated ; for there are the 6nell plains
and paftur«s In the world. The inha-
bitants have' a trade in fi)k, camlets, and
fait.; Oamafcus i« the capital.
Syrian, a town of Pegu, feated near
the bay of Ben^l, 6n a river 'of the
fame name, which is one of the extrcnip
branches of thp AvRt - Lon. 96 40 e, lat,
i6 son. !i t*^*'- • 5 UT. 1..C
SzvccA, a toWfi of Weftem Pruflia,
in the palatinate o^'CuhA, ftated on the
.ViAida, 1 1 nviles c ^ w df Culm . toh.
«8 a4.e, hrt-i-s'iit*.' ' )' - - • • .
■ '^' .. \l' >v«b '^s^. n' *•»*& vif^wyB-
Taboovamanoo, or Saunder'i
Island, an iflihdln the SPacific Qccan,
near that of Huahine, to vi'hich it h fub-
jea.
Tabor, a town of Bohemia, in the
circle of Bechin, on a rtWJimtain, whicUt
the Hurtites, under their celebrated ge-
neral ^iCca, fdrtified and made their pnn-
cipal retreat. It i» 15 miles ,N by e of
Budwpis, and 45 s by E t»f Prague.
Lon, 1^ 56 E, ht,4^ ti ».
TAB-RisTAf«',''a pfdVlifte 0f Perfia, on
the s ftiore of the Cafplfej «fea,"bounded by
Aftrahadoh'the t',M Ghtta^ on the w.
• Tadcas'i'er, i~^d«^ ih IV' riding
of Yorkfliirf, With k marl Thu^f-
TAA^PE. a ffiA riVer f*! GhiAirt^ah; 1
flilrer which «ntfers fhe ^-iftoJ V^'^A- 1 w?e A^ne %i'iA^i
nel at Caitiff, 6n-thl8viver, near Citfr If Is nliie'miles s\v olt' Yoi*k, and i%i N
4>hiUy, is a tton^ bridge' called Pont V -by w ofiLhhJoh, ' tbrt.'k raw, lat. 53
*ryddal, of one grch, 140 feet in' the
fpan aAd ^ higli, planned and ekettlted
by the ielf 'taught genius of a ^otrtn^
aniiron in this county.
Taata, ;i ttjWrt Of Upper Y^pt';'tivtc
tnile frohi" the Nilfe. ft iii 'th* i^t^kfe 'df
fi -goveiindr, has many ctrtnoiis r&Wali^s 6t
anVm^Uity-,' and % fcooWiiles s of Cajfd.
jLon. 3* Z5E, lat. a6 5<6 N. )'"■ ,.* ■^
Tabaga, anifltindW 8 A^^Kick,' In
:<h€ bay of Panama. It is fbwj^ 'rtiHs
long'and three broady and amdhntiiilftns
place abowhJi^g^ritH frtSt-trees, Loii.
«o i€w, Mat./ 50.*."'-- ■■ ■ «•- *'"'•
52 N. . , ■ ", .-,
TadmoH. S^fc I^AiMV^A. **. _
; "^AFALA, or T^rkjftx, 'a toMj <^
?>^ihi, in Na^rrt, with 'k taft]e. It fs
Ikaitd on Wrt Cida;rto, iri'& cbuiitry pro-
ducing g'ood Mtitt'^t^iUs s' fif tMiipe-
lima. Lon. 1 36AV, lat.4'i49N.
*f A'HLEt, .a k'irtgdbyrf bf !Barbarj', in
:^«i'e%>irft Of M^itHct^i bounded ort tJie
'M %Tfei'And T'eme%, on the e by the
■ p^t'teiesj'on the ;s bf thi; dtfeff of Bar-
*tii{f,Mk oAUm W by Sus, Mc;occ6,
'jind J^eii: Jt 5s dlVidett ihto three pro-
tihi;es,-lJh'as, Saifi^'a^d Tuet. It is a
TAhA^lt-tA, ttt>-i?(land-'oh Cat ifoafft of rrioHhtaWis lHn%' toiintry^ but produces
^arbai-y, » bfcloivgii'tg^io the Gf.-noWis, y^o wheat and K'tu'ley ^V^iliies of the riveP^.
^fti for corttl here-, -tt is 50 miksW'bf 'The inhabitants ftVe Urion camd? flcth
Tunis, Lon. 9 16 e, lat. 36 jdi s.< /"' • aha diiftts, iind -Hlie]^ breed hbries to fell to
rr
are
the
T A I
^ in
' a
of
iki
rom
»pe.
5lc.
TacastAi a town of the kingdom of
AlgUr>i in the urovtuce of Conitantins,
formerly a conmierable place, but now
^educed to a vilbge. It is famous for
being the birthplace of St. Au^uftine.
Taoe, a town of Arabia Felix, with
a cattle on a mou|itain> 60 milet e of
JMecca. Lon.^a 5 E» |at. 21 ^5N.
Tago«T| the largeit. town in the prp-
.vin^e of Sus, in Morocco. A geeat many
Jew6 live hcre« who c;irry on a coiiilder*
able trade. It is feated in a fertile plain,
37 miles s of Taiodant. Lon* S 5 w, lat.
a9 a3^.
Tacumadbrt, a town of the king-
d«m 9f Jafilet, tii^^d on tlife river Dras,
with a (Itrong caftle on a mountain. Loq.
'^A%W» iat.«7 ION*
Taho.orowAi one of tlu fmaUeft of
the Sandwich Illandi^* ly>og ,^^ ^^^ s>v
part of K^oyv,ec, from which it is dlAant
three leac^ie?. . It is. deftitute of w^od,
and the ioil fcems to be fandy and barren.
TA|0,4ncientLy Tfcus, a river yv^ich
has its iojuifce on the co^iiiifa.pf A<'>'iigQB,
in Spijiitu run* t^oi^gh New C*ftiie» by
Toledo, and T^Jjav^rja, ¥Khence it pro-
ceeds to Akantfi^a, in ElU'amadiira ; whein
entering pQrtU|g?li it waA^es ^ant^en, be-
lo\^ which it £9rins the haf hour oih^^mt
^ tfa/Mi f?J4« intp.the A^l^iVticQcpap.
Xbis river ytras fprjnerly i>sfif>^ iof its
.golden fands.
^[i'iVi^, ? bP«>»ffh?u^d fcapflxt.in Jiofs-
itixxci ^ejs^M'kable ^or a jiarge i'quare to^er,
adorned with (ive fplreii, and for a C9IV:-
^iat«( cjtiwrqb, |<^U pi-fttty ifltirje. Jt is
ieatt^ on tbe .frith of Dprqqch> J^* a?iks
K of Cromarty.
TAlNTau, a viUage in Qlou(;eftRr-
lliire, feyisn miles w of Gloivceltcr.- In
1700, an ore W9is found herei frpm which
was extr«l%d gold* (b,\U .flot e;novgh Xo
mi^tf t.he exj)«nce of ^pa»atioin . •
XA<l-PfVANC, tl^e.cRpit»^l.of the iiUnd
vf For^np/a* In the "ChiiKie i^, .ysith a
,har¥«viruVP thenW M«^ jI«o»'>'«i j«iE»
lat. 23 25 N. ...i./c
Tai.^^|JC7F0,w; ja-^y ^f ^birta, in
the,pi;(i^inc^ of Kianyg-^an, feated oil tihe
rivcpr-lUangt dt. h»f only 4th¥ee i;Utie& in
xt^iiJiSKi. Lpn. 107^15 Si :Ut. 3a aoh,
Ta)j;.l«IIO^jR,g, «i^tow^ of ^rsince, in
1^ ^lepftSpipnt ,<rf",I,OVi(er .Charcnte iwid
4ate tfiFritory of Sjiifttonge,. jfe^ted on the
<:h»i?i>t$j 30 mil^s M^k lio<Jb«J^> JLon.
o^flV* i»t>.45 4^». '^j' .. . .'hfifi
TM-rTQ^OrVQVt * »ftro«|g jcitjr of
';China» in t;h» pr^vikve ,of iC'^'''^' •b'*^^^
.' n«^ th« gr^%t,w»ll. Its jurtfdi£i;ion cpn-
4m!t ffiur,c^ties^.the;^f»d| and fcven
of the third dafs*
T A M
TAi-VUitN-FOu, an ancient city of
China, capital of the prpYincc of Chan-fi*
It is eight miles in circumference, but i«
mwcii decayed fmce it was the refidcnce of
the princes of the blood pf the laft impe-
rial family of Ta^-ming-tchao. It*
diftri£l contains fiy/t cities of the fecond,
and twenty of the third claft. It is 169
miles sw of Pekia«
Talamonb, a (Seaport of Tufcany,
15 mil«^ K of OrhiieUq. Lon. 11 6&j
,lat.v4.x 30 N.
T/VLAVEfiA, a town of £ipain, in New
Caftile, ^ith ? fu|t. It beloifgs to th<:
aichbjdiQp of Toledo, pnd in leated on
the Tajoj \n a valley abguoding iw corn,
fruits, and excellent wine, 58 miles SV
of Ma^id. Lpn. 4 i w, lat. 39 4.1 n.
Ta;.a,v^rjj£La, a town of ^pain, in
^ftr^oiadu^a, (ibated on the Guadiarta, 14.
miles E of Badajoa* luon. 6 34- W, lat.
Tallard, a town of France, in the
/iieparjcment pf the Upper Alps and latt
province of Dauphiny, I'e^^ted on the Du-
jaccf, 47 miles s of Grenoble* Lon. 6
aoE, bt.4^agN.
Talmp^t, a feaport of France, in the
departme^it of Lower Cluurente and late
territory of iiaiotonge, feated on a penin-
fuU of the Gii'onde, %9 miles sb. of
S^ii>t(s, and 260 sw of Paiis. Lon. o 50
w, lat. 4.5 32U.
Tamalameca* a town of Terra
FAn)^9* in tiie government of. St. Maitha,
jfeated on the Rio-depla Madalen^. Lon*
74-4SW, lat. 9 fin. . "i'.
T A M A N . See t^ AiKAJCQRI A .
TA^Ait» a, xiver of England, which
A'Ai^ teoxtk N to s, divides Cbruwall from
^voQjObice, andinters Plymouth Sound.
1 T4>MAJIA, a;^poct of Afia, on the>N
coaft of the illand. of Socotora, near the
ftt-^itpf fiabelaiandfl. Loo< 51 15 e, lat.
\j 30 ,N, •: '.r * • u ■ >
Tameo^ river, whicjh rifes in SuiTord-
.Ourey./nnd entcnng ^MarwickJliire, runs
.firft lEk Mid ,th^ n, |itli it ix'-enters it«
llfltiyi: county At TamMTorth, falling ibon
j|£ter, into the Trent. 1 ,
K (Tame, a: jrlvulet in Q^cdihire, which
JIqivs ifttditbe Thames, at Dorchefter, and
has been erroneoufly fuppofedtb givenaiQC
to thft Thames. .&;eTHA,ufis^
u; TAftE^'.aloum in Oitfordihire^ with x
imask^t on Tuefday, a famous freefchool»
And a ;f&iall ^fpital. It is &ati>d on a
tfivylet of tbe'..(i^pe name, 1% milesi e of
Oxford, and 45 w by N of London. Lop*
o 5SiUr, lat.^'i 46 N.
Tamwoiltu, a borough in StaflCbrd'
>ihirc,.:vvith a.jiiarket on Satui;da]r. It
O 0 4.
i
..vs.— '*t-..i_..;.^L^. IV
TK^i^
t A R
fttid$ twft mei** be.'% '^^j'pkrliametil', an^ is on the Ciiiivery, 105 miles s by \yof
Ceat<») oi» tKs "pBnie, iight Tnil^s 4e of
Lichfield, and 114 Nw of London. Lon.
1 ji w, Idi. Si ^<}H.
TaRaro, a river of Piedmont, which
ri.vs in the ApbtmiUiesi aritl flows by
Alevandria to €h«i»(ib^ where it (alU
into the Sturhi/' '
Tanasserim, a town of the kingdom
Madra»; Lon. 79116, Iat.i0 46N.
Tankia, or TiNitiA-LiNG, a town
and fortreis of' Thibet, at the foot of
^ount Ltng^ur, 175 miles w by s of
LafTa.
Tanna, a fertilp ifland, in the Pacific
Ocean, one 0*" the New Hebrides, on
which is a voleirib. The lnhabi':ant8 are
of Stani) '•apital of • province of the fame brave and holpitable; and their arms ar?
name, a»o miles sw of Siam. Lcn. 98 o
E, ht. 1 1 50 N.
Tanbop, a government of RufHa, for
me:
ronetz
frated on the Z^, \«4\ith falls into the
^Ipk^ha.
X nnavtyu, guvcrnmeni oi ivunia, rui-
erly a part of the "-^vernment of Vo-
netZp Its capital, ot the fame name, is
bows andarrows, flingS, rpear8,ancl,':liibs.
Lon. 1^)9 46 E, lat. i9'30 8.
TanoUe, a f'eaport of Hindooflan, on
the coaft of Malabar. Lon. 75 50 e, lat.
10 5SN.-
TantaLlan, a ruinous cattle in Had-
dingtonfhire, two miles E of N.Berwick. It
Tancos, a town of Portugal^ in Ef- is feated en a high rock, wafhed on three
•traixiadura, feated on thr Zerara, near its fides by the Gprman Oceaft. It was de-
fa|l intp the Tt^b, 60 miles ne of Lifbon. ftroyed by the Covenanters in 16^9.
Lon, 8 30W, lat, 39 zoN. TAOO,themoftfoutherncftheFriend!y
Tancrowall, a town of Africa, in Iflands, in the S Pacific Ocean, about 10
Kegroland, feated on the river Oartbia, leagues in pircuit. It has f'iveral fprings
where tlie EngliAi hav^ a fort, 30 miles £ inland, and a ifmall ftream o*' good water,
of Jimc^ Foi't. which resrhcs the fea ^when the fpririgs
Tanda, or Tanrah, a town ef Hin- aie copious. The sfi fide lifes with
dooftan Proper, in Bengal, of which fou- great inequahiien immediately from the
bah it was the Capital in the laft centui > . fea } fb that the pUns and meadows, df
There is 'irtle t*emaining of it but tne which there are fome of great extent, lie
rampart; and the period when it was de- all on the NW fide ; and are adorned with
fcrfed is not certainly known. It is feated tufts of trees, intermixed with plantations,
en the Ganges, I'^-j miles NW of Dacca, and int^rfedted by paths leading to every
Lon. 87 56 e, lat. 23 3j; N. ^
Tawdaco. i See Samar* '^.wm:»J^* ■
Taugataboo, one of the Friendly
Iflanda, in the S Pacific Oceun, the re-
fid**ni;e of the fovereign and the chiefs.
, Tangermvude, a town of Germany,
in the old marche of Brandenburg, with
a tattle. It i? feated on the Tanger,
where it falls into the Elbe, 14 miles nw
part of the ifle.
TaOr^ina, a feaport of Sicily, in the
Val di Demona, ff ated on a rock, 88 miles
8 of Meifina.
Ta^Ukaa, an ifland bf the Pacific
Oce:^. - Lon. 145 9 w, \it. 14 30 i.
Tafloe, a v>!Irtge in Buckingham-
fhiie, one mile from Maidenhead. It is
feated on a hill, on the banks of tlie
ef Brandenburg, and 18 ne of Magdeburg. Thames, and diftingtiifhed by its majeftic
Lon. 1 3 30 E, lat. 5« 46 K. woodlands and handfonievilta^^
Tanfcier, a feiport of the kingdom Tapty, a liver of the Dr t .n of Hin-
of Fez. it was tdken by the Portuguefe, dooftan, which ri<ett at Malvoyj 84 miie^
Sn 1 47 1 > and' |^#vti as a liower to the to (he nw of Nagpour, and falls into
s Cathanhto^ on her marriage with th? gulf of Cambayi about 10 miles below
Surat.
Tar, of Pami<ioo, a riVer of N Ca-
rolina, which flowing by Tarborough and
Wafhingioifi, enters Pamlico Sound, ^
miles SE of the latter town. • ' -
TaHaMTO, a populous 'feapM<t of Na-
princffjs
Charles II of England; but iie did not
thirJc it worth'f'tne exjience of keeping,
and therefore, in 1683, caufc^ the works
to be blown up, and wi^drew the gar-
rifbn. It il r5o miles N of Fe2; Lon.
5 50 w, lat. 3 J 49 n.
TANjORBf s province of HIndooftan> pies, in Terra d'Otranto, with an ftrch-
«ia -t.He coatft of Coromandel. It is an bifhop's foe. It i» feated on a pcninfula,
'apperdal^ of the Caniatic, but fubjefl to and defciklcd by a ftrong cattle ; but the
its bwn rajah, who pays an annual fabfi«y harbour is choked up, v»liich Iiks hurt it
of i6b)Oooi. tothe Bnglifli E India Com- very mucK. This t«wn gave name to the
pitby* ' venomous Ipiders called tarlihtulas. It is
TANjoi^e, a city of Hindooftan, m,- 55 miles nw of Otranto, and 140 e
pital df a, province of the fame name, on by t of.Napl«s« Lon. 17 a9E>lat.4o
tfc« coaft of Coromandel, X% is feated 3511. -- . ^^.w...; :«- v •■'
TAR
Taragalla, a town of the kingdonn
of Tafilet, with a caftle. It is featoi on
the Dras, 175 miles sw pf Tafilet. Lon.
6 3 w, lat. 17 4.0 N.
Tar ARE, a town of France, in the
<]L'partiiu:nt of Rhone and Loire and late
province of Lyonois, featcd on the Tor-
dive, at the loot of a mountain of the
iame name, as miles KW of Lyons. Lon.
443E, Iat.4.j 52 N.
Tarascon, an ancient and ix>pulous '
town 6f France, in the department of the
Mouths of the Rhone and late province of
Provence, with a caftle, .leated on tlie
Rhone, oppofite Beaucaire, with which it
communicates by a fridge of boats. Its
commerce confi^s in mU brandy, ftarch,
and ftiitffi that are much worn, one fort
being of coarle filk, and the other of rite
fame material and wool. It ie 10 miles N
of Aries, and 375 s by £ of Paris. Lon.
4 39 X, lat.43 48 N. ' ,,p,
Tarascon, a town of France, In the
department of Arriege and late province
of Foix, feated on the river Aniege^ feven
miles SE of Foix.
Tarazona, a ftrong town of Spain,
in Airagon, with r bimop's fee. It is
feated partly on a rock, and partly in a
fertile plain, on the river Cniles, 136
miles sw of Tudella, and 127 ne of Ma-
drid. Lon. I a6 w, lat.41 55N.
Tarbes, a populous town of France,
coital of the department of the Up^r
Pyrenees and late county of Bigorre, with
a bifliop's fee, an ancient caitle, and a
college. It is feated on the Adour, 42
miles sw of Auch, and ixa s by e of
j3ourd«miK. \Lon.o 3 c, lat-43 14 N.
Tarborouoh, a town of the United
States, in N Carolina^ feated an the river
Tar, 40 miles NW of Washington.
Ta RENTE 2^1 A, a jMTOvince of Savoy,
which i» a baoren country, hiUof dreadfut
mountains. Moutier is the capital.
Tarca, a town of the kingdom of
Fez, on the Mediterranean, with a caftle
on a rack. Ic is feated in a plain fur-
rounded by mountains and thick forefts,
which is conftdereu as a deleft i but there
are good wells and fine paftui'es. Hon. 4
56 w, lat. 35 »oN. /
TAROORObk R town t>f Turkey in
Eucopr, iii MoldaviR, 50 miles sly of
i, JaJfy, Lon. ftfi 19E, lat.4.5 49N. :
.. Tariff A, >a town of Spaoi, in Anda-
iufia^ with <Uk caftle, feated on an eminence,
on the ftt'aita of GibraltiO-, .17 miles
wsw ot Glbralur. Lon. 5. 40 w^ lat.
Ta&kv» ».town .of, Aiia» cajMtal of
J)»gheft»ni feared on th« w coaft of the
T A R-
Cafpian Sea, 51 miles se of Terki, and
300 MS of Tauris. Lon. 47 5 £, lak.45
50 N.
Tarn, a department of France, iu-
pluding part of the late province of Lan-
guedoc. It takes its name from a river »,
which has its ibivce in the depaitment of '
Loztre, and having watered Mithoudr
/'..by, Guillac, Montaubau, and MoHrac^
fails into the Garonne. Cafties is the;
capital. ; ,
Taro, or Borgo-pi-Val di-Taro,
a town of Italy, in the duchy of Par-
ma, capital of the territory of V^i-di-
Taio. It is feated on the river Taro, 2$
miles sw of Parma. Lon. 10 9 e, lat. 44.
40 N.
Tarodant, a town cf Mprocco, in
the province of Sus, ieated near the At*
lantic, 120 miles s of Morocco. Lon. $
low,, lat. 30 ON.
TaRraca, or Tarrega» a town of
Spain, in Catalonia, ieated on a hill, near
the river Cervera, 15 miles e by s of Le>-
rida, and 60 w of Barcelona. Lon. 1 }
£, lat. 41, 28 |j.
Tarragon A, a ftrong feaport of Spain,
in Catalonia, with .^bifhcp'sicc. and auni^
verfiiy. It was built by the Phrenicians,
was very po>^erful in the time of the Ro-
mans, and ha« many noble monuments of
antiquity. It is furrounded by walls buih
by the Moors, and if defended aifo by re-
gular works. It is neither lb large nur Co
populous as it was formerly,; for thou^
there is room for 2000 houles within uie
walls, there is not above 500, which are
all built with large fquare ftones. It
carr,ie$ 'tn a gieat trade, and is feated on
a hill, on the Mediterranean, 35 miles nb
of Tortoia, ukI aao miles e by n of Ma-
diid. Lon. I 13E, lat. 4^1 sm.
Tartary, a country of AAaj which,
taken in its utmoft limits, reaches from
the Eaftem Ocean to the Cafpian ^Sea,
and from Corea, China, Thibet, Hindoof.
tan, and Perfia, to Ruflia and Siberia. It
lifs betyveen 55 and 135^ c l^n. and he-
^■veen 35 and ss" ^ ^9-^* being 3600
miles in length, and 960 in breadth i but
in the narrowf ft part not above 330 broad.
It may be cqufi4(i%d ynder tffo grand di-
vifionsi namely, Eafte>-n andvWeftem
Tartary. The greateft part of the for-
mer eitheTibelpngs t9 the emperer of Chi-
na, is ticibutary to him> or ip. lender his
proteAionj and a v#ry cooiid^rable part
f Weftem Tartary has beifa;» conquered
by the Ruftians. Thefe vaft countiies
.include all the middle part of Afia, and
are inhabited by Tartars of different de-
nominations and different manners. For
;!■ < . '.
■i'll
■.I.
'"('■;
':. L
ii.l
T A T
T A U
Mrriouft particulars concerning tliem, fee
the articles Abkhas, Cii-cafiia> Crim«a,
CoITacks, Georgia, Imeiitla} Kalinuc&t
Kifti> Lefguls, Mantchews, Mingrelia,
MbgMls, Ofli, Samovedesj Turcoman«i
and U(b)ecs.
Tart AS, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Landcs and late province of
Gafcony. The Micioufe runs tlirou^h
k; and on on^ fide oi' this rivtr it riles in
the i^rm of an amphltiieatre ; th« 6t4ief
is feated on a plain. It is 1 1 -miUs N£ of
Dax. Lon. 0'4S w, ilat.4}-50N.
Tassacorta, a liaport of the Ifle of
Palmftf one' of the- Canaries. It li<es
•W of St. Cruz, bur bteiiig' expoled to
welleriy winds, is little frequented, but
by boats. Lon. 17 ^8^ w, lat. aS 38 N.
• Tas«asv1>on, the capital of Btiotan,
m feudatoiy country of Thibet. -It is
a6o miles s by w of Laflk. hotcu S9 o B,
lat. *7 43 Mi ,.' p .«.7
TA6S1NG, Ml Ifiand of Denmarks be-
tween Funen, Langeland> and Arroe. It
Is feparated i^iro«n tlie fcM'mir- by a ftrait^,
and contains a few towns and vUlagies.
• TassO, «ft liland of the Archipelago,
near' Romanki) at the entrance df ttlef gulf
of Contefia. It Is 35 miles In' circiimffer-
CRce ; and wq6^ formerly famouii for mines
ef gold, and quarries of beautifui marline.
"iTh^ capital, 'of the ' fame name, has ia
^M^ harbour, and livtraKcdftles. ■ '; '
Tasso, * mauntaln of Italy, bet'wetti
Bergamo and Como, from whi<;h -the U-
-luiMoos' family of the poet Ta(fo took
^eift namcj - w4il<rh was orlginoily Twre-
*iam. They were Jonds of B«rgamo,
fOlJhn, knd other towns in Leml^'dy,
l^ut beiftg expelkd by the VlfcoBti^ ^hey
iettled en <the'mo(b adviintageous polls «f
this mourrtaSn. • >
TatT A, or 8iND-£, a city of Hindoo-
ftan Pfeper, capital «*' the prdv<ince of
tSindy;^' MK Is-feiited on a braiich of the
river Smde or 'In^us, calkxl-the Rltchtl
Kiver. In the laft century, it was very
extenfiveand populous, poiTe/frng -nian«-
faftur«8 of fitk, wool, and cottort j arid
It was cel^rated for its cabinet ware.
Little of thefe now remain, and the^ limits
«tf the tity are very circumfcribod. On
^^ (hores e/f fhe Indus, aboV« the )9elta,
eonfiderable quantities of falt-petre aie
made } and wtthiri the hilly traft^ wlil<ih
commences whhin three miles on the n>w
-of. Tattft, are mines of iron and fak.
'The Indiis, and its 'branehes, admit- of
an uninterrdpdfcd navigation froyn Tatta
•to Moakan, Laihore, and Caftimere, -fur
r^flfels of ^near aoo twis.j a«d a very ex-
•♦eftfivet«idt:^W«6<«krn€<l on b«lww» riMjfe
places, in the time of Aurungzebe ; but, it
prefent,;. vciyJittie of this trade remai'ni,
owing to a bad government in Sin-'y, and
to a hoftile dllpofitlcn of the Stiks, the
prefent poftefldis of Moultan and Lahore.
Tatta is 741 miles uw of Bombay!
Lon. 67 37 E, lat. 24 50 n.
Tatxah, a town of Africa, fituate
on the conuTiaa, Ikmtiers of Morocco,
Drah, and Zanghaga, and in the route
iiom Morocco and Suas to Tombudow.
It is 170 mile^ ssEof Morooco.
Tatter SHALL, a town in Llncoln-
flilre, with a maiketon Friday. It wan;
fiaimerly of noLc for its cajtle, and i$
i£ated un the jBane, near its xuaHucnc<t;
with the Witham, ao miles S£ of Liu-
coki, and iz 7- Nisf, London. Lou. c 8 w,
lat. 53 6 N.u ..
Tavastus, a town ef Sweden, in
Finland, ctipltaL of llu: |.rovince ot Taval-
teland, feated on a river which falls into
tile bke Waha, 62 miles ne of Abo.
Tauchel, a town of Poland, In Po-
merellia, leatedoa the Verd, 30 mjks nw
of Culm, and 55 sw of Marienburg.
LanJi8 5E, lat,5)3:,38N.
TAVERNA^.a toNsn of Naples, in Ca-
labria Ulteriore, leatcd on the Coraca, zo
miles-Eof Nlcaftxo, ajidjo ne of Kegglo.
Loa^ 1^6-44 e, lat. 39'>x.i n.
Tavira, or Ta<vila, a confidemibie
tokwn of Portngal,^ca^<|tal of Algarwa,. with
aqaikley and oae.of ithe beft haibours ivi
the kingdom, dolisnded A»y. a fort, rit is
feated in a fertile ooxxntryy at tljc mouth
of the ^ilaon* bedwatfn Gipe yificent
and \t4je ftraits a£ ^Gibraltar, 100 jniles
w by w:«(f Cadi*, Lo^, 7 46'jw.>,lat. 37
Tavistock^ a borough in Devon-
Aiire,. ;with.a. «nark«et on SaJciU'day. Ix is
featwl on the rivei: Tavy,2 and .was once
famous fcjc a rtately aihbey, now dividttl
inro.t«nem«ncs. .It.fend$<tvvontunbt;i:s to
parliament^ Aias a licook running <thi:ougli
evciy ^ceet, and: a Hone bridge of (fue
;j.iche» over the river. It is 3J . miles w
by s of £xeter aad *o6 of Londoiii Loii.
4 12 w, lat. 50 3S N.,
Tauntom, arlv-cr of H America,
which falls into Narragaafet Bay, on
ithe.Elide of Khode Ifland.
'Tavnton,' a town. of N America, In
the Uate of Rhode ^Ifland, foated on a
river of liae fame name, which is Davlg.u
bie whence, for ilmall vt£&ls, to Narjsigan-
fcti£ay. ■.:--i«!7-.uO )■- ;- .-. ii' ■ .•
Ta v#i TOW) Ji confideraHb borough In
Somerfetlhire, with a market on-Wedqcf-
dMra^ Satusdire. 2t;is fuuate/Oh the
Tnouci ^hkb ^u ^Jiavi{|^le .hcacC'^ the
ftf
farrtt, and has a eonfiderable ittanufhe*
rare of woollen goods, fuch a< fer^s,
duroys, dniggeti) &c. Large quantities
of malt liquor are alio ient to Briftol for
exportation. It had once a cafMe, now
in niins ; and is a populous place, with
fpacious ftreets, and two churcnes. Taun-
ton is governed by a mayor, and f^nds
two members to parliament. It was the
fcene of many bloody execaticms, in the
reign of James ii, after the defeat of the
duKe of Monmouth, at Sedgemoor, near
this town. It is 31 miles ne of Exeter, •
and 140 w by -8 of London. Lon. 3
17 w, lat. 50 SON.
TAuitTON-lJBANjOrVALE ftFTAtJN-
TON, an extenflve traft'of land In ^omeri
fetJhire, fanwus for i'ts fertility.'
Taur,e;au. an lilfe of France, m x^
tfepaitm^fit of Fitiifteifeand late province
Df firetagttC, lyLlg at the mouth gf the
fiver Moilaix. Qn this iflarid is a ckiile,
which defends (ht ^rt of Mortaix. Lon,
3 51 \v, iat. 4.3 4.0 N.
Taurica, or Tauhida. See 'Cki-
"MEA.
Tawris, a titj of Perfia, capital of
Aderbeiftan, .^pd formerly the capittd of
jPerita. tt ckiVies on a p'rbdigiou^ trade
In cottort, cldth, filks, gold and Clycf'
■brocadefe, firfe lurbans, and ihacaeqi
leafhier. 1*het-e kre Job caiavarifaries,
and 2,50 inofques. ft Is &ated w a
delightful plain, furrounded'byijipuritain^,
qc piiles iE of Natkfivan, and 320 Ny/ of
,liMha|i. IiOh.47 soE,' IM.38 iiti'.
^A Vftu^,^ fifreat, ch^in of moiiihtaiQs
In JAliV^ which bj^in in ^he ippaft.^f
'Lttti« Carajnania, and exteqil far in^
India. In different places they have di
fererit names.
TaVy, a river in Pevonlbire, whLph
rifes in' Dartmoor Foreft, and wa(tfirijl|g
■ Taviftock, enters tlie harbour Qriiaaiou;^;,
above Plymouth.
Taw, a river in DcvouA^re, whicli
fifes in the centre of the counly, flows -fo
Bainf^a^ile, and ioins the Ipowiid,^, fit
its mouth in the BiillolChau'peJ.
TawV, a liver in Glan»orga»|Jiire,
'which flo\VR parallel to the NeatH* a^d
enters the Briftol' (jliWDcl,! at .Svi*»n%
TaV^ a jpne river cf "ScotMnd, ihe
two foiirces of which ire hear Tyndrvunin
Perthlhife. F;lpwjiw_tlin^h Loch Tav,
it afterward waters jC^uAi^Iaabd Perth,
antl peceiviog the rivor p£a»i| Wow the
latter t9wn, falls into Jthe liith of Tay.
TaV; Frith of. an arm of the iea,
^i«h divides Fifeth^re frovi fthe counties
oTTerth and Angus. Towatd Its moutn^
t C H
it becomes extremely narrow; and U tlie~
ferry town, in Fitefliire, called Parton
Craigs, it is not above a mile broad.
Tay, Loch, a lake in Perthfliire,
through which flows the river Tay. 1%
is 1 5 miles long, and in many parts above
one broad. On the 11th of September,
1784., this lake was feen to ebb and 4ow
feveral times in a quarter of an hour,
when all at once the waters ruflied from
£ to w in oppofite currents, fo as ^o form
a ridge, leaving the channel dry to the
dlllance of almoft 1 00 yards from .its
ufual boundary. When the oppoiing
waves met, they burft with a ctafliing
noife and much foam : the waters th«ji
flowed out at leaft five yards beyipnd fjfee^
ordihai^ limits. THie flux ^nd re^yii^
cbnftmied ghadually ^ecreiling for two
hours. A fimilar niotion was obferved
leveral days, but in a lefs degree. The
banks of this lake are finely wooidcd j and
It has a fmall tufted ifland, on which ar^
the ruins of a. priory, built by Aiex-
.mder i. ^^■^^ -
TcHANfO-^cwA-^ot;, a citv of China*
thfe capita* of the s part of tne province
of Hou-quang. |t has one city of the
fecond and 1 1 of tlie third clafs under its
jltrifiliSlion, and is f^ated'pn a li\r£e river,
which has a xotnmuhication with an ex->
tenflve lake, caUed Tpng-tipg-hbUj^ fiaj
.lliiles S t)^! w of ^4kin'.
'r(i.HANG-TCSj^'pu->ou, a city of
China, in the pVovince' of Fo-kicn. If,
is -wry cpnCdprable, on account of its
Jfr^de wltln' Euipuy, Pon^f-hou^ aridJ^or*.
iftoita. - , ,
TchaNg-te-fou, one of ifhe ina^
lorthem cities of IJons^ in Cbin^. ft
s remarkabU for a^, ,^lke a crocQilil^,
the fat of wl^ifh is pf fych a f euiar t^
turc, tha,. when once kindled, it caoncit
be txtin^yiflKid.
TcHE-i?iANGj -a jprovince of Chl9^*
ope of the mofl: conliderable in that en>.
pire, in e;£teot, ric'ies, ind (*opuladon.
Jit is liPinnded OB thr i and w by K,mnz-
nmt pn.fhe sw ^y ivi^ig-fi, on the 8 %
Fo-Jtieq, and pnjne e by the ocean. J^
i;his ,proj>r^ace». \yJoole plains may be ie«i
covered with djf^arf molb .y treesy, p|Ui-
jpofel^ checked w tht owth; and|vro>
oigious quantities of u^worms are hf»fk
here. Their filk ftuffs, in which gold
and filler are iAternuxed, are the jfonA
beautiful in Cb^na. The tallow trft
grows here, and the/ have excellenj^ bjupi«
and tbe'fioaU j;9)4 i(k, with whif^ jipndt
ase ftoc]|f|i^.
TcHfiNjQPf , * gwreifime»t of ^ftijf*
fia« formerly a part of the Ukraine, iti
r
tfifitalt of the lame name* in fcated on
ttc Defne.
TciiiNG-TOU-FOU, a citvlof China,
the capital of Se-tcheuen, fornierly the
rtifidenccof the emperors, and one of the
largeft and molt beautiful cities in the
empire i but, in 1646, it was almoft in-
tirely deftroyed, during the civil wars
that preceded the laft invafion of the Tar-
fats. Its diftilft contains fix cities of
the iecond and 25 of the third tlafs.
TcHlN-KiANG-FOV, a ftrong City of
China, in the province of Kiang-nah, the
key of the empire on the feacoalt. Its
Situation and trade, and the beauty of its
walls, give it a preeminc^nce over the
Other cities of the province ; but its ju-
riftli^ion is confihed to three cities of the
third dais. It is 25 miles e by N of
KaA-king.
TcHiNG-TCHEOU-FOU,acityof China,
in the province of Kiang-nan, ieated near
the canal through which all harks muft pafs
in going from Sou-tcheou, to Kiang.
Un£r it are five cities of the third clafs, in
which a kind of eai'then ware is, pre^;ared,
highly valued by the Chinefe, who pre-
tend, that the tea prepared in thefe
▼eflet^ acquires a fuperior quality; and
they prefer this plaln'eaithen ware to the
moft elegant porcelain.
TcHiN-TiNG-Jfdtx, a large city of
China, in the prbyincc of Pe-tcheli. Its
diftri^ contains iive cities of tlie fecond
and ^7'of the third ciai's} and.it is no
ihileS s by' w <jf Pekin.j
TiiHi-t'criEou-FOtr, a city of China,
In the protince of Kiang-nan. It is feated
on the river Kiang, and has under it fix
citlfcs't)f^ the third daft.
.TcHorfc-iciNG-i'OU, a city of China,
one of the moit comniercial in the province
of Se-tchuen. It is feated on a moun-
tain, rifing in the form of an amphi-
ih^atrtf', at the confluence of the Hin-cha-
^fciang and Yang-tfe-kiang. Under it are
three cities of the Iecond and 1 1 of the
•third clafs. It is 6 37 miles sw of Pekin.
TcrrciCAR, the moft northern of the
i^jree department^ of Eaftern Chinefe Tar-
^tary. Its capital, of the fame hame, is
'ii modern city, built by the emperdr of
China, to fecure his frontiei-s againft the
Frftiurfions of th^ Ruillans. It is 45b
^ttiile? Nji.tjf Pekiff. ' '"'
\: Tebessa, a town df the kingdom of
^TiiniSi with ftvetal remiiiis of•?iltlt^ulty•
■'^t is feated at thcfbot of a mountain.
<^on. 8 5 E» lat. i4/5t n»
'"^'TlEfeJEA, a ftfong town of the-kingtlom
of ^|orocco, capital of a province of the
'itsac *»i«el/lt canfes' tm a gjobd ,tradp,
T E F!:
and is feated on the fide of •one of the
mountains of Atlas. Lon. 455 w, lat.
3* 50 N,
TECEtJT, a town of 'Morocco, in the
province of Sus, feated on the,' river Sus,
in a country abounding in dates and fugar-
canes, four milps E of Mefla. Lon. S
55 E, lat. 19 10 N.
Tecklenburg, a town of Weft,
phaiia, capital of a county of the fame
name, with a caftle on a hill. It was
bought by the king of Pruifia in 1707,
and is iz miles sw of Olhaburg, and
25 NE of Munfter. Lon. 8 » e, lat. 5a
20 N.
Tegoantepeca, a confiderable fea-
port of ISJew Spain, in the audience of
Mexico and province of Guaxaca, feated
on a bay of tne fame naine, in the Pacific
Ocean. It has a fortified a^bey, and
feveral hand fome churches. Lon. 95 15W,
lat. 15 »8 N.
TeCort, or TiCARTE, an ancient
and fkrotig town of Barbary, capital of
a kingdom of the fame name, in Biie-
dulgefid. It is feated on a mountain,
420 miles sw>of Tripoli. Lon. 7 55 e»
lat; 29 35 N.
Tecui.et, a feaport of the kingdom of
Morocco, with an old caftle. It is feated
on the fide of a mountain, at the mouth
of a river of the fame name. LoQt .9
5 W, lkt.30 45 N.
TedIbington, a village in MIddlefex,
feated on {he Thames, 12 miles wsw of
London. The church is a perpetual cu-
racy, which was enjoyed by the celebrated
philofopher. Dr. SteplvA^ Hales', from the
year }T^<h tiU'hi* death in .1761. "JJe is
interred liiiiler the towier of the' church,
which he ere^ed at his own expence.
. Tedel^z, a ftron^ town of Algiers,
in a province of the lame name, on the
coaft of thik Mediterranean, with a caftle,
50 miles NE of Algiers. Lon. 35 c,
lat. 47 5 N.
TEDNE'iT, a large loMrh of Morocco
Proper, capital of the . province of Hea.
It was takeh by the Portuguefe in 1517,
but they were driven away foOn after. It
is almoft furrounded by a rive^. Lon.
8 35 W, lat. 30 3aN.
' PEiisi, a commercial town of Morocco,
in the province of Sus, felted in a plain
aboiuhding'in tomtio. miles se of Tarp.
•daktf., '■■;''• :. ■'
' " *rB8S, > rlvif^>rfiich riles on the con-
fine8\)f Ciunberi^d, divides the county
of Dwham fVoro Vorkfliire. and falls -nto
the Germa»» Ocean, below StO^:kton^
TeftzAra, In ancient and ftrong
' xpwA ot Alj^iers, in the prqviucf ofXt^'
~]
J , -^^.
, * T E I
gnefen, i» miles from the city of that
■ame. There are a great many mines of
iron in its territory.
Tefflis, the capital of Georgia, one
isf the i'even Caucafian nations between
the Black Sea and the Cafpian. It is
called by the inhabitants Thilis-Cabar
(warm town) from the warm baths in its
neighbourhood. It contains zo,ooo in-
habitants, of which more than half are
Armenians; the remainder principally
Georgians; The ftreets ieldom exceed
feven feet in breadth; and ibme are To
yarrow as fcarcely to allow room for a
man on horfeback : they are confeguently
very filthy. All the houfes are of ftone,
wit!, flat roofs, which itxvct according to
the cuilom of the Eaft, as walks ibr the
women. Here is a foundry, at which
are caft a few cannon, mortars, and balls ;
and the gunpowder made here is very
good. The Armenians have eftabliftied
here all the manufaAures carried on by
their countrymen in Perfia : the moft
flourifhing is that of printed linens.
Tefflis is feated on the Kur, at the foot
of a mountain, 1x5 mile? w of Terki.
Lon. 65 % E, lat. 41 59 N.
Tecaza, a town of Africa, capital of
a territory of that name, to the N£ of
Senegal. It is remarkable for mountains
of fait. Lon. 6 30 w, lat. 21 49 N.
Tegerhy, a town of Africa, in the
kingdom rf Fezzan, 80 miles sw of
Mourzook.
Teglio, a town of the country of the
Gr'kfons, capital of a government of the
lame name, in the Valteline. In 1610,
all the proteftants of this place, and
throughout the Valteline, wei-e maflfacred.
It is fituate on the top of a mountain,
nine miles from Tirano, and la from
Sondrio.
Teign, a river in Devonlhire, com-
pofed of two branches, which rife in the
centre of the county, and uniting, enter
the EngliHi Channel, at Teignmouth.
Teignmouth, a feaport in Devon -
flilre, reckoned part of the port of Exeter.
It has no markfit, but fends a number of
veflTels to the Newfoundland filhery, and
has a confiderable coafting tt'ade, efpeci-
ally in carrying tobacco-pijie clay to
Liverpool, whence are brought back
coal, fait, earthen ware, &c. This is
the place where the Danes firft landed,
And where they committed feveral out-
rages. It is feated at the mouth of the
Teign, 12 miles s of Extter, and 280
w by s of London. Lon. 3 29 w, lat.
50 31 N.
I'ii sffii • rive^ of Hungary, which
'■<■»■
¥ g N
rifes in the Carpathian mountains, paf!e«
by Tockay and Se|;edin, and falls into
the Danube, near Titul.
Telemona, a town of Tufcany, with
a fmall harbour, and a (trong fort. Iti«
feated at the moqth of the OlTal, at thft
extremity of a point of a craggy ro^k,
10 miles from Orbtiello. Lon. 11 11 e;^
lat. 42 28 N. '
Telgein, or Telga, atradingtown^
of Sweden, in Sudermania, feated on the
s bank of the lake Maeler, 12 miles svt
of Stockholm. Lon. 17 24 e, lat. <•
18 N.
Tellicherrv, a feaport of Hindoo-
ftan, on the coaft of Malabar^ wheiv
there is an Englifli faAory. It is 30
miles NNW of Calicut. Lon. f^ 50 B,
lat. I f 48 N.
Teltsh, a town of Germany, in Mo-
ravia, Seated on the frontiers of Bohembj
at the fource of the river Teya, 36 mil«s
WNw of Znaim. Lon. 16 o B, lat. 49
• N.
TiMENDEFUST, a town of the king-
dom of Algiers, feated on the Mediter-
ranean, 10 miles E of Algiers.
Temeswar, a confiderable town of
Upper Hungary, capital of a territory-
called thebannat of Temefwar. It foi--
merly paiTed for impregnable j but it was
taken by prince Eugene, in a dry feafon,
in 1716. It is feated in a morafs, 60
miles NE of Belgrade, and 150 se of
Buda, Lon. 22 20 E, Idt. 45 37 n.
Temissa, a large tbwn of Africa, ia
the kingdon) of Fezzan. Here the cara-
van of pilgrims from Bornou and Nigrltia,
which takes its departure from Mourzook,
and travels by way of Cairo to Mecca,
ufually provides the ftores of corn and
dates, and dried meat, rCquifite for its
dreary paflage. It is 120 miles ene of
Mourzook.
Temrock, a feaport of the Cuban, in
Afia, Icated en the lea of Albph, 20
miles B of tht ftraits of Caffa. Lon. 37
«o B, lat. 45 27 N<
Tenaserim, a river of Sia.n, which
falls into the gulf of Bengal, in lon. 9I
8 w, lat. 12 i2N.
Tenbury, a town in Worcefterlhire,
with a market on Tuefday, feated oh the
Teme, 1 5 miles w by ^ of Worcefter,
and 1 30 w N w of Londortl Lon. 2 1 3 W ,
lat. 52 16 N.
Tenbv, a feaport in Pembrokeftirp,
with a market on Wcdnetday and Satur-
day. Its caftie was demoliftied in the
civil wars, and its trade is inconfider^blc.
It is 10 miles E of Pembroke, an^ 233
Ht of London. Lon. 5 5 w, lat. 51 41 j*-
•f( i":
m
,.i:^''vb;„i
I" *!t 1;!
TEN
TEN
TiNcu^i Island^ an ifland in the Iftguna U the caplul. Lon. i6 ig «r
l^acificOceaiif two miles mcircumfercncet lat. &ds9N. '
7+ JS w.
lutivf obferved in the canoety that ven- hy w of St. Martha.
twed to come (bmewhat near the fliip* lat. 9 47 n.
Were refnarkably ftout men, quite naked, Tenez, a town of Algiers, in the
and of a copper colour j their hair re- province of Tremd'en, capital of a diftria
fembling that of the New Hollanders, of the fame name, with a ftrong fort,
and fomc of their Beaids reaching as low It is leatcd on the fide of a mountain',
at the naveli with an appeaiance of four miles from tlie ica. Lcn. i o e, lat.
mu£h art having been ufed to iWm them^ 39 zo N.
into long ringlets. Two or three of the Te-ncaNpFOu, a populous and corn-
men h^l (bmething like a bead or bone mercial city of China, in the province uf
fufpendcd to a firing, which was fattened Hou-quang, with fix cities dependent oi
found the neck. The largeft of their it. It is 200 miles w by s of Nan-king
Vanoes appeared to be about 28 feet long, ^ "" - '-" -
and made out of a large tiree, with, a ioag
outrigger. Lon. 151 31 E, lat. i 39 s.
TfiNpA, a town of I^iedmout, caxuul
of a county of the {ame name. It is
feated at the foot of a mouJttain, oa the
riv'er Boga, 52 miles s of Turin. I.01).
7 45 £) lat. 4^ 10 jH.
TEREDOS, a celebrated idand in the
on
Lon. 112 ai E, lat. 31 on.
Teng-fonc-hien, a city of China,
under the juriiUiftioii of Ho-nan-fou, in
the province of Ho-najii. It is famous
on account ef the tower, ereft«d tor an
obfcrvatory by the celebrateU altronon^cr
TcheoO'kong.
Tenmassee, one' of the United States
of America, fituate between the parallels
rcliipelago, on the coaft of Natolia, and ot 35 and 36^ degrees latitude j bomideil
10 miles 8\V of the ftraits of Gidlipoli. on the s by S Carolina and Georgia, on
It is II miles long and 10 broad, ai)d the w by the MillUrii^i, on the n by
iti mufcadine wine is the beft in all the Kentucky and Virginia, snid on the e by
Levant. On the e fide» is a large town, the Iron and Bald mountains, which fepa-
leated at the foot of a mountain, with a rate it irom N Carolina, of which ftate
tne h^bour, commanded by a caitle. i( was Isttely the weftern part. It is
On the 5ch of June* 1794, after lome upward of 400 miles in length, and 104
fevete fliocks of an eartbquake, a fmall in breadth ; and is dividdi into three
volcanic ifland was difcovercd to have diiliidls, and 1 1 counties. The diftri6Va
emerged from the i«3, between this town are Washington, Mero, and Hamilton,
andthe Afiatic (hore. of which Juneiboraugh, Nafliville, and
Te^erifp, one of the Canary Idsnds,
and the moft considerable of them for
richer, trade, and extent. It lies w of
the Grand Canary, is 45 miles long and
20 broad, and abounds in wine, diifercnt
for;s of fruits, cattle, and game. One
part of this illand is furrounded by inac
Knoxville aie the chief towns ; and the
counties are Blount, Sullivan, David fon,
Greene, Hawkins, Jeiferfen, Knox, Sum-
mer, Sevier, Teanaflfce, and Wafljingtou.
Its principal rivers are tbe MiJliluppi,
TennafTee, Cunriierland, HoJfton, Clinch,
and Duck ; and it is abundantly watered
ceffible mountains, and one in particular, by other rivers and creeks. The Cum
called the Pike of TeneriflP, is 15,396
fecfl above the level of the Tea, add may
be feen ixo miles off, in a clear day.
This ifland isfubjeft to earthquakes -, and,
in 1 704, one deftroyed feveral towns, and
many thoufand people. ' The laborious
works in this lAand are chiefly performed
by oxen and mules, horfes being fcarce,
and referved for the ufe of the officers.
Hawks and parrots are natives of the
berland mountains, a ridge near 30 miles
broad, cut this ftate into the eaftem and
weftern divifions, and the latter is the
laxgeft part. The climate, foil, and pro.
duce of TennafTee are much the lame as
the adjoining Hate of Kentucky, which
fee. Tennafiee was admitted as a member
of the United State; in 1796; and on
taking the cenfus in 1795, there appeared
to be 77,i6z inhabitants, of whom
ifland, as alio fwallows, feagulls, part- 66,649 were free perfons. Knoxville,
ridges, canarybirds, and blackbirds, the capital, is feated on tke river Hoi-
There are alfb 'lizards, locufls, and dra- fton, 494 miles wsw of Kichmpnd in
ffonflied. The climate is rematkably Virginia. Lon. 84 8 W, lat. 35 58 n.
healthful, and particularly adapted to Tennassee, a river of N America,
affofd lelief in phthi&cal comp lainu. formerly called the Cherokee River. It
V
)'
T E K
ifif«s iA the Iron mountains, on the con-
fined of Georgia J and* after traverling
the bonkrs of the Cherokee country
northward, it joined by the Hollton
branch, when it is called the TennaiTeu;
from thence it rtina sw, on the B fide of
the Cumberland mountains, into Geor-
gia^ where it makes a circuit to the w,
called the Great Bend } it then reenters
the ftate of 'I'cnnati'ee^ which it pall'es
quite through, direilly N» into that of
Kentucky; .here it loon titrns to the nw,
and then talis into the Ohio, 60 miles
above the confluence of that river, with
the Mifniilj)pi. The Tcniiafl'ee is 600
yards broad at its nioutli, and thence
navigablf by veflcls of gi^rat burden for
iCo miles, to the Mufcle Shoals, in the
Great Bend : here the river widens- to
between two and three miles, for nearly
fO miles ; :^-,d thefe IhoaU can* only be
(aiTed in Ihrall hoat»: trom hence it may
be navigated, by boats of 40 tons bur-^
den, at lealt 600 miles further^ I'ome tri-
Aiog Iklls excepted.
TsN-TCHEOU-FOu, a City of China)
in the province of Chang-tong, with a
good port, and eight .cities in its jurif-
di<Slion. It is Ibted on the N fide of a
peninlula of tlie Yellow Sea, 20a miles
fiu. of Pekin. Lon. 116 50 e, , lat. 35
SON.
Tennestadt, a town of Upper Sax-
ony, in Thuringitt, near the rivers Sel-
tenlein and Schaitibach, five m^les from
Eri*trt. ■ U'.y.S:..
Tenterden* a corporate town in
Kent, governed by a mayoi;;, with a
market on Friday. The Iteeple.of the
chucch is very lotty, and at the time of
the Spanifli invafion, in 1588, was made
v^ of as a beacon. It is 24. miles s w
ol Canterbury, ami 56 e by 5 of London.
Xoiu o 35 E, lat. 51 12 K.
Tepic, a town of New Spain,, in the
audience of Guadalajara, 500 miles NW
ot the city of Mexico,
Teramo, a town of Naples, in
.AbiTizzo Ulteriorej with a bilhop's fee,
feated ar the. confliience of the Viciola and
Tordino, 10 miles nw of- Atii, and 25
w-£ vf Aquileia.. Lon. 13 39 E, lat. 42
17 N. ,^ ■ .
TER.ASSO, an ancient, but almofl;
mined town of Turkey in Exuope, in
Carama;iia, with an archbifhop's fee. It
was formerly callefl Tarliis, was the capi-
tal.of Cilicia, and is the birthplace of ht.
■Pau-1, It is ieated on the Mediterranean.
.Lon. j5 '55 K, lat: 37 10 N.
Terasson, a.town of France, in the
>jde^ai-tm«nt of Dvrdogne and Jate jirovince
-•, \
T E R
-,■■«( 'i ' t
o( Perlgord, feated on th« Vcfttre, to
miles N of Sarlat. Lon. i 29 £, lat. 45
5N.
Tercera, one of the Azores, or
Weftern Iflands. It is very fertile, aad
contains about 20,000 inhabitants. Aa*
gra is the capital.
Terga, an ancient town of Morocco^
feated on the Ommirabi, 25 miles from
Azamor.
Tbrgovi&to, or Tervir, a com-
mercial town, capital of Wabchia. It
Ixas a fine palace, belonging to th« wajra
wode, and is feated' on tlie Jalonitz, 3*
miles NW of Buchareft. Lon. 25 zCt^
lat. 45 45 N.
Ter-ki, a town of Circaflia, Vhei* •
prince refidps dependent on the Ruillans,
this being theii- frontier town againft
Perfia. It is I'eated. on a river of tht
fame name, in a madliy place, one mile
from the Cafpian Sea, and 125 e of
Tefflis. Lon. 47 50 «, lat. 43 2a n.
Termini, a town on the n coaft of
Sicily, injthe Val-di-Demona, with a
ftfoi^ caiilp. It is famous for its ii^ne*
ral waters, and ha» a fine aquedu<^v
It is feated ^at the mouth of a river of the
fame name, in a territory abounding in
corn, oil, and wine, ao miles SE-of Pa-
lermo. Lon. 1 3 44 e» lat.. 38 5 n.
Termoli, or Termini, a town o£
Naples, in Capitanata, with, a bilhop'*
A:e, featjed neaK the fea, 32 miles SE of
Lanciano, and 70 ne of Naj^es. Lon*
15 10 B, lat. 41 59 N.
Ternate, an ifland of the Indian
Qceaiv, the principal of the Moluccas^
It is mountainous, and has a great num-
ber of woods, which fumilh much game j
but it produces a great quantity of
cloves, and other fruits proper to the
clijjiate. It lies a little to the w of
Giloio, and loo miles e of Celebes*
Lon. 1290 e, lat. I on.
Terneuse, aftrong town. and fort of
Dutch Flanders, on the w branch of the
Scheld, called the Hondt. It is eight miles
N of Sas-vaji-Ghent, and 25 wnvv of
Antwerp. It was taken l)y the French
in 1794. Lon. 3 45 £, lat. 51 20 n.
Terni, an ancient city of Italy, in
the duchy of Spoletto, with a bishop's
fee. The cathedral is a magnificent ftruc-
ture, and the place contains about- 9,000
inhabitants ; but it was much more con-
fiderable formerly than it is now« The
famous' catviraft of the river Velino is a
mile from this city, which is feated in an
.ifland formed by the river Neva, on which
account it was anciently calUd Interamna,
Tenai.i» the birthplace of Tadtus the
Mil;
L ii
T E R
T E T
kiftorlan. It is 15 mWn s by w of
Spoictto, and 40 N of Rome. Lon. 11
40 B» ]at.4x 34 N.
Ternov>\, an ancient town of Tw-
key inEuropcy m Bulgaria, with an arch-
bimop's fee. It was foiineriy the llat of
the princes of Bulgaria, and is I'eated on
m mountain, near the Jenera, 88 miles
MW of Adrianople, and 97 NE of Sophia.
Lon. a6 xe, lat.43 1 n.
Terracina, an ancient town of Italy,
in Campagna di Koma, with a bilhop's
fee. It IS greatly decayed from it» former
ftate. It waft called Anxur, was the ca-
pital of the warlike Voliici, and the piin-
cipal church was originally a temple of
Jupiter^ It IS feated among orange and
citron groves, near the fea, on the fule of
a mountain, 46 miles S£ of Rome. Lon.
13 15 £, lat.41 24 N.
Terra del Fuego. See Tierra
DEL FVECO.
Terra 01 Lavora. See Lavora.
^ Terra d'Otranto. SeeOTRANTO.
Terra Firma, or Tierra Firms,
a kingdom of S America, bounded on the
N by the Caribbean Sea, on the NE by
the Atlantic, on the se by Guiana and
Amazonia, on the s by the new kingdom
of Granada, and on the w by the Pacific
Ocean^ and by tlie ilthmus of Darien,
which feparates it from N America. Its
length, trom the Atlantic to the Pacific
Ocean is upward of 1300 miles: its
greatelt breadth is 750; but, in fome
places, toward the Oronoko, not above
1S0. It is divided into the following
provinces : Terra Firma Proper, or Da-
rien, Carthagena, St. Martha, Rio de la
Hacha, Venezuela, Caraccas, Cumana,
and Paiia, or New Andalufia. The
whole country is now fubjeft to the vice-
roy of the new kingdom of Granada, who
refides at Sr. Fe de Bogota.
Ter* A Firma Proper, another name
for the province of Daiien, in America.
See Darien.
Terra Nuova, an ancient feaport,
on the N e coaft of Sardinia, filiated at the
bottom of a gulf of the fame name, 65
miles nne of SafTari. Lon. 9 35 e, lat.
41 3N.
Terridon, Loch, an inlet of the
fea, on the w coaft of Rolsfhire, between
G'jirloch and Applecrofs. It has many
creeks and bays.
Terring, a town in Suflfex, with a
market on Saturday. It is feated on the
4owns, not far from the lea, 24 miles E
of Chiccfter, and 53 sw of London.
Lon.o ^1 w, lat. 50 50 N.
1 E&ROufiN, a town of France, in the
department of the Straits of Calais and
late province of Artois, feated on the Lis,
fix miles s of St. Omer.
Te R RU E L , a confiderable town of Spain,
in Arragon, with a bifhop's fee. It is
feated in a large fertile plam, at the con-
fluence of the Guadalquiver and Alham-
bra, 75 miles SW of SaragofTa, and ii»
E of Madrid. Lon. i ow, lat. 40 1511.
Tbrverb, or VeeRE, a town of the
United Provinces in Zealand, on the tit.
coafl of the ifle of Walcheren, with a
good harbour, and a fine arlenal, four
miles NE of Middleburg. Lon. 3 41 e,
lat. 51 36 N.
TESCHBN,a town of Germany, capital
of a duchy of the fame name, in that part
of Upper Silefia fubjeft to the houfe of
Auftria. It was taken by the Pi-uffians
in 1757, but reftored in r763. It is
furrounded on all fides by a inoralv, and
feated near the fource of the Viftula. At
a little distance from it is an old cafUc,
on an eminence, where the ancient dukes
refided. The inhabitants carry on a trade
in leather, woollen fluffs, and Hungary
wines ; and make pretty good fire-arms,
and excellent beer. A treaty of peace
was concluded here, in 1779, between
the emperor Jofeph ii and Frederic iii of
Pxuflia. It is 17 miles s& of Troppaw,
and 65 sw of Cracow. Lon. 18 i7£,
lfat.49 52 N.
Tbsegdelt, a town of Morocco
Proper, furrounded by a craggy rock,
which renders it impregnable. It is fcitcd
at the mouth of the Techubit, aoo miles
w of Morocco.
Tesino a river of SwifTerland, which
has its fowce in Mount St. Gothard,
flows through the country of the Grilbns,
and the lake Maggiore; then running
through part of the Milanele, it wafhes
Pavia, and a little after fall^ into the Po.
Test, or Tkse, a river, which riii^s
in the N\v of Hants, and watering Stock-
bridge and Rumfey, falls into the bay of
Southampton.
Tetbury, a town in Gloucefterfhire,
with a market on Wedneiday, and a
confiderable trade in cheefe, yarn, and
wool; It is 25 miles ene of Briilol, and
99 w of London. Lon. i 8 w, lat. 51
36 N.
Tbticaco, a lake of Peru, in the
jiudience of Lima and province of Cal-
lao, above 200 miles in circumference.
Tbtuan, an ancient city of the king-
dom of Fez, with a cattle. The houles
have only little holes towa^'d the ftreets,
to look out at i for the windows are in
the inf>de» toward the courtyaid, which
TEW
k furrounded by gaoler ie<; and Iq, the
Liddle is generally a fountain. The
bojles ar^ two ftoriea high, flat at the
top, and the ftreets very narrow.. The
ftumen vlfit eafh other from the tops of
their hottfes : they wear hracelets oil their
Lms and legS) and large ear-ringsi have
very fine eyes, and fome of them beauti-
I ful fkins } and their veft is open before^
from the boibm to the waift. The (hop*.
[ are very fmaUi and without doors ; the
laafter fitting crofs-legged on a counter,
with the goods difpofed in drawers round
him, and all vhe cuftomers ftand in the
Itreet. It is; feated on the river Cus,
three miles from the MediterraneaR, ii
s of Geuta, and loS N by W Qf Fez.
Lon. 5 26 w, lat. 35 ^^ N. ■'
Teverone, a river of Italy> the
anciept Anis, vvhich rifts in the Appen-
nines, 50 ,Q>iks above Tivoli, glides
tiu'ough a plain till it coi^es near that
town, when it is confined ^or a fhort
ipace bet\we^n two liji|ls, covered with
grove?. TJ^efe were Aippefed to be the
rcfidanqe of the,iiliyl Albuuoa» to whom
a temple here ytas dedicated, the elegant
form of wbi^h indicates it& havii^g been
biylt whei> tb^ ai;tsi were in thp higheft
ftjte of pprfe^ion. The river w>vi«g
with au{^i<ip.ted rapidity,, as ita channH
is confijiiied, at laft riUhes yiolently ove« ii
Ict't]^ precipice ^ the noife of its tails re-,
ibuads through the hiU* and groVes of
TivoJl} a liquid <:.loud arifes from ttbc:
foaming water, which afterward (itividea
into num.benlei« fn^all cafcades. Having
gained ,the plain, it ibon afterw^'d i^et-
ceives tbe vypt^rs of the lake Solfatara,
and flovtrs) quietly on till it lofes iC^jf \xt
die Tiber, See SolfataM^
Teviot, a river crf^ScotJand, which
rlfes in tHiC- mpxmtains in the sw of Rox>-
biu'ghihire-, and pafTing almo(l through
the cepti'e of that county, unite;; with the
Iweed, nev Kelfo.
TEViQTOAtE. See Koxburoh-t
SHIRE.
Teurart, an g^ncient town of tb*
kingdom of Fea, feated qr a inou9tAin
near the rivBT 5Ja,
Teus,era, an anciept town qf Bar*
bary, in Biledulgerid, divided ihto two.
pai-t§ by a fiver. It ftapds op the CPS'-
fines of TwiSi in a country aboUDicUn^
in datC9^ Lpn. to 1$ e, lat, \x t^ n. ,
Tewkesbury, a borQ(»gh in Glour
cefterftjirc, witb a WMkft on WedneCday
and Satur4«^y* H^k 4re the ruins bif a
monafteryj and \% was formerly fa-
mous for mufta?d b&U9» to whicK Shak-
ii)«av« &Uud.«l iq b^ ftcQAd pact ^
T H Ar
Henry iv. ft has iiuuiufaauc«« of w6«U
len cloths and cotton ftocking*} and ieodi
two members to parliament. Here* in.
147 1, Edward iv gained a decilive vie-*
tpry over the Lancaftrians. Tcwkeibury.
i^ leated at the cc^^uence of the Severa
and Avon, 10 mu s n of Glouc<ftei»
and X ox \y N w of London. Lon. a 1 3 w«
lat. 51 ON.
Texel, an ifland qf the United Pin['.
vinces) in N Holland, leparated trom the
continent by a narrow channel of the
fame name, defended by a ftrong fort.
This channel is the belt and molt fouthem,
entiance from the ocean into the Zuider-
zee, and through it moit of the ihips pall
that are bound to Amitcrdam.
Teva, a river of Germany, whick
rifes near Teltih, in Moravia, flows £»
by Znaim, on the borders, of Auftria,
and enters the Moraw, pn the confine»
of Hungary.
Teyn, a town of Bohemia, belonging
to the archbifliog of Prague, 52 milea
sw of that city. Lob. i) 40 e^ U1.49
38N.
Tezar, an ancient town of thekiog<«
dom of Fez, capital of the pEoyin(;« of
Cuzi. Hei-e is a molque larg^- than that
of Fez, being half a. mile in ^ircumfer-*
ence. It is feated on' a finall Viver, 4$
miles; E «f F«z. Loa. 4, i5.w; l«t. 3j
40 Ni
Tbzcuco, a town of New Spain, and
the capital of a laige government. Here
Cbrtez caufed a capal to be dug, \t(herc
he buiH 18 brigantines* to €an:y on the
fiege Of Mexico. It is feated near the lake
of Mexico, 30 mile4 k of the city of that
name. Lon. 100 4 w, lat. »o 3 n. \\ .
, TlzELA, an agncient town of A^ien^
in this kih^mofTretnefen„ with a««(illr^
,15 miUs from Oran. Lotiii p %^%^ lat,
3S as N; .
Te2!otb, a town of the kingdom of
Fez, feated on Che point of a fbck, eight
miles from MeiiUa.. Loa. i 55 w, Ut*
444ON.
Thames, the fineft river in Great
Britain, which takes its rife fropi a. co-
pious Ijpring, called Thames Head, two
rpiles sw of Cirencefter, in Gloucefler-
ihire. ' It has been erroPeoully laidf that
its name is Ifis, till it arrvrcs-at poiv
chefter, .15 miles below Oxfbrd,. when,
befcog joined. by :the Thnroe o«i Taane, it
affumea thic niii^e qf Thanses, whlcb» it
has been:oblerved» is forn^ fi pm a, com-
IsinatidB. «f the vtKjnis Thacbe aii4 Jfi*.
What wa^ Ae origin 0f thi* vulgar e^«,
cannot now be twwied. Poetical fiflipn,
however, hal perpetuated this errev, a^d
•+•■11.,
%
■ m
T H A
T H A
iiire#C'1itw7ihakindofc1aincalfanAUy. hoM courts of confervancy for the four
But Camden fayi, that the rivir was al- countiei of Surry, Middlelex, Eflex, and
way* called Thame* or Tern*, before it Kent. Though the Thames Is faid lo
came near the Thame; and in feveral be navigable 138 miks above London
ancient charters granted to the abbey of Bridge, there are fo many flats, that in
Malmfbury, as well as that of Eniham, lummer, the navigation weftwnrd wmild
and in the old deeds relating to Cricklade, be intirely ttopped, were it not for a
it is Bewr confidered under any other number of locks : but thert is no lock
name than that of Thames. All the from London Bridge to Bolter's Lock
hiftorians, yi\\o mention the incurfioos of which is 51 miles above that bridge'
Ethclwold into Wiltflnre, in 905, or The plan of new cuts has been adopted
of Canute, in iot6, concur likewife in in fome places, to (horten and facilitate
the fame opinion, by declaring, that they the navigation : there is one near Lech-
paiTed over the Thames at Cncklade in
Wiltshire. It is not probable, moreover,
tlut Thames Head, an appellation by
which the fourcc has ufually been diftin-
guilhcd, fliould give rife to a river of the
najnc of Ifis ; which river, after having
run half its courfe, Ihould realliim*; the
name of Thames, the appellation of its
piient fpring. About a mile below the
fource of the river, it is not more than
nine feet wide in the fummer, yet, in the
%vinter beconvts fiieh a torrent, as to
overflow the meadows for many miles
lade, and another, a mile from Abingdon.
A Jtill morf important undertaking was
effefled in 1789; the junftion of thi$
river with the Severn. A canal had been
made, from the Severn to Wall-bridgc,
near Stroud. A new canal now afcendi
by Stroud, through the Vale of Chalford,
to the height ot 343 feet, by %% locks,
and thence to the entrance of a tunnel
near Sapperton, a diltance of near eight
miles { which tunnel, extending under
Sapperton Hill and part of earl Ba-
thurll's grounds, two miles and three
around. Tbfc ftream proceeds to Crick- hirlongs, can navigate barges of 70 tons,
lade, wher^ it receives many other rivu- The canal, defcending hence 1 34. feet, by
lets, which caufes it to widen confiderably 14 lacks, joins the Thame* at Lechladc,
in its way to Lechlade ; and being there a diftance of above 20 mile*. The length
joined by the Lech and Coin, at the dif- of the whole canal, from the Severn to
tance ori38 miles from London, it be- the Thames, is more than 30 miles. A
comes navigable for vcffels of 90 tons, communication with the Trent and Mer-
At Oxford (In whofe academic groves fey has likewife been effefled, by a canal
its pcetical name of Ifis has been fo often from Oxford to Coventry ; and an aft ol
invoked) it is joined by the Charwelli parliament has paifed, to extend another
and proceeding to Abingdon, and thence canal from this, at Braunfton, to the
to Dorcherter, it receives the Tame.
Pafling by Wallingford to Reading, and
forming a boundary to the counties of
Serkt, Bucks, Siirry, and Middilefex,
it watej'S Henley, Marlow, Maidenhead,
Windfor, Staines, Chertfey, Kinglton,
Thames at Brentford, to be called the
Grand Junftion Canal. The tide flows
up the Thames as high as Kingfton,
which, following the winding of the
river, is 70 miles from the ocean; a
greater diftance than the tide is carried by
and Brentford, in its courfe to London j any other river in Europe. The water is
«iuring which it receives the Kennet,
Loddolt, Coin, Wey, Mole, and Wan-
die. F(Om London, the river proceeds
to Greenwich, Woolwich, Grays-Thur-
rock, Gravefend, and Leigh, into the
Genr.an Ocean, in which courfe it parts
«ffex'firt»m Kent, and receives the Lea,
-jkoding, Darent, and Medway. The
j<irIfdi«ion of the lord mayor of London
ever the TtiamM, extends from Coin
Ditch, a little to the w of Staines, to
Yendal or Yenleet, eaftwditl, including
part of the rivers Medwav and Lea ; and
he has a deputy, named tpe water-bailiff,
who is to fearch for, and puniih, all
efteemed extremely wholefome, and fit for
ule in very long voyages, during which
it will work itlelf perfeftly fine.
Thames, a river of the United States,
in Connefticut. It is compofed of two
principal branches, the Shetucket on the
E, and the Norwich, or Little River, on
the w. This laft, about a mile from
its junftion with the Shetucket, at Nor-
wich, has a romantic cataraft. From
Norwich, the Thames is navigable 13
miles to Long Ifland Sound, which it
enters at New London.
Thamet, an ifland of Kent, com.
prifing the e angle of that county, and
efFenders againft the laws for the prefer- feparated from the mainland by a narrow
vation of the river and its fifh. Eight channel of the Stour. It produces much
•imc» a year the loid mayor and aldermen corn, efpecially barlcy» and alTo madder.
THE
The 8 part Is a rich tra^ of marlh land.
It contains the feaports of Margate and
Ramfgate, and ievcral villages.
Thaso, an ifland of the Archipelago,
on the coaft of Macecionia, at the entrance
of the gulf of Conteifa. It is 12 miles
long and eight broad, and abounds in an
the neceflaries of life. The fruits and
wine are very delicate) and there are
mines of gold and filver, befide quarries
of Hnemai'ble. The chief town, of the
fame name, has a harbour frequented by
merchants. Lon.24. 3%e, lat4o 59 n.
Thaxted, a corporate town in Elfex,
with a market on Friday. It is governed
by a mayor, and feated n£ar the (burce
or the Cheimer, zo miles N w of Chelms-
ford) and 43 NE of London. Lon. o xi
E, lat, 51 56 N.
Thbbaid, a country of Upper Egypt,
reach In? from Fium to the Rdi Sea. It
is the ieaft fertile, and the thinneft of
people of any province in Eeypt^ being
full of deferts, and celebrated for the re-
treat of a great number of Chriftians, who
lived here in a folitary manner. It is
now inhabited by Arabs, who are rob-
bers by profeflion.
Thebes, the ancient name of a city
of Upper Egypt. It was celebrated for
having 100 gates; and there are many
magnlncent remains of antiquity. Three
villages, named Carnack, Luxor, and
Gournou, are feated among its ruins,
which aie hence called the antiquities of
Carnack and Luxor.
Thebes, an ancient city of Livadia.
See Thive.
Theobalds, a village in Hertford-
Ihire, 12 miles N of London. It was fa-
mous for the magnificent palace and gar-
dens of the great lord Buileigh, which
that nobleman exchanged with James i
for Hatfield. The fmall remains of this
palace were demolifhed in 1765.
TheoDOsia. See Caffa.
Thermia, an ifland of the Archipe-
lago, s of the ifland of Zla, and near the
gulf of Engia, iz miles long and five
broad. The foil is good and well culti-
vated, and it has a great deal of filk.
The principal town, of the fame same, is
the refidence of a Greek bilhop. Lon. 24.
59 E, lat. 37 31 N.
Thessaly. See Janna.
ThetfoRD, a borough in Norfolk,
with a market on Saturday. It is leated
6n the Little Ouf'e, and there is a high
mount, which has been walled round,
uad fenced with a double rampart. It is
governed by a mayor, lends two membeis
ro parliament, and has three churches, a
r HI
good frcefchool, and a townhall. The
lent aflizes for the county are kept nere.
The river, which here divides SufFolk
from Norfolk, it navigable from Lynn }
and a good deal of wool- combing is car-
ried on here. It formerly had upwaid of
40 churches, and was a bifhop's fee; but
it was deftroyed in the time of tht Danes.
It is 30 miles ssb of Lynn, and 80 nx
of London. Lon. o 50 e, lat. 52 18 n.
Thbux, a village, near Spa, in the
bifliopric of Liege, where the Fi-ench
obtained a vi6lory over the Aullrians, in
»794- - ..
Thibet, or Great Thibet, a
country of Afia, lying between 8x and
102** e lon. and 25 and 40° N lat.
bounded on the Nw and n by the Defcrt
of Kobi, in Tartary, on the e by China,
on the 8 by Affam and Burmah, and on
the w and sw by Hindooflan Proper and
Bootan. This country is one of the
highefl in Alia; it being a part of that
elevated traft which gives rilie not only to
the rivers of India and China, but alio to
thofe of Siberia and Tartary . Its length
from E .0 w, cannot be lefs than 1000
milet; ; 'm breadth very unequal. It i%
divided into three pjirfs. Upper, Middle,
and Lower Thibet. The Upper lies to-
ward the fources of the Ganges and Bur-
rampooter ; the Middle is that in which
Lafla, the capital, is i'eated; and the
Lower, that which borders on China.
Little Thibet is fituate between Upper
Thibet and Caihgur. But major Renneil,
who confiders the geography of the whole
country as very oblcure, is uncertain
whether Little Thibet is lubjea to lafla
or not. Notwithftanding the very rov gh
and fterile (tate of Thibet, and the l«\ e-
rity of its climate, from its wonderful
elevation, its inhabitants are in a high
ftate of civilization; their houfes lofty
and built of ftone; a^ the ufeful manu.
failures in ibme degree of improvement.
The Thibetians are governed by the
grand lama, who is not only fubmitte d
to, and adored by them, but is alfo the
great obje£l of adoration for the vai'ious
tribes of pagan Tartars, who walk
through the vafl traft of continent which
ftretches from the river Volga to Corea. H e
is not only the fovereign pontliF, the vice-
gerent of the deity on earth, but by the
more remote Tartar* is ablbiutely regarded
as the deity bimfeir. They believe him to
be immortal, and endowed with all know-
ledge and virtue. Every year they come
from different parts to worfbip, and make
rich offerings at hi» flirlne. Even the
emp^Koc of China, who is of a Tartar
Pp » .
If I r
f^ m'
3
i«l
t HI
T H O
tacci does not fail to a«kn«^ledge th«
laina, in his religious capacity, although,
as a temporal fovcraign, the lama himlieU'
is tributary to that emperor. The opi-
Sion of the moft orthodox Thibetians is,
that when the grand lama I'ecms to die,
vither of old age or infirmity, his foul,
in reality, only quits a crazy habitation,
to look for another younger or better}
and it is discovered again in the body of
ibme child, by certain toktnt* known only
to the lamas or prieiis, in which order he
always appears. In i774> the grand
Jama was an infant, who had been dif-
covered fonre time before by the tayolhoo
lama, who, in authority and iitndity of
charufVer, is next to the grand lama, and,
during his minority, a£\s as chief. The
lar .as, who form the molt numerous, as
yrell as tlie moft powerful body in the
ftate, have the priefthood intirely in their
kands { and, moreover, they fill up many
nionuliic orders, whifch are held in great
veneration among thenl. Befide the reli-
i« at PatoU, a vaft palace, on a mountain,
liear fh« banks df the Burrampooter, I'even
miles from Lafla. In 1774, the EnglHh
£ India Con>pany made a treaty with tii<)
larhitt The religion of Thibet, thoughV
in many refpeiU, it differs from that of
the Indian bramins, yet, in others, has a
great alKnity to iu The Thibetians
bave a great veneration for the cow, and
liighly rei'pe£l alfo the ^waters of the
Ganges, the Iburce of which they believe
to be in heaven. The lunniaffes, or In-
dian pilgrims, often vifit Thibet as a
koly place ; and the lama always niain-
tains a body of near }oo of them in hi(
pay. See Palte.
TaicL, or TiF.L, a ftrong town of
Dutch Guelderlderland, taken by the
French in 1794.. It is feated on the
Waal, 10 miles \v of Nimtguen. Lon.
)5 x6Et lat. 51 56 N.
THiELt, a town of Auftrian Flanders,
in the chattilany of Comtray, 10 miles
W of Courtray.
7*HxCRs, a populous town of France,
in the department of Puy de Dome and
iate province of Auvergnc. It is famous
for its ftatuary, hardware, ahd cutlerv j
hud is feated on the fide of a hill, 22 miles
M of Clermont, and 220 s by £ of Paris.
Lon. 3 38 £^ i^t. V5 51 N.
Thipnvill» , allrong 1*1 wr of France,
in the depai ^lent of Mofelle and late pro-
*«ice of LorraiB. It was taken by the
jM'iMC uf Condt in 1643. The AuJtrUuis
bombarded it in 179a, but were obIice«J
to raife the fiepe. It is feated on the Mo,
felle, over which is a bridge defended by
a hornwoik, 14 miles n of Metz, and 195
NE ot Paris. Lon. 6 15 E, lat. 49 21 N.
Thirsk, a borough in the n riding of
Yorklhire, with a market on Monday.
It fends two members to parliament ; and
was formerly noted for its Ihong cattle.
It is 20 miles Nw of Yolk, and 230 n by
W of London. Lon. i 16 w, lat. m- 1 5 n.
Thive, or Thebbs, an ancient aiid
celebrated city of Livadia, with a bllhop s
lee. It is nothing now to whi'.t it was
formerly, and yet is four miles in rlrcum-
ference, but fo full of ruins, that there
are not above 4000 Turks and Chriltians
in it. It is famous for a fipe fort of white
clay, of which bowls for pints are made
ai'ter the Turkiih faHiion : tney are never
burnt, but dry naturally, and become as
hard as ftonc. Here aie twc Molqucs,
and feveral Greek churches. It is feated
between two rivers, 20 miles nw ( F"
Athens, and 280 sw of Conftaniinoplc,
Lou. t% 40 E, lat. 38 17 N.
Thoissbl, a conllderable town of
France, in the departinent of Ain and late
}>rovincf of BrcAe, with a handfomc col.
tge. It is feated in a fertile country, near
tht; Saoue and Chalcrone, 10 miles n uf
Trevoux, and aoo. se of Paris. Lon. 4
50 e, lat. 46 13N.
Thoma, St. an iflandof Africa, lying
under the equator in 8* r. lon. It v o*
dilcovered in 1429, and js almoft round,
about 30 miles in aiameter. The foil is
ffrtile, and produces plenty of fugar-
canes. On th.: fame vine are bloffoms, and
green and ripe grapes, all the year round.
It is a veiy unwholefome country, pof-
ftffed by the Portuguefe, and few live to
a great age. It confifts chiefly of hills,
intcnuixed with vallies, which are con-
liantly filled with a thick ftinking fogj
but it agrees very well with the cattle,
which are larger and finer here than on
the Gold Coaft of Guinea.
Thomas, St. oneof the Virgin Iflands,
in the W Indies, with a harbour, a town,
and a fort. After the capture of St.
!Euftatia, in 17S1, it became the mart of
that part of the W Indies. It is 15 miles
in cuxumference, and belongs to the
Danes. Lon. 64 51 w, lat. 18 21 N.
Thomas, St. a town of Hindooftan,
on-the coaft of Coromandel, with an arch-
bifhop's fee. It is fubjeft to the Portu-
guefe, and three miles s of Madras. Lont
$0 25 E, lat. 13 2N.
THOMAS, St. a town of S America, in
Guiiuia),i«at9d on the Otonoko, and lub-<
T H R
T I B
jefl to Spain. In 1618, it was taken and
burnt by fir Walter Kalcigh. Lon. 63 30
Vf, lat. 7 6 N.
Thomond, a county of Ireland, alfo
called Clare } which lee.
Thonon, a town of S;ivoy, capital of
Cliahlals, with a palace, and levcral con-
vent)!. It is I'eated on the lake of Geneva»
It the mouth of the river Drama, 1 3 milea
tw of Laufanne, and 16 ne of Geneva.
Lon. 6 44. E| lat. 4.6 19 w.
Thorn, a city of Weftern Pruflla,
formerly a hanlcatic town. A g:t .t tu-
mult happened here in 1-/14, between the
Roman catholics and proteltants. on ac-
count of the ftudents of the jefuit& ; upon
which the Poles lent judges to try die
magiftrates for not fupprefltng the .-iot,
who condemned two of the principul
magiftrates to be beheaded, and leven of
the citizens. The protcflants have a
handfpme college here. The Pruliians
forcibly took potrein«n of this town, in
i793> and annexed it to their dominions.
It is I'eated on the Villula, over which is a
remarkable bridge, 67 miles sof Dantzic,
and 105 Nw of Warfaw. Lon. 18 42'E,
lat. 53 6n.
Thorn, a town in the w riding of
Yorkftiire, with a market on WedntlUay,
It Aands in a marfhy foil, near the river
Don, 10 miles ne of Doncafter, and 167
N by w of London. Lon. 1 a w, lat, 53
39 N-
TnoRNBiURr, a corpoi-ate town in
Qloucefter/hire, with a market on Satur-
day. It is governed by a mayor, and
feated near ■ '.leSevern, 44 miles sw of
Gloucelter, and 121 w of London. Lon.
a 31 w, lat. 51 35 N.
Thornhill, a town in Dumfriesfhire,
where fairs are held, chiefly for woollen
yarn and coarfe woollen ftuffs. It is fitu-
ate on an elevated plain, on the E fide of
the river Nitli, 1 5 miles N by w of Dum-
fries.
Thouars, a confiderable town of
France, in the department of Two Sevres
and late_ja-ovince of Poitou. The riftle
cf it»^4uicient dukes is on a rock, fur-
rounded by walls 120 feet high, which,
from the whitenefs of the (tone, might be
fuppofed not more than 10 years old. It
is feated on a hill, by the river Thoue, 34
miles SiE of Anger?, and 161 pw of Paris.
Lop.o rs^» lat. 46 59 N.
Thrapston, a town in Northampton-
ihire, with a market oh Thurfday, leatpd
pn the Nen, pver which is a bridge, feven
mil^s M of Hi^am-Ferrers, and 75 NNw
<)f London. Lon.o 36 w, lat. 52 26, n,
Three Hills Island, an ilii^d, Pnf
. J
of the New Hebrides, in the S Paclltc
Ocean, lying to the s of Malicollo.
Three Sisters. See Kuriles.
Thvin, a town of Austrian Htinault»
but fubjefc to the bi(hop of Liege. It is
feated on the Sambre, eight miles sw of
Charleruy, and 15 &fc uf Mons. Lon. 4
IX E, lat. 50 21 N.
Thule. See FuLAw
Thule.Soi/thern. SeeSANDWicil
Land.
Thun, a lake of Swiflcrland, in the
canton of Bun, five leagues long and one
broa«i. Its borders arc richly variegated,
and covered with numerous villages. Tbtf
river Aar paircs through it, and at tl>«
NW extremity is the town of Thun.
Thun, a town of Swiffer'.and, in tht
canton of Bern, with a caltle, where the
avo/cr rtTides. It is feated on a lake of
the fame nami:, where the river Aar iflueg
from it, partly in a fmall ifland, and partly
on a hill, 10 miles se of Bern. Lon. 7
17 £, lat. 46 38 N.
Thunder Bav, a bay, nine miJcf
broad, at the nw corner ot Lake Hurpn,
in N America ; fo called i'rom the cppii*
nual thunder that is heard there.
Thvrgau, a bailiwic of SwiflTerjasd^
which lies along the river Thur, bounded
on the e and N by the lake, town, an4
bifliopric of Conftancc; on the s by thp
tcrritoiy of the abbot of Sf. Gallen j and
on the w by the canton of Zuric. It i$
the largeft bailiwic in Swiflerland, a| we]]
as the moft pleal'ant ai}d fertile } and I»
extremely populous. The fpvereign^y
belongs to the eight ai^citat cantons,
Frauenfield is the capita]..
Thuringia, a jandgravate of Ger»
many, in the circle of Upper Saxony^
bounded on the E"by Mifnia, on the s by
Franconia, on the \fr by He^e, ?nd on thp
N by the duchy of Brunfwick and the
f>rincipalit;» of Anhalt. It is 73 miles in
ength, and nearly as much in breadth ^
abounding in corn, fruits, and wood. It
belongs to the el?ftors )f Saxony aai
Mentz, and feveral petty fovevei^ns. Exr
furt is the capital.
Thurso, a borough in Caithnefsftiirc,
at the mouth of the river Thurfp, on thi^
■w fide of Dunnet Bay. It has a ftouij-
derable trade, and ,a nianufaflure of
wooUtn and liwpu cloth. Loft. 3 lO w,
lat. 58 36 N.
TiANO, an ancient town of Naples, in
Terra di Lavora,, with a fi^mous. nunnery.
Near it is ^a mineral Ipi'ing, faid to be ex-
cellent for the ftene. It is 15 n>i|qs n\y
of Capua. Lon. 148 t, lat. 41 i^M'
TwER, a river in Italy, whigh ii'ijft La
??3
' I
iit
¥
1;
T I E
T I E
the Appentilnes, in the Florentino. It is covered with wood, or laid out in plan.
pitfles into the Ecclefraltical State, waflies tations. Befide the bay of St. Philip and
Borgo, St. Sepulchre, Citta di-Caltello, St. Jago, on the N fide of it, the ifle»
Orto, and Rome, lo miles from which it
falls into the Mediterranean Sea, between
Oltia and Porto. Tivere is its modern
name.
TiBUROON, a cape, atthemoftwef-
terly extremity of the illand of St. Do-
mingo, with a tbwn, on an open road,
oppofite Port Antonio in Jamaica. It
wa* taken by the Englifti and royalifts in
St. Jago, on the N fide of
which lie along the s and E coaft, form
feveral good bays and harbours. Lon. 1 6 5
oE, lat. i5 OS.
TlERRA DEL FUECO, feveral Isands
at the fouthern extremity of Atntrica.
They take their name from a volcano on
the largeft of them, and are all very
barren and mountainous. U-pon the lower
grounds and iflands, that were (heltered
J 794, but retaken by the republicans the by the high moimtains, Mr. Forfter found
next year.
TlCARTE. See Tecort.
TiCKELL, a town in the w riding of
Yorkfliire, with a market on Friday. It
had a ca{tle.and fortificitions, demolished
in the civil wars, of which Ibme ruins re-
main. It has a diftinft liberty, called the
honour of Tickell, which is part of the^
duchy of Lancafter. It is five miles s of
Doncafter, and 155 N by w of London.
Lon. ill w,,lat. 5.3 27 n.
TiDDENHAM, a village in Gloucefter-
ihire, ieven miles s of Colford. Its parifh
is bounded on three fides by the ^ye and
Severn} and at the utmolt point, where
the rivers divide, aie ftill to be feen on
the rocks, at low water, the ruins of a
chapel, which was dedicated to St. Te-
cla, the firft female martyr, who luifered
in the year 47
feveral Ibrts of trees and plants, and a
variety of birds. Among the trees was
Winter's bark-tree, and a fpecies of ar-
butus, loaded with red fruit of the fize
of fmall cherries, which were very well
tafted. In fome places there is alfo plenty
of celery. Among the birds was a fpe-
cies of large duck, which ran along the
fea with amazing velocity, beating the
water with its wings and feet: at the
Falkland Iflands it is called a loggerhead
duck. There are alfo plenty of
and falcons. The rocks of fome of t.ie
iflands are covered with large mufde-
fhells, the fi(h of which is well flavoured.
The natives of this country are (hort in
their perfons, not exceeding five feet fix
inches, their heads large, their faces
broad, their cheek-bones prominent, and
their nofes flat. They have little brown
geefe
TiDESWELt, a town in Derbyfliire, on eyes, vvithout life ; their hair is black and
the s confines of the Peak, with a market
en Wednelday. It is remarkable for a
well that ebbs and flows two or three times
in an hour after great rains } the water
gu(hing from feverat cavities at once, for
the fpace of five minutes : the well is
three feet deep and broad, and the water
rifes and falls two feet. It is deemed one
of the wonders of the Peak. Tidefwell
is 21 miles NW of Derby, and 158 nnw
•f London. Lon. i 46 w, lai. 53 15 n.
TiDOR, an illand in the Indian Ocean,
fjne of the Moluccas, to the e of Gilolo,
and to the s of Ternate. It is 17 miles
lank, hanging about their heads in dif-
order, and befmeared with trainoil. On
the chin they have a few Itraggling fliort
hsirs inftead of a beard. The whole af-
femblage of their features forms the mott
loathfome piflure of milery to which hu-
man nature can poflibly be reduced. They
had no other cloathing than a fmall piece
of fed-lkin, which hung from their
fhoulders to the mi^ile of the back, being
fattened round the neck with a ftring : the
reft of their body was perfectly naked.
Their natural colour leems to be an olive
brown, with a kind of glofs, rcfembling
in circumference, and produces cloves and that of copper j but many of them dii-
Ilax, The Dutch are mailers of the ifiand,
though it ha» a king of its own. The
woods and the rocks that furround it, ren-
der it a place of defence. Lon. 126 o E,
lat. © 50 N- . V , . ,
TiEL, See Thiel.
TiERRA DEL BsPlRlTV SaNTO, the
guife themfelves with ftreaks of ^r«d paint,
and fometimes, though fcldomj with
white. Their whole character is a ftrange
conipound of ftupidity, indifference, and
inaftivity. They have no other armg
than bows and arrows, and their inftru-
ments for fiihing are a kind of filh-glgs.
moft weftern apd largeft ifland of the New They live chielty on feals flefl), and like
Hebrides, in the Pacific Ocean, being 40 the tat oily part moft. There is no ap-
ieagues in circuit. The land is exceed- pearance ot any fubordination among
in^y high and mountainous, and in many them, and their mode of life approaches
places the hills rife directly from the lea. nearer to that of brMtei} than th^t of any
Except the diflfs and beaches, every part Qthet- nation.
T I L
T I N
Tif'RiSi a liver of Tttrkcy in Afia,
which has its roiirce near th.it of the £u>
phrates, in the mountain Tchilder, in
ruicomania. It leparatcy Jiarbeck from
Erzerum, and Khuiiitan from Irac-Ara-
bia, and unitine with tK^: Kuphrates> talis
into the gulf of Ptrfia, under the name of
Schat-el-Arab. This river pafles by
Diarbeicar, Gezii'a, Moufui* Bagdad, and
BulVarah.
TiLBURY, East, a village in Eliex,
ntar tlte inuuth of the Thames, £ of Til-
bury Foit*. It is fuppoitsd to be the place
where the emperor Claudius croifea the
Thames, in puriuit of the Britons. ^ In
this pariih is a field, called Cave Field, in
which is a horizontal paflage to one of
the Ipacious caverns in the neighbouring
narim of Chadwell. Of thel'e Camden
has given a fketch in bis Britannia ; and
he dei'cribes them as in a chalk, clitf, built
very artificially of Hone, to the height of
ten fathoms. Dr. Derham meaiured thrte
of the moft coaiiderable of them, and
found the depth oi' one of them to be 50
feet, of anotlver 70 feet, and of the third
So feet. Their origin is too remote for
in ve (ligation.
TiLBVRy, West, a village in Eflex,
fituate on the Thames, n of Tilbuiy
Fort. Here the four Roman proconi'ular
ways trolled each other, and, in 1630, it
was the fee of bilhop Ceadda, or St. Chad,
who conveited tlie £a(t Saxons. Tlie
marihes here, feed a great number of
Lincolnfliire and Leicefterlhire Aieep, for
the London market. In this parifti is a
celebrated Ipriag of alterrative water, dif-
covercd in 171 7. When the Spanifh ar-
mada was in the Channel, in 1588, queen
Elil'abeth had a camp here, which was
wliere thf windmill now ftand« j and fome
traces of it are vifible.
Tilbury Fo»t, io Efltx, fituate on
the Thames, o^ipofite Gravelend, a re-
gular fortification, which may be termed
the key to London. It has a double
moat, the innermoft of which is 180 feet
brori'^ j with a good -countericarp, a co-
vert- way, raveliuo, and>.terails. '^'s
chief ftrength on the land fide coiuifts
in its being able to lay the whole level
under water. On the fide next the river is
a llrong curtain, with a noble gate, called
the Water-gate, in the middle ; and the
ditch is palifad/:d. Before this curtain
is a platform in the place of a counter-
iicarp, on which are planted 106 guns,
from »4 to 46 pounders each, bdtde I'mai-
ler ones planted between them ; and the
baftions and curtains are alfo planted with
guns. It i« z8 miles i by s of London.
Tim AN A, a town of S Anierka, ifi
Popayao, capital of a territory oii^' the lumt
name, which abounds in fruits and pal*,
tures It is feated on a river, 1 30 miles
ESS of Popayaa. Lon. 73 55 w, lat. x
35N.
Timor, an idand in the Indian Ocean,
between Celebes and New Holland. It it
150 miles long and 37 bread, and aboimdt
in fandal-wood, wax, and honey. Tht
Dutch have a fort here. Lon. of the sw
point 1Z3 59 E, lat. 10 23 s.
TiMORLANO, an illand in the Indian
Ocean, between Timor and New Guinea.
Lon. of the s point 131 54 e, la^. 8 15$.
Tina, a town of Turkey in Europe,
in Bofnia, on the river Tis, 37 miles KW
of Spaiatro. Lon. 17 9 s, lat. 442SN.
Tina, anciently TiNOS, an ifland of
the Archipelago, one of the Cyclades, t\>
the w of Nicaria. It is 17 miles long
and eight broad, and is fubjei^ to thr
Venetians. The riches of tliis ifland
conlilt in filk, of which they have 16,000
pounds every year; and the filk ftockings
they make of it are very good j but no-
thing can equal the gloves which are knit
here for the ladies. The f«rtrels Italbdc
on a rock ; and there is a bilbop^s fee of
the Latin church, though the Greeks
have 200 papas or priefts. St. Nicolo i«
the principal town. Lon. 25 24 £, iat.
37 30N.
TiNevELLY. See Palamcotta. •
Tin IAN, an illand in the Pacific Ocean,
one of the Ladrones, 1 2 miles in length
and fix in breadth. The Ibil is every
where dry and healthy; and, being
Ibmewbat Tandy, is the lels difpofed t«
rank and over-luxuriant vegetation. The
land riles in gentle Hopes from the ihore to
the middle ot the ifland, intermixed with
vallies of an eafy defcent ; and they are
beautifully diverfified with the mutual
encroachments of the woods and lawns.
The woods coafift of tall and well-fpread
trees, and tlie lawns ."ire covered with
clean uniform turf, producing fine tre-
foil, and variety of flowers. There are at
leaft X 0,000 cattle here, that are ail milit
white, except their carst which are brown
or black. There are alfo a vaft munber
of fowls which are eafily caught, aad the
flelh of both is exceedingly good, befide
plenty of wild hogs, whofe fleih is delicate
food. In the woods are prodigious quan*
titles of cocoa-nuts, cabbage-trees, gua-
Toes, limes, fweet and ibur orasges, and
bread-trait, which the failors prefer
greatly to the (hip^s bread. There arc
alfo vegetables proper tor the fcurvy ; fuch
at wauimcloB, dandelion, creeping p^*
1^1^''':; ''<: :i
il':
ir.^tJ
iM
**■•
^k
T 1 P
t I t
Salii) mint, fcurvygrafs, and forrel. Here
are fome ruins of a particular kind, con-
fifting of two rows of fquare pyramidal
])illars« each pillar being about fix feet
from the next* and the diftance between
the rows is i z feet ; on the top of each
there is a femiglobe, with the flat I'uriace
«ipv<rard, and they are compofed of fand
and ftone cemented together. , The cli-
mate is extremely healthful, for the rains
are not continual, but fall in frequent
refrefliing fliov^s. There are no ftreams,
but the water of the wells and fprings is
extremely good. The principal inconve-
niemre arifes from the number of mudcitoes,
and other kinds of Hies j and there are
likewife infefts called ticks, which faften
upon the limbs and bodies of men, and
lury their heads under their Ikins. The
road is ioconvenient, and, in feme feafons,
there is little fecurity for a fhip at anchor.
]Lon.i46oE, lat. 150K.
Tin MOUTH, a Icaport in Northiim-
berJand, at the mouth of the Tyne, nine
miles E of Newcaftle. It has a caltle,
feated on a high rock, inacceifible on the
feafide, and well mounted with cannon.
There is a bar acrofs the mouth of the
river, which is not above feven feet deep
at low water.' There are dangerous rocks
about it, called the Black Middins; but
there are lighthoufes to guide the ftiips by
right. Here (hips take in their loading
ofcoal, and of goods brought from New-
Caftle. Lon. 1 i6w, lat. 55 6n.
' Tin ZED A, a town of Barbary, in BiJe-
dulgerid. It is feated on a river of the
fame name, in a country fertile in dates
and barley, and abounding in indigo.
Lon. 6 i?w, lat. 27 30 N.
TiNXULiE, a ttrong town of Barbary,
in Biledulgerid, feated on the river Dras.
Lon. 5 43 w, lat. »8 1 5 n.
TiPER-AH, or TiPRAH, a kingdom of
Afia, in the dominions of the king of
Burmah, lying under the tropic of Can-
cer, to the E of Hindooftan Proper.
TiPPERARY, a county of Ireland, in
the province of Munfter, 60 miles long
and 40 broad; bounded on the N by
King's County, on the E by Queen's
County and Kilkenny, on the s by Wa-
tertord, and on the w by Galway, Clare,
Limerick, and Cork. The a part is fer-
tile; but the N is rather barren, and ter-
minates in a row of melvc mountains, the
higheft in- Ireland, called Pheltmdhe-
Madina. It contains 147 parifhes, and
lends eight members tdpuwHamflnt. The
fiver Shiite runs through at from N to s.
Cafliel -iB the oiipitfai. i>
TiRANO,' a town of the country of the
Grifons, capital of the Upper Terzero
It contains feveral handfome buildings*
but from the narrownefs of the Itret^s'
and many ruinous houfes, its general
appearance is defolate./^t The river Adda
divides it into two parts, which are
joined by a ftone bridge of a fingle arch.
There are fome remains of the ftone
walls by which it was formerly fur-
rounded, and which, with an adjoining
fortrefs, were built by Ludovico Sforza,
againft the incurfions of the Grilons, but
were difmantled by the latter, when they
acquired poffelfion of the Valteline. The
ftaple conunerce of this town confifts in
the exportation of wine and fllk. Near
the town on the other fide of the Adda,
is the magnificent church of the Mado-
na, or virgin \Xary, mtich vifited by the
catholic pilgrims. The mafl'acre of the
protetlants of the Valteline, in 1620, be-
gan in this town. It is 17 miles sw of
Bormio. Lon. 9 46 e, lat. 46 iz n.
TiREE, a fmal\ but rich ifland of Scot-
land, one of the Hebrides, lying to the svv
of Col, and noted for its marble quany
and a handfome breed of litHe horfes.
TiRLEMONT, a village of Auftrian
Brabant, formerly one of the moft confi-
derable places in that duChy, but ruined
by the wars. It is feated on the river
Geet, over which are feveral bridges,
I a n)iles ese of Louvain, and 25 e of
Biiiflels. Lon. 4 47 e, lat. 50 48 n.
TiRNAU, a Itrong and confider'ablc
town of Upper Hungar}', in the county
of Neitra. It is feated on the Tirna, five
miles \v of Leopoldftadt, and 22 ke of
Prefburg. Lon. 17 39 e, lat. 48 24N.
Tirol, a county of Germany, in the
circle of Auftria, and part of the hereditary
dominions of that houfe. It is 1 50 miles
long and 120 broad; and although a
mountainous country, it produces as much
corn and wine as the inhabitants have oc-.
cafion for, and has rich mines of gold,
filver, and copper. It is divided into
four parts ; Tirol, properly fo called, the
biftiopric Of Trent, the bishopric ot
Erixen, and four 'provinces of Suabia,
which are imitcd to Tirol. It is bounded
on the N by Bavaria, on the K by Ca-
rinthia and the archbithopriCof Saltzburg,
on the s by the territoj^ of Venice, and
on the w by SwifiTevland. Inlpruck is
the capital.
Tjtak, c* Caba'ros, an iftand of
France, the moft eaftern of the Hieres, iti
the Mcditerra'neam
• TiTiC ATA, «>» iflanU of fijru, iti the
K
. T I V .
nidience of Los Charcos: It Is fituate in
J take of the fame name, which is one
of the largfcit in S America.
TiTMONiNG, a town of Germany,
In the archbtfhopric of Saltzburg. It was
sinioft defohtcil by tiie plague in 1310,
and was reduced to afhes by lightning in
J571; but it has been fmce rebuilt. It
is leated on the Saltza, 44 miles NW
of Saltzburg. Lon, 12 46 E, lat.47 54 n.
TiTcn FIELD, a village in Harapfliiie,
llated on a linall river, fix miles e of
Southampton. It had formerly an abbey,
on the frte of which is TicUfield lloule,
ere^k-d in the reign of Henry viii. At
this houfe Charles i was concealed, in his
flight from Hampton Court, in 1647.
Srowe fays, that, when an abbey, this
was the place where the marriage of
Henry vi with Margaret of Anjou was
fo'emnized. Great part of this ancient
manfion has been taken down.
TiTLiSBERO, one of the higheft moun-
tains in Swrflerlund, at the foot of which
is th^. greatsti: pai't of the valley of En-
gelbei'g.
TiTUL, a ftrong town of Upper Hun-
gary, in the county of Bodrog. It is
leated on the Teifie, near i^s confluence
with the Danube, 23 miles e of Pcter-
waradin, and 20 nw of Belgrade. Lon.
2o 34 E, lat. 45 30 N.
TlVERE. See TifeER.
TivFRTCN, a borough in Devonftjire,
with a market on Tueiday. It is feated
on the Ex, over which is a ftone bridge,
is governed by a mayor, and fends two
members to parliament. It has a noble
frcefchool (tbimded by a clothier of this
town) whitih has an endowment alio for
the maintenance of eight fcholars at Ba-
licl College, Oxford, and Sidney Suffex
College, Cambridge. ' Tiverton has luf-
fered very leverdy by fire, particularly
on April 3, 1598} Auguft 5, 1612;
June 5, T73i j and June 30, 1794. Be-
!ide the elegant pari(h churchj rebuilt
after the fire in 1731, here is a chapel of
e:ife, erc^lecl by luh(cription, and n'.adc,
by aft of parliament, a perpetual curacy.
Thii town has been noted for its great
woollen manufacture, and is 14 miles nt«e
of Exeu.T, and 161 vv by s '>f Lond<4i.
Xon. 3 38 vv, hit. 50 54 N.»
Titr.MEN, a town of Siberia, in the
province of Toboilk, on the Twra, 125
milfs w of Tcbolfk.
'I'jvoi.i, acekbratcd town of Ituly, In
Cainpagna di Roma, with a bifliop's fee.
It'ii now wretchedly poor: itboafts, how-
c\>r, of gteates un.tiquirv than Home it-
k\i', "being tht iCncieiU Tibur, which,
.' T O B
Horace fays, was founded by a Orecian"
colony* It was the favorite count; y re-
fidence of the ancient Romans, as Frefl.
cati is of the moderns. Near the bcttoiia
of the eminence on which Tivoli Itands,
are the j\iins of the valt and magnificent
villa built by the emperor Adrian'. Other
illuilrious Komans had alfo their villas
here i as Julius Ccfar, Caius Caflius,
Auguftus, the poets Catullus .^nd Pro-
peirius, Mnsccnas, &.c. Horace is thought
to hav(, cenipol'ed great part of his workg
in this favorite relicat. Near Tivoli are
a celebrated calcade, a ternple of Vefta
and another of the fybil Albunea, a mag-
nificient villa belonging to the duke of
Modena, called the Villa Eftenfe, and the
remarkable lake of Solfatara, Tivoli is
fcattd on the Tevsrone, iz miles ene of
Rome, and 15 nne ol- Frefcati. Lon, ii
43 E, lat. 41 59 N. Sec SOLFATARA aixi
Tev krone.
Tlasc.m.a, a province of New Spain,
in the audience of Mexico, it is bounded
on the N by Fanuco, on the e by the gulf
ot Mexico, on the s by Guaxnca and the
Pacific Ocean, ajiid oa the w by the au-
ditnce of Mexico. In the w part of this
province is the mountain of Tlal'cala, i*
miles in circumference : it is well peopled
and cultivated, except on the fununit,
which is always covered with Jhow.
There ai'c alfo other mountains, covered
with treesi, in which are tigers and mon-
kies.
Tlascala, a town of New Sp;tin»
capital of a province o{ the fame jianic.
The inhabitants are the native Americans
and Spaniards ; but it is not fo confider-
able now as it was formerly. It is feated
on a river, partly on a motmtain, and
partly on a plain, 82 miles es£ of Mexico.
Lon. 99 I w, lat. X9 30 N.
Tr-EMSEN. Seel'REMESEN.
Tobago, the molt fouthward of the
Ifiands in the W Indies, and the moft
eaftwaid except Barbadoes. It is 32 miles
long and nine broad. The climate is not;
i'o hot aj might be expected from its litu-
ation fc near theequa:or; nor is it viiited
by fuch dreadful hurricanes as frequently
uelblate the other iJlnnds. It is di-
IJiied with hills and vales, and is equal
in ricljnefs. of produce to any idands in
tlieic leas. In 174S, it wis declared a
neutral iiland, Intt in J 763, was ceded to
the Knglifli, It was takcti !>y the J'Vench
in J7S1, and confirmed to them in 1783 ;
but it was taken by the ErrjUli); in 1 793.
It in T20 miles s of l^arbad</es. Lon. 59
0 w, lat. II ipN.
ToDACo, Little, an ifi?,ad near th«
I) i « '1 1.
in] I-; ! ■■
'i h:.' ■■■
f^^
,i '
MrH
M
^M-
T O C
KE extremity of Tobago, two miles long
and one broad.
Tobolsk, a government of RulTia,
which comprehends the w part of Siberia.
It is divided into the two provinces of
Tobolflc and Tomflc.
Tobolsk, the capital of Siberia, and
of the government of Tobolllj. It is
feated on a high .hill, of vaft extent, at
the bottom of which the river Iityfli runs j
and is inhabited by Tartars, who drive a
great trade on that river, and carry their
goods to China. The Tartars that live
round this city, for feveral miles, are all
Mahometans, but their mufti is an Ara-
bian. There arc alio a great number of
Kalmucks, who fcrve as flaves. The Ruf-
fian^ commonly fend their ftate prifoners
to this city, which is feated at the conflu-
ence of the Tobol and Irtylh, 800 miles
E by N of Mofcow, and 1000 e by s of
P.rtcrfturgh. Lon.68 laE, lat. 58 12 N.
To CAT, a large tolvn of Turkey in
Afia, in Natolia, capital of a province
of the fame name. The houiies are
haiidibmelr built, and the ftreets pretty
well paved, which is an uncommon thing
in thefe parts ; but the town makes a very
©dd appearance, and is in the form of an
ajnphitheatre. There are two nigged
perpendicular rocks of marble, with an
old caftle upon each j and fo many ftreams,
that each houfe has a fountain. Here are
»o,ooo Turkifh, 4000 Armenian, and
4.00 Greek families. There are la
mofques, and a vail number of chapels j
the Armenians have feven churches, and
the Greeks only one. Befide the filk of
this country, they manufacture much of
that of Perfia, and make it into fewing
fiik. Their chief trade is in copper vel-
fe!s, fuch as kettles, drinking-cups, lan-
terns, and candlelticks. They alio pre-
pare a great deal of yellow Turkey-lea-
iher. Tocat may be considered as the
centre of trade in Natolia j for caravans
con^e hither from feveral parts. Its ter-
ritory abounds in fruit and excellent
wine. It is 210 miles w by & of Erz6-
rum, and 283 N oiF Aleppo. Lon. 37 15
JB, lat. 39 50 N.
TocAYMA, a town of Terra Firma,
in New Granada, feated on the Pati, in
a country abounding in fruit and fiigar-
canes. Here are hot bath« between two
cold fprings} and near the town is a
volcano, which emits fire and flames.
ion. 73 50 w, lat. 4. 3 N.
TocKAY, a ftrong town of Upper
Hungary, m the county of ZimpHn, with
2 calMe. The town itfclf is inconfider-
able ; but it is celebrated for its excellent
T O L
wine. Thtre is but one vineyard tha
produces it, infonnich that it is fcarcc
even at Vienna. At fume diftanct from
u are large falt-works. It i^ iVated at
the confluence of the Bodrog and Tcjfit
75 miles Nw of Great Waiadin, ami 00
NEofBuda. Lon. 21 25 E,ht. 48 ION.
ToDr, an ancient town of Italy, in the
duchy of Spoletto, with a bifliop's fee.
It is feated on a hill, near the Tiber, az
miles s of Perugia, and 50 n of Rome.
Lon. 12 32 E, lat. 42 44. N.
ToGGENBURG, a County of SwiflTer.
land, depending on the abbey of St.
Gallon. It is a narrow comitiy, Htuate
between high mountains, is fertile in corn
and fi-uit, and is divideil into the Upjitr
and Lower. It contains 30 parifties, and
upward of 4.6,000 inhabitants. The
proteltants are in- the pioportion to the
catholics, of feven to five ; but both re-
ligions are bound by oath to maintain
rec i procal harmony . .
ToLAGA Bay, a bay of the ifland of
New Zealand. Lon. 178 33 e, 1:u. 38
21 s.
Toledo, an ancient commercial city
of Spain, in New Caftile, of which it
was formerly the capital. It is feated on
a mountain, on the river Tajo, which
furrounds it on two fides j and on the
land fide it has an ancient wall built by a
Gothic king, and flanked with ico
towers. There are a great number of
fnperb ftrudlures, befide 1 7 public fquares,
where the markets are kept. It is an
archbifhop's fcej and the cathedral is the
richefl and moft confiderable in Spain:
the Sagrariro, or principal chapel, is a
real treafury, in which are 1 5 large cabi-
nets let into the wall, full of prodigious
quantities of gold and filver veflels, and
other works. Here are 38 religious houfcs,
mofl of which are worthy a traveller's
notice, with a great number of churches
belonging to 27 parilhes, and foine hof-
pitals. Without the town are the remains
of an amphitheatre, and other antiqui-
ties. It has a royal cattle, a famous uni-
verfjty, and feveral manufaftures of filk
and wool. It is 37 miles s of Madrid.
Lon. 3 »o w, lat. 39 50 n.
ToLEN, a town of the Dutch Nether-
lands, in Zealand, in an illand of the fame
name, feparated by a narrow channel
from Dutch Brabant. It is five miles
NW of Bergen-op-Zoom. Lon. 4 20 E,
lat. 51 30 N.
ToLENTiNO, a town of Italy, in the
marquifatc of Ancona, with a bi/hop's
fee. It is the place where the relics of
St. Nicholas are kept, and h feated on
TOM.
tlut W^M the river Chiento, eight miles se of St.
icarrc ^^M Sevu'inu, r.n<.i S8 ne of Rome. Lon. 13
Kiorn ^H II E, lat-43 14N.
^(1 at ^^m ToL^SBURG, a feaport of Ruflla, in
JcHie, ^^H thf government of Riga, feuted on the
111 90 I^H gulf of Finland, 60 miles w of Narva.
I'o N. W^M Lon. 26 4 E, lat. 59 38 N. ,
P the ^H ToLHUYs, a town of Dutch Guel-
i'ce. ^H| derlaiid, feated on the Rhine. Here the
p> 22 HH fft^nch army paHed the Rhine in 1672.
|ome. SMH It is t^i^T^it inilei> E of Nimeguen. Lon.
6 0 E, hit. 51 56 N.
ToLMEZzo, a town of Italy, in Ve-
netian Friuli, 30 miles ne of Bclluno.
Lon. iz 50 E, lat. 46 30 n.
ToLNA, a town of Lower Hungary,
capital of a county of the fame name.
It is feated on the banube, in a country
producing excellent wine, eight miles sw
of Colocza, and 45 s of Buda. Lon.
19 1% E, lat. 46 33 N.
ToLOSA, atownof Spain, the capital
of Guipufcoa. It is not large, but is
inhabited by a great number of arti(ts,
who naake Iword-blades in high efteem.
It is feated in a valley, between the
Araxis and Oria, over which are two
handfome bridges, and near them fcveral
natural cafcadcs. It was taken by the
french in 1794; and is 37 miles sw of
fiayonne, and 47 SE of Bilboa. Lon. i
5 W, lat. 43 ION.
ToLU, a towti of Terra Flrma, in
the government of Carthagena ; famous
for the fine balfam of Tolu, brought
hence to Europe, and produced from a
tree like a pine. It is feated on a bay of
the gulf oi Mexico, 60 miles s of Car*
thagena. Lon. 75 z* w, lat. 9 30 N.
ToMAR, a town of Portugal, in Ellra-
madura, feated on the river Naboan, at
the foot of the mountains, where there is
a caiUe belonging to the knights of Chrift.
It is 40 miles SE of Coimbra, and 65 ne
of Lifbon. Lon. 7 5$ w, lat. 39 30 N.
ToMBEC, a town of Auftrian Brabant,
eight miles s of Lou vain, and 10 E of
Bruffels. Lon. 4 49 E, lat. 50 45 N.
ToMBELAiNE, a fmalllAand of France,
with a town of the fame name, on the
coaft of Normandy, in a /mall gulf be-
tween Avranches and St. Maio. This
ifland, as well as that of St. Michael, in
which there is a monaftery, are every day
joined, at iow water, to the mainland.
ToMBtiCTOU, a kingdom of Africa,
in Negrolaud, which lies to the S£ of the
l^reat defert of Zahara, and W of the
empire of Caftina. It produces great
plenty of corn, cattle, milk, and butter.
The king has 300 horfemen, befide a
great nunaber of foot* who frequently
TON
take captives, and fell them to the mer-
chants for Haves. The houfes are built
like bells, with walls of hurdles plaif.
tertd with clay, and covered with reeds.
The better fort of women have their
faces covered, their leligion being Maho-
nietunifm. Both men and women are
very fond of dancing, and fpend a great
part of the night in that exercife.
ToMBUcTO, the capital of a kingdom
of the fame. name, in Negiuland, with a
ftately mofbiie built of Hone, and a royal
palace. There is a great number of
weavfrs of cotton cloth j and hither the
cloth and other merchandiie are brought
by caravans fiom Barbary. Jnftead of
money, thev make ufe of fliells and finaU
bits of gold. In the proceedings of (Sie
African Aifociation, this place is men.'
tioned as a luxurious, opulent, and flou-
rishing city, fubjefl to a fevere police,
and, as fuch, attra6ling the mercluints of
the moft diilant flates of Africa. It is
feated near the Niger, 270 miles sw of
Mourzook. Lon. o 8 w, lat. 19 59 n.
ToMEBAMBA, a town in Peru, in the
audience of Quito, where was a temple of
the Sun, whole walls, as the Spaniards
afllrt, were covered with gold. It is i»o
miles s of Quito. Lon. 77 50 W, lat. z
16 s.
Tomsk, a town of Siberia, in the pro-
vince of Tomfk. It contains above 2000
houfes. On the higheft pait of the town
ftands a wooden caftle, defended by 14
pieces nf cannon ; and in it are a cathedral
built of wood, the chancery, and an arfenal.
The inhabitants carry on a great trade,
this town lying on the great road through
all the fi and N parts of Siberia. It is
feated on the river Tom, 105 miles esb
of Tobolfk. Lon. 84 59 E, lat. 5545 N.
TONDEREN, or TUNDEREN, a town
of Denmark, in the duchy of Slefwick,.
capital of a bailiwic of the fame name,
with a fort. It is feated in a fertile
country, on the river Widaw, and on a
bay of the German Ocean, 15 miles se of
Ripen, and 30 N\v of Slefwick. Lon. 9
40 E, lat. 54 5S N.
ToNOATABOo, or Amsterdam.
Island, one of .he Friendly Iflands, 20
leagues in circuit. It has the bed har-
bour, or anchoring-pJace, to be found
among thefe iflands. It is wholly laid
out in plantations, with roads or lanes
for travelling j and is the leat of govern-
ment for aU the other iflands, and the
ordinary refidence of all the principal
chiefs. Lon. 174 46 w, lat. 21 9 s.
Tongres, a very ancient town in the
blAopric of Liege, having b«ea one of
;»«,■,' ■!
1
■-i
Mr* '1 ■ )
M|f| 'i*'
u\]. ■;' l.rf,
It* I
TON
TON
■{he richeft and moft flourifhing cifits in
"the Roman province of Gallia Belgica.
"It has lieverely I'uffercd by the calamities
of war; the nrft time by Attila, king ot
ihe Huns, and the laft, by the Frdich,
in 1673 and 1677. It is ieated on the
Jcckar, 12 miles sw of Maeftricht, and
iS" w of Leige.
ToNG-TCHANG-FOU, a city of China,
in the province of Chang-tong, contain-
ing in its diftri61, three cities of the
fccond, and 15 cf the third cials. It is
150 miles s of Pekin. Lon. 115*5 E,
lat. 36 30 N.
To^G-TCHUEN-FOU, a fortified city
Vf China, in. the province of Se-tchucn.
'X'ht inhabitants are all foldiers, who have
followed the profcflion of arms from
father to fon. It is 867 miles sw of
Pekin. Lon. loi 30 e, lat.25 56N.
ToNGUSiANS, a people who inhabit
the E part of Siberia, and are fubjtft to
the KufTians. They are all pagans, and
chiefly fubfilt by grazing, and hunting of
I'ahles. They live in huts, which, wl.en
they remove their dwellings, they take
down, and fet up elfewhere. Thele huts
are compofcd of wooden poles, covered
all over with hair and rubbifli, except a
^ole left at the top to let out the fmoke.
Their fire is made in the middle, and
they all fit round it upon turfs. Both
fexes nre very flrong, and broad-faced,
and they all ride on horreback, not ex-
cepting the girls. Both men and women
drefs alike in a fort of frock, »;ith boots
of fkins on their legs, and their common
drink is water.
TCNNAY BOUTON!«E, a tmvn of
France, in the department of Lotver
Charcnte and bte province of Saintonge,
feated on the river Boutonne, 17 miles N
of Saintes. Lon. o 34 w, lat. 45 56 n.
• ToPTNAY Charente, an ancient and
conlldcrable town of France, in the de-
partment of Lower Charente and late
province of Saintonge, with a caftle, and
a fmall port. It is feated on the Cba-
lentc, three miles from Rochefort, and
153 sw of Paris. Lon. o' 46 >v, lat. 45
56 N.
To'JiTEiNS, a town of France, in the
department of Lot and Garonne and late
province of Guienne. It is feated on the
'Garonne, two miles from its junftion
-with the Lot, and feven E of Marmande.
Tonne rr-e , an ancient town of France,
in the department of Yonne and late pro-
'yince of Burgxmdy, fantotis for its goott
wines. It is feated nnflre Arman^onj 27
-miles 5 of TJoy«» atid ic^z ■% Qf Paris .
*Lon. 44 E, lat. 47 51 ;N.' ■ • :
ToN^iNCEK, a town of Denmark,
m the duchy of Slefwick, capital of a
territory ot the fame name. It is ieated
on a peninfula formed by the river Eyder
where there is a commodious harbour, 25
miles sw of Slefwick, and 58 nw 0?
Hamburg. Lon. 9 10 e, lat. "54 30 n.
TONQUIN, a kingdom of Afia, bounded
on the N by China, on the E by China
and the bay of Tonquin, on the s by
Cochin China, and on the w by Laos.
It is about 1200 miles in length and 500
in breadth, and is one of the finelt and
moft conliderablc kingdoms of the Eaft,
as well on account of the number ot'
inhabitants, as the riches it contains,
and the trade it can'ies on. The natives
in gcneial are of a middling (tature, and
and clean limbed, with a tawny complex-
ion. Their faces are oval and nattifh, and
their nofes and lips well proportioned.
Their hair is black, long, lank, and
coarfe j and they let it hang down their
(lioulders. They die their teeth black.
They are dexterous, aftive, and ingenious
in mechanic nrts. They weave a multi-
tude of fine filks, and make curiouc lacker-
works, which are exported to other coun-
tries. There is fuch a number of people,
that many want cniploymtnt, for they
.feldom go to work but when foreign fliins
arrive. The money and goods brought
hithev by the Englifli and Dutch put
them in aolion, for they have not money
of their own liifficient to employ them-
felves; and therefore one third at leaft
■muft be advanced beforehand by the
merchants. They are fo addifted to
gaming, that when every thing elfe is
lolt, they will ftake their wives and
children. Th& garments of the Tonqui-
ne(e are made either of filk or cotton ; but
the poor people and foldiers wear only cot-
ton of a dark tawny colour. Their houfea
are fmall and low, and the walls either of
mud, or hurdles daubed over with clay.
They have only a ground floor, -with two
or three partitions, and each room has a
fquare hole to let in the light. They
have ftools, benches, and chairs ; and oq
the fide of a table is a little altar, with two
incenfe pots thereon, which no houfe is
ivithout. The country is thick fet with
villages, which coiifift of 30 or 40
hotili;s, furrounded by trees, and in
fbme places are banks to keep the water
from overflov«ring their gardens, where
they have oranges, betels, pumkms, me.
tens, and'falad lierbs. In the i*ainy fea-
■fon they carmot pafs from one houfe to
anothef, mtho»t wading through the wa-
terj h»t fometimes theydiavt hosts. In
TOO
Le capital, callal Tong-tou> are ahput.
•0,000 houfes,wi[h mud waUs,and covered
lwitl» thatdi; a few built with brick,
Nil! I'oof^ with pantvks. In each yard
ij a linall arched buildlhg, like an oven,
about fix feet high, tpade of brick, v^hich
ftrves to fecure tiieirr goods, in calc of fire^
The principal ftreets aie very wide, and
paved with fniall ftonts. The king of
fonquiahas three palaces In it, fuch as
they are } and near thein are (tables for
his horfes and elephants. The Tonquinele
in general are courteous to (trangers ; buj
the ifreat men are Ixaaghty and anibiticus,
the loldiers infolent, a»d the poor thievifii.
They buy all their wives, of which the
great men liave feveralj but the poor ar«;
itinted for wanr of muneV' In hard times
the u)en will fell both their wives and
children, to buy rice to maintain them-
felyesi When a mfta difs, he is buried
ia his own ground, and if he was maAer
of a family, tlicy ni:ike a great feaft.
The firit new nvoon that happens after
the middle of Januaxy, is a great feiHval{
when they rejoice, for lo days together,
and fpend their ttnie in all manner of
fports. They have another great fea,lt
in May or June, when their firlt harveit
is got in. Their religion is paganifm,
and yet they own a Supreme Being.
Their ii^ok have human (hapes, but in very
different forms. They have likewli'e lbra«
refembling elephants and horfes, placed
in fmall low temples built of timber.
The language is fpoken very much in the
throat, and Ibme of the words are pro-
nounced through the teeth : it has a great
refemblance to the Chinefe. They have
fchools of learning, and their characters
are the fame, or like thoiie'of China j
sind like them they write with a hair pencil^
The commodities are goid,.mufk, filks,
calicoes, drugs of many forts, woods fqr
dying, lackered wares, earthen wares,
fait, anifeed, ^nd wcrm-feed. The
lackered ware is not Inferior to that of
Japan, which Is accounted the beft in tiip
world. With all their merchandife,, the
people ari in general vei-y poor ; the cliicf
trade being cajried on by the Chlneie,
Englirti, and Dutch. This kingdom is
jin abfolute monarchy.
ToNSBERG, a feaport of Norway, m
the province of Aggerhuys, 30 miles w
of Frederlckiladt. Lon. 10 20 e, la^.
58 50 N,
* ToOBOUAi, an Ifland In the Pacific
Qcean, difcro^'fiKd by captain Cook. It
IS not, in any dlTciStion, above fix miles
'over i but there ai'e bills in it of a con-
£derable elevation; covered witL herbage,
TrO %
except a few rocky cliffs, with ptchc*«of
trees inter fperfed to tl\cir fummits, ' ^.
is plentihiUy ftocked with hogs and fowls*
and produces ftvcral klmls of fnjits anj.
roots. Lon. 149 23 w, lat. zj 25 s.
ToPCLiFP, a town in the n riding- of*
Yorkshire, leated on the Swale, on a^
condderable afcent, 24 niUcs N of York- ,
TOPSHAM, a town in Dcvonlhire, with
a market oa Saturday'. It is I'catcd on thei
Ex, five miles SE or Exeter (of which It
is the port) and 170 sw of Loudon. Lon.
3 26 w, lat^ 50 39 N.
Tor, or Eltor, a town of Arabia
Petrea, featcd on tlw Red Sea, with a
good harbour defended by a caftle. Here
is a .Greek convent. In the garden, <rf
which are fountains of bitter water, pre-
tended to be thofe whvjch Moles reiidc;rt4
Iweet^ by throwing in a piece of woyj,'
Lon. 3.3 45 E» lat, aS *7_n. . '^;pl
ToRBAY, a bay of the Engillh Cfianr
ncl, on the coail ot Dcsronlhire, to ilic s
of Dartmoutli, formed by two capes,
called Bury-Point and Bob's Nofe. It
wa;i here the prince of Orange landed it^
Nqveuibcr 168S, wht:i he cauie ova* from
Holland, by the invit;ition of many prin»
cipal pcrfons, to prellrve us from popery
and arbitrary powk-r.
ToapoLE, a town of Italy, in. thq
Xi"i;u'Iho, 14 miles sg of Trtnt. Lon«
II 39. E, lat. 45 56 n;
ToRCELLO, a town o£ Italy, in the
territcry of Venice. It is thin of people,
oa account of the unwholelbmc air, aa4
I'taicd in a Ihiall idand, feven miles N <jf
Venice. Lon. 12 9 e, lut. 45 32 a.
ToRDE&iLLA*^ a fortified towa of
Spain, in Leon, with a magnificent (klace,
where queen Jean, mother of Ch:«le» v,
ended her melancholy days. It is iLeatei
In a country iertili: in corn and wine,
on the river Doueio, 24 miles w of Val-
ladoUd, and 75 SE of Leon. Lon. 4 56
w, lat. 41 48 N.
ToRCAW, a town of Ge/snany, £a
Saxony Proper. It has a caille, the liair-
cak of which is built in inch a manner,
that a perfoa paay lide in a chaile to the
top of It. The iirhabitants brew excellent
beer, which they fend to other places by
the Elbe, on which the town is featcd,
Hae the king of Pruifia obtained a gj-eat
.viftory ov?r the Aultiians in 1760, It
'is 27 miles NE of iLeipfic, and 35 N\v of
Drefdcn. Loa. 13 3 e, lat- 51 34 n,
ToRlCNY, a town of Franco, in the
department of the Channel and late pro-
.vlnce of Normandy, with a magnificent
caftle, feated on a rivulet, feven miles ss
«f St Lo. Len.o 43 w, laV49 on.
/
.:€
I TOR >
ToRMISf a river of Spaiiii which rir«t
in the mountains of Avila, in Caftilej
pafles by Alva, Tonnes, and Salamanca,
and falls into the Douero, below Mirande-
dc-Douero.
ToRNA, orToRNAW, a fortified town
of Upper Hungary, capital of a county
of the fame name, with a caftle. It is
fcated on an eminence, on the river Sayo,
21 miles w of Caflbvia. Lon. 20 43 E,
Iat.48 SON.
ToRN£, a river of Sweden, which rifes
in the mountains ot Noi-way, forms a lake
of the lame name, and flowing SE tails
into the gulf of Bothnia, at Tomea.
ToRNEA, a town of Sweden in w
Bothnia, capital of a teiTitory of the
fame name, with a good harbour. It is
a place of fome trade, becaufe all the
Laplanders in thofe parts come and ex-
change their Ikins and things, for what
they want. The houles are low, and the
cold fo fevere, that fometimes people lofe
their fingers and toes. It is feated at the
mouth of the Tome, at the N extremity
of the gulf of Bothnia, 180 miles Ne
of Uma, and 410 nne of Stockholm.
Lon. a4 17 E, lat. 65 51 n.
ToRNOVA, a town of Turkey in Eu-
rope, in Janna, with a biihop's fte. It
is feated at the foot of Mount Dragoniza,
on the river Salempria, 10 miles NW of
Lariifa. Lon.iz 36 £, lat. 39 52 N.
TORO, a town of Spain, in Leon,
feated on a hill, on the river Douero, in a
country fertile in corn and fruits, and
■whofe vineyards yield excellent red wine,
it is 37 miles N by E of Salamanca, and
100 NW of Madrid. Lon. 5 2 w, lat. 41
39 N.
ToRELLA-DE-MoNCRis, a feaport of
Spain, in Catalonia, famous for a battle
gained by the French over the Spaniards,
in 1694. It is i'eated near the mouth of
the Ter, in the Mediterranean, at the
fcot of the Pyrenees, 1 9 miles E by fl of
Gironna, and 60 ne of Barcelona. Lon.
3 18 E, lat. 41 55 N.
ToRPERLEY, a town in Chefhire, nine
miles E of Chefter. It was formerly a
borough, and had a market.
Torre-del-Greco, a town of Na-
ples, in Terra-di-Lavoro, feated at the
foot of Moimt Vefuvius, on the bay of
Naples, five miles &e of that city. It
was deftroyed by an eruption of Vefoviu*
in 1631 i and in June 1794,, was over-
whelmed by a torrent of lava, from that
volcano. The inhabitants, however, to
the amount of 18,000, elcaped with their
lives, about 15 excepted j and the town is
TOR
now rebuilding on the lava that cover
the former habitations.
ToRREjo, a town of Spain, in Nen
Caltile, 15 miles s of Madrid. Lon. 1 n
W, lat. 40 ION.
Torres, a feaport of Spain, in GraJ
nada, leattd on the Med.cerranean, 4«-
miles sw of Granada. Lon. 3 t6 wl
lat. 36 39 N. * ^ M
Torres Novas, a ftrong and conful
derable luv^nof Portugal, in EftramaduraJ
with a caltle. It is lurrounded by walls,!
and feated in a fertile plain, on the river
Almonda, 55 miles ne of Liibon. Lon.
8 8w, lat. 39 ION. '
Torres Vedras, a town of Portu-,
gal, in Eftramaduia, with a cattle, feated
near the Atlantic, in a country abounding
in com, fruits, and good wine, 17 miles
s of Lifbon.
Torriglia, a town of Italy, in the
territory of Genoa, xo miles K of Genoa,
Lon. 844 E, lat. 44 34 N.
ToRRiNGTON, a corporate town in
Devonfhire, with a maiket on Saturday.
It has two churches, a manufacture of
fluffs, and is governed by a mayor. It
is feated on the Towridge, over which is
a bridge of four arches, 1 1 miles s by w
of Barnftaple, and 194 w by s of London.
Lon. 4 ow, lat. 51 4N.
ToRSiL, a town of Sweden, in Suder-
mania, feated en the s bank of the lake
Maeler, 43 miles of Stockholm. Lon.
17 20 E, lat. 59 20 N.
TORTOLA, the principal of the Virgin
Iflands, in the W Indies, 18 miles long
and leven broad. It fonnerly belonged
to the Dutch, who built a ftrone fort,
from which they were expelled by the
Eiiglifh in 1666. It produces excellent
cotton, fugar, and rum, and of late years
has undergone great improvements. Its
fruits, of which there are no great vari-
ety, are but indiffei-ent 5 fome apples ex-
cepted. The entrance into the harbour is
at the E erd of the ifland. Lon.63 0w,
lat. 18 33 N.
ToRTONA, a fortified town of Italy,
in the duchy cf Milan, capital of the
Torionefe, with a bifhop's fee, and a caftle,
feated on an eminence. It is deemed a
confiderable frontier place; was taken
by the allies in 1 744, by the Spaniards
in 1 745, and by the French in April 1796.
It is i'eated on the Scrivia, 28 miles SE of
Cafal, and 27 sw of Milap. Lon. 8 58
£, lat. 45 8n. " ■';'
T0R.TOSA, a city of S;[^ain, in Cata-
Ionia, with a bifhop^s fee, a uni\erfity,
ancl a citadel. It is divided into the
, , T O T
jid and New Town, both Airroundied by
Igiodc^rn tbi'tificutions. The entrance i»
Lftr a targe bridge of boats, on the river
lEhro, whofe head is fortified. It has a
f reat nunil)er of churches and religious
mifes i among which the cathedral, the
Lyal college of Dominicians, and the
convent of the Carmelites, are the mof^
Lmarkable. It is fituate in a country,
fertile in corn and fruits, and abounding
with quarries and mines of filver, iron,
alabaiter, jaiper of divers colours, and
({ones with veins of gold. Here is a great
^eal of filk and oil, and very fine potters
I vrarc, which refembles porcelain. It is
feated partly on a plain, and partly on a
hill, 55 miles sw of Taragona, and i8o
I of Madrid. Lon. o 35 £, lat. 40 53 N.
TdRTVGA, an uninhabited illand near
the cuaft of Terra Firma, 40 miles w of
the ifland of Margaretta, and about 30
miles in circumference. The E end is full
of bare rugged broken rocks» which Itretch
a little way out to Tea. At this end is a
large fait pond, where the fait begins to
kern in April ; and there have been 20
Aips here at a time for fait. At the w
end is a fmall harbour with frefli water ;
and it is full of low trees. There are a
few goats on it } and the turtles or tor-
toifes come upon the fandy banks to lay
their eggs, whence this ifland has its name.
It was formerly much frequented by
the bucaniers. Lon. 64. 50 w, lat. 11
30 N.
TORTUGA, an ifland of the W In-
dies, near the N coatt of th<; ifland of
Hifuaniola, where the French bucaniers
nfed to fortify themfelves. It is about
lo miles in circumference, and has a fafe
harbour, but difHcult of accefs. Lon. 75
10 w, lat. 20 ION.
TosA, a feaport of Spain, in Catalo-
nia, feated at the bottom of a bay, which
forms a good harbour, where veflels are
flieltered irom all winds, except the sw.
It is built partly on a plain, and partly
on a fleep hill, which projects into the
fea. On the top of the hill, nearer the
Tea, is a ftrong citadel, with other forti-
fications. It is 37 miles ne of Barcelo-
na. Lon. 2 54.E, lat. 4.1 4.2 N.
ToscANELLA, a town of Italy, in the
patrimony of St. Peter, 35 miles N of
Rome. Lon. 12 35 E, lat. 4.2 29 N.
TOTNEss, a borough in Devonfliire,
with a market on Saturday. It is feated
on the river Dart, on the fide of a hill,
and had formerly, a caiile. It fends two
members to parliament, is, governed by a
mayor, and lins a maaufaflure of ferges.
It K 27 miles sw of £xet«r, and 19$ w
9 ' '
: T o u
by s of London. Lon. 3 44W, lat. 50
24 N.
Tottenham High Cross, a village
in Middleiex, five miles N of London.
It is io called from a crofs, which ha«
cxifted here frcm time immemorial. It
was formerly a column of wood, raifed
upon a hillock. It was taken down about
200 years ago, and the prefent ftrudlure
erected in its ftead. Hue are three
almshoufes ; one of them (for eight poor
people) erected by Balthazar Zanches, a
Spaniard, who was confeflioner to Phi-
lip II of Spain, with whom he came over
to England, and was the firft that exer<
cifed that art in this country. In a brick-
field on the w fide of the road is St. Loy's
Well, which is laid to be always full, and
never to run over} and in a field oppofite
the vicarage houfe, is a fpring, called
Bi/hop's Well, of which tlie common
people report many ftrange cures. A
rivulet called the Mofei, which rifes on
Mufwell Hill,n^arHighgate, runs through
theprincipal (treet.
Totte RIDGE, a village in Middlefex,
near Chipping Bamet. It was greatly
inhabited by the citizens of London, lb
long ago as the reign of James i. It is
10 miles NNW of London.
TouLy an ancient and considerable
town of France, In the department of
Meurthe and late province of Lorraln.
Before the revolution it was a bifhop's fee,
and the cathedral and late epifcopal palace
are handfome ftruilures. It was an im-
perial town of Germany, till taken by the
French In 1552. It is feated on the Mo-
felle, in a plain, almoft furrounded by
mountains, 10 miles w of Nanci, and
167 SE of Paris. Lon. 6 2 £, lat. 4S
40 N.
TOULOMBA, or TuLMABtNl, a for-
trefs of Hindooitan Proper, in Lahore,
feated on the Rauvee, 70 miles ene of
Moultan.
Toulon, an ancient city and feaport
of France, in "the department of Var and
late province of Provence. It is the ca-
pital of the department, and, before the
revolution in 1789, was an epifcopal fee.
The inhabitants are computed at 80,000.
Toulon experienced the dreadful ravages
of the plague in 141 8, 146 1, 1476, 1587,
1621, 1630, 1647, 1664, and 1720. It
is divided into the Old and New Quarter.
The firil, which is ill-built, has nothmg re-
markable in it but the Rue aux Arbres (a
kind of mall) and the townhoufe. The New
Quarter contains (befule the magnificent
works ccnftrufted by Lewis xiv) many
iine houfes) and. a grand oblong fquaie.
%:
T O U
T O U
lined with trees, and fcrvhic as a parade.
The-tiaiboiir is dlftinguifhea likcwilie by
the names ot" the Old Port or Merchants'
Port, and the New Port or King's Port;
but this hft appellation ha« vaniihed with
tic abolition of royalty, and univerlal
de(tiu6^ion of all its lymbols. The
Merchants' Haven, along which extends
a noble quay, on which is the townhoufe,
is prottiled by two moles, begun by
Henry iv. The New Haven was con-
ftruiled by Lewis xiv, as were the for-
tifications. In the front of this haven is
an arfenal j and here likewiie ai'e a rope-
walk, a park of artillery, doclr yards,
bafins, and every thing to be exptded in
the fecond port for men of war in this
country. The gallies, transferred from
Marleilles, fdme years ago, occupy a
bafm in the New Port. Many ol th',
galley-flavesartfartifans, fome merchanu»
4nd, which is the raoft wonderful, of
Icrupulous integrity. They no lort^er
fleep on board the gaUtes, b^t have beea
lately provided v^tR accomivodations on
ihofe, in a vatt building, newly ereiled
tor that purport. Both the Old and New
Fort have, an outlet into the fpacious
outKV road or hai'bouf, which islurrqunded
by hills, and formed by natxue alm^Jtft cir-
cular. Its circuit is or great extent j and
fhe entrance is dtieuded, on both fides,
by a fort and batteries. Toulon is the
only mart in the Mediterraneaii for the
re-exportation of the produ6\& of the E
Indies. It was twice taken by the im-
perial troops in the fixteenth century j
and in Auguft 1793, it was furreivlered,
by the inhabitantti, to the BritiHi adir.iral
lord Hood, on condition of enabling tlicm
' toefFeit the re-eftablilhment of n^onarchy
in France. It was garrifoned, for Ibuie
time» by the Britifl* troops, and their al-
lies J but the Frencli having laid fiege to
it, they were obliged to evacuate the place
in December following, after having de-
stroyed the arlenal, i:c. and burnt or
taken away itveral men of war. Neaj-
15,000 of the inhabitants were brought
off by the Britidx fleet ; but many thou-
fauds were obliged to be left to the xnercy
of their enraged countrymen. The French
convention decreed immediately, that the
houfes fliQuld be razed, and nothing pre-
'ierved but the marine eftablilhraents. This
was followed by the execution of great
numbers of 'the inhabitants. It was
alfo decreed that the name iliould he
changed from that of Toulon to Port de
Ja Montagne, but this decree was (hortly
afterward repealed. Toulon is feated
on a bay of the Mediterranean, 37 miles
SEof Marfeillcs, and 517 sse of Parin
Lon. 5 561:, lat. 45 7N.
Toulouse, an ancient citv of France,
m the department of Upper Garonne, ai
late province of Languedoc, with ai
archbilhop's fee. It contains 60,000 in,*
habitants, and is the moft conlidirabl«]
city in France, next to Paris and tyons J
although its population liears no propor'j
tion to its extent. It was the capital orf
the Teaofages, who made lb many con,i
quells in Alia and Greece. It was next |
a Roman colony, and was fuccclfively tht |
capital of the Vifigoths (who deftroytd
the fuperb amphitheaue, of which there,
aie ftill fome remains, the capitol, anj'^
other Roman monuments) and that oti
Aauitaine. The walls of the city, as-
well as the houfes, are built with bricks.
St. Stephen's, the metropolitan church,
would be incomparable, if th« nave were
equal to the choir ; and the arehbifliop's
palace is magnificent, The tQwnhouiis,
a modern ftru«ure, foriua a perfeft fquare,
ja4 feet long, and 66 hi^h: the principal
front occupies aii iotire lide of the gtan4
fquare, lately called tlvfc if*lace Jloyale. Iq
the great hall, called the Hall of ilUiftri,
ous jMtn, is the (tatue of the chevalier
Uaure, and the bufts of all the great
icn to whom Tauloulit has gi.ven birth,
qmuiunicating with.tlie Atk^tlc, on quo
fide, by the river CJ^roiuie, and with tliq
Mediterranean, on the pther, by the ca-
nal of Languedoc, Touloufe might l^ve
been a very coonrajycial city j hvu the ttfte
of the inbahitanti has bcui principally for
the kiences and belles-lettres, llie tittle
commerce they have, confilts in jeatlxtfrj,
drapery, blankets, mignuonets, oil,, iron,
mercery, hardware, and books. The
bridge over the G:uonne is at leatt equal
to tliofe of Toms ani Orleans : it fprnib
the communication between the city and
fuburb of St. Cyprian. Touloule is 37
miles E of Auch, 125 SE of Bourdeaux,
and 350 s by w of Paiis. Lon. % 21 e,
Iat.43 35N.
TouRAiNE, a lafe province of France,
5S miles long and 55 broad j bounded on
the N by Maine, on the £ by Orlearmois,
on the s by Berry, and on the w by Anr
JQU and Puitou. The river Loire runs
through the middle ; and it is, in general.
To plealant and tertile a country,, that it
w;.o called the Garden of France. It now
forms the depactmuu: of Indre and Loire.
ToTJB.-DB-RoussiLi.ON, a town of
France, in the department of the Eaftern
Pyrenees and late province of Roullillon,
I'eated on a hill near the river Tct, tw«
miles below Perpignaa. _, . . ,,
T O U
TouR-DU-PiN, a town of Fi-ance, in
the ilepirtment of Ill're and late province
of Dauphiny» feat<;d on a river of the fame
name, 24. mile* s of Vicnne.
TouRiNE, a town of Germany, in the
bilhopric of Liege, 1 3 miles NE ot Nuiiiur.
Lon. 5 o E, lat. 50 36 N.
TouR-LA-Vn,LK, d town of France,
ill the tltpartiTJ^pt of Charente, and lute
province of Normandy, I'cpaiattid from
C'licrburg by a river.
TouRNAN, or TouRNANS, a town
of France, in tiie department of Seine
and Maine and late province of the Ific
of France, z2 miles E by s of Paris. Lon.
t45E, lat. 48 4.3 N.
1 OURNAY, a confiderabic city of Auf-
trian Flandtrs, capital of the I'ournayfis,
with a biihop's iee, and a Itrong caftle.
It has ieveral fine manufactures, and is
particularly famous for good ftockings,
J'he cathedral, and the abbey of St.
Martin, are very magnificent. It was
taken by the allies in 1709, and ceded to
the houle of Auftria by the treaty of
Utrecht } but the Dutch Were allowed to
place a garrilbn in it, as one of the bar-
rier towns. It was taken in 1 745, by the
French, who demoliihed the fortificati-
ons, but reftored it in 1 748 . In 1 7 8 1 , the
emperor Joleph obliged the Dutch to with-
draw their garrifon. It was again iaken_
by the French in 179a: they were
obliged to abandon it in 1793, but re-
entered it again, on the final conqueft of
Auftrian Flanders, in 1794. It is feated
on the Scheld, which divides it into two
parts, that are united by a bridge, 14
miles SE of Lifle, 30 sw of Ghent, and
135 N by E of Paris. Lon. 3 28 e, lat.
5° 33 M'
TouRNON, a town of France, in the
department of Ardeche and late province
of Daupbiny, with a fine college, and a
caftle that commands the whole town. It
is feated on the declivity of a mountain,
near the river Rhone, 40 miles w, of Gre-
noble, and 280 s by E of Pari*;. Lon.
4 50 E, lat. 45 6 N.
To URN us, an ancient town of France,
in the dcp'ditment of Saone and Loire and
late province of Burgundy. It is feated
in the Saone, in a country fertile in corn
and wine, 15 miles s of Chalons, and 202
5 by w of Paris. Lon. 5 o E, lat. 46 34 n.
Tours, art ancient and confidtrable
city of France, capital of the department
bf Indre and Loire and late province df
Touraine. From an archiepilcopal fee it
has been lately reduced to a biftiopric,
liifFragan to that of Bourges. It is ad-
vantagcopAy ftaud oji th« Loir?} and nsar
T R A / -
tlie Cher. Over the former is one of the
fined bridges in Europe, confuting of 15
elliptic arches, each 75 feet diameter j
three of thefe were carried away by th«
brcaking-up of ice in 1789. Tli€ ptin..
cijial church is remarkable for the deli-
cacy of its Itrudurc, its curious clock,
its mofaic pavement, and its rich library
of nianuieripts. Under the miniftry o'f
cardinal Richelieu, 27,000 perfons were
here employed in the filk manufaAurej
but now tlie whole number of inhabitants
is only 22,000. Ihe red wines of Tours
are much elteemcd. In one of the fub-
urbs, is the late abbey of Marmoutier*
reptiied the molt ancient in the Wtft.
Near the city is Pleflis-les-Tours, a late
royal palace, built by the profligate and
fuperltitious Lewis xi, who died here, in
1483, notwithftanding he had the precau-
tion to be covered all over with relics.
Tours is 52 miles nne of Poitiers, 54 K
of Angers, and 127 sw of Paris. Lon.
o 47 £, lat. 47 24 N.
TousERA, a town of Barbary, capital
ofBiledulgerid,leat£d in a country abound-
ing in dates, and dependent on the king-
dom of Tunis. Lon. 10 55 e, lat. 3*
30 N. • '
To wc ESTER, a town in Northamp-
ton/hire, with a market on Tuelday. It
was once ftrongly fortified, and is Ita ed
on a fmall river, 52 miles SE of Ccvent y,
and 60 NW of London. Lon. i 15 w,
lat. 52 4N.
TovvRiDGE, a river in Devonfhire,
which riles near the Iburcc of the Tamai-,
hot far from the Briftol Channel, runs se
to Hatherley, and then joining the OcJc
from Oakhampton, turns fliort to the H
and parting by Torringtcn and Biddeford,
enters the Briftol Channel, at Barnftable
Bay.
TowTON, a village in the w riding of
Yorkfliire, SE of Tadcafter. It is farcouj
for that bloody battle betwfcen the forces
of the houles of York and Lancafter, fo
fatal to the latter, on Palm-Sunday, 1461,
TowY, a river of S Wales, which
rlfbs in Cardiganfhire, enters Carmarthen-
fliire at it9 NE extremity, and paffing
by Carmarthen, enters the Briftol Chan-
nel.
Trachenburg, a town oi Germany,
in Siklia, feated on the Bartdi, 12 miles
K'E of Wolaw, and »6 N of Brcflaw.
Lon. 17 15E, lat. 51 30 N.
Trafalgar, a promontory of Spain,
in Ahdalufia, at the entrance of the ftraitt
of Gibraltar, 30 tniles SEof Cadiz. Lon.
6 1 w, lat. 36 II N.
TRAjANAPOii, a town of Tu^€y in
»i!
t R A
T R A
I
f.wo^i in Romania, with a Grfek trch-
bHho(»'s fee, tho\igh it is fniall and thin
of people. It is ieatetl on the Marica, 57
miles sw ot" Adrianojilc, ami 111 NWof
Conftuntinuplc. Lcn. z6 18 E,bt.4i 15N.
Trajetto, a icw'.i of Naples, in
Ten'a di I,:iv.)ia, built on the ruins of
the ancient Mintxirna. Here are the
rttins ot an amphitheatre and an aauedu^t,
• and it is leated near the mouth of th*
Garigliano, in the Med! terrain an, 25
milev Nw of Capua. Lon. 14. ^t, lat.
41 70N.
Traina, a town of Sicily, in the Val
di-Deirona, leated on a high mountain, at
the fource of the riv«jr 'I'raina, la milts
w of M«)unt Kill?., and 70 sw of MeUina.
Lon. 14 30 E, ht. 37 46 N.
Tra-i.os-Montes, a province of
Portugal, hcyf;nd the jnountinns, with ve-
5-ard to the other provinces of this Icinij-
om, whence it has its name, ft in bounded
on the N by Galicia, on the w by Entie-
Douero-e-Minhu, on the s by Beira, and
6n the e by Leon. It is fertile in wine
and oil, and abounds in cattle. The
Poucro divides it into two parts, and
Kliranda is the capital.
Tralee, a boruugh and fcaport of
Ireland, in the county of Kerry, leated
near a bay of the fame name, leven miles
SSEof Ardfert. Lon. 9 36 w, lat. $i 12 n.
Tranchin, a town of Upper Hiui-
gary, capital of a county of tiic lame
name. The caltle Itands fo high, that
h may be lien at the dilbnce of near
30 miles. There are tv»ro warm baths
within a mile of this' place, and a gicat
number of mineral Ipnngs in the adjacent
country. It is feated on the Waag, 50
miles NE of Prefburg. Lon. 17 50 E, lat.
Tr,a.ncon, an ancient town ot Portu-
fifal, ii^ Tra-loi-Montes, with a caltle,
Jeated'in a fertile country, 14 miles w by
s of Plhnei. Lon. 7 oe, lat. 40 44 n.
Trani, a feaport of Naples, ir. Terra
(ti Bari^ with a caltle, and an archbifiioji's
; lire. It' is the ufual rclidence of .he go-
vernor of the piovince ; b^it is iinich de-
Oryed fipce the harbour has been choked
lip with" mud. It is leated on the gulf of
Venice, ao miks w of Bari, and 125 n by
B of Naples. Lon. 16 36 e, lat. 41 aS a.
TkAMQUfiBAR, a town of Hindoortan,
em tlte coalf of Coromand«l, with a fort
and i9,£ioiy, belonging tb the Danes. It
is leated at the mouth of the Cauvery, 1 65
iniles 5 of Madras. Lon. 79 57 e, lat.
TRANiYLVANlA, a country formerly
«BiiMuted to Hungary ; bounded on the n
hy Upper Hungaiy aiul Poland, on thf 1
f>V Moldarla snd Waltchia, on the s by
^Valachia, and on the w by Upper anij
Lower H»in|rary. It is i6» milts long
and 150 broad, and furrounded on uQ
parts by high mountains, which, howcvir,
are not barren. It prtxiuccs as much
corn and wine as is wanted, and thci»
are rich mines of gold, filver, lead, cop.
per, qtiicklilver, and alum. It has nn-
difigune viiriuus rvjvolutions, but now be.
longs to the houle of Aultria. 'J'he in-
habitants arc of various religions, as Ro-
man catholics, Luthci;ins, CalvinilU, So.
cinians, Arminians, Greeks, and MhHo.
jnetans. The government is condufied
by 1 2 perlbns : namely, three Romaa
catholics, three Lutherans, three Calvin-
ills, and three Socinians. Herinanltadt
is the capital.
Traon, or Traw, a (hong and po-
pnlous town of Venetian Dairaatia, with
a bi/hojj's fee. It is leated on the gulf
of Venice, in a fmall iAand, joined to th«
mainland by a long bridge of wood, and
to the ille oi' Bua by another of ftone,
27 iniks SE of Sebenico. Lon. 17 52 e,
lat. 4.4 ON.
Trapani, or Trapano, a feaport ou
the \v fide of Sicily, in the VaUdi-Ma-
zara, with a fort, and an excellent har-
hour, in the form of a fickle, whence its
ancient name Drepaiium. It is feated on
a linall peninlula, contains 20,000 inha.
bitants, aiul is a trading place, famous for
its falt-works, and hlheries of tunnies
and coral. It is 20 miles N of Mazara,
and 45 w of Palermo. Lon. 12 20 e, lut.
38 »oN.
Trappe, a once celebrated monaftery
of France, in the department ot Orne and
late province of Perche, fituate in a lai;ge
valley, furrounded by mountains. Tli*
monks were famous for their aufterity,
and keeping perpetual filence.
Trarbach, a town of Germany, in
the palatinate of the Lower Rhine, and
county of Spanheim, leated on the Mo-
felle. Its lortrefs, which is on a moun-
tain, and commands the paflage of thts
Molelle, was taken by the French in
1794. It is 22 miles ne of Treves, and 28
i\v of Coblentz. Lon. 77 E, lat. 49 55 N*
Travancore, a province ot the pe-
ninlula of Hindooitan, extending along the
coaft of Malabar fi-om Cape Comorin t»
10 15 N lat, and bounded on< the N by
My fore, and on the E by the Carnatic.
It is Aibjeft to a rajah, who its an ally of
the Engliih E India Company, and in de«
fence of wliom they engagedj in conjunc-
tion with the Mahrattas and the nizam of
theDeccan, in the laft war againlt; Tip-
poo Sultan. Sc« CrANGANORCo
T R B'
T R E
Tra^aNcore, the capital of a pro-
vlni-e of the fame name, in the peninlula
ot Htndootbn, loo milei ssi ot Cochin.
Ion. 77 8k» laf-8 »5N.
TRavk, s rivcr ot* Germany, in tiu*
dMcljy of HoKtein, whith runs tioin w tc L ,
and pa^finr; by Scrcbevpr, OldcHo, and I,u-
b«c. fells irto the Bultic; »t Tr.ivemuniU'.
TitAVEMUSt>-r, a ttiong to »n of Gtr-
niany, in the duchy of Uolltein, ftaicij at
tilt; mouth of the Ti-ave. It i> the I'ort
of Lubec, to which it belongs, ami iii iz
milcii NE of that city. Lon. lo 55 c, lat.
54 IN.
Traunotbin, a town of Germany, in
Upper Bavaria, leated on the river Traun.
Near it are fpring« of fait- water.
Traw. Sec Tr AON.
Trayoubra, a town of Spain, in
Valencia, 30 miles 8 of Tortofa. Lon. o
30 E, Int. 40 '26 N.
Trebia, a river of Ituly, which rifts
in the territory of Genoa, wnflies BoWio
in the Milanefe, and fails into the Po,
above Placentia. Great numbers of the
Komans, commanded by the conlul Sem-
pronius, after their defeat by Hannibal,
were drowned in this river, which mif-
fortune has rendered it famous.
Trebigni, or Trbbigna, a town of
Turkiih Dalmatia, with a bi(hop\4 iee.
The inhabitants are partly Turks and
tnitly Greeks, and there are fome papifts.
t is feated on the gulf of Venice, on the
rivcr Trebenflca, r4 miles N of Raguf'a.
Lon. 18 HE, lat. 43 4 N.
Fredissiaci, a town of Naples, in
Calabria Ulteriore, feated on the Tarento,
Ave miles E of Caffano.
Trebisond, a large and ftrong fca-
port of Turkey in Ana, in Natolia, with
a Greek archbifhop's fee, and a caftle.
It is feated at the foot of a very fteep hill.
The walls are Iquare and high, with batile-
mentsj and are built with the ruins of
ancient ftruftures, on which are infcrip-
tions not legible. The town is not popu-
lous J for there are more woods and gar-
dens in it than houfes, and thefe but one
ftory high. The caftle is feated on a flat
rock, with ditches cut therein. The har-
bour is- at the E end of the town, anc'. the
mole built by the G** Jefe is almoft de-
Ih-oyed. It ftands on the Black Sea, 104
miles NNW of Erzerum, and 440 E of Con-
Ibntinople. Lon. 40 25 E, lat. 40 45 N.
Trebitz, a town of Germany, iii
Moravia. It has a" mamifefture of cloth,
and is feated on the felaw, 21 miles se
of Iglaw, and 52 Nvr of Budweis. Lon.
16 iztt h«:;49 4W. ^.'^■■■j"':H' ' .'•"' ;"
TRiBifirzfj a town oJ^'Q^rfrcKanyi fti
Sileita, with a large nunnery. Ncir it is
a hill confuting of a foft clay, 01' (tune,
which is immediately foimid into velfrU
of all kinds i and on bein^ L-xpol'ed to the
air, they become as hard .m if they had
hern baked. Ic in 12-niiici N uf Bicdavlr.
Lon. 17 I 5 E, lat. 51 1 5 M
TiiliPURT, a tawn of iJpper Saxony,
in the Iand_:;rav.ite of Hefle, with a caftle.
It l)Llonj;6 to the ek'iitor of Mentz, and
is'leatcd mar the Virta, 2z miles w of
Suxe Gotha. Lon. 10 i9fi, lat. 51 8n.
Trechnnon, a corporate town in
Cardiganlhire, with a market on Thuri'-
day. It is governed by a mayor, and
feated on the Tyvy, 15 miles se of
Aberyftwiih, and 202 \v by N of Lon«
don. Lon. 3 5C vv, lat. 52 i j n.
TREtiONY, a borough in Cornwall,
with a marke •: on Saturday. It is much de-
cayed, has ur, church, and only 1 50 houfes
poorly built, but is governed by a mayor,
and lends two members to par*liament.
It is feated on a creek by Falmouth haven,
41 miles w by s of Plymouth and 245
of London. Lon. 4 43 w, lat. 50 16 n.
Trecuier, a feaport of France, in
the department of the North Coaft, and late
province of Bretagne, feated near the
Engliih Chaimel, 22 miles nw of St.
Bricux. Lon. 3 low, lat. 4S 47 N.
Treileburg, a ieaport of Sweden,
in the province of Schonen, feated on the
Baltic, 30 miles SE of Copenhagen. Loii.
r3 26 E, lat. 55 26 N.
Tremesen, or Tlemsen, a province
of the kingdom of Algi(?rs, 370 jriles
long and 1 2 5 broad ; bounded on the m
by the Metliterranean, on the E by a
province called AlVica, on the s by the
defert of Zahaia, and on the w by the
kingdom of Fez. It is dry, barren, and
mountainous, except on tht N llde, where
there are plains abounding in corn, finits,
and paftures. The capital, of the fame
name, is furrounded by ftrong walls, and
inhabited by poor Arabs, Moors, and
Jews. Lon. I 29 w, lat. 3440 n.
Tpemiti, three iflands of Italy, in
the gulf of Venice, 15 miles froiu the
coaft of Naples. They are called Capra-
ria, St. Nicolo, and St. Domino.
Tremouille, a town of France, in
the department of Vienne and late pro-
vince of Poitou, feated on the Bennaile,
23 miles E by s of Poitiers. Lon. i 10
£, lat. 46 29 N.
Tremp, a town of Spain, in Catakmia,
feated on the river Nogueta Pailarcia, 85
miles nW^ of Barcelona..
Trent, a large river which rifes *•
Scatfovdlhire, ifTuin^ from threw Iprings
Qjl a
Hir
r.(£
T R E
T R E
%.ctwecn Congleton and Leek. Having land in Volhinia, ftjated on the Dnlefter
received the Tame, it taices a NE direc- 4-S .i iles below Kiof.
tion, and enters Derbyfliire, after its Treves, or Triers, an electorate of
junflion with tlie Dove ; juft crolling the Geimany, in the circle of the Lower Khine,
s angle of that county, and forming, for a boiinded on the n by the eleitciate of
fhortfpace, its feparation from the counties Cologne, on the E by Weteravia, on
of Lincoln and Nottingham, it enters the the s by the palatinate of tlie Rhine- and
latter county at its sw extremity, and Lorrain, and on the w by Luxemburg,
thence crolfnig obliquely to the E coalis It is loo miles in length, but the breadth
along its whole e-iUern fide, forming, to- is very different ; and isfuli of mountaiiis
ward the N part, the boimiary between and fortfts. Near- the Rhin',- and Molelle,
that county and Lincolnshire, a coi'ner of the foil is fruitful, abounding in com
which it croffes, and then falls into the and wine ; and it is more populous, there
Humber, below Gainlborough. Parallel than in other parts. It£ inhabiti^nts have
with the courfe of this liver runs a fiiffered greatly in the wars with France.
canal, torming a communication between Treves, or Triers, an ancient :;nd
it and the Merl'ey, and joining it at celebrated city of Germany, in the circle
Wilden. It is navigable through the of the Lower Rhine, capital of an arch-
whole of Nottingliamflure. bifliopric of the tame name, whole arch-
Trent, a liver of N Carolina, which bifliop is an eleftor of the empire. It has
falls into the Neus, at N.wbern, where a univerfity, feveral remains of antiquity,
it is three quarters of a mile broad. and as many churches as any town in
Trent, an ancient and populous for- Germany. It has greatly fuffcied in the
tified city of Germany, in the Ti-entino, wars, and is now neither large nor popu
wi^h a bifliop's fee, whole bifliop is a lous. " ' ' • -
prince of the emjiiit, imder the proteff ion 1 794.
of the houi'e of Auilria. It n as formerly
a free imperir.l city, and is famous for a
council held here, which began in i 54.5,
and ihded in 1563. The French took
f)o{rei[fion ofvListity, ifter the batlleof
ilovcre, in 1796, but ^xbandoned it loon
afterward. It is feated at the foot of tli6
Alps, in a fertile valley, on the liver
Adige, 67'miles NW of Venice, and 260
N\v of Rome. Lon'. 11 27 E, lat. 46 8 n.
Trent, or Trektino-, a bifliopric
It was taken by the French ur
It is feated on the Moltlle (over
of Gemiany, in the cotmty of Firol,
feated among the Alps wiilch divide Italy
from Germany. It is bounacd on the N
by Tirol Proper, ou the e by Fekrino
and Bellnnefe, on the s by Vicentino and
the Veronefe, and on the w by the Brei-
ciano. Trent is the capital.
Trenton, a town of the United
States, capital of Now Jerfey, fe .ted on
the Delav.are, 37 miles ne of Philadel-
phia. Lon. 75 o vv, lat. 40 15 n.
Treptcw, a town of Germany, in
PrufTian Pomerania. It has a manufac-
ture of {lockings and woollen If ufi'^, and
is feated on the Rcga, near its mouth, in
the Baltic, 43 ndles ne of Stetin. Lon.
15 19 E, lat. 54 ro N.
Tresen, or Trosa, a feaport of
Sweden, in Sudermania, feated on the
Baltic, 35 miles SW of Stock "lolm. Lon.
17 29 E, lat. 59 o N.
Treshanish Isles, four fertile Iflands
on the w coaft of Scotland, between the
ifland /^f Col and that of Mull.
which is a handfome bridge) between two
mountains, 20 miles NE of Luxemburg,
55 s by E of Cologne, and 450 WNw of
Vienna. Lon. 6 41 E, lat. 49 45 n.
Trevi, a town of Italy, in Unibria,
23 miles se of Perugia. Lcn. 11 515;,
lat. 42 54 N.
Trevigo, a town of Naples, in Prin-
cipato Ukeriore, with a bifliop's fee, 33
miles e of Benevento. Lon. 15 20 E,
lat. 41 6 N.
Trevino, a ftrong town of Spain, in
Eifcay, wIlli a citadel, feated on a hill,
near the river Aguda, 10 miles sw of
Victoria. Lon. 3 4VV, lat. 42 48 n.
Trevisano, a marquifate of Italy, in
the republic of Venice ; bounded on tb.e
E by Friuli and the gulf of Venice; on
the s by that gulf, the Dogado, and the
Paduano j on the N by the I ehrino and
the Bellunefe; and on the \v by the
Vi'entino. The foil is fertile, and pio-
duccs corn, wine, and wood ; and thi v
export cattle, fdk, and woollen cloth.
Trevifo Is the capital.
Treviso, or Trevigo, a large and
ancient city of Italy, capital of Trevi-
fano, with an archbiihop's fee. It had
fcrmeily a Univerfity, which was trans-
ferred to Padua. It is the refidence of
many noble families, aud ii;ated on the
Sills, 7,0 miles N\v of Venice. Lon. is
Z5E, lat. 4.5 44 N.
Trevoux, an ancient town of J'rance,
in the department of Ain aud late pro-
Trethimrow, si Itrong town of Pq^ vince of Breile. Tlie raoft remarkab!«
T R I
T R I
buildings are the ancient mint, the late
n;irliament houie. the governor's houfe,
and the printing-office. The latter is
celebrated for the Literary Journals com-
|)ofed by the Jcfiiits of the raliege of
Louis le Grand. Trevoux is leafi on
the fide of a hill, on thejiver Saone, 12
miles N of Lyons, and liZ s by e of
Paris. Lon. 4 51 E, lat. +5 57 N.
Treysa, a town of Germarvy, in the
landgravate of Heffe, capital oi the county
of Ziegenheim. It is ieated on a hill,
near the river Schwalm, 17 miles n of
Marpurg. Lon- 9 15E, lat. 5050 N.
Trizzo, a town of Italy, in theMIla-
nefe, feated on the Adda, on the fron-
tiers of Bergamafco. Lon. 9 25 e, lat.
4S 45 N-
Tribesers, an ancient town of Ger-
many, in Swedifh Pomerania, with a
callle, feated on the Trebel, 22 miles
ssw of Stialfund, and 30 ese of Ro-
ftock. Lon. 13 8 E, lat. 54 in.
Triers. See Treves.
Trie ST, an ancient and ftrong feaport
of Germany, in the circle ot Auftiia and
duchy of Carniola, with a biftiop's lee.
The harbour is fpacious, but not good j
being open to the w and svv wii\ds.
The inhabitants have a good trade in fait,
oil, almonds, iron, Ike. brought from
Lanbach ; and they make good wines.
It Is feated on the fic '." of a hill, on the
gulf of Venice, eight miles N of Cape
d'Iftria, and 80 ne of Venice. Lon. 14
4E, lat. 45 56 N.
Trim, the county-town of E Meath,
in Ireland, feated on the Boyne, 23 miief.
Kvv of Dublin.
Trincomale, a town on the e fide
of the idand of Ceylon, with a harbour,
reckoned the fineft in the E Ind'i^s. Il
was taken from the Dutch, by the Eng-
lilh, in January 1782; retaken by the
French in Augnft following ; reltored to
the Dutch by the peace of 1783 ; and
again taken by the Englifh in Auguft
1795. It is feated on a gulf of the lame
name, 100 miles NE of Cand^ . Lon. 81
S^E, lat. 8 45 N.
Tring, a town in HertforJflure, with
a market on Fliday, 22 miks w of Htrt-
lonl, and 31 \VN\v of London. Lon. o
36 w, lat. 51 46 ^'.
Trinidau, an ilhnd of S America,
on the NE coalt of Terra Firma, I'cparateJ
iVoin Paria on the s, by a Itrait about
10 miles over, and from Cymana on the
w, by the gulf of Pavia, the N entrance
into which is called by the Spaniards
Boca del Drago (tiie Drat^un's Mouth)
i'U account of the advtrie currents aiiJ
tempeftuous waves encountered hete,
when this ifland, with the neighbouring
contiiieni, was firft difcovered by Colum-
bus in 1498. It is 62 miles long and 45
broad ; produces I'ugar, cotton, Indian
corn, fine tobacco, and fruit j but the
air is unhealthy. It was taken in 1595,
by iir Walter Raleigh, and in 1676, by
the French, who plundered and left it.
The capital Is Port d'Efpagne, in the
gulf of Paria, near the Boca. Lon. 61
30 Vy, lat. 10 o N,
'I'rinidad, a town of New Spain, In
the audience of Guarimala, feated on the
Pacific Ocean. It is an open town, but
very important, there being no other har-
bour on this coatt. A mile and a half
hence is a place which the Spaniards call
one of the Mcuths of Hellj becaule it "15
continually covered by a thick fmokCf
and emits flames from time to time. It
is 70 miles SE of Guatimala. Lon. 89
30 w, lat. 12 50 N.
Trinidad, a town of Terra Firma,
in New Granada, ieatud on the Rio de la
Madalena, 58 miles Nvv of St. Fe dc Bo-
gota. Lon. 73 45 w, la!:. 4 45 N.
Trino, a fortified town of Italy, ia
Mcnfferiat, fubjeft to the king of Sar-
dinia. It was taken, in 1704, by the
French, who abandoned it in 1706. It
is Ieated near the Po, eight miles NVV of
Cafal, and 35 ne of Turin. Lon. 8 30
E, lat. 45 26 N.
Tripoli, one of tbe piratical ftates of
Barbary, bounded on the N by the Medi-
terranean, on the L by the defcrt of Barca,
on the s by Fezzan, and on the W by
Biledulgerld and Tunis. It is a fertile
country, except the E part, which is a
defcrt. It is 925 miles along the coaft,
but the breadth is various. It had the
title of a kingdom, but is now a republic,
governed by a dcy, elected by the foldier's.
Tripoli, a confiderable tqwn of Bar-
bary, capital of a country of the fame
name, with a cattle and a fort. It is
pretty large, and the inhabitants are
noted pirates. It was taken by the em-
peror Charles v, who fettled the knights
of Rhodes here ; but they were expelled
by. the Turks in 1 551. It was tormeriy
very flourilhijig, and has now fomc irade
in Ituffs, faffron, corn, oil, dates, oltrich
feathers, and (kins ; but they make more
of the Chriitians taken at fca ; for they
eir.her fet high ranfoms on them, or
fell them for fiaves. Tripoli is Ieated on
the MediLCrrancan, furrounded by a wall,
275 miles SE of Tunis, and 570 ese of
Ahjiv-a-i. Lon. 13 12 e, lat. 3X 34N.
TRIPOLI; an ancient and CQnfid«ublc
<^4?
1')
!/, I
In.'
T R O
T R XT
town of Syria, od the Meditermnean,
delended by a citadel. The inhabitants
are near 6o,goo, confifting ot Turks,
Chriftians, and Jews. Thsre is one
hantirome mofque, and all the houi'es have
fountains belqiiging to them. Beiore it
is a.iknd-bank,, which increafes ib much,
the dffpartmmt of Var and late iprovinc* i
oi Provence, with a citiidel, h is reared ^
on the bay of Grimauld, in the Mediter-
ranean, 13 miles sw of Frejus, andsg'ii
ot Marleilks. Lon. 6 44 e, ir.t. 43 1 6 -n . ',
Troppaw, a ttrong and ccniiderabie '
town ot Germany, in Upper Siklia, ca. i
that it is expefted to choke up the harbour, pital of a duchy of the lame name, wiih
which is two miles w of the town, and an ancient caltle. It was taken \r' the
formed by p. round piece of land> united Prulilansin 1741 and 1756, but rtitond
to the mainland by an ifthmus. On each
ilde is a bulwark to defend the entrance.
This town was anciently in Phoenicia,
-whofe inhabitants were ib famous for na-
vigation in the early ages of the world.
It 43 Uie refidence of a bafhaw, who alb
governs the territory about it, where
to tlie houie of AuUria by a treaty luhic
qucnt to each capture. It is leated in a]
plealant plain, on the rivers Oppa and '
Mohra, 40 milc^ N by \, of 01inut.T, and!
7^ s by E of Breiiaw. Lon. 17 40 ^ I
lat. 50 1 N. '
iROWBRiDcr, a town in Wilifl^jre i
there is a great number ot mulberry trees, with a ninrket on Satin day. It is re
and other fruits, which enable them to
caiTy en a fillc nuinutuCturc iu the town.
It is 90 miles N\v ot Parnalcus, and i?.o s
oi' Scanderocn. Lon. 36 zo e, iat. 34 50N.
Trist, a fmall uninhabited ifl.iml of
^ew Spain, on the coait c-f 1 abafto, in
•the bay of Cam peachy, iepniated by a
jiarrow channel, on the e> iVoin the ifle
of port Royal. Lon. of the E point 92
45 w, Iat. 18 o N.
Tritchinopolv, a ftrong town of
Hindoofian, in the Carnatic, 20S miles
ssvv of Madras. Lon. 7846 £, Iat. 1045 n.
Trivento, a town cf N;n)les, in
Woiife, with a bilhop's fee, ft attd on a
J)ill, near the river 'I'rigno, or j rino, 1 5
jniles N of Bogano, and 62 e of Naples.
JLcn- 15 37 Ej Iat. 40 50 N.
Troja, a fortified and populous town
-lof Naples, in Capitanata. Itated at the
markabie for clothiers, awd is leite;! on 3 <
iiill, 23 miles sw of Marlhoneugji, ana
98 \v ol London. Loi.. 2 6 w,iat. 51 19 n) i
aR-OvEs, an ancient- and coniitierable
city ot France, in tke dep:irtir:v;r.t ofj
Auhe and late province of Chainp^^-ne,
with a bill:op's lee. It is uirvouritied'' by
good wiills, but aimort all the houfes are!
ot wood, and good water is wHiring.
Among the objccls of curiofity arc
St. Stephen's, the principal churchy tbe'
public library of the late Cordeliers 5 and
the caJtle in which the ancient coun's of \
Chanij)agi)e rclided. Its commerce, once '
very riourilhing, now confifts only in
iome linens, dimities, fuftians, wax-chand-
lery, candles, and wine. It is leated on
the Seine, 30 miles ene of Sens, and 90J
ESE or Paris. Lon. 4 ice, Iat. 48 13 k.
Troy, the lue of a celebra' ■! city
oi' Natolia, anciently called T.oja cr
foot ot the Appennines, on the river Chi-
laro, 32 mile* ne of Benevento. Lon, 15 Ilium, and celebrated for a fiege which
35 E, iat. 41 21 N. it lultaiued, for ten years, before it v/as
Trois Rivieres, a town of Upper taken by the Gr!.eks, in 1184 b c. It
Canada, on the river Stv Lawrence, 55 was feated at the foot of Mount Ida, on
itmIcs sw v^ Quebec. Lon. 71 20 w, Iat. the ieacoalt oppbfite the ilk of Tcnedos,
46 35 N. but not a lingle Itcn;: remains to point
Troki, a tovvn of Lithuania, capital out its e,xa£t lituation. Lont 26 30 L,
of a palatinate of the fame name. J t is Iat. 39 40 N.
feated among raorafTes, 15 miles w of
Wilna, and 85 nne of Grodno. Lon. 25
i J13E, Iat. 54 38 N.
J Tron, St. a town cf Germany, in
the bi/hopric of Litge, with a famous
^er.cditiifine abbey, ai miles WN.v of
Leige. Lon,'5 22 E, lal. 50 43 N,
i ROPE A, a populous town ol Naples,
in Calabria Ulterion;, with a bifiiop"s
/ee. It was haifioiined by an earthquake
in 1638, and is feated on tlie top of a a market on Wedne-day and
.fock, on the e ccaff, 10 miles Nvv of it tvas iIk- btnelit of the col;i
TRUGiLLO, a town of Terra Finnn,
in Venezuela, 120 railes s 0; the lake of,
Maracaybo. Lon. 7 40 w, Iat. 9 46 n.
TRUMPiNCTON, a village in Cam-
brid^eihire, two miles trcm Cambridge,
where leveral Roman antiquities have
beca ibuntl j and here .are Uiil the ruins of
the rr.ili, commemorated by Chaucer, in
'I'hc Millers Tale.
i'RURO, a boron $r'-'- in Corf. v.-:dl, with
iri.'rduy.
e of till,
■-; Nicotera, and 45 N by e of lUggio. and its chief bulinefs is in Uiippini'; tin I
Lon. t() 24 E, lai. 38 42 N. and copper ore, found in aboundance in
, ■ Tropes, St. a fcaport of France, In i'-i nci^^ubourhood. Jtitis, after the bii-
T S I
T U C
tic 6f Nafttby, the forces of Charles i,
Hnder loid Hop«ton, furrtiidered to g«fne-
rai Fairfax. Truro is iijated at the very
head of F4.Imoath haven, i o niiks N of
Falmouth, aiid 157 w by s of London,
ion. 4. 55 w, lat. 50 i6n.
Truxillo, a confiderable town of
Spiiin, in Eltranv.ultjra, ftrated among
fnountalnii, on the iide of a hili, at the
top oi which is a Ihong citadel. It is
the hirvhplace of the noted Francis Pi-
tano, and frtiiate ntar the river Ainiont,
(;5. miles sw of Toledo, and 117 SE of
Matlrid. Lon. 5 2^5 vv, lat. 39 6 n.
Truxim.0, a rich commercial ieapovt
of Peru, in *he audience of Lima, Iniiic
hy Francis Fizairo, in iSjjft. in its
territory are abive 50,000 native Ameri-
cans, wJTO are uibutary to iipain. It is
lealeii in a fertile country, 011 a frnall
river, -near the Pa
:ific O
ceaT), ^co inilt-s
WW ot Lima. Lo 1. 78 55 w, lat. 8 1 s.
TRUxiLi.0, a lirong icapcrt of New
Spain, in the provinc of Honduras, leated
on a guif of tlie faniir name, between two
rivers, «nd furroundec by thick groves.
Lon. 85 50 w, lat. 16 ao w,
Ts CHUT SKI, a co'rntry in the E ex-
tremity of Afi3, oppofite the r. w coaft of
America, bounded by the Anadir on the
i. The atiention of the natives is con-
fined chie^y to their deer, with which
their country abounds. They axe a well-
made, courageous, warlike race, and are
forjnidable neighbours to the Koriacs,
waj often experience their depredations.
The RuUxans have long endeavoured to
bring them under their dominion 5 and
though they have loft a gj'eat nunibpr of
men, in their different expeditions to ac-
compli fli this puj-poii.', tliey have never
yet been able to effeft it. Lon. 168 ^ji
w, lat. 66 5 K.
TsHETSHrN, See Kisrr,
Tsi-man-fou, a large and populous
city of China, the c.ipit;!i of Chang-tong.
It is nntch relpe^ted fjy the Cliinefej on
account of its havingj btvn once tise reli-
dtnce of a long fi.'.ries of kings, whole
tombs, rifmg on the neighbouring moun-
tains, afford a beautiful profpe^'i}. In
its diftrift are fovir cities of the fccomi
and 26 of the third clafs. .\t is feated s
of the river Tfi or Tfmg-hoj .t6o miles s
by E of Pekin. Lon.ii? xs^^, lat. 36
30 N.
TsiMiNG-TCHEOr, a city of China,
in the province of Chfliwtoiig and diftrii:i
of Yen-tcheo\ufou. From its filuation
on the grand canal, it is little inferior to
the capita! of the province, either in rx-
teut, population, riche*, or ivmir.f'cc.
T.siN-TCHEOu-FOu, a commerci^r
and popubus city of China, in Chang-
tong. it has one city of the Iccond and
J 3 of thv third dxi'a under its Juriidic^ion,
and is 75 miles E of Tfin-iiang fou.
Tso.\'o-MiNO, an illaad of China, on
the coalt of the pruviiKe of Kian^^,nan,
to v^hicli it bclcugs, and froit) which it
is feparatcd by an arm of the tea, r-i
milc-i broad. Ic is 50 miles long, anJ
13 broad. Jc was tormcriy a Janciy
d'.'lert, to which r.ri'uinals \vcre baniflied :
thole that f.rlt landed on it bcv;4n to till
the ground, that they m-ghc i:oi: p^'ritti
with hunger j fbme poorChmclc famiiie,*
erngratcd thifher afterward , ai:d, in lots
than ten ycu's, the ifiiud was peopled
and cultivated. Its pri>:icipal rcvtiuie
arijltrs from lait, which is made i!,i fj^icli
abundance, that it caniupply nioit of fh©
neighbojviug cc'.u;trifs.. Ir. tins llland
is only one city of liie third tkils i but
villages are jo numcioiis, that they it'era
to touch each other, and to fonn one
contimied city. The air h healthlul
and temperate, the country delightful,
and i,nterlei51;ed by mamy caoalR. Lon.
of its SE end lii 55 e, laf.. jo t s N.
TsuEN-TCHKOU-FOU, a city oi Q-ii-
na, inthe province of Fo- k^n. .In its di!i'-
tri61 are ftven cities of the third clafe j and
its fituatlon, e.^tent, commerce, triumphal
arches, temples, and well paved ftr«ts»
/ecure it a diltinguiihed rank iunong the-
moid beautiful cities in the an}>ire.
Tu.\M, a city of Ireland, in the
county of Galway., with an srchbiftiop's
i'te ; on wliich account it is caile-J a city,
though now reduced to a village, jt
as .'.o miles nne of Ualway, and 2.5 wsw
of Rolcommou. Lon. il 46 w, lat. 55
33 N,
TvBAN, one of the ftrongcft town«
in Java, with a harboui, and a king of
its own. It is ieated on the N coaft of
the ifland. Lon. ss v 51 E, Lit. 6 o i,,
TuBiNGENj TA fortified town.of Suabia,
in tile duchy of Winembiirg, with a
univtrlity, and a calfle. Her« is a large
houfi; caile<l New Bau, where a certain
.T.\umber of ftudcfits in law are iddged and
boarded gratis J andinths towrdioute is
a vcr-y curious clock. It is feali-d on
tixe Neckar, in a counUy abounding in
corn and wine, 20 mit.'s s erf Stutg-ard,
and 50 E by s of .Stralburg. .Lon. 9 4. e,
Jat. 4S 30 N.
TucuMAH, an exttnnve government
of Spanifh S Ainerica, lyijrg between
CI\iU and Paragu.iiy, to the E of the
Andes,, and w of the Rio dc ia Plata,
This pj wince, with the countrv s ol that
i;H',
^■'^ :
<;■'!;■
1''' " 1
;i?
'I. n-l|''
ill ': '
p^'.^
1
1 ; '
ii
' '''" 1
v>V.(l->,i|^\t' - '"
• T V E
fiver, forms an exteni'ive plain, slirofl
without a tree. The foil is a deep fertile
TBould, watered by ujany ftrcams from
the Andes, and clothid in perpt-'tual ver-
dure. In this rich paiturage, the hories
and cattle imported from Europe have
yniiltiplied to an almoft incralibic dtgne.
This has enabled the inhal>itayjt8, not
cnly to open a lucrative trade v-jrh Peru,
by lupplying it with criltic, bories, and
mules, but to cairy en a coaiuicrce,
«q\ially beneficial, hy the ejcpoitaticn of
hides to Europe ; nutwithliamling which,
the towns in this country aic no better
than pahry viliagcs, to which the Spa-
niards' have endeavoured to add tome
dignity, by ersiling them into bi/liop-
rics. Tucuman is under the jurildi6\iort
ipf the new viccroyalty at B\ienos Ayres/
TuctJYO, a town of Terra Firnra, in
• Venezuela, and in a valley of the iaine
name. A river runs through the middle
of the valley; the air is good; and the
foil abjunds in fugar- canes, cotton, and
all the ntceffaries of iiie. Lon. 69 aw,,
lat. 7 31 N.
/ Ti4DD7NGTO!J, a tcwn in Bedford-
flilie, with a Tnai'k<;t on Saturday, five
miles N of Dinftable, and 38 nnw of
London. Lon. o 3s w, lit. 5* o N,
Tt'DEii-A, a ccnfiderable town of
Spain, in Navarre, with a vcafile. It. is
J'cated in a country, that produces good
wine, on the river Ebro, over which is a
handj'i.me bri ige, .1-5 n:-;es Kvv of Sara-
goUa, and 1.^0 NE of Madrid. Lon, i
..'JO \v, lat. 4?- 9 K. '
TvfiR, a government of llulTia in Eu-
rope, once an independent prirjcipailty,
united to the empire by Ivan Vailiijevitch,
in 1.4.90, and .-.ouipriltd in the government
o!" Novogorod, tiom which it has been
ftparated! I'he population Las inciea.'cd
to a iurprifiDg degree ; a. circu'r.Jtiince,
evincing- the advantage arifmg iroiu the
new code or laws ot Catl;,un\c; U'. It
was the firit province newly- mode) hd ac-
cordin^r to that code; and .t has expe-
■ rr-nced the bentticial eft'ciSls ot th.eic ex-
•ctiient re;>Lihittcns. Tiie country pro-
duces abundantly all kinds of corn and
: Vfgerabks. Its' forcits yield the nioft
valuable tinibej-. The quadrupeds, and
the tcatherevi race, are the jamc as in all
the N of Europe j ;-nd, behde the fiJbes
.comnionto molt lakes and rivers, there
is a fifh, peculiar to the wa'crs of thefe
Horthern regions, called the fterlet, the
iicitieurr ruthifius of Linnrtu.'i, an^l is a
i"pfcios of iturgeon, highly ^-Iteemed ior
tl» flavour of its ficOi, and for its rot'.,
•1 wiij«u tiic iuieit cRviaj-e ii njaUv\
. T U L
Tv-ER, a commercial city of Ruflia, j
capital of a government of the iame "
name, and.ieated at the conibience of the
Tveraa and Volga, along which is con..
■yeyed all the nierchaixlife lent by watu
f)om Siljcria, and the s provinces, to-
ward Peterlhurgh. It is divided into tii'.-
oid and new town: the forniei, fituiui*
on the oppofitc fide of the Volga, coniiiti
almoft ii:tirely of wooden cottages ; dm
latrer having brio:n deftioycd by a dv<:;idl\il
conflagration, in 1763, has ril'en with
luftre iioni its aflits. Catharine 11 w.
dered a regular and bc-iuitiful plan of ;;,
n;;w town to be made. At her own i-x-
pence, llie rallied the governor's houte,
the ('pik-.Qpal palace, the courts of Juftice,
the exchange, the prifon, and fome other
public ed'diccs; and to every perfon who
engaged to Iniild a houfe of brlclc, flic
ofl'tred a ioan of jool. for a year, withinit
intereit. ^Fhe ftreets are broad and lonp- j
extending, in llraight lint.>, from an oc-
tagon in the centre j and the plai-\, when
completed, is to compiife two bi^agons.
The houies are of brick, ftuccoed white,,
and make a magnificent appearance.
Hert is an ecclefialticai feminary, v^iich
admits 6rifo ftudents, ■ In 1776, the em-
prels ibunded a fchool for the initrudion
of 2.00 burghers children} and, in 1779,
an academy for the education of ixo of
the young nobility of the province. Tver
is 99 Til lies NNvv of Molcow. Lon. 56
.5 f:
lat.
50 7N.
I'XJGGURT, a country of Barbary,
lying a of Algiers, avid w of Biledulgerid,
'.t'he capital, of the fame name, is uo miles
6SE of Algiers. Lon. 5 xo E, lat. 35 on.
Tula, a government of Ruilia in
Europe, fcrnivrly a province of the go-
Vf.'rnment of Mofcow. Its capital, Kelaii,
is ii-ated on tht Trubobj \t% mites 'ie of
Molcow. Lon. 40 4.5 E, lat. 55 -,'.5 N.
TuLLKS, a coiifiderabk comuiercial,
town of .Francf.', in the department of
v'.-onczc and iate territory of Limofm,
with a billiop's fee. 'I'he ciuhedral is fa-
mous for its lleeple, which is very high
and curious. It h ievited at the consili-
ence of the Correze and Solane, partly on
a mountain, and pariiv belo^v it, iU a
country fiarounilcd by mountains and
precipices, 37 miles SE of Limcges, ' .lu
6a sw of Clermont, Lon, i .4.1 \v.. I..t.
45 2 J ^■•
TuLN, a town of Auftria, near the
Wienrirwnld, or wood of Vienna, with a
biiiiop's iu\ It is leated near the vivtr
Tuln, in a country abounding in <.. rn
an. i wine, 15 miles wot Vicmu. Lon.
TUN
TuMBEZ, a town of Pern, in Hie au-
ilitnce of Ouit.o> wliere the Spaniards fiift
landed on their diltovcry of that cijunliy.
5 It was then a place of ibme note, diftin-
gaiihed by a ftately temple, and a palace
of the incas or fovereigns of the country.
It is ftated on the Pacific Ocean, 270
miles s by w of Quito, Lon. 79 51 w,
hit. 3 40 s.
TuMEL, a rapid rlvi;r in Penhflilre,
which, after exhibiting many beautiful
cataraiifs, forms itlcU into a lake, called
Loch Tumel^ and then falls into tlie
Garry.
TuMEN, a town of Siberia, in the
province of Tobol|k, 125 miles w of
Tobollk.
TuNBRiDGE, a town in Kenf, with a
market on Friday, feared on the Tun,
one of the five bran,';bes of the Medway,
ovei' each of which is a ftonc bridge
Here are the rains of a large calUe, eredted
;)y Richard, earl of Clare, natuial Ton cf
Richard I, duke of Norrnantiy ; and here
is a famous freefchool, founded by a na-
tive of the town, in the reign of Eiiiabcth.
it: is 12. miles vvsw of Maidl^one, and 30
oSE of London. Lon. o to £, lat. 5.1 14. N.
TuNBRiDGE Wells, a town in Kent,
five miles s of Tunbrid^e. It is mucli
rcforted to in June, July, and Augurt,
on account of its chalybeate waters, dif-
covered in 1606, by Dudley lord North.
The ICAvn is leated at the bottom of threii
liiJIs, called Mount Sinai, Mount Eph-
raim, and Mount Pleaiant, on which are
fcattered fonie good houles, orchards, and
gardens ; and an the country is naturally
wild, tiie effeiSl of the whole is romajitic
and piftuiel(.]ue. Here are ail the build-
ings reqtiinte for the acpommodafion of
the nobility and gevrfry, with a chapel of
eafe, a nunket, and ihops noted for their
6lvp;ant turnery ware. One mile and a
half from the wells, are ibme ftupendous
rocks, which, in lome parts, are 75 feet
his.vh, the mean lielght 't.cing 40 ; and tliey
have the appearance of thv hulks of large
men of war, ra\iged cloCe togetlier. 'I'he
wells are 35 m\)f.s SSE of London.
TcNDERE!;. See Toy Dye.:- 1(.
Tun J A, a town of Lena Firms, in
New Granada, tiipiti^l of a diftri6i of the
lame name. If is Jtaud i^n ;i high moun-
tain, in a country where fliere arc gold
and emeralds, 30 miles SW of Truxillo.
Lon. 73 5 w, ht.. 5 ON,
Tunis, a kingdom of Africa, bounded
on the N by the M/jditeri ■mean, on the e
by ih'/f ftii iMtl Tripoli, on t!>e b and s\v
by Hil/,(jiilg«rid, and on the W by Algiers.
It exteiKU pa imk>i from i to w, and
TUN
450 from N to s. This country wa^ for-
merly a monarchy ; but a difference arifmg
between the father and fon, one of winch
was for the protci5\ion' of the Chriltians,
and the other for that of the Turks, in
i574> the Inhabitants (hook off the yok«
of both. From this time it became a re-
public, under the protetf ion of the Turks,
and pays a certain tribute to the bafliiw
that relides at Tunis. The air in gene-
ral is healtliy, but the foil in the e part
is but indifferent, for want of water.
Toward the middle, the mountains an4
vajlies abouiid in fruits; but the w part
is the molt fertile, bping watered by
rivers. The environs of Tunis are very-
dry, upon whicli account corn is generally
dear. The inroad-s of the Arabs oblige
the inhabitants to low their barley and
rye in the fuburbs, ajid to indole their
gardens with walls. However, there are
plt;nty of cltions, lemons, oranges, dates,
grapes, and othei fruits. There are alfq
olive trees, roles, and odoriferous plants.
In the woods and mountains are lions,
wild beeves, oftriches, monkies, came-
leons, roebucks, hares, pheafants, par-
tridges, and other forts of birds and
bealts. The molt remarkable rivers arc
the Guadilcarbar, Magrida, Magerada,
and Caps. The form of government is
ariftocratic, that is, by a council whofc
prefident is the dey, not unlike the doge
of Venice. Tlie members of the divan,
^r council, are choli:n by the dey, and he,
in his turn, is elefted by the divan, which
is ci^mpoled of Ibldlers, who have more
than once taken off the dey's head. The
inhabitant? carry on a great trade in
linen and Wuolkn cloth. In the city
of Tunis alone, are above 3000 clothiers
ai^d weavers. They have alio a trade iu
horfes, olives, oil, loap, and oftriches eggs
and feathers. 1 he clt ibliflied religion "is
Mahometanifm ; and the inhabitants con-
fiit ot Moors, Turks, Arabs, Jews, and
Clniitian ilaves.
Tunis, a large and celebrated city of
Barbary, capital of a kingdom of the
fame name. It is feated on the point of
the gulf of Goletta, about 10 miles from
tht- lite of the famous city cf Carthage.
It iS in che form of an oblong inuare, five
mlleii In circumfcicnce, with a ;o'ty wall,
five gates, and 35 inofcjues. The houfes
(ire ail built of Itone, though but one
fiory high ■ and it has a good citadel on
!::'f Ix
an eminence, </n the w hde of the city.
Without the v\rdls are two luburbs, which
contain 1000 houles. ^' ithin the walls
are 10,000 families, and above 3000
Uudel'mcii's (hops, 'I'he Uivac, or coau-
I
mi
,t 1..
i 1' • t ■
W tJ
11-
T U R
T U R
eil of ftate, diTembks in an old palac?,
,«nd the dey is the chief of the republic,
•who refides here. The city has no water,
<but'#hat is kept in cifterDs, except one
•well, kept tor the baihaw's ufe. The
'harbour na» a very narrow entrance,
through a fmall channel, which is well
'fortified. The Mahometans here have
nine colleges for ftudents, befide a great
number of iVnaller fchools. Tunis is a
-place cf great trade, lo miles from the
•iea, 17s NW of Tripoli, and 380 E of
Algiers. Lon.io 16 E, lat. 36 4aN.
TVNKERSTOWN. See Ephrata.
TvRCKHEiM, a town of France, in
ithe dtjnrtment of Upper Rhine and late
qwwvihce of A 1 face, remarkable for a
-^iftojy gained here by Tufenne, over the
Auftvians, in 1675. It is feated near
'the river Cohttar, one mile Nwof Colmar.
TuRCOMAtiiA, a province of Turkey
in Aira, .nowcalled Armenia.
TURCOMAN'S, Terhkemens, Or
Trukhmenians, a people of Afia,
•who fpeak the Turkifh dialcft of the
Tartar language, and inhabit the eaftern
Hope of Mottnt Caucaliis, the coall of the
C"fp5r-r. about Boinak, Derberit, and Ute-
-mifli, and-the fxrithern promontories be-
tween the iea and the river Alazan. Some
of them are I'libjcft to the khan of Cuba;
oriiei's to a chief who refides at Nukhuj
and a tliird to the fovereign of Georgia.
TuRRNWE, a town ot France, in the
department of Correze and late territory
of Limofih, with a caftle, 42 miles 3 of
Limoges. Lon. 1 30 E, lat. 45 9 N.
Tx;rgow. See C-ouda.
Turin, an ancient, populous, and
flourilhing city of Italy, the capital of
Piedmont, and refidence of its Ibvercign
the king of Sardinia, with an archbifhop's
fee, and a univerfity. ^ It is feated on a
vaft plain, at the loot of the Alps, and
at the confluence of the Doria and Po.
Here are many large fquares, among
which that of St. Charles is the moft
Ipacious and beautiful : the buildings are
handfome, and it has extenfive arcades on
each fide. Moft of the fheets are well
built, unifoccft, ftraight, and terminate
©n fome arfieable objeift : the Strada di
Po, the fiiWft-and largeft, leads to the
royal palace, and isadoi-ned ^Slh piazzas,
filled with ftjops; as are various others
rf th<' beft ftreets; all of which are kept
clean by means of a canal from the
Porta, with Unices that ^vw through
thtm into the Po. The inln0>itants ar.^
computed to he 100,000. The royal pa-
lace conftfts of two magnificent (tru^hMts,
joined together by a gallery, in which are
feveral pi^urcs, ftatues, and antifluliies
ot great value. The arftnal is a fine an.1
capacioiis b ding, including five courts •
it contains .iims for iao,ooo men, and
there is a cannon foundry and a chymical
laboratory annexed to it. Turin is ex,
ti-emely well fortified, and the citadel is
a mafterpiece of architeaure. Therr
are fine walks on the ramparts and walls
of the city; alfo very fine gardens on the
fide of the river Po ; and a charming pub.
lie place called the Codx), where the nobi-
lity afiemble, from five to fix in an evening,
to exhibit themfelves and their equipage.*
Near the city, on the banks of the Po, \'t
the beautiful royal caftle of Valentin, the
garden of which is applied to botanical
Itudies. The French befieged this city
in 1 706 ; but prince Eugene- attacked
them before the walls, totally defeated
their army, atid compelled them to raile
the fiege. Turin is 60 miles Ne of Ge.
naa, 65 sw of Milan, and 280 nw ok
Rome. Lon, 7 45 e, lat, 45 5 n.
Turkey, a large empire, extended
over part of Europe, Afia, and Africa.
Turkey in Europe is bounded on the n
by Rulfia, Poland, and Sclavonia; on the
E by the Black Sea, the fca cf Marmora,
and the Archipelago; on the s by the
Mediterranean ; and on the w by that
fea, and the Venetian and Ayltrian terri-
tories. It contains Beflarabia, Moldavia,
VValachia, Bulgaria, Servia, Boihia, Ro-
mania, Macedonia, Janna, Livadla, Al-
bania, part of Croatia and Daimatia, and
the Morea. Thefe countries lie between
17 and 40° E lon. and 36 and 49° n lat.
extending 1000 miles in length and 900
in breadth. Turkey in Afia is bounded
on the N by the Black Sea and Circaflia ;
on the E by Perfia ; on the s by Arabia
and the Mediterranean ; and on the w by
the yVichipelago, the lea of Marmbra,
and the ftraits of Conftantinople. It lies
between 27 and 46° e lon. and a8 and 45<»
N lat. extending 1000 miles in length and
800 in breadth; and contains the coun-
tries of Irac- Arabia, Diarbeck, Cur-
diftan, Armenia, part of Circaflia, Nato-
lia, and Syria, v/ith Paleftine, or the Holy
Lijnd. In Atrica, the Turks have ftill a
precarious fovereignty over Egypt. Of
thefe countries (which fee relpeftively)
the climate, produ6lions, manners, Sec.
mult be various. Couittur.llnople is the
capital of all Turkey. In general, the
Turks are very moderate in eating, lovers
of reft and idlenefs, and confequently not
very fit to undergo fatigues. Polygamy
is allowed among them : but their wives,
properly fo calkd, ai c no luore than foui
T U S
T W E
It) number. They are charitable toward
ftrangers, let their religion be w^at it will,
and no nation furfers adverfity with greater
patience than they. The grand fignior
is abfolute matter of the goods and lives
ef his lubjcfts, infomuch that they are
little better than flaves. The grand vizir
is the chief next the emperor; but it is a
dangerous place, for he often depofes
them, and takes off their heads at his
pleafure; but though the grand fignior
has i'uch prodigious power, he feldoni ex-
tends it to perfons in private life, for
thefe may remain as quiet as in any other
part of the world. The baihaws, go-
vernors, and officers of ftate, are, in ge-
neral, the children of Chriftian parents,
who are commonly taken in war, or pur-
chafed. The Turks have always veiy
numerous armies on foot, the chief of
which are the janifaries, who have been
bred in the Seraglio, and have ufcd mili-
tary difcipline from their infancy. Of
thefe they have always 15,000, and there
may be 'about 100,000, who have that
name. The Turks -believe in one God,
and that his great prophet is Mahomet.
TuRNAGAiN, Cape, a cape of the
ifland of New Zealand. Lon. 176 56 e,
lat.40 a8 s.
TuRNHOUT, a town of Auftrian Bra-
bant. Here, in 1596, prince Maurice of
Naflau, at the head of only 800 cavalry,
totally defeated the Spaniards, confifting
of 6000 horfe. It is 24 miles ne of
Antwerp. Lon. 5 oE, lat. 51 22 n.
TuRSi, a town of Naples, in Bafili-
cata, feated on the river Sino, eight miles
from the gulf of Tarento, and 50 sw of
Bari. Lon. 16 50 E, lat.40 36 N.
Turtle Island, an ifland in the
Pacific Ocean. Loiv. 177 5 w, kt. 19
48 s.
Tuscany, a fovereign ftate of Italy,
with the title of a grand duchy; bounded
oh the N by Romagna, the Bolognele, the
Modcnefe, and the Parraefan; on the s
by the Mediterranean j on the e by the
duchy of Urbino, the Penigino, the Or-
vietuno, the patrimony of St. Peter, and
the duchy of Caftro ; and on the w by
the Mediterranean, the territory of Lucca,
and that of Genoa. It is 1 50 miles long
and 100 broad, and watered by feveral
rivers, of which the Amo is the chief.
There arc feveral mouhtains, in which
are mines of iron, alum, and vitriol ; alfo
quarries of marble, alabafter, and por-
phyry, befide hot baths and mineral waters.
Mfny parts of it are fruitful in com and
viine, and produce plenty of citrons^
ontn^e-i, poiiitgrsnatts, wd otlitr truits.
The inhabitants tc diftingutfhed by their
attachment to », imerce, and have eftab-
Kflied vaiTtous manufaftures, particularly
of filks, ftuiFs, earthen ware, and gilt
leather. Tiiey are much vifited by fo-
reigners, on account of their politcnel's,
and becaufe the Tufcan lanpn'-'.ge is the
pureft in all Italy. This duchy is di-
vided into three parts ; namely, the Flo-
rentino, the Pilano, and the Siennefe.
John Gafton, the lalt duke of Tufcan^,
of the houfe of Medicis, died in 1737,
without leaving any heiis n>ale. By the
treaty of London, 1718, the emperor
Charles vi, had promifed Tulcany, a-j a
fief of the empire, to don Carlos, infant
of Spain, as being the neareft male heir :
bvt, in 1735, when the fovenngnty of
Naples and Sicily was confirmed to that
prince, he was obliged to renounce his
right to Tulcany, in favour of Francis I,
emperoi- of Germany, then duke of Lor- -
rain, to whom it was ceded as an equiva-
lent for that duchy, which he had given
up to France. Florence is tlie capital,
TuscAROTiAS, See Oneidas.
Tusis, a town and community 6f
Swtflerhnd, in the country of the Grifons,
I'eated near the torrent Nolla, at the be-
ginning of the valley of Tomliafca, 16
miles s by w of Coire.
TuTBuRv, a town in Staffordfhire,
with a mai-ket on Tuefday. It had a
large cattle, which ftood on an alabafter
hill; feveral of the towers and a fmall
part of the wall ttill remain, and hence
are cxtenfive profpefts. It is 15 miles
E of Staffoid, and 134 ne of London.
Lon. I 40 w, lat. 53 0 N.
Tutacorin, a populous town of Hin-
dcoftan, in the Carnatic, oppofite the
ifland of Ceylon. Here the Dutch have
a faftory. It is 60 miles ne of Cape
Comorin. Lon. 7640 e, lat. 8 15N.
TuxFORDj a town in Nottingham-
ftiire, with a market on Monday. It is
feated in a clayey foil, 13 miles NNW
of Newark, and 137 n by w of London.
Lon. o 50W, lat. 53 16 n.
TUY, a town of Spain, in Galicia, with
a bifhop's fee. It isfurrounded byftrong
walls and ramparts, and well furni/hed
with artillery, being a frontier town
toward Portugal. It is feated on the top
of a mountain, near the river Minho, in 1
fertile and well cultivated country, 62
miles s of Compoftella, and 254 w of
Madrid. I,<m. 8 12 w, lat.42 4N.
TwEHD, a river of Scotland, which
rifes from innumerable fprings in the
mountainous craft of Peeblesftiire, called
Tw€tdfmuir. It dividts that couijty
A (.
T Y R
'}
V A r>
ahnoft into two equal parts, croffes the N
pait of Sclkiikfliire and Roxburghfliire,
wid forming the boundary between Bcr-
writkfhiie and Northumberland, falls into
the German Ocean, at Bevwick.
TwfiiDDALE. See Pt'.BLESSHIRE.
Twickenham, a village in Middle-
fex, ieated on the Thames, three miles
6SW of Brer,tford. It is adorned with
many hand'bme villas, of which two are
j>articulaily celebrated; namely, that
which wus ihe favorite refidence of Pope,
the gardens of which, as planted by him,
are Itill kept up, with great care and ve-
neration; and btrawberry Hill, the ele-
gant Gothic retr.eat of the late Horacp
Walpole, earl of Oxford. In the church,
1*0, ■, and his parents, are interred, and
there is a monument to his memory,
treclcd by bilhop Warburton. Some
gunpowder and oii-rallls are on a branch
of tlie Coin, which flows here into th/s
Thames.
TwEEDSMUiR, rugged and heathy
mountains, in the s part of Peebleslhire.
Tycokzin, a town of Poland, in Po-
lachia, with ^ caftle and a mint. It is
leaied on the Narevy, zz miles NW pf
Biellk. Lon.23 4.0 E, lat. 53 oN.
Tydore, one of i;he Molucca Iflands,
three leagues s of Ternate.
Tynk, a iiver In Northumberland,
farmed -of a branch from the county of
i;)urham, and another from the hills on
the borders of Scotland. Thefe uniting
a little above Hc.\haip, form a large river,
which flowi to Ncwcaltle, and enters the
German '''Cean, at I'inniouth.
Tynu, a river, which rlfes in the
rnouiuains iu the s of Haddingtonfhirc,
waters Hadcllngion, and enters the Gcr-
inan Ocean to the w of Dunbar.
TyNEMOUTH. See TlNMOUTII.
"* - Tyue, a Icaport of Syria, in that part
j^pKnierly called Phoenicia, once a place of
exceeding great tndc. It is alfo famous
for a flicUfifh, which dies a fine purple,
thence called the Tyrian die. Tyre was
deftroyed by Alexander the Great, in the
year 332 p. c. and (in exafl conformity
to the prophecies in tlye Old Teftament)
is now nothing but a heap of venerable
ruins. It has two harbours, that on the
M fide exceedingly good ; th • other choked
up 'by the ruins of the c It is 60
miles s\v of Daraafcus, ani. ow called
Sour or Sur. Lon. 35 50 E, lat. 33 18 n.
Tyrnaw, a large fortified town of
Upper Hungary, in the palatinate of
Trentfchin, 30 miles ne of Prefburg.
Lon. 17 33 E, lat. 4.8 23 N.
Tyrone, acotuityof Ireland, in the
province of Ulfter, 46 miles loiig and ir
broad ; bounded on the n by Londonderry
on the E by Aimagh and Lough Neagh
on the sw by Fermanagh, and on the w
by Donegal. It is a rough country, but
tolerably fruitlul; contains 30 parifhes,
and fends 10 members to parliament*
The capital is Dungannon.
Tysted, a town of N Jutland; in
the territory of Alburg, with a citadel, '
Ieated on the gulf of Limiord, 44 m[k%
NV/ of Wiburg, and 46 w of Alburg.
Lon. 8 25 E, lat. 56 54 N.
Tyvy, or Teivy, a river in Car-
dlganfhire, which ifllies from a lake on
the e fide of the county, waters Trepan,
non and Llanbedcr, ^nd enters the bay of
Cardigan, below the town of that name.
TzADURiLLA, a town of Natolia Pro-
per, near the river Sangar, or Aclu, 63
miles se of Ilhic. Lon. 31 Se, lat. 39
0 N.
TzARiTZYN, a town of Rulfia, in the
government of S^ratof, feaicd on the
Volga, 120 miles NW of Attracan. Lon.
4525E, lat.48 ON,_,ii; , ,;. ,,,..,..
^f ,- ;^ A V^»«, y
V. U.
VAAST, St. a town of France, m
the department of the Channel and
late province of Normandy, five miles
from Harflcur, and tight from Valogne,
Vabres, a town of France,, in thed?-
Sartment of Aveiron and late province of
LouergVK?. Though an epifcopal fee be-
fore the revolution, it is little better than
a village ; but has fome manufaclures of
fcrgcs, dimities, and cottons. It is feated
at the confluence of two fmall rivers that
fall into the Tarn, 30 miles se ot Rode?,
and 32 h of Alby. Lon. z 55 e, lat. ^3
57 N.
Vac HA, a town of Germany, in the
lands^ravate of Heffe-Caflel, 40 miles se
of Caflel. Lon. 10 ize, lat. 50 55 n.
Vache, an ifiand of the W Indies,
off the s coalt of St., Domingo, oppofite
St. Louis. It was formerly a rendezvous
of the bucaniers, who began a fettlemei;'
here in 1673.
Vada, a town of Italy, in Tufcany,
feated on the Tufcan Sea, 20 miles s of
Leghorn. Lon. 10 20 e, lat. 43 15 N.
Vado, a leaport of Italy, in the terri-
tory of Genoa, with a fort ; taken by the
French in 1795. It is three miles w of
Savona, and 24 sw of Genoa. Lon. 3
8 E, lat. 44 15N.
V.'vpsTfiiN, a town of Sweden, in,E
V A L
V A L
to '
Gothlind, where the kings of Sweden
had formerly a palace, now in ruins. It
is Icated on the E fide of the lake Wetter,
near the river Motala, 32 miles w of
fjordkiojiing. Lon. 15 55 E, lat. 58 12 N.
VaeNa, a town of Spain, in Andalu-
fia, feated at the fomce of the Caitro, 23
mifes SE of Cordova. Lon. 3 50 \v, lat.
3740N.
Vaihingen, a town of Suabia, in the
duchy of VVirtcniburg, feated on the
Ntckar, 24. miles sw of Hailbron. Lon.
9 3 E, lat. 48 58 N.
Vaiseaux, a fmall ifland of N Ame-
rica, on the N coalt of Louifiana, between
the mouths of the MilfilUppi and the Mo-
bile, with a Imall harbour.
Vaison, a decayed town of France,
in the VenaifTIn, with a bilhop's lee. It
was lately lubjedf to the pope, and is
leafed on a mountain, on ^^hich there is t
a caftle, near the river Oreze, and the
i-Uins of ancient Vaii'on, which was one
of the largeft cities of the Gauls. It is
15 miles ENE of Orange, and 22 ne of
Avignon. Lon. 5 6 E, lat, 4.4 15 N.
Val, a village of the Netherlands,
three miles w of Maeftricht, where, in
1744, mar/hal Saxe obtained a victory
•ver the duke of Cumberland.
Val-di-Demona, a province in the
NE angle of Sicily. It means the valley
of demons, and is fo called, hecauic
Mount Etna is fituate in this province,
which occafioned ignorant and lin^erftiti-
t)us people, at the time of its fiery erup-
tions, to believe it was a chimney of hell.
'I"he capital is Meffina.
Val-di-Mazara, a province in the
W angle of Sicily, lb called irom a town
of the fame name. It contains Palermo,
the capital of the whole ifland.
Val-dx-Noto, a province at the se
extremity of Sicily j io called from its
capital.
Val Ombrosa, a celebrated monaf-
tery of Tulcany, in the Appcnnlnes, 15
miles E of Florence.
Valckowar, a town of Sclavonia,
feated on the Walpo, near its confluence
with the Danube, between Efleck and
and flcirted by forefts, corn-fields, anrf
paftures.
Valdai, Lake of, in the government
of Novogorod, in Rullia. It is 20 miles
in circumference, and is the Inrgelt iri
the country round the town of Valdai.
In the middle of it is an ifland, contain-
ing a convent which riles with its numer-
ous fpires among a clutter of furroundin^
trees.
Valdai Hills, hills of Ruffia, in
the government of Novogorod, which,
though of no confiderable elevation, are
the higheft in this part of the country.
They leparate the waters which flow to-
ward the Cafpian from thofe which take
their courfe towaad the Baltic. '
Valdivia. See Baldivia.
Valence, an ancient and ]TopuIou»
city of France, in the department of
Diome and late province of Dauphlny,
with a birtiop's lee, a citadel, and a
fchool of artillery. It is furrounded b;^
good walls, and the greatelt part of the
public places, and many private honfts,
are adorned with fountains. Befide tht
handfome cathedral, thert- are many otbet
churches, as well as late convents, that art
worthy of notice. It is leated on tlA
Rhone, 30 miles N by e of Viviers, aivl
335 s by e of Paris. Lon. 4 52 E, lat.
44 56 N.
Valence, a town of France, in the
department of Lot and Garonne and late
province of Guienne, fituate on the Ga-
ronne, 12 miles SE of Agen.
Valence d'Alcantara, a confider-
able and populous town of Spain, in
Eftramadura, with an old calUe. It is
funounded by walls after the antique
manner, flanked by fome fmall baftions,
and a few towers ; is very ftrong by fitu-
ation, being bHilt on a rock, near tlie
river Savar, 20 miles sw of Alcantara,
and 40 M of Badajoz. Lon. 6 30 w, lat,
39 26 N.
Valencey, a town of France, in the
department of Iildre and late province of
Berry, with a caftle, feated on the Nabor.,
15 miles s of Romorentin.
Valencia, a province of Spain, for-
Peterwaradin, 70 miles N\v of Belgrade, merly a kingdom; bounded on the e and
Lon. 19 51 £, lat. 45 35 N.
Valdai, a town of Rulfia, in the go-
vernm -nt of Novogoiod, on the lide of a
lake of the fame name. It contains fe-
veral brick buildings ; and even the
wooden houfes are more decorated than
the generality of Rulfian cottages. Its
s by the Mediterranean, on the ne by
Catalonia, on the Nw by Arragon, and on
the w by New Caftile and Murcia. It is
162 miles long and 62 broad, and is the
molt plealant and populous country iii
Spain ; for here they enjoy a perpetual
fpring. It is watered by a great number
environs rife agreeably into a variety of of ftreams, which render it fertile in all the
gentle eminences, and abound with beau- necefTaries of life, efpecially fruits and
tiful lakes, fpripkled with w<?9dy ifland s, >vijic 5 ar.d in the mQuntalns are mines' of
\'\'r<^'::.
(■\.. !■
('».
' ,,ii;: 111 ■■«*■
V A L
V A L
pM, (liver, and alum. The inhablunt*
are much more lively than in other parts
of Spain; and the women are handfunier.
Valencia, a city ot' Spain, capital
of a province of the I'anic name, with an
archbiftiop's fee, aiui a univerfity. The
Moors were expelletl from it, in the i 3th
century. It was ttiken by the earl of
Peterborough in 1705, and loit again two
years after. It contains 12,000 houfes
within the walls, hifide thotc in tlie I'u-
burbs and pleature gardens around it,
which amount to the liame number. The
cathedral ha., a {l««p]e 130 feet high, and
one fide of the vfioir is incrulted with ala-
baikr, and adorned with tine paintings of
fcripture hiftory; the high altar is covered
witi) fdver, and lighted with 14 iilver
lamps. The palace of the viceroy, that of
Ciuta, the monaftery of St. Jerom, the
exchange, and the arfenal, are all worthy
of notice. Here are flourifliing manufac-
tures of cloth and filk, and feveral re-
mains of antiquity. It is feated on the
Ouadalaviar (over which are five bridges)
Bear the Mediterranean, 130 miles bse of
Madrid. Lon.o 10 £, lat. 39 23 N.
Valencia, New, a town of Terra
Firma, in the province of Caraccas,
ieated on the lake Tocarigua, 57 miles
sw of Porto Cavallo. Lon. 65 30 w, lat.
Valencibmn^es, an ancient and con-
fideiable city of France, in the depart-
ment of the Nortli and lat*: province of
Hainault. It contains abou> 20,000 ibuls,
and the Scheld divides it into two parts.
It is a \'ery important place: the citadel
and fortifications were conftrufted by
order of Lewis xiv» who took this town
from the Spaniards ; and it was confirmed
to him by the treaty of Nimeguen, in
i67g. In 1793, it was taken by the
allies, after a fevere fiegej but it fur-
rendered, without refiftanee, to the French,
in 1794.. Befide lace, this city is noted
for maauia^iures of woollen fhiifs and
very fine linens. It is ao miles wsw of
Mons» %9 S£ of LU1e» and lao nne of
Parisk Lon. 3 37 e, lat. 50 21 N.
Valenzo-do-Min HO, a fortified town
of Portugal, in Entre-Minlvo-e Douero,
feated on an emirience, near the river
Minho, three miles a of Tuy. Lon. 8
XI w, kt.^i m.
Valentine, a town of France, in
the department of Upper Garonne and
Lite province cf Laugtiedoc, nine miles
::£ of St. Bcrrrand. Lon. o 57 £, lat.
43 » N.
Valsnza, or Valentia, a ftrong
towi^. oi' luly, in ' tW Mikinefe> eap^it»l
of the Lomelinci and fuhjei^ to the kin?
of Sardinia, to whom it was ceded in
1707. It ha» been often taken and re
taken, and is feated on a mountain, near
the river Po, la mile* B of Calal, and
35 sw of Milan. Lon. 8 56 e, bt 4.A
58 N. ■ **
Valbtte, a town of Fi-ance, in the
department of Charente and late province
of Angoumois, 10 miles s of Angoulemc.
Lon.o 15B, lat. 4.5 30 N.
Valetta, a city of Malta, the capi-
tal of that illantl, and wonderfully (trong
both by nature and art. It is feaied on a
peninliila, between two of the fineft ports
in the world, which are defended by al-
moft impregnable fortifications. TKl
on the se fide of the city is the lari^cft:
it runs two miles into the heart of the
ifland, and is fo very deep, and liir-
rounded by luch high grounds, that the
largeft fliips may ride in the moft ttormy
weather, almolt without a cable. This
beautiful bafm is divided into five diu
tinft harbours, all equally lafe, each ca-
pable , of containing a vaft number of
fliipping. The entrance is fcarcely a
qiartcr of a mile broad, and is com-
manded, on each fide, by Ifrong batteries,
fronted by a quadruple batteiy, one above
the other, the largelt of which is on a
level with the water. The harbour on
the N fide, though only ufed for fiftiing,
and as a place of quarantine, is likewilie
well defended ; and, in an ifland in the
centre of it, is a calHe and a lazaj-et.
Valetta being built on a hill, none of the
(treets, except the quay, are level j they
are all paved with white freeftone, which
not only creates a great duft, but, from
its colour, is fo ofFenfive to the eyes, that
molt of the inhabitants are remarkably
weak-fighted. The principal buildings
are the palace of the grand mader, the
infumary, the arfenal, and the magnifi-
cent church of St. John. The pavement
of this church is the richeft in the world :
it is compofed intirely of fepulchral mo-
numtnts of the fineft marbles, porphyry,
lapis lazuli, and a variety of other vain-
able ftones, admirably joined together,
reprefenting, in a kind of Mofaic, the
arms, infignia. Sec. of the perlbn* wliole
names they commemorate. In the mag-
nificence of thefc monuments, the heirs
of the grand mafters and commanders
have long vied with each other. The
great fource of water that fuppUes Va-
letta rifcs near Mclita, and is thence con-
veyed to the capital by an aq!ued»ft of
ibme thoufand arches, erected at the ex-
penc« of one oi the grand mailers. No%
V A L
withftnmling the fuppofeil higotrv of the
Mnitcll', here ii u luolijue, in which the
Turkilh (laves are iwrmitttrl to enjoy
their religion. The Turks beliegcd this
city in 1566, but, after many drodtul
alliiulrs, were compdleii to mile the litge,
with the lofs of 30,000 men. Valttta in
fituutc uppofite Cape Palfero in Sicily.
Lou. 1+ ^^E, ht.35 54. N.
Valkenei/rg, or Fauquemont, a
town oi Dutch Limburg. in 156^, it
was lacked by the Spaniards, and, in
1671, was taken by the French, who de-
molilhed the tbrtthcations. It is leared
en the Geule, eight miles E of Macfhicht.
Lon. 5 50 E, lat. 50 5a N.
Valladolid, an ancient city of Spain,
in Old Caltile, capital of a principality
of the fame name, with a bishop's fee,
and a univerfity. It is I'uiTovmded by
ftrong walls, contains 11,000 houfes,
with long and broad itreets, and is
adorned with handfome buildings, iquares,
and fovintains. The market-place, called
El Campo, is 700 paces in circumfer-
ence, furrounded by a great number of
r'xivents, and is the place where the fairs
k" kept. There are 70 monasteries and
.'jnneries, the finelt of which is that of
the Dominicans, remarkable for its
church, which is one of the mod magni-
ficent in the city. The kings redded a
Ipng while at this place ; and the royal
fialace, which ftill remains, i^ of very
arge extent, though but two ftories high :
it contains fine paintings of various
kinds, and at one of the corners a curi-
ous clock like that of Strafburg. The
townhoufe takes up the intire ilde of a
f^uare. The houfe of the inquiAtion is
aa odd fort of a ftruftnre, for there aie
no windows, but a few holes to let in the
light. The onvirwis of the city are
covered with gardens, orchards, vine-
yards, meadows, and fields. It is feated
on the Efcurva and Pifuerga, near the
Douero, 52 miles s\v of Burgos, 80 $h
of Leon, and 95 N by w of Madrid.
Lon. 4. 25 w, lat. 41 50 N-.
Valladolid, a t6wn of New Spainj
in Mechoacan. See MecH'OacaN.
Valladolid, a town of New Spain,
in ch'e audience of Cuatimala, and province
of Hoiid>2rr.$^ with at bUhpp's fee, 296
miles I; of Qoiatiniala. JLon. iSi aa w»
lat. 14 'ON.
Vall -DOLtD, a town of New Spain,
in the pfnin/id^ a£ Yucatan, near the
coaft of the bay of Honduras,. 94* mile»
» hy- s of Maiidak Lon. 83 ao w, lat.
«o 3-3NR.
ViA4iitA»a*i&i ii tDwa o£ Peru^ la
V A L
th« audience of Qiiito, fituatc near the
Andes. Lon. 75 5 w, lat. 6 z s.
Vallais, a county of SwiiTcilaud, ex-
teiuiiiig 100 miles from B to w, ami
divided iijto LTpptr and Lower Vallais,
The former 1 caches from Mount Furca
to the river Morge, below Sionj and the
latter from that rivtr to St. Gingou, ou
the lake of Geneva. The Upper Valhii*
is Ibvereign of tlie Lower Vallais, ajid
contains ieven independent (/ixai»j, or
commonwealths; namely, Sion, Goms,
Brieg, Vifp, Lciik, Karen, and Siders.
Of thele, Sion is aiiltocratical, and the
others democratic.il. They are called
(iixains, becaule the Upper Vallais being
divided into feven, and the Lower iiuo
three diltriifs, each tlivifion is a dixain,
or tenth of the whole. Tae Vallais con-
tains ioo,oco inhabitants, who all profelift
the Koman catholic religion; Thebifhop
of Sion was foi-nicrly ablislute i'cvereigu
over thegreateft pait of the Vallais ; but
his authority is now limited. The inha-
bitants of the Upper Vallais aiC much
fubjeft to goiters, or large excrefcencea
from the throat, which often increafe to
an enormous fize ; idiocy ahb remarkably
abounds among them ; and the lower clalii
are extremely indolent and cirty. From
Mount Furci, its e bound^iry, two vafl
ranges of Alps indole the Vallais. The
s chain feparate^ it from the Milanefe,
Piedmont, and Savoy: the N divides it
from the canton of Bern. A country in-
tirely incloiifd within high Alps, and con.
fifting of plains, elevated vallies, and
lofty mountains, mult nccefTarily exhibit
a great variety of climates and piofpefliv
The productions of the Vallais vaiy aiib»
according to its fmgular diverfity of cli^.
mates j in conl'equence of which, Mr.
Coxe obferves, that (trawberries, cherries,
plums, peais, and graphs (each the natural
growth of the country) may be tafted in
the fame day. It has more than- fufficient
wine and corn for inferior confumption ;
and a confiilerable quantity of both are
yearly exported \ the foil in the midland
and lower didri^s being, exceedingly tnch^
and fertile} but in the more elevated
parts, barley is the only grain that can be
cultivated with fuccels. There are no
raanufaRures of any confequenec ini the
Vallais ; and, indeed, the ignorance of the
people isno ler» reroarkable- than-theii? ia«-
dolence.
ValijEMONT, a town of France^ in
the department of Lower Seine and late
province of Normandy, with a caftle, 16
miles N by w of CaU(iebec% Loii. i 7.5
W-, lat. ^94.6 M. _. .„ ,. .,.,,..,
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y A E
V A R
Vallengin, a town of SwiAerland;
Capital of a county of the lame name, in
the principality of Neucliatd. It is
lieatcd near the lake of Neuchatel, 25
tnile$' Nw of Bern. Lon. 6 40 E, lat. 47
ON. See Nevchatel.
Vallersj a t«wn of Frahce, in thfc
department of Indrd ahd Loire and late
province of Tourainej noted for mineral
«ratert. It li four miles nw of Tours.
Lon. 04TE, lat. 47 24. N.
Vallerv, St. a commercial town of
France, in the department of Somme and
late province of Picardy, at the nK)uth of
the river Somme, whofe entrance is very
dangerous. It is 10 miles nw of Abbe-
ville, and 100 N by w of Paris. Lon. i
37 E, lat. 50 It N4
VaLlery-en-Caux, St. a feaport of
France, in thcdepariinent of Lower Seine
and late province of Normandy, 1 5 miles
w by s of Dieppe, aifd 105 nw of Paris;
Lon. 9 41 E lat. 49 52 N.
VaLLIER, St. a town of France, in
the department of Ardeche and late pro-
vince of Dauphiny, h:ven miles ne of
Tournon. Lon. 5 a e, lat. 49 ion.
Valogne, a town of France, in the
tiepart-tnent of the Channel and late pro-
vince of Normandy. It is noted for cloth
and leather, and is I'eated on a brook, eight
miles from the lea, and 1 5S w by N of
Paris. Lon. 1 »6 w, lat.49 30N.
Valona, a ifaport of Turkey in Eu-
rope, in Upper Albania, with an arch-
biflioy>*8 fee. It was taken, in 1690, by
the Venetians, who abandoned it after
they had ruined the fortiRcations. It is
feated on the gulf of Venice, near the
mountains of Chimera, 50 miles s of
Durazzo. Lon. 19 13 e, lat. 41 4N.
Valfarisso, a town of Chili, with
a well-frequented harbour, defended by
a ftrong fort. It is leated in the Pacific
Ocean, at the foot of a high mountain.
Lon.7x 14 w, lat. 33 3 s.
Valrees, a town of France, in the
VenailTm, iz miles E of St. Paul Trois
Chateaux.
Vals, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Ardeche and late province of
Dauphiny, remarkable for mineral fprings.
It is ieated on the Ardeche, three miles
K of Aubenas. Lon. 4 16 e, lat. 44 48 N.
Valteline, called by the inhabitants
VAlLE-TELlNO,'a fertile valley of Swif*
ferland, fubjeft to the Grilons. It ex-
tends from the confines of Bormio to the
lake of Chiavenna, about the length of
50 miles, and is incloled between two
chains of high mountains. The N chain
ftparatei it tnm the Grilbn*» the s fjrom
the Venetian territories ; on the e it bor-
ders on the county of Bonnio; and U
bounded on the w by the duchy of Milan.
The Valtclineshavenomanufacturts; but
they export wine/ lilk, planks, chtcl ]
butter, and cattle. On the loth of Ji i .
1620, there was a general maliacrt of in]
prnteltaftts in this valley. Theinhabitanrs
are computed to be 62,<loo, and arc ail
Roman catholtts.
Valverde, a town of Portugal, in
Beira, on the confines of Spain, 30 inilc.^
N by w of Alcantara, and 38 sse ct
Guaidia. Lon. 6 19 w, lat. 39 44 n.
- Valverde, a tAwn of Spain, in Ditra
madura, eisht miles Irom Elvas, and
eight from fiadajoz.
Van, a town of Turkey in Afia, in
Armenia, near the frontiers of Perfia. It
is a populous place, defended by a caftle,
lieated .un a mountain. It is likcwiie a
bcglerbeglic, under which there are nine
langiacates, or particular gcvcininents.
The Turks always keep a numerous gar-
rilbn in the caftle. Lon. 44 30 e, lat.
38 30 N.
Van DiemaS's Land, the s extre-
mity of New Holland, diicovcred by Taf-
man,-in 1641.
Van Diemen's Road, a road of the
ifland of Tongataboo, one of the Friendly
lUands. Lon. 174 56 w, lat. 2145.
V.\nnes, an ancient and populous lea-
port of France, in the department of
Morbihan and late province of Bretagne,
with a bitliop's fee. Its principal trade is
in wheat and rye for Spam; and it has a
trade alio in pilchards and lea tels. It is
feated on the gulf of Morbihan, three
miles from the Atlantic, 56 sw of Ren-
nes, and 155 vv by s of Paiis. Lon. 2
46 w, lat. 47 39 N.
Var, a department of France, includ-
ing part of the late province of Provence.
It takes its name from a river which has
its iburce in the county of Nice,. and fails
into the .Mediterranean, four miles w of
Nice.
Var a LLC, a ftrong town of Italy, in
the Milanefe, 28 miles nnw of Novaia,
and 47 WNW of Milan. Lon. 8 25 e,
lat. 45 42 n.
Var AMBON, a town of France, in th6
department of Ain'and late province of
Brefie, feated on the Ain, 14 miles nnw
of fiourg. Lon. 5 15 e, lat. 46 23 N.
VaRendorf, a fortified town of Ger-
many, in the biihopric of Munfter, lieated
on the riyer Embt.
Varennes, I town of France, h the
department of Aliier and late province o(
JBQurboilAoUy icat«d on fUi tauncncejicar
V A tr
the liver AlUcr, 14. miles SSE of Moullns.
Ion. 3 SI E, ht. 46 22 N>
Varennes, a town oi' France, in the
department of Mcufe and late province
of Bar. Here Lewis xvi, his (|uccn,
IjfttT, and two children, wtre anvltcd, in
thtir flight fioni the I^uikTic'S, in June
1 79 1, and coiidii6ted hack, to Pari«. It
is 1% miles N of Clcimont.
Vain A, a coniuierablc lea port of Tur-
key in Europe, in Bulgaria, capital o{
the territory of Drohiigia, witli ail arch-
birtiop's Ite. It is leatttl near the mouth
of the y:irna, in tl.t' Black Sea, 22 miles
N of Mcllinbri^, and 14.5 uw of Con-
Itantinople. Lou. 28 zS E, lat.4.z 44 N.
Varzev, a town of France, in thede-
irtment uf Voune and late province of
Jiiigundy, with ;i caltle, 32 miles from
Auxerre.
VASSERBuac, a town of Ba.'aria* in
the territory of Munich, with a calUe.
It is furroinided by high ntountains, and
kated on the river Inn, tS miles £ of
«^Iunich. LoD. iz 15E, Iat.4S ion.
Vassi, a town of Franct, in the de-
partment of Upper Marne and late pro-
vince of Champagne, feated on the Blaile,
10 miles :uv of Joinville, ^nd 115 e of
Paris. Lon. 5 Jo E, lat. 4* xj N.
Vatan, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Indre ami late province of
Berry, leated in a Ane plain, eight miles
»N\v of Iflbiidun. Lon. i 56 e, lat.47 z n.
Vaucojleures, aa ancient town of
Fiance, in the department of Meufe and
late province of Bai", leated on the fide
oi a hill, on the river Meufe, 10 mil«s
w of Tmdt zz £W of Nanci, and 150
£ of Paris. Lon. 5 40 £, lat. 48 36 N.
Vaucluse, a village and fountain of
FraiKe, eight miles from Avignon, cele-
hiated byPetrar-ch.
Vaud, Pays de, a countiyof Swif-
krLuid, in the canton of Bern, It ex-
tends along the lake of Geneva, rifing
gradually fiom the edge of that lake, and
is richly laid out in vineyards, corn-fields,
and meadows, and chequered with con-
tinued villages and towns. It was wrefted
from the duke of Savxjy., by the cantOki
of Bern, in 1.536. Laufanue is the ca-
fital.
Vaudables, a town of France, in the
department of Puy de Don\e and late f>ro-
vince of Auvergne, hve miles from If-
ibire, and 040 s by E of Paris.
Vaudemont, a. tfiwn of France, in
the department of Meuithe and late pro-
vince of jLoiraiiii ..with a caftle. 1| is
6-ated in the moft fertile co\|ntry for corn
i.a ail Loaalo, 1 5 nulcs SE of Toul, and
U B E
Lon.
5 57 E
» Iat.4t
I? s\v of Nanci.
26 N.
Vaudois, Values of, in Piedmont.
They lie N of the nurquilitte of S^hatiifi,
and the chief town is Lucerna. The in-
habitants aic called Vaudois j alfo Wai-
denlcs, f;om Peter Waldo, a merchant at
Lyons, who exfolcd the fuperllitions 0^
th.: church of Rome, in n6o, ,an«i being
baniiPied from France, came here with
his dilciples. The Vaudois underivcnt
the moft dreadful perfecutions in the latt
century, particularly in 1055, 1656, and
1696.
Vaudrevange, a decayed town o*^
France, iiv the department of Mcuitheand
late province of Lorrain. It is feated on
the Saie, tieai- the ttrong fortrefs of Sar
Louis, 50 miles ne of Nanci. Lon. 6
36 E, lat. 49 z8 N.
Vauxhall, a village in Surry, feated
on the Thames, two miles sw of London.
It is celebrated for its gardens, which, as
a place of public entertainment, are the
fineft in Europe. Here is an almiliouie
for feven poor women, built in 161 8, by
fir Noel Caron, who rcfided here, as am'-
baifador from Holland, z8 years.
Ubeda, a confiderable and populoqs
town of Spain, in Andalufia, with a lirong
caftle, feated in a fertile country, abound-
ing in corn, wine, oil, and fruits, efpeci-
ally figs. It is five njiles ne of Baez;^
and 158 SE of Madrid. Lon. 3 13 w,
lat. 37 48 N.
Uberlingin, a free impprlal tlty of
Suabia, in the county of Furftcnburg.
The-inhabitants, who are partly Roman
catholics and partly proteffants, carry on
a great trade in com, which they lend tt>
Swillerland ; and not far hence are very
famous baths. It is feated on a high
rock, near the lake of Conltance, iz
miles jj of Couliance. Lon. 9 10 E, lat.
47 50 N.
Ubes, St. or Setubal, a fortlfiejl
town of Portugal, in Eftramadura, with
a gooj hiu-bour, defended by the fort of
St. ^ago. It is built on the ruins of the
aiu:icat Setobriga, at the head of a tay,
near the mouth of the Zadaen. It has a
fine filhery, and a very good trade, par-
ticularly m fait, of which a great quan-
tity is fent to the coionics in America. It
is leated at the end of a plain, five miles
in length, extremely fertile in com, wine,
aiul fruits : the n end bounded by a unf
of motinuiins, lodded with fine f orell« dr
pines, and. other trees } and within ttt
quairiet of jaipifr of feveral colours^ of
which are made piOarc and images,
that take a very fine polilh. It ii %%
R r
■' t
I'
V E G
miles SE of Lifbon. Lon. 8 54 Wi lat.
38 22 N.
Ubv, or Pulo-Ubv, an ifland in the
-Indian Oceani at the entraiice of the bay
of Sianii 10 miles in ciixumference. It
yields good water and plenty of wood.
Lon. 105 56 E) lat. 8 25 n.
UcKER, a river of Germany, which
ifTues irom a take of the fame name, near
Prenzlo, in the Ucker marche of Branden-
burg, runs N through Pomerania, and
being joined by tlie Rando, enters the
Frifchen Haf,/a bay of tht Baltic.
UcKERMVND, a town of Germany, in
Pruflian Pomerania, with a calile, Icated
on the Frtfchen Haf, a bay of the Baltic,
25 miles NW of Stetin^ Lon. 14 12 e,
lat. S3 S3 N.
Uddevalla, a town of Sweden, m
W Gothhnd, fituateon a bay of the Ca-
tegate. The hual'es are built of wood
painted red and yellow, and the ftreets
are fpaeioas s(nd airy. It contains 3000
inhabitants, has a trade ii> iron, planks,
and herrings, and is 50 miles N of Gothe-
bore.
Udenskoi, a town- cf Siberia, in the
government of Irkutzk, feated on the
&ke Balkul, on the ifo \d from Tobollk to
China, 1000 miles Nw of Pekin, and
1200 E of Tobolik. Lon. 96 30 e, be.
53 ON.
Udina, or UoiNEf a city of Italy,
capital of Venrttan Friuli, with a citadel.
It contains 16,000 inhabitants, and Ls
feated in a laree plain, near the rivers
Taglemento and Lilenzo, 10 miles N of
Aquileia, and 55 N by E of Venice. Lon..
13 3 E, lat. 46 12 N.
Vecht, a fortified town of Weltphalia,
in the bifliopric ot Munfter, 30 miles n
of Ofnaburg. Lon. 8 24 e, lat>5z S4-K.
Vecht, a river that riles in We(tpli.i-
lia, near Munfter, crofles the counties of
Stenfort and Bentheim, and entering Ove-
ryflll, pafles by Ommen, Haflelt, and
Swarmuys, below which it falls into die
Zuider-Zee, uiider the name of Swart-
Water, that is, Blackwater.
Vecht, a river of the United Pro-
vinces, which branches off from the old
channel of the Rhine, at Utrecht, and
enters the Zuider-Zee, at Muydcn.
VeERE. SeeTERVEHE.
Vbglia, an illand in the gulf of
Venice, on the coaft of Dalmatia, with
a bifliop's fee, a good harbour, and a ci-
tadel. It is the moft populous tdand on
this coaft, abounds in wine and itlk, and
has fmall hories in high ^fteom. The
only town, of tKefame name, is feated
V E L
on the fea, on a hill commanded by t\«
mountains, 17 miles nw of Arbt ana
110 SE of Venice. Lon. 14. 56 s* 1,3
45 22 N. * * -' '*'*
Veillana, a town of Piedmont ii
the marquilate of Suia, feated on n e'mi-
nence, near the river Doria, n mileg n J
of Turin, Lon. 7 34 e, lat.45 7 n.
Veiros, a town. of Portugal, in Aler^
tejo, with, a c.iftle, leafed on the Anha-.
loura, 10 miles, ssw of Portalegre. Lon I
7 34 w, lat. 38 57 N. *f
^ Veit, St. a ftiong town of Germanv.
Ml Carmthia, with an old caftle, ftaiefl
at the confluence of the Glan and W ijJ
nich, eight miles n of Clagenfurt, and!
and 173 sw of Vienna. Lon. 14 10 r I
lat. 47 I N. *J
Veit, St. a ftrong feaport of Auftriaal
Iftria. See Fiume. I
Vela, a cape on the N coail of Terial
"Firma, 160 miles ene of St. Martha.j
Lon. 71 »sw, lat. 12 30 N.
Velay, a late province of Fn
bounded on the n by Forez, on the wL
by Auvergne, on the s by Gevaudair^l
and on the e by Vivarez. It is hill of!
High mountains, covered with fnow the!
greater part of the year, but abounds in
cattle. It now ibrins the department of
Upper Loire.
Veldentz, 3 town of Germany, in]
the palatinate of the Rhine, capital of a
county of the lame name, with a caftle.
it is leatcd on the e fide of the Molelle/
»5 miles NE of Treves. Lon. 732, ht.
49 5*N.
Veletri, or Velletri, an aHcitm
town of Italy, in Campagna di Roina.
It is the relidcnce of the bilbop of Oftia,
wholi: palace il magnificent } and there
are large fquares adorned with fine foun-
tains. It is feated on an eminence, iiir-
ruunded by hills, eight miles ese oi
Albano, and 20 se of Rome. Lon. 12,
56 E, lat. 41 46 N.
Vele7,,. a town of Spain, in New Caf-
tile^ with a caftle, 4s miles NE of To.-
ledo, and 50 SE of Madrid. Lou. a 22
Wy lat. 40 ON.
Veeez-de-Gomara, a feapoct of the
kingdom of Fez, with a cattlcj leatcd be-
tween two high mountains, on the Me-
diterranean, lao miles nne of Fez. Lon^
4 o w, lat. 35 ION.
Velez-Malaoa, a town of Spain,;
in Granada, with a caitle, feated in ai
large plain, near the Mediterranean, i*
miles NE of Malaga, and 52 sw (^Gra-
nada. Lon. 3 24 Wj lat. 3642 N.
VsLiKA, a town of Sdavonia, feated,
I scan
V E N
■ iBtheriver Bakawa, lo miles e of Cnietz,
I jod 60 N w of Pofcga. Lon. 16 50 E» lat .
Veliki Ustiug, a province of Euro-
Ruflfia, in the government of Vo-
giia. Uftiug is the capital.
Velore, a town ol Hindooftan, in
jtheCarnatic. It it a poll of great iin-
lportance» commanding the great I'oad
I tioin Myfore into the Carnatic. It con-
I Jills of three itrong forts on as many hills,
and is deemed impregnable to an Indian
I irmy. During the lalt war againii' Hyder
I Ally» it was rdieved by fir Eyre Coote^
in the face ot the whole amy of that
I chief. It is 90 niiles w of Madras.
Vena, or Monti-della-Vena,
mountains of Caruiola, on the confines of
I Iliria, on the s.of the lake Czernic.
Venafro, a town of Naples, in Terra
di Lavora, with a bi(hop's fre, lirated iiear
the Volturno, 17 miles w of Capua, and
1 43 N of Naples. Lon. 14. 19 e, lat. 43
31 N.
Venaissin, a fmall but fertile tetritory
•f France, lately depending on the pope,
and lying between Provence, Dauphiny,
the EKirance, and the Rhone. Carpenti-as
is the capital.
Venant, St. a town of France, In the
department of the Straits of Calais and
late province of Artois . It can be laid un-
der water at any time, which is its chief
defence, and is 27 miles se of Dunkirk,
and zt NW of Anas. Lon. z 39 E, lat.
1 50 38 N. •
Venasque, a town of Spain, in Ar-
ragon, in a valley of the fame name, with
I a ftrong caftle. It is leattd on the Ef-
fara, in a country producing good wine,
35 miles E of Balbaftro. Lon.o 25 E,
iat.41 58 N.
Vence, an ancient town of France,
in the department of Var and late pro-
' vince of Provence. Before the revolution,
j it was a bilhop's fee. It is right miles
from the Mediterranean, and 10 w of
I Nice. Lon. 7 13 E, lat. 43 43 N.
Vendee, a department of France, in-
cluding part of the late province of Poi-
tou. It is fo called from a fmall river of
the fame. Fontenay-le-Compte is the
I capital.
Vendome, a confiderable town of
France, in the department of Loir and
Cher and late province of Blaifois, feated
: on the river Loir, 30 miles ne of Tours,
I and 95 sw of Paris, tfm, i 8 e, lat. 47
50N.
Vbnezvbla, a protnnce of Terra
Firma, bounded on the N by the Carlb-
I heap Sea* oa the s by Caraccusj on the
V E N
s by New Granada, and oi> the W by St.
Martha. When the Spaniards land«4
here in 1499, they obferved foine huts
built upon piles, in an Indian village, in
order to raife them above the Itagnated
water that covered the ulain: ar^ thia-
induced them to give it the name of Ve-
nezuela, or Little Venice. Near the fea-
coaft are very high mountains, the, top*
of which are barren, but the lower parts
in the valley are fertile, producing plenty
of corn, rich paftures, fugar, tobacco,
and fruits. There aie alfo. plantations of
cocoa-nuts, which are exceedingly good ;
and gold is found in the {&ms of the
rivers. This province was beAowed by
the emperor Charles v on the Velfers of
Auglburg, the moit opulent merchants,
at that time, in Europe, in confideration
of large fums they had advanced to him.
They were to hold it as an hereditary fief
of the crown of Caftile, on condition of
conquering the country and eftablifhing
a colpny, within a limited time. Unfor-
tunately, they committed the executioa
of their plan to fome of the foldiers of for-
tune with which Germany abounded in
the 1 6th century, by whofe rapacity and
extortion the country was fo defolated,
that it could hardly aiFord them fabfift-
ence, and the Velfers virere obliged to re-
linquifh their property. The Spaniards
immediately refumed pofleflion of it} but,
notwithllanding many natural advantages,
it fa ftill one of their molt languiibing
and unproduAive fettlements.
Venezuela, the capital of a province
of the fame name, in Terra Firma, with
a bi(hop's fee. It (lands on a peninfula,
on the. £ fide of the gulf of Venezuela,
70 miles ne of Maracaybo. Lon. 70 15
W, lat. 1043N.
Venezuela, a «ilf on the n coaft of
Terra Firma, which communicates with
the lake of Maracaybo, by a narrow
ftrait.
Venice, a republic of Italy, which
compiehends 14 provinces} namely, the
Dogado, Paduano, Vicentino, Veronefe,
Brefciano, Bergamo, Cremafco, Polefino-
di-kovigo, Trevifano, Feltrino, Bellu-
nefe, Cadorino, and part of Friuli and
Iftria. In the 4th century, when Attila
king of the Huns ravaged the N part of
Italy, many of thclnhabitants abandoned
their country, aad retiitd into the iflands^
of the Adriatic Sea, now -called the gulf
of Venice. As tlttfe iflands are near each
other, they found means to join them,
by driving piles on the fides of the canals,,
on. whichjthey built houles, and thus the
fupevb city of Venice had its beginning.
R r *
:i!' ,!.!
I'l. .,}
■.I
if
1
;r i
i
^,
.''^
1
1
SJK-
V E N
Thf fevemtnient of the t«publie of Venice
imr^tocr^tic, for none c^n have any {\\:irt
in it but the nohJcs. The cioge is elected
by a plurality of voices, and keeps hit> dig-
nity fw life, and they ma':e ule of gold
aadfilverbaUs, which ai'ejj^* infoa vellcl,
an4 lirrve for balloting. T bote who draw
nine ||;o|den balls, firitele^ 4ocounlelloi-s.
m^o inw twelve other*, and tkil z 5 in
addition : of this number nine peribns,,
vtho have drawn soUien balls, chooie 40
Qiore i eleven of thofc, appointed in the
iknie w^y, choofe 41 counfellors, who
finally proceed to the eleAion, till 25 votes
or more fall Upon the lame perlbn, who is
then declare^ doge. After this tleftion
^ey place the ducat cap upon his head,
ttpon \ lich he takes poflfeifion of the doge's
j^alace. Ur never uncovers his head to
any perfon, becaulie he does not wear the
«ap in his own nanw, but in that of the
republic. Hi« office is to marry the
Adriatic Sea, in the name of the republic ;
to ^refide in all airemblies of the ftate; to
have an eye over all the members of* the
magiftracy ; and to nominate to all the be-
nei^es annexed to the chiu-ch of St. Mark.
On the other hand, his power is fc very
limited, that it is faid of him ; he is a
king in purple, a councellor in the coim-
cil, a prifoner in the city, and out of it
a private perfen. There arc five coun-
cils : the fii-ft is called La Signoria, and
is compored of the doge and lix counlel-
tew. Theiecond is ifConfiglio Grande,
or the Great Council, in which all the
nobles have a voice. The third is II Con-
i^li<J dei Preg;idi, which confifts of about
• 250 of the nobility. The ioxnth^is II
Contlglio Proprio, which is united to the
Signiora » its niemlxrs are called I. Savii
Grandi, or the Great Sagci, and conlill
of 18 alTetfors : this couucil gives audi-
ence to the anibafli dors. The fifth aiid
laft is 11 Cot^figUo dei Ditci, aud is com-
• pofed of ten counfellors, who take notice
of all criminal matters ; and the doge
hirafelf, when acculed, is, ohligtd to ap-
pear beforo thenr. There is no apueal
from this counciH wUkh is a kvere itate
inquifition; and they have a great number
of ^ies, who dilcover not only what is
done, but what is faid'. The Venetians
are Roman catholics 5 but they tolerate
die Creeks and Mahometans. The pro>
tcftants are not aUbwied the, f ee exercile
of their religion { but they are not per-
> flMuled'. Tile head of the clergw is tlie
pMpliu-chbf Venice^ who is a noble Ve-
* iktfilifi, ete^rd bf the fenate ; but» in con-
ftijUence of the ^Hcy^ df the fenattt, he
li«i Ivfurct any- p^cr ovw th« ftvuSn aad
' • V E N -
monks. The tribimal of the inquifition*
Venice is conipofcd of the pope's nuncita
the patriarch of Venice, and the father in]
quifitor; but to prevent any abuieof thei
authority, three of the counfellors of th,
republic are added, without whole conj
lent nothing can be done. The Venctiai
trrritories on the continent, enumerate
above (and which, by way of diftinetioa
are lomctimes called the Terra Fii ma) ar,
dtlcribed in their refpeaive places. Th«
number of people in the whole ttrritoricti
of the republic, is cftimated at 1,500,000.1
Venice was once one of the moft powerfuH
commercial and maritime ftates inEuropcJ
For this it was indebted, at firft, to thij
monopoly of the commerce of India j thel
produ^s of that country being conveyed,!
in the middle ages, up tne Pcrlianj
Gulf, the Euphrates, and the Tigris, nA
far as Bagdad; thence by land, acrofsl
the delcrt, to Palmyra > and thence to tlrel
Mediterranean ports : and, afterward, thel
fupplying of the crui'aders with prcvilionsl
and niilita) y ftores was an additional (burc»|
of wonderful opulence and power. Alfl
this declined, howevex', after the dil'co-f
very of the Cape of Good Hope by th«
Portuguefe, in i486; which, m its con^
fequences, has reduced Venice from a
ftate of the higheft fplendour to compara-.
tive infigniiicance. Whatever degree of
liccntioulnefs may prevail among the Ve-
netians, jealoufy, poHbn, and the fti-.
letto have been long bani(hed fixjm their
gallantry. The common people of Ve-
nice difplay :bnie qualities very rarely to
be found in that-fphere of life, being re-
markably fober, obliging to ftrangers,
and gentle in their inteicourfc with each
other. The Venetians, in general, are
tall and well made : they have a ruddy
brown colour, with dark eyes. The
women are of a fine ttyle of countenance,
with exprelUve features, and a Ikin of a
rich carnation. They drefs their hair
in a very fanciful manner, which becomes
thtni much. They are of an eafy addrels,
and have no averfion to cultivate an ac-
quaintance with thole Itraikgere who are
mel'entcd to them by their relations, or
nave been properly recommended.
Venice, a city of Italy, one of the
moft celebrated in the world, and capital
of a republic of the fame name, with
a patriarchate, and a univerfity. It;
ftands on 72 little illands in the gulf of
• Vsryice. The <ipproaeh to- the city i* ,
marked by rows of ftakes on each iide,
which direel! veldbls olr a certain burden,
ta av(nd the (hallows. Tbe^ (hallows |
arc a better deftinics tliaa the lirongeft ki-
' - V E N
^ationff. Oh the apt>roaolv of an cn««
0f'M Utttt the Venetians have only to
nnll up the (lakes, and the enemy can ad-
nnce no further. They are equally be-
yond the infult of a land army, even in
the midli of winter) ji* the Hux and
fcflux o| the fea, and the mildnel's of
the climate, prevent fuch a lirength ot'
ice as cotild admit the approach of an
irmy that way. Venice is fituate
about five miles from the mainland, in a
kind of laguna, lake, or fnialler inner
gulf, feparated from the large one, called
tne gulr of Venice, by fomt. iflands, at a
few miles {iiftanee. Theie illands, in a
great meafure, break the force of the
Adriatic ftorms, before they reach the
laguna ; 7et, in very hish winds, the na-
vigation of the lake is dangerous to gon-
dolas, and fomerimes the gondoliem do
not truft themfelves even in the canals
within the city. This is not fo great an
inconvenience as might be imagined f for
moft of the houfes have a door opening
upon a canal, and another comnjunicating
with the ftreet ; by means of which, and
of the bridges, a perfon may go to almoft
any part of the city by land, at well as
by water. The numb<Y of the inhabit-
ants ia computed to be abotit 160,000.
The hinfet are built on piles. The
fireets^ itt general, are narrow ; and fo
are the canals r except the Great Canal,
which is very broad and has a terpentine
courfe . thiY}ugh the middle of the city.
There ai« nearly 500 bridges in Venice ;
but what .pafs for fuch are only fingle
itrches thrown over the canals; nioft of
them- very paltry. The Rialtb confilts
alio of » lingle arch,, but a very noble
one,'aiMlof marble, built acrofa the Grand
£ana,\i, npar tlie middle, where it is the
narroweft : this celebrated arch is 90 feet
widc'On the tbvet^of the canal,< and 24 feet
high. The beiraty of it is impaired by
two rowi< of boiothfi, or fhops,' which di-
vide its up|)er furface- into three narrow
ftreets. The view from the Rialto is.
equally lively and magniHcent ; the Grand
Canal covered by boats and gondolas^ and
flanked on each fide by magnificent pa-
laces, churches, and fpives. Except the
Grartd Canal, and the Canale Regie, all
the others are narrow and mean ; ioine of
thenr have no quay«^; and. the water lite-
rally waHics the houl'es. The only place
where a perlbn can walk with eafe and
fafety is iA the Piaxza di St. Marco; a
kind: of irregulftr qttadrangle» formed by
a number of buildings^ all fmgnlar in
their kind} nianely, . the Ducal Palace;
tlie churches of St. Mark and St. Gerai*
V E N
niano 1 the Old and New ProeurAtiei^i t
noble range of buildings, in which ute
the mufeum, the public library« and nine
large apartments belonging to the procik-
ratursofSt.Mark. All thcfie buildings are
of marble. At the corner of the new pioca-
rarie, a little diitance from the churchy
Itands the (teeple of St. Mark) a qua-
drangular tower, about 300 ieeC high.
The natriarchal church of St. Mark»
thougn one of the richeft and moft ex-
penfivc in t\vt world, doef not ftrifce the
eye very much at firll. The architeAlirejg
of a mixeu kind, rnoLiy Gothic ; yet raaigr
of the pllldrs are of the Grecian orders.
The outfide is encrufted with marble i t be
inlide, ceiling, and Aoor, ai-e ail of t^e
fineft marble, as are the numerous pilkuri {
and the whole is crowned by five domei.
The front, which looks to tlie palace, has
five brafs gatei, with hiftorical balTo-ra-
lievos: over the principal gate are placed
the four faimous bronze borfes, laid to
be the workmanihip of Lyfippuif: the
Aery fpirit of their cduntenalnces* and
their animated attitudes, are perfeAty^
agreeable to theh* original deftination^ n£ '
being harneiicd to the chariot of the i'ud. ^'
The treafury of St. Mark is very rich ki '
jewels and relics ; but they will be enia-
merated by devotees only, or by Hhofe w^
wifh to laugh at the ahlwdity of Aqarrftr-
tion. The ^dtical palace is an immenfe
building: be&lc t-ne apartments of tfar
doge, there aire halls and dhambers far the
fen»te, and th^ different eouncilt and tti-
bunals. Within the palace is ai little
atfenal,. which communicates* With th«
hall x>f the great council. HeiTeagreat
number of mwlkets are kept, reiidy
charged, with which tiie nobles may arm
themfelves, o» any fuddvn infur>ti5iiQn.
Under the portico are the gaping movtHc '
of lioni, to receive anonymous loeter^^ in-
formations o( treafonable pra^iees-y and
accufations of magillrates fur aWea in of-
fice. From the palace is a covered' bridee
of cummvflication to a (tate prifon, on thi;
oiher lide of the canal : prifoncrs pafs to
and from the courts over thie bridge,
which is named Ponte dei Soj^ri^ t\»
Bridge of Sighs. The lov/er gallery, or
piazza, under the palace, is called the
^Brcglio. In this the nobld Venetians
w;}lk and converie: it is only here, and
at couhcil, that ^ey have opportunities 6f
meeting together) for they feldoUki' vilic
openly, or in a family way, at each' other's
houfes ; and fecret meetings would give
umbrage to the lUte inquiiitors. There
is an opening from St. Markka Place to
the fea^ on which fland two lofty pUlara
< R'J , '
1" ''. ■• I :1
(
¥n j.'^
-W '
V E N
V E R
of granite. Criminals condemned to
fufter death publicly, are executed be-
tween thefe two piilari. TLe arfenal of
Venice is a fortification of between two
and three miles in compals s it contains
arms for 60,000 foot and «o,ooo hor(e,
arranged in an ornamental manner^
here a 800 men are daily eirj-loyed in
building Hiips, calling cannons, making-
cables, fails, anchors; &c. The Vene-
tians have a flourilhing trade in filic ma-
nuta^ureky bonelace, and all forts of
jglafles and mirrors, which make their
J}rincipal employments. The handlbme
tru£lure called II Fontica-di-Tedelchi,
containing 500 rooms, is that where the
German merchants lay their commodities.
In this city is a famous carnival, which
begins on New-year's-day, and continues
till A/liwednefday ; all which time is
employed in fports and diverfions. Then
there is fcarce any dittit\£Vion between vice
and virtue i for libertiniljn reigns through
the city, and thoulands of foreigners fre-
.^uent it from all parts of Europe, They
all appear 'in malks, which no one can
venture tio take off: in this dilguile they
imitate the fury of the ancient Bacchanals ;
and the nearer Aihwednerday approaches,
tlic more mad they are. The principal
ipot of themafquerade is St. Mark's Place,
where there are rometimes 1 5,000 people;
and it. fwanns with harlequins, jolters,
mountebanks, ropeilancers, and piippet-
ihows. Even the priells and monks enjt>y
the diverfions of the carnival ;- but when
thtit is over nothing is heard from the
xrlergy bur fermons on repentance. Venice
is included in the "rovince called the Dd-
gado, and is 72 miles E by N of Mantua,
115 NE of Florence, 140 Eof Milan, iix
Nof Rome^ and 300 N by w of Naples.
Xon. I z f o E, lat, 4.5 26 N.
. Venice, Gulf of, a fea between
.Italy- and part of Turkey In Europe. It
is the ancient Adriaiiium Alare, and is
itill fnmetimes called tl'C Adriatic. The
doge of Venice annually performs the
ceremony of wedding this fea, in token of
the fovereignty of that republic over it,
On Afcenlion Day, he goes upon the water
in a luperb velfcl, attended by the lords
of the bignoria, foreign ambailadors, and
innumerable . gondolas ; and 'throwing a
fold ruig into the fea, he .'pronounces a
.atin ilntence to this purport : We
efpoufe tliee, oh fea, in token of true and
perpetual Ibvereigntyi
Venlo, a itrong town of Dutch Guel-
deria rci, fornieriy in alliance with the
llanieatic tpwns. It was more than once
t^ken and retaken in the wars between the
putch and Spaniards. In 175^1 it fur-
rendered to the allies, and was confirr...
to the ftates-gcneral by the barrier treat
in 1715. It was taken by the French,
Oft. i8, 1794; It is leated on the e fidf
of the Made (on the oppofite fide of whic|
is Fort St. Michael) 19 Tiiles n of Rure
monde, and 35 NW of Juliers. Lon. 5 541
E, lat. 51 20 N. .. <
Venosa, a town of Naples, in fiafii
licata, with a bifliop's fee. It is featedi
in a fertile plain, at the foot of the Apij
pennines, 1 3 miles NW of Acerenza, and!
7a NE of Naples. Lon. 15 5a e, lat. 4«l
5+N- .1
Venta-db-Cruz, a tomi of Terr*!
Firma, in the ifthmus of Darien, feated]
on the river Chagre. Here the Spaniards
ufed to bring the merchandife of Peru and
Chili on mules from Panama, and embark.
it on that river for Porto Bello. Lon. 79]
o w, lat. 9 ioN. 1
Vera, an ancient feaport of Spain, in j
Granada, with a bifliop's fte. It 'is 43
miles NE of Almer'.a, and 32 sw of Car-
th.ngena. Lon. i 30 w, lat. 3715 n.
Vera Cro/, a feaport of New Spain,
in Tlaicula, itated on the gulf of Men.
•ico. Here the flota arrives annually from
Spain, to rcceiveihe produce of the gold
and fdver mines of Mexico, and an an-
niial fair is held here for the rich merchan-
dili of the Old world . The air is fo un-
healthy, that wben the fair is ovei-, there
are few inhabitants befide mulattees and
blacks. There are fuch cowds of Spa-
niards from all parts of America, that
tents are erefted -ibr them while the fair
lalU. This place is famous on account
of the landing of Ferdinands Cortez,
with 500 Spaniards, when he u,ndertook
the conquelt of Mt:xi(;o. It is loo miles
e by s of Mexico. Lon. 97' 35 W) lat'.
19 11 N.
V..ERACUA, a province of New Spain,
in the aydienee of Guatimala ; bounded
on the N'by the gulf of Me^fico, on the
E by the province and bay of Panama, on
. the s by the Pacific Ocean, and on the w
by ColVa Rica. It is 125 miles long and
40 bioad, and is a mountainous and barren
country, abounding in gold and fdvsr.
Conception is the capital.
V ERA-PA z, a province of New Spain,
in the audience of Guatimala j bounded
en the N by Yucaun, on the b by the
bay and province of Honduras, on the s
by Guatimala Proper, and on the w by
Chiapa. It is 88 miles in length, and
nearly as much in breadth, and is full
of mountains and forefts ; but there are
many fertile vallies, which feed a great
nu nr.be r of horfes and mules. There are
al 0 many towns and villages of the natire
V E R
Amerkant. The capital, of the fame
tame, hat a bifhop's fee, bit is inconfi-
l^erable. It is lao miles nb of Guati-
mala. Lon. 89 o w> lat. 15 ion.
Verbbrib, an ancient town of France^
in the department of Oife and late pro-
vince of the Ifle of France, ieated on the
river Oife, 10 miles N£ of Senlis. Lon.
s 51 1, lat. 49 zzN.
Verge J. I, a (trong and confiderable
(own of Piedmont, capital ot a lord-
/hip of the lame 4iame, with a biihoi>'s
fee, a citadel, and a calile. The town,
houfe, the governor's palnce, and the
hoipital, are handfome Itrucliircs. It is
ieated at the cunfliwuce of the Scilla and
Cerva, 10 miles nw of Cafal, and 40 ne
of Turin. Lon. 8 24 E, lat. 45 31 n.
Verd, Capb, a promontory on the w
coaft of Africa, 45 miles nw of the-
mouth of the Gambia. Lon. 27 33 w,
lat. 1445N.
Verd Islands, Cape« iflands in the
Atlantic, above 300 mUes w of the coaft
of Africa, between 13 and 19° N lat.
They were dii'covered, in 1446, by An-
thony Noel, a Genoefe, in the fervice of
Portugal, and received their general name
from their iituation.oppofite Cape Verd.
The principal are ten in number, lying
in a lemicirde. Their naixKs are St. An-
tonio, St. Vincent, St. Lucia, St. Nicolas,
Sal, Bona Vifta, Mayo, St. Jago, Fuego,
and Bravo.
Verden, a duchy of Germanv, in the
circle of Lower Saxony, z8 miles long
and neai'ly as much broad ; bounded on
the E and s by the duchy of Lunenbxurg,
on th^ w by the Wefer and the duchy of
Bremen, and on the M by the duchies of
Bremen and Ltmenburg. Itconlifts chiefly
of heaths and high dry lands , but there
are good niarflies on the river Weler and
Aller. In i7i£, the Danes wreited this
duchy from bweden, and, in 17 15^ ceded
it to the eleflor of Hanover j which cef-
fion, in 1 71 8, was confirmed by the
Swedes. The inhabitants are Lutherans.
Verden, a town of Lower Saxony,
capital of a duchy of the fame name. It
contains four cHwcbes, and is ieated on
a branch of the Aller, z6 miles SE of
Bremen. Lon. 96 E, lat. 53 ion.
Verdun, an ancient and confiderable
town of France, in the department of
Meufe and. late province of Lorrain, witli
a bifhop's fbe, and a itroug citadel. Its
fortifications were co^ltruCted by the che-
valier de Ville and marfhal de Vauban i
the latter of whom was a native of this
pl^ace. In 1755, great part of the ca-
thedral was deltroyed by taghtning. Ver-
V E R
dun was taken by the Pruffians ia 179s*
but retaken foon after. The inhabitaatk
are noted for makiiu; fine fwectmeats. It
is feated on the Meufe, which runs through
the middle, 4» miles sw of Luxemburg,
and 1 50 B of Paris. Lon. 5 is i, lat. 49
.9N.
Virdvn, a fmall but populous towq
of France, in the department of Uppcc
Garonne and late province of Languedoc,
feated on the Garonne, %i miles nw of
Touloule. Lull. I toK, lat. 43 54 N.
Vermandois, a late territory of
France, in Picaiilyi which, with tlie late
proviiKe of Soillbnnois, is now included
in the department of Aifne. It abounds
in cojin, and excellent flax.
Vermanton, a town of France, in
tlie department of Vonne and late pro-
viace of Burgunay, leaded on a river, i <>
miles SE of Auxerre. Lon. 3 49 s, lat.
47 40 N.
Vermont, one of the United States of
America j bounded on the N by Canada,
on the E by the river ConaeAicut, which
divides it from New Hampfhire, on the «
by Maflachul'ets, and on the w by New
York. It is 1 55 miles long and 60 broad,
and divided into feven counties. A chain
of high mountains, running N and s, di r
vides the flate nearly in the centre, between
the river Conneflicut and lake Champlaia.
The natural growth upon this chain it
hemlock, pine, fpnice, ^d other ever>
greens : hence it has always a g^'een ap^
pearaxce, and obtained the defcriptive
name of Vermont, from the French FerJ
Mont, Green Mountain. The countryia
generally hillyV but not rocky. It i«
finely watered, the foil is very fertile, and
there is nut a better climate in the world.
The inhabitants have lately been eftimated
at 100,000. The principal town is Beat
ningtoa. ,
Vernet. See Issoire.
V£RN£UiL, a town of France, in the
department of Eure and late province of
Normandy, feated on the Aure, tz miles
sw of Evreux, and 65 w by s of Paris.
Lon. o 59 E, lat. 48 41 n.
Vern£uil, a town of France, in the
department of AUier and late province of
Bourbonuois, three miles fron> the river
Allier, and 1 5 s of Moulins. Loa. 3 15
E, lat. 46 ao N.
Vernon, a populous town of France,
in the department of Eure and late pro-
vince of^ Normandy, with an ancient
caftle, and a foirtrei's at the end of the
bridge, over the Seine, 17 miles sg of
Rouen, and 41 nw of Paris. Loa. )i ^»
£, lat, 49 6n.
R r 4.
VEK,
V E S"
Veroli, 3JH ancient and poi^ulous tov/19
•f Itnlyt in CampaKna di Roma, with %
^ifhop's fee.' h i« itated on the Cola, at
Ihe foot of the AppcnnincK, 45 ixiiles SE
^f Rome. Lon. 13 15 k, ht.41 %S n.
'' VcitONA, a large, ancient, and famoui
«ity of Italy, capita) of the Verondc,
with a bifhop's Tee,, throe forts, and an
icadi^my. It i* rurroumlect by thick
walk, deep ditclte«« and good ramparts.
The ftretts are neither clean nor ftraight ;
but there is a handfome place called the
Piazza d'Aiini, in which is a marble ftu-
tue, reprefcntine the republic of Venice.
^The niuft remarkable ftru£\ure is the ain-
|)hitheatre byilt by the Romans, in which
there are 44. rows of benches of white mar-
ble, which will conveniently hold 25,000
perfons. Verona is the birthplace of Pliny
the Naturali(t, and in the cathedral is a
magnificent toniib of pope Lucius III.
TherKiir Adige divides it into two parts,
which communicate by two handfome
bridges. Verona was taken by the French
in July 1796. It is 17 miles nb of Man-
tua, and 62 sw of Venice; Lon. i x 24 e,
kt. 45 iG N.
Veronese, a territory of Italy, in
the republic of Venice, bounded on the
K by the Trtntino, on the e by the Vi-
centinb and Taditario, on the s by the
MjaAtuan, and on the w by the Brefciano.
It is 35 miles long and 27 broad, and one
*f th- '"•4 fcrtilfe countries in Italy,
aboui. in corn, wine, fmits, and
cHJttK
' y fe R'N o I s , a confiderable to wn of R u f-
fia, in the government of Reran, leated
on a^ mountain, near a. river of the fame
innri^, which a little lower falls into the
]Don« Lon 42 29 e, lat. 5,3 15^.
• Versailles, a town of France, in
the department of Seine and ©ifc and
late'^pi'ovince ofithe Ifle of France. It
contains 60,000 inhabitants, and, fince
the reyolutionj htw been created a biihop's
f^. In the reign of Lewis xiii, it was
only a fraall village, and here this prince
built a hunting feat in 1630. Lewis xiv
bliilt a magnificent palace here, which
was the ufuai refidcnce of the kings of
Prtiici, till Oiftober 6, 178^, when th^
ifiifortunate Lewis xvi a.nd his femily,
Were reinOved from it to Paris. The
buiklings' and- gardens ivere adorned with
a yaft number of ftatues, by the gieateft
mailers, and the waterworks were magni-
ficent. The gardens, with the park, aie
iive miles in circumference, and fur-
roimded by wallsi Verfailles is 10 miles
wsw of Paris, Iton, x iz £> 191.48,
4Sn» ■ '*. ■ ■
Ye R 501, a village of France, in tb
departtneot of A in, Tiat^d on the hke <_
Geneva, near the mouth of the rivir VtJ
Ihi, fix miles SE of Gcx, and i^ven n oi
Geneva. It goes by the name ot (,/!-fl3
fiul'j Folly, for Geneva having falleJ
under the difpleafun; of Fra;>cc, the (iuktl
de Choileul (then primf mmilter) tmlta.l
yourinj^ to take advantage of the troubletj
in 176U, formed a plan to ruin tliaf city,!
and monopolize the wliole trade of thcl
lake. With this view, he fixed on Veilbi
as a proper fituation for a large town, and '
began to f«nk a pier, to make a harhour,
&c. But when the harliour was neaily
completed, and 125,000!. hail been ex-
penk'd on the prcjei\, it was Aidiidily
relinquifhed.^
Vertvs, a town of France, in the d»-
p?rtmcnt of Marne and late province of
Champagne, feated in a plain, at the foot
of a motmtain, on which are vineyanis,
producing vt;ry good wines, iy miles sw
of Chalons, ana 78- ne of Paris. Lon.
4 2E, lat.48 53 N.
Verue, oi-Verrua, a town of Pied-
mont, m the county of Alti. It was be-
fieged in 1705, by the Ftench, who did
not can y it till after fix months, when it
was reduced to a- heap of ruins, btcaufc
the commander had. blown up al) the for-
tifications. It WAS afterward rettored ta
the duke of Savoy, if. is feated on a hill,
near the river Po, 20 miles w of Cafal,
and 23 ne of Turin. Lop. 8 2 e, lat. 45
13 N.
Verviers, a town of the Netherlands,
in the biftiopric of Liege, leated on the
Weze, four miles sw of Limburg, ar,<i 1 7
SE of Liege.
Vervins, a town of France, in the
department of Aiine and late territory
of Vcrmandois, fanious for a treaty, ia
1598, between Henry iv of France and
Philip II of Spain- It is ieated on thfl
Serre, no miles NE of Paris, Lon. 4 o
E, lat. 49 50 N.
Verulam, the veftiges of a celebrated
Roman town in Hertfoi-dlhire, clofe by
St. Alban's. In the time of I^ero it was
a mufi'cffyium, or town, the inhabitants of
which enjoy etl tbt privileges of Roman
citizens. By Tacitus it was called Feru-
lamiutn, and by Ptolemy Vrolamium.
After the departure of the Romans, it
was intirely ruined in the wars between
the Britons and Saxons ; and nothing re-
mains of it but the ruins of walls, tef-
felated pavements, and Roman coin$,whicH
are ftili fornetimies dug up,
Vesei,ize, a town of France, in the
department of Mcur^ and late provincQ
' j%
. V E V
«{ Lorrain^ It^tci nn the Brcnonj 15 miles
s^ of Nwvij ^"4 i6i se of Paris. Lon.
6 10 E, 1^1.48 aS N.
Vesi,£y, a tQwn of France, ia the dcr
pai tment oC Aiih^e and Iste prQv'vnce gf
Soiflbnnoli, letted on the i;lvcr Aiiix, 1.9
miles ENK of SuIIfons.
Vesoul, a town of France, ifl the U«^
partment of Upper Saone and late pro-
vince of Franclic Coint^. Since the re-
volution it has been created a bifliop's fee.
In its vicinity is a well, fimllar to that
near Ornans. It is feated at the foot of
a mountain, called Mottc dc Velbul, near
the river Durgeon, ii ipiU-s N of Befan-
^on, aod 100 SB of Paris. Lon. 6 8 E|
lat.4.7 36 M.
VE.SPEAIN, or Weisbrain, a Along
and populous town of Lower Hungary,
capital of a county of the fame namtt,
with a caltle, and an epifcqpal fee, whofe
hi (hop is chancellor to the qi|et;n of Hun-
gary, and has a risht to crown her. It
IS iVated on the Take Balaton, at tht
inou^ of the river ^ai wife, 50 miles sw
of Strigonia, and 83 sg of Vienna. Lo^.
17 57E, lat.4.7 i+N-
Vesuvius, a celebrated Volcano of
Italy, fix miles B of Naples. Its firft
eruption was in the year 79, uijder Tltus^
It was accompanied by aq earthquake,
which overturned leveral cities, particur
larly Pompeii and Hercubneum ; and this
eruption proved fatal to PUny the Natu-
raliil. Great quantities of aio^s and iulr
phureous fmpke, were carried not only to
Kome, but alfo beyond the Mediterranean,
into Africa, and even to Egypt i birds
were fufTocated in the air, and 't^H down
upon thegiound; and. fi/hes. peri/hed in
the neighbouring waters, which were
made hot, and infected by it. Another
very violent and terrible eruption, in 1634,
totally dettroyed the town of Torre del
Greco. Sir William Hamilton mentions,
that the eruption in 1767 was the 27th
from the time of Titus, fince which there
have been ten others,} that of 1794. being
the molt violent and deHiruftfve, next to
thofe in 79 and 1631. In the lalt erup-
tion th>, top of tjie mountain fell in, and
the m juth of Veiuvius is now little fliort
of two miles in circumference.
Vevay, the aucieixt VibUtum, a tQwn
of SwifTei'laod, capital of a baillwlc. of the
fame naine^ in th^ caatoiv of B«i'n, The
famous . general I<udlow retired to this
plaq:, on the re/location: her^ he died iq
1693, and is interred in. the church.
Vevay is fycroMnded by vineyard hills,
and the wine is in great eftimation. It
ftiinds. in a.fmall jgUiDi o^.th^eUge of the;
VIA
lake of Geoeva, 37 n^lcs sw of 0tnu
Lon.7 4.E, lat.4^ x8n.
Vbudrc, a town of Franct, in the 49-
pa^mient of Allien auU l*i^ p^vvliKt of
JSourbonDoist Icated on the sivw Alliaf*'
17 miles II W of Mpulios.
VszELAY, a tow4i of Franqe, \u tb*
deoaituient of Nievre and lat« p«QviiK»
of NiverQQis, I'eated on the top of ^iiMint.
tain, near the river Cvire, 20 miles s <^
Auxevr.:, and 1 17 s by B of Paris^ JLon.
3 42 B, lat*47 '^if»
Ufa» a government of European Ru^
fia, formerly included in the goveranitiic
of Orenlnirgh.* It is divided iota the
two provinces of Ufa and Oi;enJt>urg|i«
Ufa, a town ojf KulUa, capital of a
government of the fame name. It is
Icaicd on the Bielald, below the mouth oi
the Ufa, 760 miles B of Mofcow. Lon.
57 o£, lat. 5440N.
Ugento, afmallbut populpus towa
of Naples, in Terra d'Otraiito» with «
bifhop's li;e, eight miles \v of AkBSuvt^
and 20 .s\y of Utrantw.
Ucocz, a town in Upper Hungry,
capital of a cou^ of tne fame nane»
with a caftie.. It is feated qn a CtnU^
river that falls into the NeilTe, 15 iuik»
N of Zatmar. Lon. a* 34 e, lat. 48 s «.
Ugocn A», a town of Italy, in the duchy
of Mi!an>, feated. on the Tofa, 16 miles
N of Varallo, and 45 N\v of Milan. Lon.
8 24 e, lot. 4S 51 N.
Vmdana,, a town of Italy,, in tb*
duchy of Mantua,, feat^edon the Po» eight
miles N of Parma* and 17 s of Mantua.
Lon. 10 35 Bi lat.44s8N.
ViaNa, ^ town of Spain, in Navarre^
feated near liie £bro^ tnree railes, n of
Logronno, and 46 sw of Pampeluna.
Lon. 2 20 w, lat. 42 32 N.
Via HA, a cunfiderable town of Porta-.
gai, in.Entre-Minho-e Doueroj leat«d at
the mouth of the Lima* vvlth a giood
harbour, defended by a fortj 15 nHle* vi
of Bra?a, and 36 N of Oporto. Lon. &
29 w, lat. 41 39 H.
ViANDEN, a town of Auftrian Luxe
emburg^ capital of a county of the fame
name. It is divided into two towns by
the river Uren. In th9 one i» a caftle,
on an inacceflSble mountain. It is za
miles N of Luxerabiurg, and ai nw of
Tifves. Lon* 6 i3,Bf lat. 49 55 N.
ViAJ^BN, a town,of the United Piwvin-*
c«9, in Holl^d, with a caAle. It waa
(aken. In 1672, by the Fcen^. who de-
molidied the foitincations* It| is feated
on the Leek, feven miles s of Utrecht*
Lon. 5 8 E, lat. 52 oN.
Vi.^^KA* » ^ovciriuneDt of Eur^a*
'iff{s|;SI
if
V I c
V I E
Ruflia, iK'kich wa» formerly a province of are mine* of filver ami iron, and nuarrie
Kafan. It takes its name from the river of (tone, almott as fine u marble.
Viatka, which runs throuzh it. • Vicenza, a ftrong and flourilhini
ViATKA» a town of European Ruf- town of Italy, the capital of VicentinoL
fia, capital of a government of the with a bifliop's lee. U is without wallil
fame name, with a bifliop's fee, and a but is a large place, adorned with frvcrail
caftle. It was formerly called Khlynuf, palaces, and has a fine iuuare, with!
and is featcd on the river Viatka, loo piatzas under the houfei. There are alibi
miles N of Kafan. Lon. 54 15E, lat. 57 feveral other iiiuares, and fine churche*.
•5 N . Here is an academy, whole members meet
Vic, a town of France, in t'.ie depart- in the Olympic theatre, a maHerpiece of
mt of Meurthe and late province of workmanfhip by Palladio. It is Icattd
>rrain, feated nn the Seille, la milc3 between the rivers Bachtglione and Ke.
ment
Lorrain
VNK of Nanci, and 197 B of Paris. Lon.
6 38 E, lat. 48 47 N.
Vic, a town of France, in the de-
partment of the Up))er Pyrenees and late
province of Bigorre, fituate on the
Adour, I a miles N of Tarbes. Lon. o
9 E, lat. 43 14 N.
Vic, a town of Spain, in Catalonia,
with a bifliop's fee. The cathedral is
•domed with a fine portico, fupporred by
large pillars ; and the marketplace is
very fpacious. It is feated in a fertile
plain, on a fmal) river that falls into the
Tar,
BNB of Madrid. Lon. 2 13E, lat. 41
55 N.
Vic-Fezen«ac, a town of France, in
the department of Gei-s and late provihce
of Armagnac^ feated on the Douze, 15
miles w of Auchi'
Vic-LE Colli PTE, a town of France,
in the department of the Puy de Dome
and late province of Auvergne, with a pa-
lace, where formerly the counts of Au
glione and Ke
rone, and two mountains, in a fertile
plain, 13 miles Nw of Padua, 31 w of
Venice, and 135 N of Rome. Lon. u
43 E, lat. 4.5 a6 N.
Vic HI, a town of France, in the de-
partment of AUier and htc province of
Bourbonnois, famous lor the mineral
waters near it. It is feated on the river
Allier, 15 miles s£ of Gannat, and 180
« by E- of Varis. I.on. 3 ji e, lat. 46
ON.
Vic HO, a town of Naples, in Terra
di Lavora, with a bifliop's fee. It was
30 miles N of Barcelona, and 165 almoft ruined by an earthquake in 1694,
-r »«- I ..J T __ 1-. ^j^j j^ feated near the bay of Naples, 15
miles s by E of Naples. Lon. 14 28 £,
lat. 40 38 N.
VicovARO, a town and principality
of Italy, in the province of Sahina, leated
near the Teverone, eight miles e of
Tivoli, and 40 NE of Rome. Lon. 13 %
E^ lat. 42 30 N.
Victoria. SccVittoria.
_ _ . J _ .. _ ViDEN, a fortified town of European
vergne rcTided, and about a mile from it Turkey, in Bulgaria, with an arch-
are mineral fprings. It Is ieated near the
Iflbire, i^^ miles SE of Clermont, and
ftjo 8 of Paris. Lon. 3 aiE, lat. 45
36 N.
ViCEGRAD, or ViZEGRAD, a ftrong
town of Lower Hungary, with a caftle
bifliop's fee. It has been often taken and
retaken by the Turks and Auttrians, and
is feated on the Danube, 88 miles NE of
Nlfla, and 150 s£ of Belgrade. Lon. 24
27 E, iat. 44 12 N.
Vienna, a city of Germany, capital
on the top of a rock, where the kings of of the ciixle of Auftria, and of the whole
Hungary formerly refided. It was taken German empire. The city itlelf is not
from the Turks, in 1684, by the Auf- of great extent, tior can It be enlarged,
trians. It^ is feated on the s fide of the being limited by a very ftrong fortinca-
Danuhe, eight miles s-e of Grau, and tion; but it is populous, and contains
16 NW of Buda. Lon. 19 7E, hit. 47 60,000 inhabitants. The ftreets, in ge-
35 N.' neral, are narrow, and the houfes high.
ViCENTiNO, a territory of Italy, be- Some of the public buildings ar^ magni-
longing to the Veiietians ; bounded on the ficent : the chief of them are the Imperial
V by Trentino and Feltrino, on the e by Palace, the Library, and the Muleum j
Trevifano and Paduano, on the s by Pa- the palaces of the princes Lichtenftein,
duano, and on the w by the VeroneG:. Eueene, &c. Vienna was ineifeflually
It is 35 miles long and 27 broad, and Co befieged by the Turks, in 1589 and
vei y pleafant and fertile, that it is called 1683. At the latter period, the fiege
the garden of Venice. The wine is ex- was raifed by John Sobieflci, king of
cellent, and the butter and cheefe very Poland, who totally defeated the Turkiflv
good. Here are alio great numbers of army before the waHs of this p'".r«. No
mulberry. trres, for fdkwonns ; and there houws without the walls are i tlo -td to be
4 '"".; -^ • *n
V I E
huUt nearer to the glacis than 600 yardt }
fo that there it a circular field uf that
breadth all round the city, which hai a
beautiful and falutary effefl. The fub-
urbs are faid to contain «oo,ooo inhabi-
tants { but they are not near fo populous,
in proportion to their fize, as the city,
for many houfes ha . e extcnftve gardens
belonging to them. Many families who
live during the winter within the *" tifi-
cations, ipcnd the I'ummer in the fuburbs.
The cathedral is built of frteftone, and
the Iteeple is 447 feet high. Joining to
this church is the archbifhop's palace, the
front of which is very fine. The univer-
fity had feveral thoul'and dudents, wiio,
when this city was befieged, mounted
guard, as they did alio in 1741. The
archducal library is much frequented by
foreigners, as it contains above 100,000
printed books, and 10,000 manufcripts.
The arcliducal trealury, and a cabinet of
curiofities of the houle of Auftria, are
great rarities. There is a fort of harl)Our
on the Danube, where are magazines of
naval ftores, and (hips have been fitted
out to ferve on that river againit the
Turk*. Vienna is an archbifhop's fee ; and
in the winter fealbn is frequently vifited
by dreadt'ul ftorms, which rufh through the
openings of the neighbouring mountains.
It is feated at the place where the river
Vienna, or Wien, tails into the Danube,
50 miles w of Prefburg, 350 nnb of
Home, 520 SE of Amlterdam, 565 e of
Paris, and 680 ese of London. Lon. 16
a»E, lat.4S 16 N.
ViENNE, an ancient and confiderable
town of France, in the department of
Ifere and late province of Dauphiny. It
is feated on the Rhone, over which it had
formerly a bi'idge, of which only ibme
piers remain, that render the navigation
dangerous. Under the Romans it was the
capital of a colony, and the feat of a
fenate. In tlw fifth centuiy, the Bur-
gundians made it the capital of their
kingdom. Its commerce confifts in wines,
filk, and Iword-blades, which laft are
highly efteemed. Before the revolution,
it was the fee of an archbilhop. The ca-
thedral is a handfome Gothic fti-uflure.
In 1 3 1 1 > a general council was held here,
at which pope Clement v prefided, and
Philip the Fair of France, Edward 11 of
England, and James 11 of Arragon,
aJfifted. This council is famous for the
fupprefUon of the order of the Knights
Templars of Jerufalem. Near Vienne,
on the banks of the Rhone, are produced
the excellent wines of C6te-R6tie, in a
foil where the grape, as the name imports »
!s almoft parched up by the fun { and, a
little further, are grow.> the famous her-
mitage wines, fo called, becaufe a hermit
had his grotto there. Vienne is 1 5 miles
s of Lyons, and 765 se of Paris. Lon.
4 55 E, lat.45 31 N.
Vienne, * department of France,
formed of part of the late province of
Poitou. It takes its name from a river
which riles in the department of Correze,
and falls into the Loire between Chinun
and Saumur. Poitiers is the capital.
Vienne, Upper, a dei^rcment of
France, comprifing the late province of
Limofin. Limoges is the capital.
Viekarden, a town of Germany, in
the niarche of Brandenburg, lieated on
the Vetle, near its confluence with the
Oder.
Vierzon, an ancient town of France,
in the department u{ Cher and late pro-
vince of Berry, famous for its forges.
It is feated on the Cher and Yevre, in the
moft fertile part of the department, 17
miles nw oI Bourges, and 100 s\v of
Paris. Lon.-.' 10 E, lat.47 iiN.
ViESTi, a town of Naples, in Capita-
nata, with r^n archbifhop's fee. It it
ieated on the gulf of Venice, in the place
called tl>e Spur of *!ie Boot, and at the
foot of Moun* Garden, 45 miles NB of
Manfredoniii and 117 of Naples. Lon.
16 40 E, lHt.41 51 N.
Vic AN, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Gard and late province of
Languedoc, a 5 miles w of Alais, and »5
NW of Nifmes.
VicEVANo, a town of Italy, in the
duchy of Milan, capital of the Vige-
venalco, with a bilhopV fee, and a
Itrong caftle on a rock. It was formerly
the refidence of the dukes of Milan, but
is now fubjeft, with its territory, to the
king of Sardinia. It is feated near the
Tcnno, la miles SE of Novara, and 15
svv of Milan. Lon. 8 54 e, lat.45 ** N.
ViGNAMONT, a town of the Nether-
lands, in the bifhopric of Liege, two milei
N of Huy. Lon. 5 *» E, lat. 50 34 n.
ViGO, a town of Spain, in Galicia,
furrounded by a wall, with four baftions.
It has a good harbour, remarkable tor a
feaiight, in 1702, between the Englifh
and Dutch fleets, and a fquadron of
French men of war, with 13 Spanifh
f;alleons under their convoy, The Eng-
ilh took four galleons and five men of
warj the Dutch, five galleons and one
man of war; fourteen men of war and
four galleons were deflroyed. While thi«
was U-anfafling, the duke of Ormond,
withfome land forces, drove the Spani-
V IL
V I L
Snh from die caftk which defended tht
. arbour. Vig9 U ieatcd on a bay of tlie
lame namr, iu tho Atlantic, eight miitra
»w of Hettondclia, and a6o WNW of
Madrid. I41U 8 aS w, tat. 4a 14 N.
ViHiERs, a town of France^ in the
dqutftment of Maiiut and late province of
Aiijou, feated qn a lake, 20 miles $ of
AJigera, atui j6% fw of Paris, Lon. o
aj^iiW, lat.47 Sh.
ViLAiNty a river of France, which
vlfcs in the department of Maine, waters
Vitre aiKt Rennes, divides the department
of MorbiJb.'Ui from that of Lower Loire,
and entera '.he bay of Bifcay* below Roche
Seroard, When fir Edward Hawke de-
feated tl^e French iUet, in 17 $9, feverai
of theii- men of war took flielter in this
river, in which they were obliged to lie
leveral months.
Villa-Aracone&e, atownof SancUr
iua« 17 miles n^ of SalTari. Lou. 8:. 50
lEa 'at.40 56 N.
ViLL A,.BoHiM, a town of Poitugal, in
Alentejoy 10 miles sw of Elvas.
ViLLA-D)£L.K£Y» a town of Spain, in
£ih-amadiira»on the frontiers of Poitu^al,
fakjvi by the allies in 1706. It is leated
Oft the Guadiana, 17 miles NW of Bada*
jos. L00.7 lO'W,. lat. 3S^43N.
\LLUA(^DO^CoiiDiL, a feaport of Por-
tncal, in the province of Entre-Douerp-e-^
Mmlu), at the mouth of tlw Ava» >9
loUes E of Barcclos, and 20 »w of
Oporto. Near it is, an ancient. aq)»e4uiU
I«o«.8 &3 w, lot. 41 14 K.
ViLLA-L-o-HoRTA, the c3pUaI of the
iflandr of Fayal, ouc of the Aaeres, It
is feated on the w coalt, and bgs aihaAV*
bom-, landlocked on. every fide except the
JE and i«£, add defended by feverai forts»
Lon. iS j6 w, lat. 38 s» M.
Vii.Lfir-VhQ», a town of Portugal* in
the province of Tra-los-Montes, feated
on a. river that falls into tlie Douero.
Jt is, 40 miles e of Villa Real.
Villa-Franca, a feu^wrt of Italy,
in the county of Kice, with a caftle and
xbrt. In 1744) it was taken by the
French and Spaniardsv but restored } and
Was again taken by the French^ in 179a.
It is! three miles E of Nacc. L.on. 7 25 £>
latii 4^41 Nn ,
Vu*i<a-Fr^nca4 a town of Itajy, in
the Varonefe,, with a^ fiUb iu»Euufa^Uivev
10^ miles s of Veronai X*oiu vt "niiBrt
l^t.4,5 36i».
Vii.i.Ai,Ki,AHC^> the capital of the
U^nd of 3t* ^»Iicha<d) on»of th« Azorea.
^o».»5 35\Y» lati 37 S**-
Vii.i,A-K|iA«CAr atuwftof Spatn» in
4 Hw,
mile* ss of Salanuttica. Lon.
lat. 40 26 N.
V|LLA-FRANGA-»K-PANADBS,atOwi|
of Spain, in Catalonia. It is I'luroundtd
by wails, and feated near tiie Medittrra.
nean, i i miles w of Barcelona, and 30
NK of Tairagona. Lon. i 55 e, lat. 41
»6n.
Villa-Hermosa, a town of Spain, in
Valencia, near the river Mithwy 51 miles
NW of Valencia.
ViL«.A-H.KRMO»A, a town of New
Spain, in the province of Tabafco, feated
on the river Tabalico, 40 miles s of the
bay of Campeachy, and 50 ne of Chiapa.
Lon. 94 5 w, lat. 17 45 N.
Villa-Nova, a town of Portugal, in
the province of Entre-Douero-e-Minho,
feated on the riveif Douero, oppofite Oporto
(on which it depends) and defended by
feverai iotts.
, Viu.ArNu©VA-D'A»Ti, a town of
Piedmont, iii tlie county of Afti, lo miles
E of Turin>. Lon. 7 59 E, lat. 4) 50 H.
Villa-Panda, a town of Si^iain, Iq
Leon, witlv an arfenal, and a palace be-
longing to th» conttable of Caftile. It is
%6 miles K of Toco. Lon. 5 o w, lat.
4» S N.
Villa-Rbal» a town of Portugal, in
the nrovince of Tra-Io!HMonte3, and ca-
pital of Comarca. It is ieated at the
confluence of td^ Corgo and Ribei*a, 1 5
miles NE of Laine8(0» and>45 &Eof Braga.
Lon. 7 20 w, lat.4f 9 K.
Villa-Rbal,! a town of Spain, in the
I>rovince of Valencia, 26 m'dw N of Va^
encia. Lon. 0 20 £, lat. 3.9 46 N.
ViLLA-RiCA> a ieaport Qt' New Spainy
in the audieiKe of Mexico and province
of Tlafcala> feated on the guil' of Mexico,
aoo milea B of Mexico. Loq. 97 i^w,
lat. 19 »o N, ' '
VtLLA-RiCA, a.town of Chilit feated
on the lake Molabaugen, 6» miles from
the Pacific Oceanw Lon. jz* 41 w, lat.
39158.
ViLLArViciosA, a fortified town of
Portugal, in Alentejo, with an old caftle,
and a palace, where th*; dukes of fira-
ganza forraeriy refilled. la the iuburb
is an ancient temple,, originally built to
tlie honour oi' Pi-ofei-pine. The foil about
this towa ia> evtimnely fertile, amd thae
are quarries of fhte green oiai'ble. h.
iinliaaBeda famciis liege again It the Spa-
niards, in 1667 }i whifih occafioned a bat'-
tie in a neighbouring plain, the e>Etnt ot
wihi«b placed' ''he crdvun otfPootuga^ on the
headfo^' the duke of Riaganxa. It is 16
miles svv of Elvas,, and 83, s& of Lilben.
Lon. 7 16 Wr l»t' jS 3^ ti*
▼iLLA-Vici08A, a fetBOrt of Spain,
in Alturia d'Oviedo, feated on the bay of
Btfcay, »z miles ne of Oviedo. Lon.
j S4W, lat. 4.3 IS N.
ViLLA-ViciOsA, a town of Spain, in
New Caftile. Here, in i7io> genrral
Starember? defeated the French and Spa-
niards undei- tht duke of Vendoine, al-
though they were twice his number; but,
from want of provilions, he was obliged
«o leave to the vanciuiflitd all the advan-
tages of a complete viiSloiy, which, ac-
cordingly, they alcribed to themfelves.
Villa- Viciofa is fix miles NE of Brihuega,
and 49 NE of Madrid.
ViLLAC, a town of Germany, In the
duchy of Carinthia, befongiug to the
biJhop of Bamberg, with a cuitle^ It
carries ^n a great trade with the Vene-
tians { and near it are the baths of Top-
litz. It is feated at the confluence of tl«
Diaye and Geil, Inrrounded by moun-
tains, 12 miles sw of Clagenturt, and
SS NE of Brixen. Lou. 14. 3 e, lut.46
50 N.
ViLLE DiEU, a town of France, in
the <lepartment of the Channel and late
province of Normandy, it miles nne
«f Avranchcs, and 18 SE of Coutances.
Loa. I 8 w, lat. 48 52 n-
Vill^-Franche, a town of France,
in the department of Rhone and Loire
and late province of Lyonois. It is Ibr-
rounded by walls, and leated on the
Morgon, 18 miles Nvvof Lyons, and
*33 s by B of Paris. Lon. 4 51 £, lat.
4S 59 N-
Ville-Franche, a ttrong town of
France, in the department of the Eaftem
Pyr«iees and late province of Koufliilon,
with a cattle. In one of the neighbour-
ing mountains is a curicu» cavern. It is
feated at the foot of the Pyrenees, on the
aiver Tet, 22 miles ne of Puyccrda, and
300 s of Paris. Lon. 2 252, ht.42
s5iir.
V«jLEtFianche, a town of France,
HI the (department of Aveiron and late
provisce of Rouqrgiie. It has a great
trade in. linen cloth, and is feated on the
Aveiroiiy -^8 miles W of Rodez, and 260
s of Pitrts. Lon. 2 30 E, lat. 44 Z4N.
VjtLijt.Jw^VE, a town of France, four
miles s of Paris.
VittEMiTR, a town of France, in the
depaitment of ITf^per GaiTiine and late
DFOvinQp of Languedoc, feated on the
Tar^ xt miles NNE of Touloufe.
VkLL^NA, a town of Spsin, in the
province of Murcia, 55 miles nw of
MtveiR, and 1 7 ; »b of Mtidrid. LoD. 9
49^ W> lati ;l 49 »,
ViLLENEuvE, a town of Fi-ancc, ia
the department of LtJt and Garonne ami
late province of Guicnne, feated on the
river Lot, 17 miles N of Agen,
Villhneuvf:, a town of France, in
the department of Gard and late pro-
vince of Languedoc,' 23 miles Nw of
Nilifnes.
Villeneuve-de Berg, a town of
France, in the dcpartinent of Ardeche and
late province of Dauphiny, 10 miles NW
of Viviers.
ViLLERS COTERETS, a tOWn of
France, in the department of Oife and
late province of the Ifle of France, with
a caftle, 10 miles sE of CompiegiU'.
Lon. 3 12 E, lat. 49 14 N.
ViLLiNGEN, a town ot Siiabia, in the
Brilgaw, feated in the Black Foreft, be-
tween the Iburces ot the D:mube and
Neckar, :^8 inilcs e by s of Friburg,
Lon. 8 37 E, lat. 48 8n.
ViLVORDE, a town of Auftrian Bra-
bant, Jt-ated on the caml from BinireU t»
the Scheid, feveii miles NE of BrulI'dti;
Lon. 4 31 H, lat. 5056 N.
Vincent, Cape St, the mofl fouth-
ern promontory of Portugal, 25 miles w
by s of Cape Lagos. Lon. y o \v, lat.
36 44 N.
Vincent, St. one of the Windward
Caribbec Illands, in the W Indi;,s, 5$
miles, w of Barbadocs. It is inhabited
by Caribs, a warlike race, between whoa
and the aborigines of the larger iflands
there is a manifeft dIftin5\ion. Dr. Ito^
bertfbn conjei'hires that chey were origi-
nally a colony from N America j their
fierce manners approaching nearer to thofc
of the original natives of that continent
than they do to thofe of S America, and
their language alfo having fome affinity
to that Ipoicen in Florida. In their
wars, they preferve their ancient prafticc
of deltroying alt the males, and prelerving
the women either for fervitude or for
breeding. St. Vincent was long a neutral
iflandj but, at the peace of 1763, the
French agreed that the right to it fRould
be vefted in the Englifli . The latter, foon
after, at the inftance of Ibme rapacious
planters, engaged in an unjufi war againfl
the Caribs, on the windward iide of the
if land, who wpre obliged to confent to a
peace, by which they ceded 3 large tizSt
of valuable lahd to the crown. The coo-
fequence of this was, that in the next
war, in 1779, they greatly, contiibutod
to the redu^ton ci this ifland by the
Flench, who, however, rcftored it iif
1783. In 1 795^^1ttfe French landed fbme
troops, sfnd ^gaih IWliJ^^Kd the Caribs'
H^,
I , ■}
I't
■■Up-
nil
V IR
V I s
to an infurreftion, which was not fubdued
till June 1796. St. Vincent ii^. 14 miles
in lenstb, and 18 in breudth. It is ex-
tremely fruitful, being a black mould
upon a ftrong loam, the moii proper for
the raifing of fugar ; and indigo thrives
here remarkably well. Here is alio a
botanical garden, in which the bread-
trees, brought from Otaheite, are now
in a fiourifhing condition. Lon. 61 o w,
bt« 13 ON.
Vincent, St. one of the Cape Verd
Iflands, on the coalt of Africa. It is
uninhabited; but on the H\v fide of it
is a good bay, where fhips may wood and
water, and wild goats may be fhot. It
is faid 'that more turtle is caught near
this iiland than round all the reft, and that
it abounds ^rlin faltpetre.
Vincent, St. a province of Brafil,
extt*nding along the coalt of the Arlantic,
from the province of Rio Janelroin the
NE, to that of Del Key in the s. The
capital, of the fame name, has a good
harbour. Lon. 46 30 w, lat.24 15 s.
Vincent, St. a town of Spain, in
Old Caftile, with a caftle. It is feated
on a hill, near the river Ebro, 1 38 miles
NE of Madrid. Lon. 240 w, lat.42 30 N.
Vingorla, a Dutch fettlement in the
peniniula of Hindooftan, on the coaft of
Concan, a little N of Goa. Lon. 73 2a
E, lat. 15 57 N.
Vingorla Rocks, rocks lying about
feven miles from the coaft of Concan, in
tlie peninfula of Hindooftan, and 10 miles
ssw of the ifland of Melundy; or Sun-
derdoo. They are poffefled by the Mal-
waans, a piratical tribe. Lon. 73 16 w.
lat. 15 52 N.
ViNTiMiGLiA, an ancient town of
Italy, in the republic of Genoa, with a
biihop's fee, ar fmall harbour, and a Itrong
caftle on a high rocic. It has been often
taken and retaken, and is feated on the
Mediterranean, at the mouth of the Rotta,
ao miles ene of Nice, and 70 sw of
Genoa. Lon. 7 37 e, lat. 43 53 n.
ViRE, a coniidcrable town of France,
in the department of' Calvados and late
province of Normandy, with feveral ma-
nufactures of coarfe woollen cloths. It
is feated on the Vire, 30 miles se of
Coutances, and 1 50 w of Paris. Lon. o
45 W, lat. 48 48 n.
Virgin Cape, a cape of Patagonia,
Lon. 67 54 w, lat. 52 13 s.
Virgin Gorda, Great Virgin, or
Spanish Town, one of the Virgin
Illands, in the W Indies. It has two
food harbours, with fome other iflands
epending on it (iiet VixciN Islands)
and Is defended by a fort fituate In lon
64 ow, lat. 18 18 n.
Virgin Islands, about 30 iflands
and keys, in the W Indies, between St.
Juan de Puerto Rico and the Lteward
Caribbee Illands. They were called Las
yirgines by the Spaniards, in honour of
the 1 1,000 virgins of the legend. They
aie poUefled by the Englifli aivl Danes.
In the firft divifion, belonging to the
Englifli, is Tortola, the principal, to
which belongs Joft Van Dyke's and Little
Van Dyke's, Guana Ifle, with Beef and
Thatch Iflands. In the fecond divilion
is Virgin Gorda, to which belong Ant-
fada, or Drowned Iflc, Nicker, Prickly
ear, and Mulkito Iflands, the Comiija-
noes, Scrub and Dog Iflands, the FalLn
City (two rocky iflets, dole together, at a
diltance refembling ruins) the Round
Rock, Ginger, Cooper's, Salt Ifland,
Peter's Ifland, and the Dead Cheft. Of
the Danifli divifion, the principal iflands
are St. Thomas and St. John. Lon. fiom
63 45 to 64 55 w, lat. from 17 10 to
18 30 n.
Virginia, one of the United States of
America, bounded on the s by N Caro-
lina and TenaflTee, on the w by the river
MifliflippI, on the N by Pennfylvania and
the river Ohio, and on the E by the At-
lantic Ocean. It is 758 miles in length,
and 224 in breadth. The principal rivers
are James, York, Rappahannoc, and Po-
tomac, which are full of convenient har-
bours ; and there are alfo many fmall
rivers, fome of which are capable of re-
ceiving the largeft merchant (hips. The
climate is various. The land tbwai'd the
mouth of the rivers is generally low, and
fit for rice, hemp, and India, corn,
though at pi efcnt ftocked with many forts
of trees, from 30 to 70 feet high. The
land higher up the rivers is generally
level, and watered with fprings ; but
there are here and there fome fmall hills.
That near the iea is generally fandy, and
without ftones, for which reafbn the horfes
are feldum fhod. The richeft lands lie
near the branches of the rivers, and
abound with various forts of timber, fur-
prifingly large. The principal nroduce
IS tobacco, wheat, and Indian com ; but
the culture of tobacco has confiderably
declined in favour of tliat of wheat. Vir-
ginia is divided into 74 counties} and
the capital is Richmond.
Virtqn, a town of Auftrian Luxem-
burg, 22 miles w of Luxemburg.. Lon.
5 41 £, lat. 49 3(S N.
VisET, a town of the Netherlands, in
the bifliopric of Liege, feated^ on the
V I T
Maefe* feven miles N of Liege. Lon. 5
40 E, lat. 50 44 N.
ViSHNEI-VOLOTCHOK, a town of
Riiflfia, in the governroent of Tver,
one of the imperial villages entranchifed
by Catherine 11. It has a canal, Which,
by uniting the Tverza and the Matta,
conne^s the inland navigation between
the Calpian and the Baltic ; and the in-
habitants, raifed from the fituation of
flaves to that of freemen, ieem to be
awakened to a lenfe c thi.-ir commercial
advantages. The to\ is divided into
regular Itreets. All tht !>uildings are of
wocd, except the court ot jultice erefled
by the late cmpteis, and four brick houies
belonging to a rich burgher. It is feated
en the rivtr Zua, 50 miles NW of Tver.
Lon. 35 o£, lat. 57 23 n.
VisiAPovR, or Bejapovr, a con-
fiderable city of the Deccaa of Hindooftan,
once the cap'.tal of a large kingdom of
the fame name, but now fubject to the
Poonah Mahrattas. It is 136 miles SE
of Poonah, and 134 SE of Bombay. Lon.
75 19 E, lat. 17 a6 N.
VisoGOROD, a town of Poland, in
Mafovia, with a caftie, feated on the
Viftula, 50 miles NW of Warfaw.
UisT, North and South, two iflands
of the Hebrides, on the w coalt of Scot-
land ; each about 20 miles in length, and
of confiderable breadth.
Vistula, a large river, which rifes
in Mount Crapach, on the confines of
Silefia and Hungary, crofTes Poland and
Pruflia, and falls by three mouths into
the Baltic, below Dantzic.
ViTERBO, an ancient town of Italy,
in the patrimony, of St. Peter, with a
bi(hop's lee. It contains 1 0,00c inhabit-
ants, 16 parifh-churches, and many pa-
laces and fountains. Near it is a I'pring,
fo hot, that it will boll an egg, and even
flefh. It is leated at the foot of a moun-
tain, from the top of which, the city of
Kome and the Mediterranean Sea may be
feen j the latter at the diftance of near 50
miles. It is 20 miles SE of Orvieto, and
35 N by w of Rome. Lon. 12 26 e, lat.
42 25 N.
ViTRE, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Jfle and Vilaine and late pro-
vince of Bretagne. It has a trade in Imen
cloth, aiid knit dockings and gloves. It
is leated on the Vilaine, 20 miles NE of
Rennes, and 52 sE of St. Malo. Lon.
I i3\v, lat. 48 14 N.
Vitri-le-Brule, a village of France,
one mile from Vitri-le-Fran.,ois. It was
formerly a confiderable town, but was
tMirnt (ai its nanoe Imports) by Lewis va.
U L I
ViTRi-LE-FRANfOis, a confiderabl*
town of France, in the department of
Mame and late' province of Champagne*
It is well built, though the houiin are
of wood i and there is a fine fqiure, in
which the church ftands. It hat a great
trade, particularly in com ; and is icated
on the Mame, 1 5 miles ss of Cbaloni, and
looEofParii. Lon. 4 38 B, lat. 4844 n.
Vitteaux« a town of France, in the
department of Cote d 'Or and late province
of Burgundy, feated on the river Braine,
among the mountains, where there are
quarries of marble, 12 mile« SE of Se.
mur, and 27 w of Dijon. Lon. 4 17 b»
lat. 57 20 N.
Vittoria, or Victoria, a confider-
able town of Spain, capital of the pro»
vtnce of Alava, in Bii'cay. It is fur-
rounded by double walls, and in the
principal Iquare are the townhouie, two
convents, and a Hne fountain. The large
ftreets are bordered with fine trees, which
are a good defence againll the heat of the
fun. It has a Igreat trade in hardware,
particularly in fword-blades, which are
made here in large quantities. It is
feated at the end of a plain, fertile in
corn and grapes, 32 miles se of Bilboa,
and 155 N of Madrid. Lon. 2 56 W,
lat. 42 55 N.
VivARAis, a late fmall province of
France, part of that of Dauphiny, and
now included in the departnier>: of Ar>
deche.
VivERO, a town of Spain., in Galicia,
feated at the foot of a (teep mountain,
near the river Landrova, who/e month
forms a large harbour on die Atlantic, 30
mijes N w o? Moudonnedo. Lon. 7 34 w,
lat. 43 50 N.
ViviERs, an ancient town of France,
in the dcpartmeixt of Ardeche and late
province of Dauphlny, with a bifhop's
lee. It is leated among rocks (on one of
which the cathedral is built) o*. the river
Rhone, 20 miles n of Orange, and 70
NE of Moutpeliier. Lon. 4 46 e, lat. 44
20 N.
ViZA, a town of Turkey in Europe,
in Romania, with a Creek archbifhop's
fee. It is Itrated at the foot of a mountain,
at the fource of the river Glicenero.
Ukraine, an exteafive country of Eu-
rope, lying on the borders of Poland,
Ruffia, and Little Tai-tary. Its nanie
fignifies a frontier. By a treaty between
Rufiia and Poland, in 1693, the latter
remained in pofrefTion of the Ukraine, on
the w fide ot the Dnieper, which conAi-
tuted a palatinate called Kiof } while the
£ fide was allotted to Kutlia, a::d calk4
MiifMi'
JY'
-' ULV
Hw g6vemnient of Ki6f : but RviSilitiT-
ing tfbtaitwd the Pblith pan, hy the tfeaty
•Tiiartttidii, hi J79?i the tvhofe of the
IJkraine> Cn both Mts of the Dnieper,
WlongH iriow to thAt formtdabk po^er.
ThM j^art of the Ukraine, on the w fioe
«f the Dnieper, is but indifferently cul-
tivated { but that on the £ fnle, inhabited
by the Coffees, is in much bctttr condi-
tion. The prineipal town is Kiof. See
ComaCs.
Uladislaw. See Inowladislaw.
Vlieland. See FlIe.
UlieRVeck, a town of Auftrian Bra-
bant^ two miles e of LouVain, and ii se
«f Mechlin. Lon. 4 52 e, lat. 50 5) N.
UliETEa, oi\e of the Society Irtes, in
the Pacific Ocean. Ldn.151 31 w, lat.
.1645 5.
UllsWater, a lake of Weftmorland,
to miles N cf Amblefide, ^nd 14 sw of
Penrith. It- is eight miies long, and
Abounds with char, and a variety of other
fiih: The navigators of thi^ lake find
much amufertient by difcharging guns, or
fntali cannon, in certain ftations. The
report is reverberated from rock to rock,
promontory^ cavern, and hill, with every
variety of found ; now dying away upori
the ear> and again returning like peals
of thunder, and thus re-echoed leveh
times didinaiy.
Ulm, a free imperial city of Suabia,
and the chief of that order in the circle,
where the archives thereof are depofited.
It is fortified ; and is leated on the Da-
fiubey where it receives the Iller, with a
handlbme bridge over the former. Here
is a good college ; and in the cathedral,
which is ^- handfome ftru£lure, are 6 3
copper veffels full of water, ready foi- thfc
cxtinginfhing of fire. The inhabitants
are p^teftants, and have a good ti'nde in
linens, fuftians, hardware, and wool.
The duke of Bavaria took it in i/oz,
by ftnUa^m ; but I'urrendered it after the
buttle 6? Blenheim, in 1704. It was
taktttby the French, inSeptembei- 1796,
but they were obliged to abandoned it the
fiiiM month. It is 36 miles W of Augl-
burg, 47 SE of Stutgard, and 63 N of
Mafiieh. Lon. 10 he, lat. 4J 25 n.
UlMen, a town of Germaiiy, in the
ar«hbifliopric of Mentz, 30 miles ne of
Tmres. Lon. 7 8 e, lit. 50 7 n.
Ulster, a province of Ireland, ti6
nlles long and roo broad } bouildecl on
the B by the Irifli Sea, on the n by tht
Noifftem Ocean, on the' w by the At-
lanik Ocean, on the s by the province of
Xeittfter, and on he s w by that of Con
•uifjtiU The principal rivers Wi tl%
U N G
lafm, Foyk, 5willy, Newry-water, and'
Laggan } and it abounds with larjre lake<
The foil, ii) gtneral, is friiitful in com
and grafti aiJ there are plenty of horli;s.
archbifiiopric, fix bi/hoprics, ,0 counties,
and 36s partfhes. The primripal pbcc
is Londonderry. *
Ultzery, a town of Lower Saxony,
m the duchy of Lunenbutg, feated on the
Ihnenan, aa miles s of Lunenburg. Lon.
10 38 E, lat. ja 55 N.
ULV^RSTONi, a town in Lancafliire
with ? market on Monday. The country
people call it Gufton, and it is itated at
the foot of a fwift defcent of hills to tlie
SE, near a ihallow arm of the Irifh Sea
It is the poit of the diftriil of Furncls!
The principal inns are kept by the ^uidesj
who rcgillatly pal% the fands, to and liom
Lancalter, every Sunday, Tuelday, and
Friday. It is 18 miles KW of LaiKaftei,
and a67 nnw of London. Lon. 3 iz w*
lat. 54 i4N.»
Uma, a town of Sweden, in W Both-
nia, leated on the river Uma, in the gulf
of Bothnia. The houfes are built of
wood ; and it was twice burnt by the
Rulfians. It is the refidencc of the go-
vernor of W Bothnia, and »3o miles n of
Stockholm. Lon. 19 9 e, lat. 63 58 n.
Umago, a feaport of Venetian Iltrla,
feated between the gulf Lai'gona and the
mouth of the riVer Quieto.
Umbriatico, a town of Naples, in
Calabria Citeriore, with a bifliop's fee,
tho^igh now reduced to a fmali place.
It is leated on the Lipuda, 15 miles N by
w of St. Severina. Lon. 17 10 e, lat.
38a9N.
UNDERS\VEN,orUNDERSEEN, a hand-
fome town of ■ Swiffcrland, in the canton
of Bern, ftear which is the famous cavern
of St. Pat. It is feated on the lake
Thun, 25 miles ssE of Bei^, and 30 sb
of Friburg. Lon. 7 3a e, lat. 46 32 n.
UnderwaldeN, a canton of Swiffcr-
land, the fixth in rank } bounded on the
N by the canton of Lucern and the Lake
of the Four Cantons j on the e by high
mountains, which feparate it from the
canton of Uri j on the s by Mount Bni-
nich, which parts it from the canton of
Bern ; and on the \V by that of Lucern.
It takes its name from a wood, which runs
nearly in the middle of the countrj , from
N to s. It is 25 miles long and i^ broad,
and is divided into two pai-ts, that above
the wood, and that below it, called Ober-
wald and Uhderwald., Formerly the
whole caifton was iindier the famejurif-
diitioA i but the inhabilanti of the tw9
U N I
diftriJlt now form two republiict, &bd
have each their lancb-gemeind, or general
aflembly, their landamman, and council
of regency ; but with refpefl to external
affairs, there is a joint council, choien
equally by the two divifions. The in-
habitants are Koman catholics. Stantz it
the capital.
Unghwar, a town of Upper Hun-
gary, capital of a county ot the fame
name, in an ifland formed by the Ungh.
It is ftrong from its fituation among the
mountains of Crapach, and is 47 miles E
ot CaiTovia. Lon. 21 23 E, lat. 4.8 48 N.
Union, the county-town of Fayefte,
in Pennfylvania, 1 1 miles from the Mo-
iiongohela. Lon. 79 48 w, lat. 39 54 N.
Unitbd Provinces of the Ne-
therlands, a republic of Emope, con-
fifting of (even provmces, which extend 1 50
miles fron^ N to s, and 100 from E to w.
They are bounr'^d on the w and n by the
German Ocean, on the s by Brr oant and
the bifliopric of Liege, and ci. the E by°
Germany. They rank in the following
order ; Guelderland, Holland, Zealand,
Utrecht, Friefland, Overyflcl, and Gro-
ningen. Befide thefe provinces, are the
lands of the Generality (including Dutch
Brabant, Flanders, and Limburg) in
which are the towns of Bois-le-Duc,
Bieda, Bergen-op-Zoora, Maeltricht,
Venlo, Sluys, iand HuHt. This republic
(which is likewife called by the general
name of Holland) affords a ftriking prcof,
that perfeveriitg indiiiiry is capable of
conquering every dil'advantage of climate
and fituation. The air and water are
nearly equally bad ; the foil produces na-
turally icarce any thing but turfj and
the poffefllon of this very foil is dilputed
by tii6 ocean, which, riling confiderably
above the level ot the land, i^ prevented
from overflowing it, only by expenfive
dikes. Y«t the labours of the patient
Dutchman have rendered this fmall and
feemingly infigniBcaitt territory one of
the richeil i'pots in Europe, with refpcifl
'" population and property. In other
countries, poffeffed of a variety df natural
pilxlu^ions, it is not furpriiing to find
manufacturers employed in ilugmenting
the riches which the bounty of the foil
beflows; but to fee, in a country like
Holland, Iarg«' Mroollen mwuifaflures,
where there arc fcarce any flocks ; num"
bet-lefs artifts employed in metals, where
there is not a mine } thoufandt of faw-
milli, where there is fcarce a wood j an
immenfi; Quantity of Corn exported from a
country wncre there is not a^rriculture fuifiw
4ent to fupport one half of Ui inhabitaKtc>
lU N I
is what ihuft firike every attentive ol:^
ferver with admiration. Among the moll
valuable natural productions of the United
Provinces mav be reckoned their excsllenc
cattle ) and large quantities o^- madder
are exported, chiefly cultivated in Zea.
land. The mofl confiderable revenue
arifes from the fiflieries ; but thefe are not
lb confiderable as formerly. The number
of veflcls employed in the herring fifhery»
in particular, is reduced from upward of
20CO to lei's than 200 } and yet it raaiu* ^
tains, even now, no lefs than 20,000 peo. ^
pie. About 100 vefTels are employed in
theGreepland fifhery, and 140 m the cod
fifhery near the Dogger bank, and near
the coaft of Holland. The Dutch werfc
formerly in poffeffion of the cari-ying trade
of almoft all other trading nations; and
were alio the bankers for all Europe^
But theie advantages did not continue to
be ib lucrative, when the other European
nations began to open their eyes lb far as
to employ their own fhippmg in thdr
trade, aiid to eftablifh banks of their own.
The Dutch trade, however, is rtill im-
menie. In confequence of their vaft optj- •.
Icnce, they ftill regulate the exchange for
all Europe, and their country is, as it
were, the univeri'al warehoul^ Of the
commodities of every quarter of the
globe. Among the monopolies of their
E India Company, the ipice trade ' j
the molt valuable } comprehending cloves^
mace, nutmegs, and cinnamon. Their
Afiatic poflef lions are the coalls of the
ifland of Java, the capital of which is
Batavia, the feat of the governor general of
all their Eaft India fcttleinents j Ibrac fettle^
mepts on the coafls of Sumatra, Malabar^
and Coromandel j the greatelt paft of the .
Moluccas or Spice Illands ; fettlements of
factories in die ifland of Celebes, at Su-
ral and P-ttra, and in the gulf of Perfia) '*
with Colombo, Trincomale, &c. in Cey-
lon. In Africa, the Dutch have the Cape
of Good Hope, with feveral forts and
faftories in Guinef ; in the W Indies, St*,
Suftatia, Saba, aSnd Curagoa; and in S
America, the colonics of IfTequiboj De-
merary, Surinam^ and Berbice. But .;
they have loft fome of thefe in the prefent
war^ In the United Provinces, the in-
land trade is greatly facilitated by canals^
which crofs the country in every direftion*
The number of then* manufaClnres is
aftonifbing. Saardam, a village in H
Holland,! or ihllance, containing 900 vtriiid-.
mills ) namely, cornmills, faw and paper*
niills, mills for the making of vvhite lead.
Sec. Since the year 1579, the Seven
United Provinces muft be confulcred m
• 8 «
{'''W^'
u N r
tr N f
one political body, united for the prefer-
^H^ion of the whole. In confequence of
tbe Union (iee Netherlands) the Seven
Provinces guaranty each other'* rights ;
they make war and peace, levy taxes, kc.
in their joint ''apacity ; but as to internal
^vernment, each pl-uvince is independent.
They fend deputies (choi'en out of the
provincial itatcs) to the general afiembly,
called the >tates-general, which is in-
veiled with- the fupreme legillative power
of the confederation. At the head of
this government there has ufyally been' a
prince itadtholder, who^cxercifes a conii-
deiable part of the executive power.
After the death of William ii (the fourth
ftadtholder) in 1667, this office was abo-
ixQncd by tbettates} but, in 1672, when
Lewis XIV invaded Holland, the moll
■violent popular commotions compelled
them to repeal the edift j to inveit Wil-
liam III, .prince of Orange, with the
office, and to declare it h<K'eiiitaiy. On
his death, in 170*, it was igain abo-
Uflied ; but, in 1745, fome popular com-
motions compelled the ftates, not only to
inveft. William iv, prince of Orange,
with this office, but agam to declare it
iiereditary in his iamuy. There have
conltantly been two oppolite pai-tieii in the
ftate ; one of which called the patriots,
or the Louveftein party, is averfe, and
the other attached to the power of the
ibdtholders. In 1 7^7) a civil war a^ually
commenced, and the ftadtholder (William
V, the prefent prince of Orange) was de-
E rived of the office of captain-general;
lit he was reftored, the fame year, by
the interference of Great Britain and
Prullia. When the wholo couHtiy, how-
ever, was rapidly oveiTun by the French,
in January 1795, the ftadtholder and his
family were cumpelled to leek an afylum
in England ; the anti*ftadtholderian party,
BOW triumphant, pioceeded to new-model
the government, and* ijl particular, to
abolifti the ftadtholdefll^r *n^ t^* Fiench,
treating tlie Dutch M^ an independent
ftate, concluded wUp iiiem a treaty of
alliance, offenllve and! defenfive } the par-
ticiUars of which,, as well as the itera-
tions in the government of the country,'
will be noticed mere properly when a
general peace fliall have given, to the dif-
ferent itatcs. of Europe, fame pfofpefts
of permanence ia their refeefUvt arrange-
naemt. The Calvinift .religion is eftab-
liftied i« the United Proviates) buran«ft
other Chriftian ft^s, and th<* Jews, itie
tolerated. Aipftwdfniis the capital } 'jut
,fbe (eat.of the fk»t|l^|iKtwral is ^ Hagne.
•n $CttEbBi'« ...J. .:,;;;,.- j;:.-ri*.._ «,,-^.;,
s3 • ' ■■ .
United States of Amirica, a-
republic of N America, confuting origin-
ally, in 1783, of thirteen ftates, namely:
MaflBichnliets, New Hampfliire, Rhode
Ifland, Connefticut, New York, New
Jerley, Pennlylvania, Delaware, Mary-
land, Virginia, North Carolina, South
Carolina, and Georgia. Only eleven of
tliele Itates acceded', at firlt, to the new *|
federal conltjiution, but they were alttr-
ward joined by North Carolina and Kh<jde
Ifland; and Kentucky, Vermont, and
Tennalfee, having fince been added to
them, the prefent number of the ftates
that form this great American republic is
fixteen. Thele ftates long flouriffied as '
provinces of Great Britain } but parlia-
ment attempting to tax them by its fole
autliority, without the inteivention of
their alfemblies, a civil war enfued j a
con^tvefs was formed, which, in 1776,
diliclaimed all dependence on the mother
country : the French king entered into an
alliance with them in 1778; the colonies,
powerfully affifted by France, were luc-
cefsful ; and Great Britain acknowledged
their independence by the peace of 1783.
The federal conftitutioh of the United
States is now governed by a congrel's,
confuting of a prefident, yicepreudeiit,
fenate, and houfe of reprefentatives. The
reprefentatives rre clewed every lecond
year ; the fenators are chofen for hx years,
and the prefident and viceprefident for
four. General Wafliington was ele£led
the iii-ft prefident, re-elected in 1791, and,
on his retiring from public aftairs, in
1 796, Mr. Adam? was elected his fuc-
celTor. To the fixteen ftates before men-
tioned midi be added all the country to
the N of the Ohio, extending from Pennfyl-
yania on the B, the lakes on the N, and
the Miffiffippi on the w, cilled the
Weftera Tenitory. The United States
extend ias(> miles in length from E Flo-
rida to the NW angle of Nova Scotia }
being ITtuate between 31 and 46° N lat.
Umna, a town of Weftphalia, in the
county of Marck, formerly a confiderable
hanfeatic town. It is feated on a brook
called Kottelbeck, 10 miles nb of Dort-
mimd, and 35 s of Munfter. Lon. 7 49
E, lat. 51 £8 N.
Unda, a river of Turkey in Etivope,
which runs through Cr6atia, paffes by
Wihitfch and Dubitza, and falls into the
Save. ,
Unsha, one of the two provinces of
the. government of Koftsxihia, in Kuifia;
Malnrief is the capital, iesited on the
nVer Unifha, zoomd^ w by s of Kol'
«iona, aad 314 s«r of Moii:ow. ■ <
■ I ,
V OX-
VOL
UnsTi tht moft remote of the Shet-
land Iflands, extending beyond 5t° N lat.
It it eight miles long and four broad.
VOBKDEN, a town of the United Pro-
vinces, in Holland. It was taken by the
French in 167X and 1795. It is felted
on the Rhine> 10 miles w of Utrecht,
and 20 s of Amfterdam. Lon. 4 58 1,
lat. 5» 6 N.
VoGHERA, a fortified town of Italy,
in the duchy of Milan and territory of
Pavia. It is feated on the Staffora,
14 miles ssw of Pavia, and 30 s by
w of Milan. Lon. 9 10 b, lat. 44
59 N.
Void, a town of Prance, in the de-
partment of Mevrthe and late province of
Lprrain, feated on a rivulet of the lame
name, 10 miles from Totil.
VoiGTLAND, a territory of Germany,
in the circle of Upper Saxony, and one of
the four circles of the marquifate oi' Mif-
nia. It is bounded on the £ by Bohemia,
on the N by the duchy of Altenburg, and
on the w by Thuringla and Franconia.
Plawen is the capital.
VOKELMARK, or WOLICKMARCK, a
town of Germany, in Cai'inthia, feated
on theDrave, 16 miles SE of Clagcnfurt.
Lon. 14 56 E, lat. 46 45 N.
Vol A NO, a feaport of Italy, in the
Fen areie, feated on the gulf of VeAice,
at one of ^e mouths of the Po, 40 miles
E of Frrrara. Lon.^ti 36 E, lat. 44 52 N.
Volga, the lar^ft river in Europe,
which has its fourc* in two fmall lakes,
in the government of Pleflcof, in Ruffia,
about 80 miles w of Tver. It begins
to be navigable a few miles above that
town, and is confiderably augmented here
by the junflion of the Tverza, which is a
broader, deeper, and more rapid river.
By means of the Tverza, a communica-
tion is made between the Volga and the
Neva, or, in other words, between the
Cafpian and the Baltic This river waters
Ibme of the fineft provinces in th^- Ruffian
empire, pafTes by Yaroflaf, Koroma,
Nimnei-Novogorod, Kafan, Simbirfk, and
Saratoi, entering the Cafpian Sea, by fe-
veral mouths, below Aftracan.
Volcano, one of the moft tonlider-
able of the Lipari Iflands, in the Medi-
terranean, lying s of the ifland of Lipari,
from which it is feparated by a deep
chanhel, a mile and a half broad. It is
i I miles in cirtumference, and is a vol-
cano, in the form of a broken cone, but
row emits fmoke only. Volcano, as well
as all the reii of thei'e iflands, is fuppofed
to have been brlginally the work of fub-
terraneali firc^ tff.the produiflion biF tlus
ifland, in particular, Faszello, one of A*
befl of tlte Sicilian authors, favt, that it
happened in the early time of the Romaii
republic, and is recorded by Pliny and
otneri.
VoLCANBLLO, ft fmall volcanic ifl^^id
in the Mediterrancaot between that of
Lipari and Volcano.
VoLHiNiA, a palatinate of ^oland^
300 miles long and 1 50 broad } bounded
on the N by Polefia* on the s by Kiof, on
die s by 'Podolia, and on the v^ by
Auftrian Poland. It confifts chiefly of
plains watered by a great number of
rivers. Lucko is the capital.
V0LLENUOVIBN, a town of the United
Provinces, in Overyffel, and capital of a
territory of the fame name, with a caflle.
It is leated on the Zuider-2See, eight ir^lei
sw of Steenwich, fuad la Mw of Zwtd.
Lon. 5 4a B, lat. 52 44 N.
VoLO, an ancient town of Turkey In
Europe, in Janna, with a citadel and a
fort. It was taken, and almoft ruined'»
in X655, by the Venetians. It is feated
on ft gulf of the ^mc name, where fhere
is a good harbour, 30 miles SB of Lariflk.
Lon.aa 5fB, lat. 39 21 N.
VoLoiiMiR, orVLADiKftR, a govern-
ment of Ruffia in Etuope, formerly a pro-
vince of the government of Mofcow. Thef
foil is extremely fertile, and in the ferefts
are innumerable fwarms of bees.
VOLODIMIR, orVLADIMfR, atbTVnof
RufPi^, capital of a government of the
fame name, and once the metropolis of the
empire. It is feated on the Kli7.ima j 110
miles B by N of Mofcow.
Vologda, formerly the largefl of all
the Ruffian Eitfopean governments, coti-
taining the provinces of Vologda, Areh-
aneel». and Veliki-Uftiug. " It is now di-
vided into the two provinces of Vologda
and Veliki-Uffiug. ft is a marfhy countijr,
full of forefis, lakes, and riven, and noted
for its fine wool.
Vologda, a town of Ruffia, ih a pro-
vince of the fame natne, and the fee of an
aichbifliop. It has a magnificent tathe-
dral, feveral chuixhes, a caftle, and a
fortrefs; and cairies on a confiderable
trade. It is feated in a marfh,.on the
river Vologda, Which falls into the Suk-
bona, 257 miles V by E of MofloVv.
VoLTA, a river of Guinea, which runs
from N to s, and falls into the Atlantic
Ocean, e of Acra^
VOLTERRA, an ancient and confnler-
able town of Tufcany, in the territory of
Pifa, with a btfliop's fee. It is fbtrountkd
by Wa'ils, contains feveral antiqi^tits, is
noted for iu medicinal Wjiitftrt> %aA U
S s a
.11
V o u
UPS
ft»ted en a mountair), 30 milti s w of FIo>
nnce, and 3* se of Pifa. Lon. 10 4tE,
lat.43 %6ii.
VoLTVRNO, a river of Naples,. which
rifes in the Appenninei , pafles by Ifernia
and Capua, and falls into the gulf of
Caieta.
VoLTVRARA, a town of Naples, in
Capttanata, with a bilhop's fee. It is
feated at the foot of the Appennine^, 20
miles w of Lucera, and 52 ne of Naples.
X<on. 15 14. E, lat.41 16 N.
VoLVic, a town of Fianct, in the de-
partment of Puy de Dome and late pro-
, vinee of Auversne. Here aie immenfe
quarries, formed by a current of prodi-
gious lavas, which furnifh materials for
the buildings of the adjacent towns. The
iculptors have employed no other for the
' ftatues in the churches j and the Auvei'g-
Mian faints (lays a French writer, before
the latr univerial demolition of faints),
have here the colour* which ellewhere is
given to the devil. Volvic is two miles
U'om Riom. '
VOORN, a fort of Dutch Guelderland,
•n an' ifland formed by the junction of the
Wahal and the Macfe, at tlie e end of
the £omniel Waert.
VoORN, an ifland of the United Pro-
vinces, in S Holland, between the mouths
•f the Maefe. Briel is the capital. '
VoORNLAND, a territory of the United
■'' Provinces, mciently part of Zealand.' It
confifts of the iflat^s of Vourn, Goree,
and Overflackee.
Voronetz, a governirent of European
Ruflia, the capital of which, of the lame
name, is feated on the Voronetz, below its
jun^ion with the Don, 117 miles s by e.
of Mofcow.
VoscES, a department of France, in-
cluding that part of Lorrain, which vpas
lately a province of the lame,name. It is
lb called from a chain of mountains, co-
vered with wood, that feparates this de-
partment from the departments of Upper
Saone and Upper Rhine.
Vou-HOU-HiEN, a city cf China, in
the province of Kiang-nan, and jurifdic-
tion of Tay-ping-fcu ; the molt coniider-
' able, in point of riclies, in that juriidic-
. ' tion. It is 51 miles s\v of Tay-ping-
fou.
VouiLLE, a village of France, in the
' departipem of yienne. Here Clov is gamed
abattle, in 507, againfi Alaric, king of the
Vifigoths, which extended the French em-
pire from the Loire to the Pyrenees. It
is 10 miles w of Poitiers.
Vou-TpHANG-FOU, the capital of tlie
f froyincfl. .6jf Hou-quaug, in China 4 the
readezvous, as it were, of all the commer-
cial people in the empire. As every
branch of trade is carried on here, its
port, feated on the Yang-tle-kiang, is.
always crowded with veltelsj the river
being Ibmetimes covered with them to the
diftance of two leagues. The beautiful
cryflal found in its mountains, the plen- •
tiful crops of fine tea, and the prodigious
fale of the bamboo p:»per made here, con-
tribute no lei's to make it famous than the
continual influx of flrangers. Its extent
is compared to that of Paris. Its diftrift
contains one cit^ of tha fecond clafs, nine
of the tliird, a fortified town, and leveral
fortrelTus. It is 875 miles, s of Pekin.
Lon..iiz 25 s,. lat. 30 30 N^
VoU-TCMBOU-FOU,OrF0U-TCHE0U-'
FOU, a city of China, in the province of
Kiang-fi, foi-mt rly one of the molt beau-
tiful in the empire } but, fmce the inva-
fion. of the I'artars, it has been a heap of
ruins, which, however, Itill convey Ibme
idea of its ancient magnificence. It»
diftrid contains fix cities of the third
clafs. It is 1 50 miles s by w of Nanking^..
Lon. 116 15 E, lat. zj 30 tu
Upland, a province of Sweden, in the
divifion of Sweden Proper. It is a Ibrt
of ptninl'ula, bounded on the* w by Wett-
mania and Geftcicia, on the nb^ by tiie
Baltic, and on the s by thefeaof Suiierma-
nia. It is 70 miles long and 45 broad, is
populous and fertile, and bar mines of
iron and lead. Stockholm is the caphal.
Ueminster, a village in Eflex, of
which Di. Derham, autlwr of Aftro-
Theology and Phyfico-l'heology, was
reftor 54 years j and heie is a fpring,
which he mentions in the latter work, as
a proof that fprings have their origin from
the lea, and not fiom rains and vapours ;
for this fpring, in the greatelt droughts,
was little, if at all,, diminifhed, after an
obfervation, of ao- years, although thi
ponds' all over the country, and an ad-
joining brook, had been dry many months.
Upmihlter is feated on a lofty eminence,
15 miles E by N of London.
Uppingham, a town in Rullandfliira,
with a.market on Wednelday. It i& feated
on un. eniiuence, fi:t miles- s of Oakham,
and 90. N t>y w of London. Loa^ o 45
w, lat. 53 36 N.
Upsala, a town of Sweden, lA Upland,
with a famous univerfity, and an arch-
bifhop's fee; It contains, exclufive of the
ftudents, above 3000 inhabitnntst It is
divided into twb ahnoft equal parts by
the river Sala ; and the ftreets are drawn
it ' right angles from a central kind of
■ fquare, A few of tb« houfes ai% built af
U R A
brick and ftuccoed t but the gafenlity are
conitruAed of trunks* fnioothed inio the
|ha|>e of planks, and ^ahited red.. The
roofs ahe covered in with turf; and each
houle h^ its imall cov^tyaKl or garden.
UpiaU wa« formody %the metropolis of
Sweden, and the royal fiefulence. The
ancient palace wap amagniAceBt building,
until ^rest part of it .was confinned by
iire, in 1702. The cathedral,, a large
Oothic Itruflure ot brick, has been ieveral
timei greatly damaged by fire, andas often
lepaired.: .it contains the nion^ment of
the famous. GuftavufVal^, Tlte ai^ch-
biftiop of'Uplala is primate of S>ve4.ei))
and, tiormerly, the Swedish monaf ch« were
crowned here. The un^verfiry is the meft
ancient in Sweden* and is the nrit feminaiy
in the North tor academical education.
The Royal. Society he^e is likewiie the
oldeft literary acadenw in the North.
Here is a botanical garden* of which the
£elebrMed Linne was Aiperintendant.
ITpCala is j^ijpiiles nw of Stockholm*
and IJ5 .wKW'.of Abo. Lon. 1748E,
Jat. 59 5» K.
Upton; 4u'rt«wB ki WorcefteHhire,
with a market 'On ThuriUay. It is Seated
■«n the Sevem, n 1 miles 6 of Worcefter,
and 109 wNw of London. Lon. i 55 w,
lat,5< 19N> ,,
V*.AL, a luyerof Afiatic JRuilla, which
rifes in Mount Caucalus, and watering
Orenbui-g, .Urahk, and Gurief, falls by
three mouths into the Caspian Sea. See
the next article.
U&ALMN -Cqssacs, a Tartar tribe
that inhabit th^ Rnifian province of Oren-
bure, oa the « £de of the Ural. Thefe
Comics arc defended ffom thole of the
Don} suid-are a valiant jrace. They pu>-
fefs the. Greek religion; but there are dtf-
I'enters from the eftablifhed reUgioOy whom
the Ruflians called RafitJaiki, ar Separa-
tifts, and who ftyie themrelves,|S/tfro<z«^i^i,
or Old Believers. .Thefe cOnUderthe Ipr-
vice of the< e^bUflved church as profane,
and have thei^own prietts and ceremonies.
The UFaiian<Co(f»c|rare all enthufiatts for
the anciept rittuilt ajad prize their beards
almoft equal to their lives. A Ruifian of-
ficer having or^i^fid a- numb^ of Coflac
cecruits to hftpstA^^ly fttaved in thelov»ji
of Yaie^t .191 V7^f * thjs wanton JaTuU
ei^ited li^n. iniucriQ^ion,( whic^ was fup-
prefled fofi a time;, )>i|t, in i773> the-uu*
p<^%or, Pugatchedft having af&imed the
name of PeiKr ;ilir.fQ>peared amfun|[ thtm,
and* taking SKlv^tage * of this circum-
itance,- ttfUled thetoi once more into open
rebellimk. . Thi» being fupprffl*ed % the
defeat and execution of the impoftur, ih
U R
order t0 extinguish all nrnethbranceaf this
rebellion, the river Yaik was called the
Ural } the. Vaik Coffacs were denominated
Uralian ColTacs.; and the town of Yaitflc
was Aamed Ujalft. Thefe Coflkci art
very rich, yi conleiiuence of their fiOieriet
m the Cafpian Sea. Their principal Hfbr,
try is torltnrgeone and beluga, whoferoe
luppiies large quantities of caviare 1 and
the fi/h, chie% Taited and dried, affi»rd a
confiderabie artide of confumption in tlw
Ruflian empife^
URALsr, atoKmof JUiflia, in the pre.'
**"«. o; Orenburg. It was fbrmerlr
called Yaitlk (fee the preceding articleV
and IS leated on the river Ui-aJ, 375 miles
NNE of Arfracan, Lon. 50 10 1, hit. 5*
C N.
Uranien BURGH, once a magnificent
caltle of Denmark, in the ifland of Hiiwu
Itwas built by Tycho Brahe, a celebrated
aftronomer, who colled it Uranienburffh.
or Cattle of the Heavens, and here mSS
lue <ohfervationi. It is now in ruins.
Lon. 4% 5» E, lat. 55 54 n.
Uabauka, a townof Italy^i«thedtKhy
of Urbmo, with a bifliop's fte. Itwi
built by pope Urban viii, on xhe river
Metro, IX miles s ei' Urbino. .Lon. t»
40 E, iat.43 34N* -J
Urbanna, a town of Virginia^ on th*
river Rappahannoc, 70 miles nb of Rich*
BQond.
Urwno, a duchy of Italy, in the Ec-
ckfiaftical State, bounded on the n by the
|ult of Venice, on the s by Perugino and
SpolettQ, on the e by Ancona, and on the
w by Tufcany and Romagna. It is 55
miles in length, »nd 45 in breadth. The
air IS not ver^ wholefome, nor is the foil
fertile. j
. Urbino, a town of Italy, capital of
the duchy of, Urbino, with acitikl, ail
archbifliop's, fee, and a palace, where the
doket fonnerly refided. Great quandtiw
of fine earthen y»are are made here j and «
is famous for beiiw the bkfliplace of the
liluftrious painter Raphael. It vni taken
by the French in June «79&. It i« feated
on a mountain, between ihe jrivers Metro
and FogUai .1^ raileiB^ of Rimini,^ 58 e of
FJorencer find ?»» ne pf H«pne. IML
xa40E9 lat, 43 4611, ,i
Ur<ja,ijt21, or JyRojvuT«i a town of
Afia, m tlie couiki^y of the. Turcomans,
zAo milef. E ctf the Caipjan Sea^ and 70 *
of the lake AraL Jt wa% Jprmerlya con-
fiderable place, fomr miles in drcumfer-
,ence j but i^ now in ruins, ^ no public
buildingihremain but a mofque. Lon. 69
ziE, lat. 40 55 N, _ V
UrceLj an ancient town of Span, \m
S s 3
M
"1, f .(). ■
i'lH
m
USE
U T R
CaUlinUt capital of a county of tb« faiM cfHiJ '^v ^ t^* ^•^•t of which inwt
nuiit, with a bifltopU Ice. It it ftatcd ah th« Vexcre» 17 miles 31 of Limofrr*
ifttt. rifrer Sagra, in a fertile plain* fur> a«d 117 s of Paiis. Lon. 1 371, Ut'
rimiided Itjrmountains, planted with vine* 45 ^7 n.
yaffil, 60 miles w of Pcrpigoan, and 75 Ushant, an ifland of France, on the
M bf w of Barcelona* Lon. 1 44I1 tat. coaft 6f the dkportmcnt of Finiiterre and
kfe province ©f BretacNe, oppeAte to
ConqMcr. It is eight nniei in circumtcr.
ence» and contains ftveral hamlets and a
•oilie. Lon. 5 4 w. lat. 4S at n .
Vitt a town in Monmouthihirc, with
a market on Manday, feated on the river
^a 3x11
'^ Um, the moft fouthem canton «f SmAT'
fiuiandi and the fourth in rank. It is
bounded on tha n by the canton of
Schwdta and the Lake of the Four Can -
tons, on the e by thp country of the
Gri^onSf and the canton of Glarus, on Uik« i« miles sw of Monmouth, and 140
the s by the bailiwics of Italy, and on w by H of London. Lon. t 56 w, lat.
the w by the cantons of Underwalden and ji 41 h.
Bern. It is 30 miles in length, and la Usic, a river of S Wales, which rifcs
in braadth. . See Schwcitz. dn the w fide of Brecknockfhire, waters
Uri, Laksof. ^eWALDSTJETTBR the town of Brecon, ayd entering Mon.
SlE« inputhfliire, divulcs fhat county into two
UAIzTZ, St. atoemof Swiflerhnd, in unequal nortions) paifing l>y Aberga.
4>e biihopric of Bafle, capital of an ey- venny, UJk, Caerleon* wid Newport, into
tj^ve and populous^ though billy baiK- tbe Briftol Channel,
wicof the lame name, in which Aeel is Ussej:,, a town of France, inthede*
manufaAured with great fuccefs. The dfitment of Correze aii^kte province of
Lon. t
Limofiii, 31 miles NE ot Tidies.
15 e, lat. 45 3s N.
UsTANio, a town of Italy, in the Cre-
ihonefe, feated on the river Oglio,' i«
miles NE of Cremomi. LoAi. 10 8 E, lat.
town is indebted for its origin to a her-
qiitage, bnile in ' the feventh century by
$t. Uifmius. It is feated on the Doubs,
ever which is a ftone bridge, i«v^ miles
i ofPorentru.
U.SBEC Tartary, a vaft country of 45 17 n.
WeAernr Tartaiy, hounded on the n by ' Ustivg, a town of RuiTia,' in the eo-
the country of the ICalmu<fki on the c by vernmeilt of Vol(^a, aiKl capital of the
Thibet, on the 8 by Hindooftan, and on province of Veliki-Uftiug. It is featecl
the W fay Perfia and the Cafpiah Sfea. bn theSukhoha,^464miles'Nk'of Moieoi*«
Thefe Tartars ate divided into fcvera) Lon. 16 30 b, lat. 61 15N;
tribcji, goyerned by their refpeAive khahs. Utoxeter, a town in ^tafToirdfltire,
or princes. When under ohe foVereign, with' a market '^nWedtteftiay, the greateft
they w'ere the moft powertiil of all the m this purt ot Engbnd, ' for cons, cattle,
Tartarian nations. The pHnCipal khan's hogs, fiieep, butteir, and cheefe. Itis feate^
^ide themfelves in being dtieKnded from on a rifing ground, niear the river Dove,
Taracrlane, whofe birthplace was the an- 13 miles Nb of Sfaffovdt aM 136 NNw of
cient city of Saraarcand, the MT^nt Ca- Lcmdon. Lo;^. i 5oiw^'Ut>53 lON.
pital of the country* The Ufbecs, iii Utrecht, one of the United Pm-
their perfons, are faid to have better com- yinces of the NetherlaAdi> 30 miles long
plex^oas and more engaging features than and ao brofd | bounded- j^ die I* by the
tbtJCalnracs. Their religion Is Maho- Zuidei-^^ ^ HollW, on the e by
mot^fo; and ithey differ, in general, pueldeiland^ on die s by .the Rhine,
very little from thirpeople of the northern and on the w by Holland* The air is
provinces of Hindooftan.' very healthy, the foU fertile, and there
UscAFiiu SeeScopiA. are nd i&tlndiitions to fear Is in the Other
Us^DOaii an ifland of PrulRaii Pome- provinces •'-■..•;
raoia, at themouthof thet4vtrDder,1n Utrecht, a cclc'Mtd tStyitf the
the Baltic Sea, between which and t3ie Uttr^ Provinj^, capnal^'A^ R province
iilattd of Wollin, is a paffage called the of tifite ifiMtte hame, with a ftttMiiisumver-
^win. It had toimeily a eonfldenibfe fity. ft is well-%rtifitd,bf'« fiiuare
|oymr43£ the fame name, which ^aealnwft fbrbi^ and about thito mUea Ikicircum.
iredueedlto alhcs in 1473. Lon. 14 is E> ieveiKe/<#ithcnit ita fowr fiibiirbs) which
]Rli4.54iSti. tr^eb^ifkicifible. TIieft«ei>k.dCthe ta.
■/ Us£.]^CH«9 an ancient town of Fraatee^ thedrtU la very hig)i> atod the feUMdromef
|n th« department of Correze and k^epfb- in the Vnited Piieivilieea. There is a
vi^ue 6f Limofm. It ii (bated on a iUsep g^^ nviiiibcr of ckurdier and ho^itah.
ji
f ^ ^
W A C
fh<' environs are full of nrdcnSf walkti
and grovMy which, added to th« purity
of the air» render Utrecht one of the moit
agreeable placet for rcfidence in thefe
piittf and accordingly a great many peo-
ple of diftin^tion relbrt hither. Here
the union ot tlic feVen United Provincet
was begun in 1579) and here wai con>
eluded, in 1713, the peace which ter.
minated the wars of queen Ann.' Uireaht
funendered to the Prufliann in 1787, and
to the French in i795« each time, without
refiilance. It it I'cated on the Khine, 18
inilet SE of Amiterdain« 97 tin of Kot>
terdam, and 35 nw of Nimeguen. Lon.
5 8 B, lat. 51 7 N.
Utznach, a town of Swifltrland, iiv
a bailiwic belonging to the cantons of
Schweitz and Glarut. It was.alnioft in«
tirely burnt in 176a, but haa fmce been
elegantly rebuilt. It it three miles e from
the lake of Zutic> and a9 SB of the city
of that pame.
UxBRiDq£« a corporate town in Mid-
dlesex, with a market on Thurfday. The
Colli run) through it in ^wo ftreamsf and
over the main l^eara .is a iione bridge.
A, treaty, was catried on here between
CJMrlif I and the parliament, in iH4>}
and the houfe in which the plenipotenti*
aries met,-is ftill called the Treaty Houfe.
Near this town are the remains of an an-
cient camp. Uxbridgff is 15 miles w by
N of London. Lon, 9 aj w* lat. 51
31 N,
Uz|DA» a town of Spain, In New
Caftilc, capital of a duchy of the fame
name, with acaftle. It is feated on the
CoeoUudo, ao miles N by w of Alcala,
anra6 nne of Madrid. Lon. 3 13W,
lat.40 46N.
UzEt, a town of 'France, in the de-
partment of the North. Coalt and late pro-
vince yf Bretagnc, 17 miles ^w of $t.
Bricux. Loa.a saw* lat. 48 16 n.
lJzBt»t a town of Finance, in ths de-
partment of Gard and lat«i province of
Lang^edoc, Hieated in a country abounding
inconit oilj.filfc, and good wine, is miles
N ot NifnKs, and a« s w of OrajBge. Lop.
4 27 «, lat. 44 a N.
W
'AACJ, a fix^T of KDngary,,whkh
rUbs in the Caapathiaj^movultaiiv,
Etifes by leopolftadt, and falls into the
anube, opposite , the iUaud of Schut.
>)rAf;;KOviA^ a craft of land in N Ca«
rolinft, Ctuate batwecn the rivcrt Dan tai
Yadkin, 10 miles s of Pilot Mountain*
in the couaty of Surry. It cenfilts of
io»>,ooo acres, purchaled by the Moravi-
ans, in 1 751, and named by them from an
ellate of count ZinzcndorPs in Auftria.
In 17 5^ by an aft of aflembly, it war
nuia«,#>paratc parifli, called Dobb'a
Parifli, and it now contains feveral flou-
riihiiig fcttleuients, of which Salem is thf
principal. .
Wachtekdonck, itownofPrufliaa
Guelderland, I'eated in a morafs, on the
river Niers, five miles 8 of Cueldnea.
Lon. 6 7g, lat. 51 ajj*.
Wadst&na, a town of Sweden, in
the province of £ Gothland, i«markabl*
for iu caltle, built by Gwltavus Vala, in
1544, and Inhabited by his ion, Magnus,
who was inlane. It is feated on the ■
fide of the lake Wetter, 160 milei
sw of Stockholm. Lon. 15 37 a, lat. 5I
Waobninobn, atownof.Dutck Guel-.
deriand, feated 01^ the Leek, 10 miles
Nw of Nimeguen. Lon. 5: 31 b, lauct
ON.
Waoebia, or Waob&land, afertik
territory in the duch^r of Holfteia, 10 mile*
in length, and 15 in breadth. Lubcc ii
the capital.
Wahal, a river of the United Pro4
vinfes,.bf(ing the s branch from the Rhine
below Emmerich. It runs firom b to W'
through GueUcrland, paflos by Nimeguen,
Tiel, BoflonKl, and,GQrcum{ ai^ jaSniag
the Maeie, pafles |t(y Clort and Rotterdam^
and falls ¥ito thf Gennan Ocean, below
Britl.
Wanrbm, a town of Germany, in th«
duchy of Mecklenburg, leated op thehUie
Malcho, ^o milfs, s of; Malchin. ' '
Waipatp, flraUs between Nova ZenS
bla and Ruilia, through wh^ch the Dutcly
attem|>ted to find a ne pa0i^ to China^
and iaii^ as far as 75* e W i|i lat* 7a
X5N. .
Waii^flebt, a town in Lincoj^ife^
wttl^ f market m Saturday. It is . loated
ne^ the ije^y it^z f«ni}y p^rt of the cOoft-
My, and on the river ,VVit^^, 14 iniki
^E of Bofl»^, and 1,30 n by e of London.
Lffn-o ao 8» lat. 5i3 I* N.
Waxbfi^D^ a town in.the w riding^
9f York(hir<?, wi|tl>a mafk«t.on.Fridayi'
it has a large fc^urph. with ^ lofty tower
and fpjiie I ^ another jch»»»ch is nearly
finiihjKl, Here is 9^ ancieqt ftope bridge
over the Calder, on which Edwainiiv
erc^ed a chapdl, in i]tmembrance of tl)ofe
>fho bit their lives in the hattle neaf th^
S I 4
>,ii.'
l!'*
I M ; 1^
]l
ll'i!'
ii;^!l>-
lilll!!::!
W A L
place, in 1460. It tra(1ei in whitf clethi
and tammies, and it iK mile* sw of
York, and i84NNWof London. Lon.
I alw, lat. 53 41 N.
Walachia, the ancient Daiia, a pro-
▼ince of Tuikey in Euroiie \ bounded on
the N by Moldavia and Tranfylvania, on
the B and s by the river Danube, <ind on
the w by rrunlylvstnia. It it 115 mifra
long and 1^5 broad, and was ceded to
the Turks by the treaty of Belgrade,
in 1739. It abounds in good hoil«« Sinti
cattle, and there are mines of teveral
kinds^ The'ioil is capable of producing
any thing ; and tk^re are good padures,
with wine, oil, and all manner of Euro-
San fruits. The inhabitants are chieBy
the Greek church. Tergpviits, or
Tervis, is the capital.
WalburcSh, a town of Stiabia, in a
barony of the fahie name, 14. miles w of
Kempten. Lon. 9 50 E) lat. 4.7 4.9 n.
Walcheren, an illand of the United
Provinces^ the principal one of Zealand.
It is fenarated from the iflands of N ^nd
S Beveland, by a narrow channel; and
from Dutch Flanders by the mouth of the
Scheld { being bounded on the other fides
by the Geitnan Ocean. It is nine milea
long and eight broad, and being low is
fubje6l to inundations, but has ^o<ju arable
and pafhife lands. The capital of tliis
illand, andof the^holeprbvinee^ is Mid-'
dleburg. ' ... 1
Walcot,' a yillage in 'L»n«(olniliire^
on the bordefi'of the i«na,' vt^ithin one
mile of Foikingham. It ha« a chalybeate
iJH-ingy fprmerlyMtieh frequented.
Walcour, a town of the Auftrliri
Netherlands, in -the county of Namur,
between theMeufe and Stimbre.'' In 161 5^
it was intliely dcftroyed by fire. The
French attempted to ittkt it In 1589,'but
were defeated, and compelled to retire,
with great lofs, by the prince of Waldeck.
It is feattd on the Heure, it miles s of
Charleroy, and x7 sw of Namur. ton.
4a}0SV lat. ja ION.'
i iWaldeck, a principality of Gennany,
}« the circle of the Uppe»* Khine, 30 miles
jbng and ao broad'} bounded oh the b and
s by HcKfe-Caflel, and on the -^ and n
by Weftphalia. ■ ^t is a mtountainoo'
country, covered with woodi i smd has
mines' of iron} coppefy auickiilver; and
alum. , -• '-■ <■'■' •••:'' ■'• ■•■•^'
Waldeck, a towft of Germany, ca-
pital of a princl}>ality of th« fame name,
with a caitle, ieated on the Steinbach, 25
miles wsw of Cafl$l. Lon. 9. 4 e, lat.
5-1 ION. •' * . ■. .
W A L
Walden, or Safjrou Waloek, .
corporate town in Eflcx, with a market
on Saturday. It is leated on an afcent
amonjr pleafant fields of faflfron, which
IS here cultivated. It is governed by a
mavor, has a fine large Gothic church
and is »7 miles nnw of ChclmsFord, ami
4» N by E ot London. Lon. o so e, lat
51 4N.
Walokirk, a town of Suabia, in
Auftrian Brilgaw, and in an ifland formed
by the river Elti, five miles from F,i,
burg. Lon. 8 3 e, UU48 9 n.
Waldschut, a ftrong town of Sua.
bia, and one of the four Foreft Towns,
fubjeft to the houle of Auitria. It is
feated oppofite the plac:; where the Aar
falls into the Rhine, at the entrance ot
the Black Foreft, eight miles ne of Lauf-
fenburg, and 17 w of Sckaffhaulen.
Lon. 8 HE, lat. 47 38 n.
WaldstvidTe, a name given to the
Swifs cantons of Lucem, Uri, Schweitz
•«nd Underwalden. It fignifies Forfjl
ivMj ; thefe cuntons containing a great
-mbei- of forefts. This diftrift mult
not be cpnfounded with the Waldltsedte,
or Foreft Towns of Suiibia, which are
LauHenburg, Waldfchut, Seckingen, and
Rheinfelden.
.Waldstatter See, or Lake or
THE Four CA>*tbNs, one of the fineft
lakes in S-VilFerhind.' It confrfts of three
principal branches, called the lakes of
Luccrn;, Schweitzj and Uj-i. The upper
branch, or lake of Lucem, is in the fonn
of a crofs} the fides of which ftretch
frum Kuflhatcht to DuUenwal, a village
nearStanti. It is bounded toward the
town by cultivated hills Hoping gradually
to the water, contrafted on the oppofite
fide by ftn enoriiidusnidrs of ban en And
craggyr rocks { Mount Pilate, one of the
higheit mountains" in < Swifierland, rifitig
boldly front the lake. Toward the K of
this branch, the lake contrails into a nar-
row crceki fearcely a mile acrof's.' Soon
after, it again widensi and forrtts the
fecond' biranch, or Jake of ^hweitz; on
the w fide, tiie cantoir of Underwalden,
on the B that of Schweitz. Here the
mountains are more lofty, and infinitely
varied; fome covered to the veiy fummits
with verdure, others' perpendicular and
craggy 5 s; here formiiig amphitheatres of
wood j there jutting into the water in bold
promontories. Near Bi-uiHei:, coihineoc^s
the third branch, m* lake of, Uri, which
taikes a SB direction. It is deep ind nar-
row, about nine miles long, bordered qn
both fides by rocks imcomoionly wild and
W A L
rontanCtCi with forefts of beech and pine
{rowing down their fides to the very edge
oi the water.
WalSS, a principality in the •v of
England, no miki Ions and 80 broad;
bounded on the N by the Iiiih Sea, on
the w by that lea and St George's Chan*
Del, on the s by the firilbl Channelt and
uD tlitf B by the countiev of Chcftcr, Sa<
lup» Hereford* and Monmouth. It is
divided into 11 counties: namelyi An-
gleley* Carnarvonfhire, Denbighfhire,
ji'lintlhire, Mtnonethlhire, attd Mont^o-
merylhire, in N Waiek) Breclcnock(hire,
Cardiganfliire, Carmaithenihirc, Qlanior-
ganfhire, Pembrokefhire, and Kadnorlhire,
in S Wales. It is the country to which
the ancitnt Britons fled, when Great Bri-
tain was invaded by tlie Saxons. They
are now culled Wellh, and continue to
preferve their own language. It contains
751 pai'ilhes, and 58 inarket-towns. The
air is clear and ^haip, the cattle (mall,
and provifions, in general, good and cheap.
Wales is a mountainous country^ and
it particularly remarkable for goats. It
is watered by many rivers, the principal of
which are noted in the different counties,
Wales, New North, a country of
N America in New Britain, lying w
pf iiudibn's Bay, and fubjeA to Great
Britain.
Wales, New Sovth, a country of
N Ainei'ica, in New Britain, lying sw of
Hudlbn's Bay, and fubjeft to Great Bri-
tain. See Britain, NBW}Hin>80N*s
Bay, and Labrador.
Wales, New South, the b coaftof
New Holland, extending from 43 49 to
to 37 s lat. being the N and s extremities
of that vaft ifland. This coaft was fir^
explored by captain Cook, in 1770 } and
n defign was formed^ in confequeiict of
his recommendation, to fettle a colony of
coiaviAs at Botany Bay. Cnptain Philip
being appointed governor cf the intended
fettlemcnt, as well as commodore on the
voyage, failed iiom Portfmouth, in May
7787, with a detachmentiof marines, and
778 coovi(^8, of which aao were women.
He arrive4 at Botany Bay in January
X.788 V but finding this bay very ineligible
{or a cokmir, he fixed upon Port Jackfon,
About three leagues and a half n of Cape
£inks ; and here a fettlemcnt was begun,
to which he gave the name of Sydney
<^ove.. For toe fublequent proceedings
of the colony, we muil refer to governor
Philip's Voyage to Botany Bay, and to
the publications of captain Tench and
captain Hunter on tlie Dune fubjcift. With
W A L
refpeft to the country, i vaft chdn of
loity nnountains, about 60 miles inland,
runs nearly m a n and s direction further
than tUe eye can reach. The general
face of it is pleafmg, diverfified with
gentle rifmgs and fmall winding vallies,
covered, for the molt part, with large
fpreading trees, affording a fucceiHon oi
leaves in all fcalbns; and a variety ol
flowering (hrubs, alinoft all intirely new
to an European, and of exquifite fra-
grance, alraund in thofe places which are
tree from trees. Many of the plants have
been imported into Britain, and are now
flounfhing, not only in ,.he royal garden
at Kew, buc in many private colleilions.
With refpeft to the climate, it appears
not to be di. agreeable: the Iteat has never
been excefiive in funiraer, nor the cold
intolerable in winter. Storms of thunder
and lightning are frequent ; but thefe are
common to all warm countries. The
quadrupeds are priilci|)ally of the oppolTum
kind, of which the molt remarkable is
the kangaroo. There is alio a fpecies of
dogs very different from thofe known in
Europe; they are extremely fierce, and
can never be brought to the fame degree
of familiarity s". thofe which we aft
acquainted with : fome of fhem have been
brought to England, but (till retain their
native ferocity. Thefe dogs, which are
the only domeltic animal they have, are
czlledi aingei but all other quadrupedr,
without exception, they name kangaroa.
There are many beautiful birds of various
kinds; among which the principal are a
black fwan, its wings edged with white,
its bill tinged with red ; and the oftrich
or cafTowary, which frequently reaches th»
height of ieven feet or more. Several
kinds of ferpents, large fpiders, and fco-
lopendras, have alfo been met with ; and
three or four fpecies of ants, particularly
green ants, which build their nelts upon
trees in a very fiiagular manner. There
are likewife many curious fiihes; though
the finny tribe I'eem not to be fo plentiful
on the coaft as to give any confiiereble
affiflance in the way of provifions for the
colony : fome very large (harks have beat
feen in Port Jackihn, and two fmalier
fpecies. The inhabitants of^New South
Wales are reprefented as, perhaps, tfie
moft raiferable and favage race oi men
exiftii\g. They go intirely naked; and,
though pleafed, at ftrit, with fome orna-
ments that were given them, they foon
threw them away as 'ufelefs. It does not
appear, howv^ver, that they are infenfible
ox the benefits of clothing, or of fome of
I -I'll
!!((
H
I
4". i,
I
1 1
ill
11
.W A L
W /A "-E
the inmrcnicnoes of* whi«h their' new
acighbotu's ai'c poiTdTed. Some of them,
whom the coiouiits partly clothed, iceined
to.be pleafedwUtilhexonifbrtabie. warmth
They dsriveti from it j and titey all exprefs
A great defive for bur irbn tools. Their
cok)or is rather a deep chocolate than a
tuU blackj; but. the fiitn with> which their
ikin is covered, prevents its true colour
iVoBi apjpeafiog. Notwithftanding their
4iliegara for European finery^ they arle fond
efaMming their bodieswith i'ears} ib thct
fome of tliem make a rerybideoasiigure.
Onetimes, the ikin is raifed ieveral
inches from the ile(h, and appears as if
iiUed with wind) and all theie ieem to be
reckoned marks of hoicur. Some of
ibein perforate the cartilage of the noie,
and thruft a large bone through it, a
frightful kind of ornament, hwniorouily
calicd by the Tailors thelv fprit fail yard.
Their hair is generally io much clotted
with a red gum, that they re!emble a mop,
Tlwy paint themfclves with various co-
Ipurs : . they will alio fometiines omamtnt
Aheinlelyes with beads and (hells, but
snake no itie of the beau^itul feathers of
tb^,ir, birds. Molt of the men want one
<rt' the fore^tetfth in the upper jaw, which
alio appears to be a badge of honour
«n)png them. It is common for the wo-
men to cut off two jointfr of the little
'^nger ; which, confidering the clumiineis
^of their amputating inftruments, nmft be
.a painful operation. The New Hoi-
lainlers appear, extremely deHcient in tue
tiifeful arts. Of the cultivation uf the
.ground they have no notion j nor can
.they be prevailed upon to eat our bread or
.•dreflfud meat. Hence they depend intirely
ifor lubfiitencp on tiie fruits and roots they
can gather, and the fifli «^hey catch. They
iceqyently fet fire to the grafs, in ocder
-to drive out the oppoflums, and other ani.
iKfls, from their retreats ; and they hav^
been obierved to fet decoys for quailc.
J\s all thefe relburces mull be, at beff,
precarious, it is no wonder that thtsy a»
^frequently diftreHed for provtfions; Thu»^
in ttit fummer^ they would eat neither
:the (bark nor the iting-ray j but,, in win-
iter, any thing was acceptaMe. .A young
whale beir«, driven !on fhore, was quickly
-cut in pieces, and carried off: they broiled
at only long enough to Icorch theout£de;
Juid in this raw ftate they eat all their fi(h.
They fometimcs bak? their provifions, by
-tiie help of hot ftones^ like tht inhabitants
«rf the iflands in the Southern Ocean.
Among the fruits tifed by them is a kind
.«f wild figj and they eat alfo the kernels
of a fruit refeihbling the pineapple. TF
principal part of their fubfittencc, how^
ever, is filh. They Ibmetimes ftrike tht]
filb firom the canoes with fpcars, fome-
times catch them with hooks, and alfb i
make ufe of nets, which ai-e generally
madeof the fibres o£ the flax pJant, with
very little preparation, and arc (trong and
heavy; the lines of which they are com-
polcd being t\vilted like whipcord. Some
ai them, however, appear to be made of
the fur of an animal, and others of cot-
ton. Tl.- mefhes of the nets are made
of large loops artificially inferted into each
other, without any knots. Their hooks
are made of the inlide of a fhtll very much
refemblimg motlier-of-pearl. Their ca-
noes are nothing more than laige pieces of
bark tied up at both ends with vines ; and ,
confidering) the flight texture of thele vef.
ids, the dexterity with which they are
managed, and the boldnefs with which
they venture out to fea in them, is won-
derful. Thei-e is no good reafon for fup.
pofing them to be cannibals ; but they eat
animal fubftances raw, or next to it.
Some of their Vegetables are poifonous
when raw, but not lb when boiled. They
could never be brought vto-tafte fpirits a
lecond tune. T'heir huts fconfift of pieces
of bark laid together ,in.the form o; an
oven, open at one end, very low, but long
enough for a man .to. lie at full length;
but tney feem to depend more for fhelter
on the caverns with which the rocks
abound. 1 Sq far from being fo. inured to
the cold, by going invariably naked, as
to be iniennblc to the injuries of the wea.
ther, the colonifls had repeated opportu-
nities of feeing them fhivering.with cold
in the winter,, or huddling together ia
heaps in dieir huts, or In caverns, till a
fire could be kindled to warm them. It is
probable, however^ notwithilanding their
extreme bai-barifm» that /onie knowledge
of .the arts may be introduced among
them, a« fome have been faen attentively
confidering the uteniils and conveniences
of the Europeans, with a view, feemingly, .
of making fimilar improvements. In
iome things alfo they poUefs a great pdwer
of imitation : they caniraitate theibngsniid
language of ike Europeans, almoft inlbiir
taneoudy, much better than the latter ran
imttate theirs by long prance ^ andiihis
talent is difcemable in ^eir fculptures,
erery where to be naetiwith on the rocks?
thefe reprefent men and other animalft,
and» though rude, are -very furprifmg tor
ipeople who have not the knowledge o£
conHru^ling a comfortable habitation, ox
/ WA L
ef making clothes. In pdrfoR^ they are
iAi^Ci vigorous, and ftout, though ge*
nerally lean. The women have lome-
times been kept back with the mott jealoas
renfibility; lometimes offered with thr
greateft familiarity. Sueh of them as
have been fttn have foft and j^enibig^
voices} and' feAn not to be deftitute ot
modefty; The men diiplay great per-
fonal bravery on the appeairance of any
danger { but, with aU their courage, they
are much afraid' of a muiket, and aimoft'
equally io of a ivd coat, which they know
to be the martial drefs of the Europeans.
The mffctiief which they have hitherto
done has been exercifed only on fome
fmall ftraggling convifts, molt of whom,
probably^ have been the aggrdlbrti.
They certainly burn their dead j which,
perhaps, has given rife to the ftory of
their being cannibals. They fcem very
little given to' thi<^ving, in com^rilon
with the inhabitants of moft of the iflands
in the Southern 9cean j and thejr are veiy
honct^ among themfelves, leaving their
fpears and other implemients on the beach,
in perfeA lecurity of their remainitig un-
ttDubhcd. They are Very expdt at thirow-
l.ig their javelms, and will hit u mark,
With great cehainty, at a conftderabie.
dittance. They are more numerous than
was nt Hrft imagined ; though fttU their
numbers muft be accouiited ie^ in com-
j^aril'on to the extent of the conntry ) and
there is r^afon to believe that the interior
parts are uninhabited. The jurifdiAion
of the governor of New S Wales extends,
from 43 49 to 10 37 s iat. From the fea-
coaft it extends ""vc^ward as fa' as 135° E
Ion. and thence proceeding in an eafterly
direflion, includes alt the iftands in the
Pacific Ocean wkthin the above-inentioned
latitudes. ' "^ '
WalxenrSid, a town of Upper Sax-
ony, in Thuringia, feated on the oorge, 40
miles sw of mlberfiadt. Lon^ai 5£,
Iat. 51 53 N.
Walleburd, a town of Swlflerland,
in the canton of Bafle, with a ciiltle on a
high rock. It is featcd at the foot of
Mount Jura, 15 milts NE of Soleuire.
Lon.7 35E, Iat. 47 2xN.
Wallbnstadt, a town of Swifler-
land, in the canton of Appenzel ; incor-
porated into the bailiwic ot Sargans, but
eiijoying many diftinft privileges. It de-
rives its exiftencc fn .1 the palTaee of the
merchandife tranfported from Germany,
through the country of the Grilbns, to
Italy. This communication occafions the
irequent refort'of Italian merchants ; and
that language is nnderttood by many of
the ifihabitants. This town it featcJat
the Evnd of a lake of the feme name,
nine miles w of Sargans, and 15 nw of
Coire. Lon. 9 14 E, Iat. 47 tvt.
Wall«nstaot, ahkeof Swifl&rlahd,
i« miles long and two broad, boudmled
by high mountains, except to the b and
w. On the lide ot the canton of Glarus,
the mountains are chiefly cultivaited } en-
riched with wood or fine meadows }
and ftudded with churches, cottages, and
fmall villages ; the Alps of Glarus rifing
behind, their top» covered with Ihow. On
the other fide, tor the moft part, the racks
are grotefque, cragry, inaccefltble, and
perpendicular : but here and there a few
cultivated necks of land are formetkUt the
very edge of tlie lake, and at the bdttom
of thele very rocks ; exhibiting a beauti-
ful contraft to the barrennels above and
ardund them. Numberlefs waterfalls,
occafioned by the melting of the fiiowst
fail down the (ides of the mountaiin?) froni
a vtij confiderable height, and with an
almoit inconceivable variety. Through
this lake'flows the Mat, which, foon after*
joining the Linth, foims the river Limmat>
WALLiNGFOrwD, an anciei\t borough
in Berkshire, with a market on Thurfday
3'nd Saturday. Ir was once fUrrouhded
by- a v«^ll, and had an ancient caftla, now^
demolifhed, and four churches, of which
one only is now in ufe. It is feated on
che Thames, over which is a ttone bridge,
14 miles Nw of Reading, and 46 w of
London. Lon. t i w, Iat. 51 36 n.
WaIlkill, a river of N America.
See Drowned Lands.
Walloons, a name formerly given to
the inhabitants of a confiderable part of
the French and Auftrian Netherlands, at
Artois, Hainafalt, Namnr, Luxemburg,
and a part of Flanders and Brabant.
Walney, an ifland on the coaft o^
Lancafhirr. It is long and narrow, and'
ferves as a bulwark to the hundred of Fur-
neis, againit the waves of the Iri(h Sea.
Walpo, a town of Sclavonia, capital
of a county of the fanie name, with a
caftle. It is feated on the river Walpo, »d
miles w of Efleck, and 110 s of Buda.
Lon. 19 21 E, iat. 45 35 N.
Walsall, a corporate town in Staf-
fbrdfhire^ with a market on Tuefday and
Friday. It has feveral manufafturet iii
iron, fuch as nails, bridlebits, ftirrup*;
IpurSj buckles, ice. and is governed by
a mayor. It is feated en the hde c. a hill,
15 miles s of Stafford, and 116 i/w of
London. Lon. 1 56 W, iat. 51 46 N.
Walsham, North, a town in Nor.
folk, witti a market en Tuefday, lomiloa
i A
:i . ■'
ill
j t I
i):' '!■
t
i!i
sof KonwicV zn^^z? nne of .London.'
Lon, t 31 E, Ut. 5a 40 N.
•iyfALs\N9HAJ«,^;a town in Norfolk,,
with a market oa.Friday. It is famous^
for tfie »uin« qf..^,jp]5)na(tery, which had
a (tifinc ofthie.yArffin, .^Iraolt a# much,
frequented ^s tb^it^^' TJiamas |{eck(;t 9^,
Cfanterbury... Among. tlteiii: ruins are tv/o,,
uncovered. MreIIs« ■ one of yvhich i& cabled
tne Virsin Mary'i^ or the Hpiy Well*
Walfm^am is 25 miles Nwof JS[orwicb>
and 1 1.6 NNJE of Loiidon. Lon. o 53 e,
2^.5* 56 N«
., \YAl.THAM4 0fPlSH0P''sWALTHAM»
a towa in Hampfliire, with a market pn
Friday. It obtained this laft name froni
a pal^pe of the bifhop of Winch^fter,
once lituate bei-e ; and here are the ruins
of an abbey> called by the country people,
the Biihop's Abbey. The ftaiiie 9
Oeorge I, commcjily called the Walt Lam
Black A(1, was occafioned by a party of
tlie inhabitants of this to\vn, who had
retired to a recluie dell in the New F07
reft, whence, . being in dilguile, ,9r-wiih
their, faces blacked^ they ilfued in thp
nigh^, conunitting great de.precia|:,i^ns,,
killing deer, (heep, Uc. for. th>ir (vb-
i^ence. ^ence they were called, -the;
Walthain Blacks. The place of tlieir-
lajtreat was accefllble only by ^ , iubir!
^erranean pa(tage : thty dreifcd liki^ forf^li;
ersi and the croisbow was their weapop..
Thuy were dliperied, at lalt, by the ac-
tivity of tlje uj^ighbourii);^ gentlemen.
Waltham is eight miles s of Winchefteri;
and 65 w by s of I.pndon. Lon. 1 ao w,
lat. 50 57 N. . i{- ':
Waltmam Abbey, or W^lth^m
Holy Cross^ a town in £llez» with a
market on Tuefday. It received its le-
cond appellation from a hplycrois, pre-
tended to have been'n.iracuIou.1y conveyed
hue; and it obtained its fir^ n^mt ftpm
a magnificent abbey, founded, ifviiunom*
of this crofs, by king Harold, ibme frag-
tneiils of wliich reinaiji. l^arpld, and his
two brothers, after tlie battle of Haftings,
were.inten'ed here. A plain ftone is faid
to have been laid over him, with tlijs in-
icription, Haroldus Infelixj aud.a.ftone
coflin, fuppofed to have been his, wa$
difcov'jred mthe reign of Eiifabetli. At
Waltham Abbey aie feme gunpowder
millsj and fome raanufa6\ures^ pi printed
linens 7.nd pins. It is ieated on the river
Lea, which here forms feveralii^ands, ix
miles N by E of London. Lon. o 3 E,
lat. 5T 41 N.
WAi.THAM Caoss, or West Wal-
tham, a village in Htirtfcrdfhire, which
takes its firit appellation from a crofs
WAN
ereflcd her* by Edward i, in honour of
his queen Eleanor ^ wid it has its /icond
narae^ from its fituatipn w of Waltham
Abt^ey. It is leated on the river Lea.
I a miles N by e of London.
V^ALTHAM ON THE WoULD, a tOWn
»^.i^?e<terihire, with a market on Thurf-
day,^almpft difuled. It is 19 miles ne
ot Leicefter, and 1 1 3 n by w of London.
Lon.0 46w, lat. 5Z 51N.
Walthamstow, a confiderable vil-
lace, in Eflex, adorned with handfome
viflas, and feattd near the, river Lea, five
miles NE of London.
Waltinbruch, a town of Suabia,
in the jjuchy of Wiitemburg, feated on
the river Aich.
WaLtjon, a coniideraible village in
Surry, feated on the Thames, over which
it has a handfome bridge. Here are the
remains of an ancient camp, liippofed to
have been,|lpman,. It is fix miles w by s
of Kingftpni,^ '.,;,,
Wandsworth, a large village ia
Surry, feated on the Wandle, near its
confluence with the Thames. At the
cloie of the lalt century, numy French
refi^gi^s, letjtled here, aixji; eftabJiOied a
Frepqh diur^h, vyhicb is now a meeting
fpv the jmetboditts, ,The dying of cloth
Has b^en pra6Ul«4 here for more than a
century; |tbere ^xc alfo mwufa£jtures for-
bolting clotb, th^ printing of calicoes and
kcrfeymevfs, and the whitening and
pfelfing of ftuffs j, with oil, iion, and
whitekad mills, viijegar works, and dif-
tilierips. Here is a quaker's meeting-
bpufe, rebuilt >n 1787, and two fchools
fpr children ojt" that perfuafion. The
tower, of, thf. church is ancient, but the
<;hurch itfeif i^, a modem ftrufture. In
Garret Laivt,.finjthi«,pari(b, is a mock
eletlion, after every general eleflion of
parliament^ 'of .a, mayoi' of Garret; to
which Mr. Foot$'$ dramatic piece of that
name gave no fmall celebrity. Wandf-
worth is five milts wsw of London.
Wamgen, an imperial town of Ger-
many, in the circle of Suabia. The in-
habit^tc are papifts, an'' carry on a great
trade in {Kiper and hard xe. It is feated
on the Overarg, 17 miles ne of Lindau^
and 30 E of Conilance. Lon. 9 56 £,
lat. 47 38 N.
Wan GEN, a town of Swiflerland, ca-
pital of the baiiiwic of Wangen, in Up-
per Argau, It is feated on the Aar, 10
miles E of SoIeure> and 13 nne of Bern.
Lon. 7 30 E^ lat.47 16 n.
Wangen, a town of France, in the
department of Lower Rhine and late pro-
vince of Aifacs, icated on the fide of a
•»
WA R
I mountain^ and furrounded by a wail. It
is eight miles NW of Strafburg. Lon. 7
4.1 E> lat.48 38 N.
Wanlockhead, a village in the N
part of Dumfriesfliirc. It is fituste near
the lead mines, and has a conftderable
number of I'melting houies.
Wanstead, a vill^e in Eflex, on the
the (kirts of Epping Foreit, diftinguiflied
for Wanftttid Houle, one of the moft
magnificent I'cats in England. The
church, rebuilt in 1790, is a beautiful
ltru£ture of Portland ftone. It is fix
miles NE of London.
Wantage, a town in Berkfhire, with
a market on Saturday. It is famous for
beuig the birthplace of king Alfred, and
is feated on a branch of the Ock,' 12 miles
s by w of Oxford, and 60 w of London>.
Lon. I t6 Ey lat. 51 35 n^
Wakadin, Great, a ftrong town- of
Upper Himgarj-, capital of a county of
the l'an-.e name, with a citadel, aiid a
bifhop's fee. .It was taken by the Turks
in 1660, but the Auftrians retook it in
1692. It is feated on the Sebes Kcres,
117 miles NE of Peterwaradin, and 150
£SE of Buda. Lon. 21 50E, lat. 47 5N.
Waradin, Little, a ftrong town
of Sclavonia, capital of a county of the
fame name. It is feated on- the Drave,
s8 miler wsw of Kanii'ca, aiid 34 N by e
of Zagrad. Lea. 16 1 5 e, lat. 46 4JS n.
Warangole (the Arinkill of Fo-
riftita) once the capital of Golconda, in
the Deccan of Hindooftan. The fite of
it is ftill evident from the old ramparts,
which are amazingly extenlive. A modern
fortrefs is conitru6\ed within it, and is in
the poirefllon of the nizam of tlie Deccan.
It is 6% miles nne of Hydrabad. Lon.
79 30 E, lat. 18 6 N.
Warburg, a feaport of Sweden, in
the province of Halland, with a caftle,
30 miles s of Gotienburg. Lon. 11 46
H,,Jat. 57 11 N.
Warburg, a town of Germany, in
the biftiopric of Paderborn, formerly im-
girial and hanfeatic. It is feated on the
ymel, ao miles se of Paderborn. Lon.
g 19 r, lat. 51 33 N.
Warcop-, a viUage in Weftmorland,
on the river Eden, near the- Roman
Maidtn-way, se of Appli.-by. Hcr?\i<'as
a large cattle,' which covered near an
acre of ground, with walls 1 5 feet thick,
the ftones of which were ufed for building
the fteeple of the church.
Warde, a town of Denmark, in N
Jutland, near the mouth of a river of the
tame name, 1 5 miles N of Ripen.
^ WardhvyS) & feaport of Danifli
Lapland, on a Intall ifland of the fame
name, near the continent. It has an old
fort, where the governor reiides, and i»
no miles 8 E of the North Cape. Lon. 3 %
6e, lat. 70 UN.
Ware, a town in liertfonlfliire, with
a market on Tiiefday. It is ieated on
the river Lea, by v/hich 5000 quarters of
malt and corn are frequently lent in a
week to London, and the barges return
with eoal. In- 1408, it was deltroyed by
a great inundation ; and fluiccs and wears
were made in the river, to preferve it
from future floods. It is 21 miles N of
London. Lon. 0 3 E, lat. 51 50 N.
Warebridge, or Wade bridge, a
town in Cornwall, noted for its bridge
over the river Camel, which is the hand-
fomett iiv the county, and fupported by
2o arches. It is 20 miles w of Launcel«
fcn, and 242 w by s of London.
Ware HAM, a borough and feaport it»
Dorfetfhire, with a market on Saturday.
It is feated between the Frome and Pid-
dle, at their fall into Lechford Lake, the
w part of Poole harbour. It had feveral
churches, now reduced to three} alfo a
wall and a caftle } but has fuffered much
by the various turais of fortune* and th« .
harbour is alrooft choked up. In i jSx,
two thirds of the town was deftroyed by
fire, but has been rebuilt. Above the
bridge, over the Frome, is a good falmon
ii/hery; and in the neighbourhood fine
tobacco-pipe clay is dug, of which nearly
10,000 tons are annually exported ta»
London, Liverpool, &c. Wareham i&
governed by a mayor, fend* two members
to parliament, and is 20 miles e of Dor-
chefter, and 114 w by s of London.
Lon. 2 16 w, lai. 50 43 N.
Warka, a town of Poland, in the
palatinate of Mafovia, feated on the river
Piha. Lon. 21 15 k, lat. 51 35 N.
Warkworth, a village in Northum-
berland, five miles sii of Alnwick, feated
on the river Cocker, with a caltle, iik
which Is a chapel tut out of a rock.
Warminster, a town in Wiltfliire,
with a market on Saturday. It is feated
at the fource of the Willybourh, 22 mlk»
Nw of Salifbury, and 97 w by s of Lon-
don. Lon. 2 15 w, lat. 51 11 n.
Warnemunde, a feaport of Ger-
many, in the duchy of Mecklenburg^
The Swedes had a houfe here to take
toll; birt, in 1710, when their affairs
were upon the decline, t!ie duke of-
Meeklenburg put a garriibn in it. It itk
feated on the Baltic, at the mouth of the
Warne, 16 miles NE of Wifraar, too.'
M 26E. lat, 54 4Nv •■'^- *^^ -* V • • •"
1: H\
m
WAR
. WarmitoM) a townof AufirianFIan-
de»*i« on the river Lis, eight miles MW
«f Lifle. Lon. 3 4 E, lat. 50 45 n.
WARmNCTON, a large and populous
town in Lancaihire, with a market on
Wedncfidav. It has large manufadures
of iailclottiy fackingy cotton, pins, and
l^s. It is feated.on the Merley, over
which is a bridge, 1 8 miles e of Liver-
pool, 18 w by s of Manchefter, an'^ 183
NNW of London. Lon. a 45 W, lat. 53
23 N.
Warsaw, a large city of Poland, the
capital of that country, and of the pro-
vince of Mafovia. It is built paitly -n a
plain, and partly on a gentle rile from
the Viftula, which is as broad as the
Thames at Weftminfter, but (hallow in
fumraer. This city and its fuburbs oc-
cupy a v'aft extent of ground, and contain
above 60,000 inhabitants. The whole
exhibits the ftrong contrail of wealth and
poverty, luxiiry and diftiefs, which per-
vades every part of this \mhappv country.
The ftreets are ipacious, but lU paved}
the churches and public buildings, large
and magnificent } the palaces of the ao-
bitity, numerous and fplendidj but the
greateft part of the houles, ^ticularly in
the fuburbs, are mean and ilUconftrucled
wooden hovels. In the beginning of
1794, the emprefs of Rulfia put a garri-
fon into this city, in or^er to compel the
Poles to acquiefce in the ufurpations (he
had in view, but (his garrifon was focm
expelled by the citizens. The infurrec-
tiqn iMcame general throughout Poland,
anid the king, of Pruflia Ir-id fiege to War-
faw in July, but was comoelled to raife
the fiege in September. It was under-
taken, however, by the Hulfians, who,
on November 4, took by ftorm the fuburb
of Praga t a dreadful maflacre enfued ;
ihe whole of the fuburb was nearly re-
duced to aihes j and the immediate con-
fequence was the furrender of the city to
the Ruflians, who made their triumphant
entry into it on the loth. They delivered
it up to the king of Pruflia, and in
January 1796, his troops, to the number
of is,ooo, entered and took poifeflion.
Warlaw is 160 miies SE of Dantzic, 130
NNE of Cracow, and 300 NS of Vienna.
Lon. II oS, lat. 5z 14 N.
Wart A, a town of Great Poland, in
the patatina:e of Siradia, feated on the
river Warta, ii miles NX>f Siradia, and
57 SE of PoiUania. Lon. 18 .0 e^ lat.
5t 41 N. * . -^
Wartsnburc, a town of Silefia^
capital of a lordi^p of the fame name.
In i7Ai'it WM muir^.Jt^ii^^yf a|^|,.
i'-^
WAS
otccnt the cattle. It is zz miles m
Bredaw. Lon. 174* e, lat. 51 19 n.
Warwick, an ancient borough „
Warwickihire, with a market on SaturJ
day. It is the county-town, fituate on a.
rocky eminence, above the river AvonJ
over which is arftone bridge. It was]
fortified with a wall, now in ruins } but
it has ftill a fine caitle of the ancient earls
of Warwick, inhabited by the prcfentl
pofTeflbr of that title. Warwick is go-
verned by a mayor, and principally con-
fifis of one regular-built ftreer, at each
end of which is an ancient gate. It had
anciently fix nionattertes and fix churches }
of tlie latter two onlv remain : it has like-
wife a handfome ihu-ehoufe, a good free-
fchool, and a noted hoipital for iz de-
cayed gentlemen, wlio have each zo pounds
a year, and the chaplain 50. It is 15
miles sw of Coventry, and 53 Nw of
Lcndon. Lon. i 30 w, lat. 5Z18N.
Warwickshire, a oounty of Eng-
land, 47 miles long and 30 broad ; bounded
at its N extremity by a point of Derby-
ihire, on the nw by Staffordlhire, on
the ne by Leicefterihire, on the w by
WorcefteHhire, on the e by Northamp-
tonfhire, en the sw by Gloucefierihire,
and on the se by Oxfordihire. It lies
partly in the diocefe of Lichfield and
Coventry, and jpartly in that of Wor-
eefter j contains four hundreds and one
liberty, one city, la market towns, and
158 parilhes; and fends fix members to
parliament. The air is very mild, plea-
fant, and healthy. The n part, called
the Woodlands, is divided from the s,
called the Feki<xi, by the river Avon}
and the foil of both is rich and fertile.
It produces com, malt, wood, wool,
cheefe, coal, iron, and limeftone. The
principal rivers are the Avon, Tame,
and Arrow. The capital is Warwick,
but Birmingham is the largeft town.
Washington, the name of feveral
counties in the United States of America :
namely, in Rhode Ifland } in New York,
of which Salem is the capital ; in Penn-
fylvania, the capital of the fame name }
in Maryland j in V irginia ; in TennafTee ;
in N Carolina; in S Carolina; and in
Georgia, the capital of which is Gol-
phinton.
Washington, a flourifhing commer-
cial town of the United States, in N Ca-
rolina, feated on the river Tat.
Washington, a town of the ftate of
Georgiat in the county of Wilkes. A
mile and a half from this town, it a me-
dicinal fpring, which has been fourtd veij
lieneficiM in rhtVPHHic .f^^iki; . It ri^ee
WA $
WA S
Hi)
Uom a hollow tree* the infide of which
I is covered with % coat of oitrc, aa inch
thick i and the leaves around ibt %nng
\ut incnifted with a ^hAjAoc at white
as Ihow.
Washington, a flourifiiung town of
Pennlylvania» in the county of WaDiing-
ton, 300 miles w of PhiLddphia. Lou.
%o zow, Ixt.^o It N.
W-iSTHiNGTON, a City of N America,
now building for the mclrt^olis of the
United States. It is l(:atcd at the junc-
tion of th.' rivers Potomac and the Eattern
iiianch> extending about four miles up
tacU, including u traiSl of territory Icaict-ly
'o be excecdeu, in point of convenience,
i'ahibrity, and beauty, by any in the
world. This territory, called Columbia,
lies partly in Viigima and partiy in Mary-
land, and was ceded by theie two Itates
to the United States of America, and
by them eiiublKhed to be tlie leat of go-
vernment, afiier the year 1800. Tke
plan combines convenience,' regularity,
elegance of prolpe^^, a free circulation of
air, and every thing grand and beautiful
that can be introduced into a city. It
is divided into Iquares or grand divifions,
by itreets running due n and. s, and £
and wj which torm the groundwork. of
the plan. But, trom the Capitol, the
pi'eiident's houle, and.fome of the impor-
tant areas in the city, run diagonal Itrects.
from o|ie material obje^l to another, which
not cnly produce a variety ot_chai"ming
pfolpcfts, but remove .the infipid lamcneis
which renders Ibme great citiesunpleafrng.
The great leading Urcet!» are all 1 60 feet
wide, including a pavement ot 10 feet,
and a gravel walk 01 30 leec planted with
trees on each lide, which will leave 80
feet of paved ftreet tcr carriages. 1 he
rdt of the itreets are, in general, 110
feet wide, with a few only 90 tect, except
North, South, and Eait Capitol Streets,
which are 160 feet. The diagonal Itreets
are named after the reipeiUvc itates Com-
bofmg the Union, while thoie running n
and s are, from the Capitol eaitward,
/named £aft Firlt Street, £alt Second
Street, &c. and thole w of it aie, in
the fame manner, called Welt Firft
Street, Welt Second Street, &c. Thoie
running E and W are from the Capitol
northward named. North A Street, North
B Street, &c. and thofe s of it are called
South A Street, South B Street, &c.
Th« fquares, or divilions of the city,
aiiiuunt to 1150! the reflangular ones
contain trom three to fix atres, and are
divided into iou.of from 40 to So fittet in
iiront> and theti depth from iia to |o*»
according to the fite of the fquare. Hie
irregular' divifions produced by the dim*
gonai ttreets are fome of them Imall, but
generally in valuable fituations: Chcit
aeute points are all to be cut off at 40
feet, lo that no houfe will have an aciite^
comer. All the houfcs muit be o( brick
or ftone. The area for the Capitol (or
houfe for the legiilative bodies) is on the
molt beautful eminence in the city, about'
a mik: from the Ealtem Branch, and not
much more from the Potomac, command-*
ing a hill view of every part of the city,
as well as a conliderable extent of the
country round. The prefident's houle
will fUnd on a rifmg groimd, not iar
from the Potomac, poilelling adelight>
ful water profpeft, with a commaiMiin|r
view of the Capitol, and fome other ma-
terial parts of the city. Due s from the
prefident's houle, and due w from the
Capitol, run two great pie:- lure pai-ks or
malls, which interieit and terminate upon
the banks of the Potomac, and are to be
ornamented at the fides by a variety of
elegant buildings, houfes for foreigai
minifters. Sec Ii>terlpcrl(;d through the
city, where the mcft material Itreets crola
each other, U a variety of o|>en areas^
formed in various regular figures, which
in great cities are extreir.ely iifeful and'
ornament a! . The Heft of rheie areas are ta
be appropriated to the different ftates com-
pofing the Unioii ; not only to bear their.
reipedive natr.es, but- as proper places to
ercft ftatues, obelilks, or coluiims, to*
thr memory of thoir lavourite celebrated'
men. Upon a linall eminence, where a.
line due w from the Capitol, and due s
from the prefident's houle, would inter-
I'eR, is to be erected an equeftrian ftatuo'
of general Wafliington, the firlt prc-
fident of the United States. Proper
places are marked out for other public
buildings ; as a marine hofpital, with ir» -
gardens } a general exchange, and its p«b.
lie walks ; a tort, magazines, and arfenal j
a city hall, churches, colleges, market-
houtes, theatres, &c. The prefident of
the United States, in legating the ieat of
the city, prevailed up'on the proprietors
of the foil to cede a certain portion of the
lots in every iituation, to be ibid by his.
direction, and the proceed* to be applied
fdcly to the public buildings. Ihift
grant will produce about 15,000 lets, and
will be iiimtient, net only to ert6t the
pnlJlic btiildings, hut to dig a canal, con-
duit water throu^ the city, and ro pave
and light ihe itreets. I'he- city being
lituate on the gnat ^(t road, equidi#-a]Xt
innnti>« » aM-a'ektiMMies vi^tiw \frA<m,
\ >
1; *'f
' !
mm
:!iii
WA S
WAT
and nearly fo from the Atlantic Ocean to
the river OhiO) upon the bcft navigation,
and in the midtt of the richeft commercial
territory in America^ commanding the
moftextenfive internal relbinrces, is by far
the moft eligible fituation fur the refidence
of the congiefs} and it is now pi-efling
forward) by the pubiic-fpirired enterpril'e,
not only of the people of the United States,
bf^t aU'o of foreigners. The Eaftern
4iranch is one uf the fafeft and molt com-
modious harbours in America, being
fiifBciently deep for the largeft fhips, for
four miles above its jun6Uoii with the
Potomac; while the channel lies clofc
along the edge of the city, and is abun-
dantly capacious. The Potomac pro-
duces a communication by water between
the city and the interior parts of Virginia
and Maryland, by means of the Shannan-
. doah, the South Branch, Opecan, Cape
Capon, Patteribn's Creek, Conooche^ue,
and Monocafy, for upward of 200 miles,
through one ot the moft healthy and fer-
tile regions in America, proiiucing to-
bacco of fuperior quality, hemp, Indian
com, wheat, and other iinall grain^ with
fruits and vegetables in vaft abundance.
The lands upon the Potomac, above the
city of Walnington, all ai'ound it, and
for fixty miles below, are high and dry,
abounding with innumerable fprings of
excellent water, and well covered with
large timber of various kinds. A few
miles below the aity, upon the banks of
the Potomac, are inexhauftible mountains
of excellent freeftone, of the white and red
Portland kinds, of which the public eili-
iices in the city are building. Above the
city alfo, upon the banks of the river,
are immenle quantities of excellent coal,
limeltone, and marble, with blue llate of
the beft Quality. The Tybtr, which is the
principal ftream that pafles tiirough the
<iity, is to be coUefted in a,';rand velervoir,
behde thi Capitol, whence it will be car-
ried in r,ipes tp different parts of the city ;
while if s i'urplus water will fall down in
beautitul calcades, through the public
gardens Vv of the Capitol, into a canal.
i he plan of this city was formed by major
L'Enfant ; and the founding of it in fuch
an eiigibfe fituation, upon liich a liberal
and elegant plan, will by future genera-
tions be coniidered as a high proof of the
wifilom of the filit prefident of the United
res, while its name will keep frefh in
mind the obligations they are under to
that illuftrious cha^a^er. L6n.77 431W,
lat. 38 53 N.
Wasserburp, a town of Bavaria,
with a caftle, It U feated among mouoo
tains, as milet b by s of Munich, ab
»8 WW of Saltiburg. Lon. i» 1 1 e, lat
48 4N.
WaTCHBT, a town in SomerfetftireJ
with a market on Saturday. It is feate«L
on the Briftol Channel, at tlie mouth ot^
good harbour, freouented by coal (hipsi
14 miles NW of Bridgewater, and 153 w1
by & of Loni^n. Lon. 3 zjw, lat. 51'
12 N.
WateeoO, an ifland in the Pacific
Ocean, dilcovered Ijy captain Cook. It
is fix leagues in circuit, compofed ot hills
and plains, ard the fmface covered wi.h
verdure. The foil, in fome parts, is
light and fandyj but, further up the
country, a rcddifh caft was fetti on the
rjfing grounds, where the iflanders build
their houfes, which are long and fpacious^
The manners of the people, their general
habits of life, and their method of treating
Grangers, greatly refemble thole of Ota-
heite, and its neighbouring iflands.
There is alfo a great funilarity between
their religious opinions and ceremonies.
Lon. 15S 15W, fat.zi IS.
Waterford, a fine county of Ire-
land, 46 miles long and 25 broad)
bounded on the 8 by St. George's Chan-
nel, on the w by Cork, on the n and ne
by the river Suj:e, which feparates it
from Tipperary and Kilkenny, and on
the E by Waterford Haven, which parts
it from Wexford. It contains 71 pa-
riflies, and fends 10 members to parlia-
ment.
WATEftFORD, a populous city and
feaport of Ireland, in a county of the
fame name, with a bifliop's fee. It is
the lecond place in the kingdom, and has
an excellent harbour, where Ihips of the
greatelt burden may ride at the quay. It
itands on the river Sure, eight miles N of
St. George's Channel, 26 s of Kilkenny,
and 75 s by \v of Dublin. Lon. 6 54 W,
lat. 52 18 N.
Watford, a town in HertfordJhire,
with a great com market on Tuefday<
It is feated on the river Coin, feven miles
S by w of St. Alban's, and jx NW of
London. Lon. o 17 vv, la*^. 51 4^ N.
Watlington. a town in Oxfordlhire^
with a market on Saturday. It is feated
under the Chiltern Hills, on a brooky
which, with the continued ridge, divides
the county from BuckinghamHiire. It is
14 miles SE of O^tford, and 46 w of
London. Lon. i o w, lat. 51 37 N.
Wattbn, a town of France, in the
department of the North and late province
of Flanders, feated on the river Aa> five
9ule8 from St. Omer. . .
I .
an
lat
feate
^h ofai
P53 w]
Nat. 51
WEI
WattoNi a town in Norfolk, with a
market on Wednefday, i^ milt-s sw of
Norwich, and 90 nns of London. Lun.
0 53 E, iat. 52 3(515.
Wear, a riv^r, which rifes in the w
pnrt of the county of Diuham, and di-
vvies it into two parts} flowing SE by
Stanhope to Bifliop Auckland, and thence
NE by Durham to Sunderland, where it
falls into the German Ocean.
Wearmouth, a village in Durham,
on the N lide of the mouth of the Wear,
oppoHr-c Sunderland. It is alio called
Monk Wearmouth, having, before the
dilTolution^ belonged to the monks. Here
is an iron bridge over the Weai*, of one
arch 236 feet Ipan, ere6led in 1796, and
the Hrft ever conftrufled of paits lb
formed, as to unite in the manner of
keyftones.
Wearmouth, Bishop, a village in
Durham, one mile Sw of Sunderland. It
ha,s^ manufafture of failcloth.
Weddenschveii., a town of Swifler-
land, in the canton of 2^uric. Near it is
a remarkable waterfall. It is feated on
the w fide of the lake of Zuric, 10 miles
SE of that city.
Weert, a town of Dutch Brabant,
taken by the Frenph in 1794. It is i»
miles w of Ruremonde. Lon. 5 38 E,
Iat. 51 7 N.
Weever, a river, which rifes in the
, N part of Shroplhire, runs acrofs CheChire,
and receiving the Dane from the e, en«
ters the eftuaiy of the Merfey. It is na-
vigable to Winsford, fome miles above
Northwich in Chelhire.
Weibstadt, a town of Germany, in
the bifhopric of Spire, »o miles se of
Heidelberg. Lon. 9 23^, Iat. 49 19 N.
Wbichterbach, atownof Germany,
in Weteravia, and in the county of Ifen-
burg, feated on the river Kintz, with a
caftle, where the count refides.
Weiden, a town of Germany, in the
upper palatinate of Bavaria, feated on the
Nab, 10 miles nw of Leuchftenberg.
Lon. i2 IDE, Iat. 4.9 34 N.
Weil, or Wyl, a free imperial town
of Suabia, in the duchy of Wirtemburg,
The inhabitants are Roman catliolics.
It is feated on the Wonn, 12 miles w
of Stutgard, and 20 N of Tubingen.
Lon. S 50 E, lat.4S46N.
Weilburg, a town of Germany, in
the circle of the Upper Rhine, and
county of NalTau. It is feated on the
Lahn, 22 miles ne of Naflau, 21 NW of
FrancfcH't, and 29 £ of Mentz. Lon. 8
26 E, Iat. 50 liu.
,W E I
duchy of Wirtemburg, feated on the xivcr
Laurer.
W£iMAR, a town of Uuper Saxony^
in Thuringia, with a magnincent caftle,
the reHdence of the duke ot Saxe- Weimar.
It is feated on the Ilm, 20 miles ne of
Erfurt, and ao wsw of Naumbuig.
Lon. II 52 e, Iat; 51 6 n.
VVeinoartin, a town of Oeimany,
in the palatinate of the Rhine, feated on
the Printza, four miles Ne of Dourhch,
and nine s of Philiplburg. Lon. 9 30 B-
Iat. 49 5 N.
Wkinheim, a town of Germany, in
th^ palatinate of the Rhine, 10 miles tt
ot Heidelberg. Lon. 8 46 e, Iat. 49 35 N.
Weisbaden, a town of Germany, in
the eleftorate of Mentz, where there are
hot baths in high efteem. It U 6ight miles
NE of Mentz, and 15 w of Pranctort.
Lon>g 20 E, Iat. 49 56 N*
Weisbrain, See Vesperin.
Weiselmunde, a fortrefs of Weftem
PrufTxa, leated at the mouth of the Vif-
tula, below Dantzic, whole hai'bour it
defends. Lon. 18 40 E, Iat. 54 24 N.
Weissemburg, a town of France, in
the department <>f Lower Rhine and late
province of Alface. Between this place
and Lauterburg, are the famous lines
fron^ which the French drove the Auf-
trians in 1744; and, in 1793, the Pruf<
fians drove the French from the fame
fituation. It is feated on the Lauter, 16
miles sw of Landau, and 22 ne of Straf-
burg. Lon. 8 he, Iat. 48 53 n.
Weissemburg, a free imperial town
of Franconia, in the bishopric of Aich-
ftadt. The inhabitants are proteftants.
It is feated on the Redniih, five miles
N of Pappenheim, and 30 sw of Nurem-
burg. Lon. II 2E, Iat. 49 4 N.
Weissemburg, a town of Germany^
in the duchy of Saxony, 20 miles N by W
of Wittemberg, and 20 NE <^ Deiiaw.
Lon. 12 31 E, Tat. 52 8 N.
Weissemburg, or Alba Julia, a
city of Ti-anfylvania, capital of a county
of the fame name, with a bifhop's fee,
and a univerfity. It is feate*^. on the fide
of a hill, near the river Oihpias, 35 miles
w of Hermanftadt. Lon. 24 o e, Iat. 45
26 N.
Weissemburg, or Stulweissem-
burg, a town of Lower Hungary, feated
at the' E end of the Platten See, 36 milejS
SW of Buda. Lon. 18 30 e, lat.47 aiR,
Weissenfels, a town of Upper ^^t^.
ony, inMilnia, remarkable for a^viftoiV
which the Swedes gained over tq|& AuT-
trians.' Above the town is a fine litijdil,
called AueuftulBurg. the rclidence of the
'}i
i
J
' 'I Ml
I
!!'
/ m
W E L
Cilice of Sit)ce-Weiflehf:ls. It is feated
on the Saale, 17 miles sw of Leipfick.
Lon. la t's^., lat. 51 '9 M.
• Welland, a riVer, which rifes in
•Noithanjtftonfh&'e, and feparates that
<oanty nbtn Leictfterlhire, Rntlandftiirfe,
and Lincolnshire ; it pafles by Market
Harborough to Stamfond, from whence it
is navigable to the Foffdike Wa(h, which
it enters belm Spalding.
Wellingborough, a town in Nor-
thamptonlhiie, with a market on Wednef-
day. A fire Iiapptned here in 1738,
Which confumed above 800 houles ; but
it has been fince rebuilt. It is feated on
the fide of a hill, on the river Nen, r»
tniles NE of Northampton, and 68 n by
Hv of London. Lon. o 59 w.lat. 52 16 N.
WELLI^'GTO^f, a town in Shrnpfliire,
with a fharket on Thurlclay, leated 'near
Wrekin Hill, t'2 miles E of Shrewlbuiy,
and 152 Nw of London. Lon. a 30 w,
lat. 52 40 N.
Wellington, a town in Somerfet-
ihire, with a ra&i'ket on Thurfday, feated
on the Tone, 15 miles Nfe of Exeter, and
14.7 W by s df London. Lon. 3 25 w,
htt.^o S7V. ,
Wells, a feaport 'in Norfblk, which
has no'market, but ti large church, and a
confiderable corn trade. It is 27 miles n
of SwafFham, and la t nne of London.
Loh. I 1 e. lat. 53 1 N.
Wells, a city in Soitiirfttflure, ^i*\\
a market on Wednefday and Saturday.
It is feated at the fbot of a hill, and has
its name from the wells and fprings about
Jtj and is a bifliop's fee, jointly with
Bath'. The cathedral is a ftatcly pile;
iuid the bifliop's "palace is like a caftle,
being furrotinded with walls and a moat.
The city is governed by a mayor, fends
tWo hiembers to parliament,* and U the
jferitfe df ^ great manuiafture of knit
WWfted ftbckings. It is 16 miles s of
Briltol, and 120 w of London. Lon. a
^a/W, l'at,5i laN.
W^l'Ls, >tbwu of Germany, in the
tittle bf Auftria, leated on the Trawn,
Vs iliiies s of Liritz. Lon. 13 53 s, lat.
Wel SHPOOL, a to^vn in Montgomery-
(b»re» vvith a market on Monday. It is
tHe'pt-incip'artr'idittg town in the county,
%^!hg the gteat mart for Wclfh cottons,
ll^liftcls, sTc. *rhe'cttttfc, called Powis
"^Slci^bViltof Wi^iih-ftone, and Is
y^i^'ftatfcly fttuflXife. It is leated in
Vi#%y^fe» °** the rivef 'Severn, nine mile's
'iTonWpuf^nitrjr, 19 w 6f Shrewlbxiirjrr
*^ i69 N«v of Lonidon. 1:^6^2 jW*
•^t, ;i"3i"K. '* .'.^-^^- ' ■ ^-^- ^ —
W E R
W-' VEMBURO. SeeABACH.
Vv -.WVN, a village in Hertfoixlfhire.
five miles n of Hatfield. Of this place
the celebrated Dr. Young was reaor j and
here wa« the fcerit of his Night Thoughts.
Wem, a town in Shropfhire, with a
rtiarket On Thurlday, feated on the Ro-
den, nine nriles n of Shrewfbury, and 164.
Ww of London. Lon. a 40 w> lat. 52
50 n.
Wendover, a borough in Bucking,
hamftiire, with a market on Thurfday.
It fends two members to parliament, and
is feven miles be of Ailelbury, and 35 w
by N of London. Lon. o 35 w, lat. 51
46 N.
Wenner, the lareeft lake of Sweden,
in W Gothland, to the nw of the lake
Wetter. It is 90 miles in length, and,
in fbme places, 40 in breadth.
Wenlock, a boiptigh in Shrop(hire,
with a market on Monday. It fends two
members to parliament, and is 12 miles
SE of Shrewlbury, and 147 NW of Lon-
don. Lon. 2 30 w, lat. 52 36 N.
Wensyssel, a pen?nfula of Denmark,
Which hiakes the N part of n Jutland ;
boui^ded, on the s by the canal of Alburg,
oh the E by the Catlegate, and on the n
and w by the German Ocean.
WfiNSYSSELi a town of Denmark, in
N Jutland, capital of a prefefture of
the fame name. It is feated on the Ryaa,
17 miles NW of Alburg. Lon. 9 40 e,
lat. 57 4N.
Wentworth, a village in Yorkfliire,
three rriiles Nw of Rotherham. Here is
Wentworth Houfe, a noble feat of the
late marquis of Rockingham, built in
imitation of Wanllead Houfe, in Eflex,
and, in the front of the houfe, earl Fitz-
william, the prefent proprietor, haserefted
a maufoleum to the memoiy of the marquis .
Weobly, an ancient borough in
Herefordshire, with a fnarket on Tuefday,
It fends two members to parliament, and
is eight miles Nw of Hereford, and 141
WNW of London. Lon, a 41 w, lat. 5a 9 N.
Werben, a town of Germany, in the
old mal-che of Brandenburg, formerly a
ftrong paflage on the river Elbe, but now
all the fortifications are ruined. It is
feated at the place where the Habel falls
into the Elbe, 60 miles NW of Berlin.
Lon. 12 laE, lat. 55 5N.
WercHTeren, a town of Auftrian
Brabant, feated at the confluence of the
'Demer and Dylc, Ainif miles E of Mech-
lin. Lon. 449 E, lat. 51 o N.
Werden, a toW» of Weftphalia, in
the county of Marck, With an abbey.
•Thw flf^aWttujts-are ptoteftahts, under
3
w E s r
the proteflion of PnWfia. It U fcated on
<he koer, lo mi\e» ne of Duilcldorf, and
\6 E of Diiiilburg. Lon. 7 i E» lat. 51
17 N.
Werdenberg, atownof SwifTiTland,
fubjed to the canton of Glaius, and ca-
pital of a county of tlie fame nanir, which
IS leparated from the canton by the county
of Sargan$, and bounded on the s by the
Rh(ne. It has a Urong cadle, whicli is
the-irefidence of tlie bailiff, and is leated
on an eminence, commanding a beautiful
£rorpe6h It is 16 miles ne of Glarus.
on. 9 45 E, lat. 46 58 N.
Werle, a town of Weftphalia, In the
bifliopric of Munlter, feateu on the river
Silek, 30 miles 8 of Munlter. Lon. 7
»CE, lat. 51 35 N.
Wermeland, a province of Sweden,
in W Gothland, 100 miles long and 50
•broad {bounded on the N by Dalecarlia,
on the E by Weftmania and Nericia, on
the s by the lakes Wenne^ and Dalia, and
on the w by the mountains of Norway.
It is fertile, and diverfified by mountains,
rocks, hills, and dales, clothed with fo-
fefts of birch, poplar, mountain a(h,
pine^ and fir. It alfo abounds with lakes,
which lucceed each other almoft without
infermiflioni they are from four to 40
miles in circumference ; fome fo narrow
a« to appear like broad rivers, and others
of a circular (hape ; their (hores, In fome
parts, fteep and rocky ; in others gently
iloping, and feathered with hanging wood
to the margin of the water. Numerous
rivulets flow from thefe lakes, and fonii,
fometimcs, fmall piauriliiue cataraiU.
Carlftadt is the capital.
Wern, a town of Weftphalia, in the
bi/hopric of Munfter, with a monafterj',
feated near the Lippe, 28 miles s by vv
of Munfter. Lon. 7 3c e, lat. 51 35 N.
Werra* See Weser.
Wertheim, a town of Franconia,
capital of a county of the fame name. It
is feated at the conrtuence of the Tauby
and Maine, 20 miles w of Wurtzburg.
Lon. 9 53 E, lat. 49 46 N.
Werwick, a town of Auftrian Flan-
ders, taken by the French in 1793. It
is leated on the Lis, eight miles SE of
Ypres. Lon. 2 58 e, lat. 50 46 N.
Wesel, a town of Weftphalia, in the
duchy of Cleves, with a ftrong citadel,
near the confluence of the Rhine and the
Xippe. Here are two Caivinift churches,
one for theliUtherans, and another for the
■papitts J but the regency of the town is
4n the hoLiKls of the Calvinifts. It was
■formerly ah imperial at\d hanfeatic town,
4ut-itn9w btiongs co4he king of PniiHa.
WES
It was taken by the French in 1759, but
reltored in 1761. It is 15 miles se of
Cleves, and 45 n of Cologne. Lon. 6
37 E, lat. 51 27 N.
Wesenburoh, a fortified town of
Ruffia, in the government of Ellhonia,
feated on the Wifs, 55 miles SE of^ Revel,
and 55 N\v of Narva. Lon. 25 48 e,
lat. 59 ION.
Weser, a confiderable river of Ger-
many, which riles in the county of Hcn-
neburg, being then called the Werra.
It pafies by Smalkald, crofTes a corner of
Thuringia, enters the duchy of Brunf-
wick, and receives the Fulde, at Munden.
It then aflumes the name of Wefcr, rum
alon^ the confines of the circles of Weft-
jhalia and Lower Saxony, waters Hame-
in, Mindcn, and Hoyej receives the Al-
er, below Verdenj and, paiTmg by
Bremen, enters the German Ocean.
Westbury, a borough in Wiltfliire,
with a market oh Friday. It fends two
members to parliament, and is z6 miles
Nw of Salifbur}', and 101 w of London.
Lon. z 13 w, lat. 51 16 N.
WesteRham, a town in Kent, with
a market on Wednefday. It is the
birthplace of biihop Hoadly and general
Wolfe : the latter is interred in the church.
It is feated on the river Darent (which
rifes from nine fprings near this town)
14 miles NW of Tupbridee, and 22 ssB
of London. Lon. o 6 E, Tat. 51 18 N.
We ST EROS, a town of Sweden, capi-
tal of^ Weftmania, with a bifhop's fee, a
citadel, and a famous college. It carries
on a confiderable commerce with Stock-
holm, acrofs the lake Maelerj particu-
larly in copper and iron from the neigh-
bouring mines. Here are the ruins of an
ancient palace, for erly inhabited by the
kings ot Sweden, i he cathedral, built of
brick, is celebrated for its tower, efteemed
the higheft in the kingdom. In this ca-
thedral is the tomb of the unfortunate
Eric XIV. Wefteros is feated on the lake
Maeler, 45 miles nw of Stockholm,
Lon. 17 o E, lat. 59 38 N.
Westerburc, a town of Germany,
in Weteravia, with a caftle. It is the
capital of a loi-dfhip of the fame name, and
35 miles N of Mentz. Lon. 8 18 e, lat.
50 26 N.
Western Islands. See Azores
and Hebrides.
Western Territory, a country in
N America, comprehending all that part
of the United States which lies to the M
of the river O io. It is bounded on the
w by the Miffiffippi, on the N by the
Lakes, on the e bv Penniylvania> and
1*1 I
I
!: : ^
WES
WES
Mi the ftt and s hy the Ohio. It contains
iitooolquaremiles, equal to «63, 040,000
acres } iromwhich,it' we dedufl 43, 040,000
for water> there will remain 2x0,000,000
acres, belonging to the federal govcrn-
tnent, to be lolu for the dilcharge of the
national debt. This count ly, wliich is
intended to be divided into feveral new
Itates, is affirmed to be the molt heclthy
and fertile fpot in America, that i^ ytt
known to Europeans.
Westerwald. See Weteravia.
Westerwick, a I'eaport of Sweden,
in Smoland, fcated on the Baltic, 50 miles
N of Calmar, and 120 sw of Stockholm.
Lon. 16 oE, lat.'57 40 N.
Westmania, or Westmanland,
a province of Sweden Projier, between
Sudermania, Geftricia, Nericia, and Up-
land. It is 75 miles in length and 45
in breadth, and abounds in copper and
iron mines. The face pf the country is
diverfified like Wermeland. Welteros is
the capital.
Westminster, a city of Middlefex,
the refidence of the monarchs of Great
Sritain, the ieat of the parliament and
of the high courts of jultice, and confti-
tuting, with London and Southwark, the
I'netropolis of the Britifli empire. On the
diflbiution of its abbey, in i54i» Henry
VIII, erefted it into a bifhopric, appoint-
ing the whole of Middlelex (Fulham cx-
ctpted) for the diocele. It had, however,
but one prelate. Dr. 'X)hirlbye ; for Ed-
ward VI, loon after, diflblved it. The
abbey is now a collegiate church, the dean
of which is always bifhop of Rochelter.
Weftmlnfter fends two members to parlia-
ment. In the city are two parilh churches,
St. Margaret's and St. John's ; and leven
in the liberties, namely, St. Clement
Danes, St. Paul's Covent Gairden, St.
\lary-le-Strand, St. Martin's in the
Fields, St. Ann's Soho, St. James', and
St. George's Hanover fquare. The
preciniil of St. Martin's-le-giand, though
within the city of London, is under the
jurifdiftion of Wettminfter. See Lon-
don.
Westmorland, a county of England,
4-2 miles long and 40 broad ; bounded on
the N and NW by Cumberland, on the e
and SE by Yorkfhire, and on the s and
SW by L'ancafhire. It is generally divided
into the baronies of Kendal and Weftmor-
land: the former is veiy mountainous,
but the latter is a large champaign coun-
try. Thefe are the only principal divi-
iions of this county, of which the earl of
Thanet is hereditary fherifF. It lies
l>artly in the digc^ic of Chcft^i and
partly in that of Carliflej contains eight
market-towns and 26 pariihes; and fends
only four members to parliament. The
air is clear, (harp, and falubrious, the
natives generally living to old age. The
foil is various} that on the mountains
being very barrtn, while that in the val-
lies is fertile, producing good com and
grafs, elpecially in the meadows near the
riveis. In the hilly parts on the w bor-
ders, fome mines of copper are worked,
but moft of the ore lies fo deep, that it
will not anlwer the expence. This county
yields the fineft flate, and abundance of
excellent hams are cured here. The prin-
cipal rivers are the Eden, Lone, and
Ken. It has alfo feveral fine lakes, the
principal of vhich is Winnander-mere,
or Windermere-water. In the foreft of
Martindale, to the s of Ulls-water, the
breed of red deer (till exifts in a wikl (late.
Appleby is the county-town.
Westmorland, a county of Penn-
fylvania, 50 miles long and 40 broad.
In 1790, it contained 16,018 inhabitants.
Greenfburgh is the capital.
Westphalia, one of the circles of
Germany, bounded on the e by the circle
of Lower Saxony; on the s by HelTe,
Weller\yalde, and the Rhine ; on the w
by the United Provinces ) and on the K
by the German Ocean. The air is cold,
but the foil produces paftures and (bme
com, though there are a great many
marches. The horfes are large, and the
hogs in high efteemy efpecially the hams,
known by the name of Weftphalia hams.
The principal rivers are the Wefer, Embs,
Lippe, and Koer. It contains the I'ove-
reign bilboprics of Ofnaburg, Munfter,
and Paderborn ; the princijpality of Min-
den ; the counties of Ravenfberg, Teck-
lengburg, Ritburg, Lippe, Lemgow,
Spigelburg, Schawenburg, Hpye, Diep.
holt, Delmenhorft, Oldenburg, Embden
or E Friefland, Bentbeim, a^d Lingen.
Theie are to the n of the river Lippe.
To the s of it are the abbies of Eflen and
Verden ; the town of Dortmund ; the
counties of Marck and Homburgj and
the duchies of Weftphalia, Berg, and
Cleves. Munfter is the moft conliderable
city in tliis circle.
Westphalia, a duchy of Germany,
in the circle of Weftphalia, 4Q miles long
and 25 broad; bounded on the N by the
bi(hoprics of Munfter an4 Ofna^burgh,
and tne county of Lippe ^ on the w by
that of Maixk ; on the s by the territo.
ries of Nalfau; and on the e by the
counties of Witgenftein, Hartzfeld, Wal.
de€fc|andthelaadg»ATMc«fii«ff«i It a
W E X
W II I
IT
A mountainous country, full of wood,
but moderately fertile ^ and is fubjefl to
the ele£loi of Cologne. Arenfbeig it the
capital.
Westrooothia. See Gothland.
WktERavia» a province of Oermuny,
in the circle of the Upper Rhine, having
the palatinate of the Rhine on the w, and
Heneand Fulde on tli^: e. It is divided
into two parts by the river Lahn ; one
called Wetcravia Proper, and the other N
Weteravia, or Wefterwald.
Wetherby, a town in the vv ridine
of Yorkfhire, with a market on Thurl-
day, feated on the Wharf, 14 miles w of
York, and 177 n by w of London. Lon.
1 aow, lat. 53 57 N.
Wethersfield, atownof the United
States, in Conneifticut, noted for railing
anions. It is four miles s of Hartford.
Wettfr, a lake of Sweden, in Goth-
land, se of the lake Wenner. It is 80
miles from n to s, and 25 from E to w.
Wettingen, a town of Swiflerland,
on the Limmat, one mile s of Badt-n.
Its wooden bridge is a beautiful piece of
mechanifm, 24.0 feet long, and i'ui'pended
xo feet above the furface of the water. It
is the laft work of Grubenman, the felf-
taught architeft, and is far more elegant'
than his bridge at Scauffhaulen.
WtTZL AR, a free imperial town of
Germany, in Weteravia, furrounded by
ditches and walls flanked with towers.
The inhabitants are proteftants, and have
a council of 24 members. In 1693, the
imperial cluir.ber was transferred hither
from Spire, on account of the wars which
ravaged the pil tin te. It is lieated at the
confluence of The Lahn, Oi(le, and Dillen,
five miles s of Soims, and 78 n by E of
Spire. Lon. 8 32 e, iat, 50 26 N.
Wexford, a connty of Ireland, in the
province of Munder, 38 miles long and
44 broad j bounded on the N by Wick-
low, on the E by St. George s Channel,
on the s by the Atlantic Ocean, on the
W by Waterford and Kilkenny, nnd on
the Nw by Catherlough. If contains 109
parifhes, lends 18 members to parliament,
and is fruitful in com and grai's.
Wexford, a confiderable feaport of
Ireland, capital of a county of the lame
name. It was once reckoned the chief
city in Ireland, being the dfA colony of
the Englifh, and has a very commodious
harbour at the mouth of the Slana, on a
bay of St. George's Channel. It is 33
miles ENE of Waterford, and 75 s of
Dublin. Lon. 63 w, lat. 52 18 N.
Wexio, a feaport of Sweden, in Smo-
(and| Tented on a i»ke> which contains «
S-oup of woody iflands. Thoueh a bU
op's fee, it is very fmall, and the houles
moitly of wood, (t is 50 miles \v of
Calmar, and 155 sw of Stockholm. Lon.
14 57 E» lat. 56 41 N.
Wey, a river, which rife* in Hamp-
fhire, flows through Surry by Gmlaiming
and Guildford, and enters the Thames, at
Weybridge.
Weybridce, a village in Suiry, feated
on the Wey, at its entrance into the
Thames, two miles e of Chertfey. Here
is Woburn Farm, the refiden^e of lord
Loughborough, the plantations of which
were the firft fpecimen in England of the
ffnne ornee, or ornamented farm.
Weyhill, a village in Hampfhire,
three miles w of Andover, famous for ai|
annua^fairontheiothofOftober,foriheep,
leather, hops, and cheefe. It it one of
the hrgdi fairs in England, and hat bootlia
ere6Ud for the fale oi all kinds of goods.
WgYMOUTH, a town in Dorletfhire,
i4icorporatedwith that of Melcomb-Kegis,
but a diltin£t borough. It is feateclon
the \v fide of an inlet of the fea : but it9
port is injured by the fand, that its trade,
which was unce confiderabe, is much re-
duced, a few fhips only being fent hence
to Newfoundland. This decline is, in
Tome degree, compenfated by the great
refort of perfons oi all ranks, for the pur-
pol'c of fea- bathing, for which it is ex-
cellertly fitted by its remarkable fine
beach ; and their majcfties and the royal
family have often honoured it with their
refidence for many weeks. A few plaii^
and itriped cottons are made here. Wey'^
mouth is 1 30 miles wsw of London. See
Melcomb-Kecis.
Whidah, a kingdoni of Guinea, oi\
the Slave Coaft, extending about 10 miles
along the Adantic, under 6 29 N lat. All
the Ev.ropeans who have been in thi^
country extol it as the moft beautiful in
the woild. The trees are flraight, tall,
and difpofed in the molt regular order,
prei'enting to the eye fine long groves and
avenues, clear of all brufhwood and weeds.
The verdure of the meadows ; the rich-
nc.'s of the fields, clothed with different
kinds of corn, roots, and fruits ; and the
multitude of houfcs, with a ftream mur-
muring down the declivity to the fea j
form the moll delightful profpeft that
fancy can conceive. Here fpring and au-
tumn reign perpetually in alternate fuct
cefTion, for no looncr has the huHiandmai)
cut his corn, than he again ploughs and
fows, and the next crop is as vigorous a|
the former. NotwlthUanding its fmai^
extfnt, this kingdom is <livid«d into i^
, . ^; ■ ' Tt 1
* 1
i; *;
W H I
W H I
l^rovincM s ami it is Co populous, that one of Dahomay reduced thU country to the
linglc village contaitiit as many inhabitants (late of a dependent province. XavicCi oi-
as iome intirc Kingdoms on the coad of Sabi, is the capital.
Guinea. The people, in their mannrrSf Whitby, a conliilerable (eaport intle
have been compared to the Chinefe : the n riding of Vorkniirc, with a market on
fame perltivcring induftry, ceremonious Saturday. It is leatcd near the mouth of
civility, jealous afFc6\ion tor their woincn> the Lfk, and has a great traffic in the huiUi-
and thievifli inclinations in tiade, prevail ingof /hips, and in the carrying hufiuels.
in both countries. The v-imen '\\\ the Its harbour is tiic hclt on thio coall, and
land tor their hulbands, unlel's they happen has a fine pier , but it has no rivtr-com-
to be vei'y beautiful ; in which cai'e tney munication with the inland country. Se-
are maintained at home, with all the v( ral (hips are fent hence to the Gretnland
Somp of eattcrn nations, but with the
)fs ol' liberty alfo, being never pei-mitted
to ftir abroaa, nor to receive vifitors ; and,
on the lealt fufpicion, they are Ibid by
their huibands to the Europeans. An
fifliery. Whitby is the birthplace of thut
great ciicumnuvigator, captuin James
Cook. In 1787, a dreadful accident hap.
pencd here, on the a4.th of December, at
midnight : A ih'ong new-built quay, run-
adtilterer is not only punifhed with death, ning pai-allel to a liighcliti^, and lupport-
but his whole family are involved in the itig a pile of building. So itet above the
coniequences of his gviilt. Bowti, ar- margin of the Tea, unable to fuiiain the
rows, aflagnays, and clubs, are the prin- preluuc of the earth above, menaced ap.
<ipal weapons of the Whidanefe. They preaching danger. Th^; people had hardly
have nod iftind ion of hcrius, days, weeks, time to eitape with thtir clothes, before
or Hated periods ; and yet, without pen, it bowed, and fell with a thundering crath,
ink, or the aliiltance of artificial arith- followed by large maifes of earth, inter-
mettc, they calculate any thing with great mixed with ftones from three to fix tons
accuracy. They are faid to have a faint weight. The fcene exhibited in the morn-
idea of a Supreme Being, to whom they ing was dreadful beyond defcription. On
attribute omnipotence and ubiquity, whom the high cliff, 30 yards from its extremity,
they confider as the Creator of the uni- Itood the rtmains of the mafiy church of
VCrle, and to whom, in conTcquence, they an ancient abbey. This venerable Itruc-
fuppofe their fetiche:: are inferior. He ture appeared in imminent danger, the
is, they fay, too highly exalted to ground being obferved to fink, at the
have any concern about His creatures ; and ailtance of ten yards from its tower. It
the government of the world he leaves to flood, however, till the i ath of November
the fetiches, to whom, therefore, they 1794, when the greatell part of the w
apply, as the mediators between God and end fell to the ground ; fo that this beau-
them. Thefe fetiches are divided into tiful fpecimen of Gothic architeilure is
three claffes j fnakes, tall trees, and the now no more. Whitby is 50 miles ne of
fea j and fometimes they add a fourth, York, and 24.3 N of London. Lon.'o 24.
namely, the chief river of the kingdom, w, lat. 54. 30 N,
the Euphrates. The deified fnakes are Whitchurch, a decayed borough in
about a yard long, amazingly tame and Hampfhire, with a market on Friday. It
familiar ; being ted and even fondled by fends two members to parlianrent, and is
the negroes : no infult or injury can be 24 miles e by n of Salifbury, and 58 w
offered to them by a native, under pain of by s of London. Lon. 1 10 w, lat. 5;
death; and, were even an Europeaa to
3,fJ"ront them, he would run great hazan's.
Mere are oxen, cows, goats, fheep, hogs,
turkies, ducks, and hens, which lad are
extremely plentiful ; alio elephants, buf-
faloes, tigers, feveral kinds of deer, and
a foit of hares. The fiiiits are citrons.
15 N.
Whitchurch, a town in Shropfhire,
with a market on Friday, 20 miles N of
Shrewfbury, and 161 nw of Lcridon,
Lon. 2 40 w, lat. 52 o N.
Whitchurch, or Little Stan-
mo rk, a village near Edgware, in Mid-
lemons, oranges, bananas, tamarinds, &c. dleicx, celebrated for a magnificent leat,
and there are valt numbers of palm-trees, called Canons, built by James firft diike
from which much wine is made. The ot Chai\dos, in 1712. Here that nobleman
trade confifts of flaves, elephants teeth, lived, for loin^ time, in a kind ot regal
wax, and honsy; and the chief manufac- ftatej and here. he died in 1744. It vvas
(ure^ are cloths, umbrellas, balkets, pitch- demolifhed in ,1 747, and the materials
its for pi to' or beer, plates and dilhes of were fold by' aiiftion. '1 he church con-
Vood,. gourds finely ornamented, white tains ^ir that p^wreinains of the ipagni-
^hd btan paper, $ic. In ijijt the ^ing ^ccnce ol'> Canons: the body of it was
W I B
buUt, and beautifullv adorned hy tlie
duke. It it eight miles nw of London.
Whitehaven, a reaport in Cumber-
land» with a market on Tuelilay. It is
I'eated on a creek of the Jrifli Sen, on the
N end of a great hill, wafticd by the tide
on the w fide, where there is a large rock,
or quarry of hard white ftone, which gives
name to the place, and which, with the
help of a ftrong ftone wall, iecurcs the
hai'bour. It is lately much improved in
its buildings, and noted for its trade in
pitcoal aodlalt, there being near it a pro-
digious coal-mine, which runs a conlidcr-
able way under the lea. A good trade
is alio cairied on to Ireland, Scotland,
Chefter, Briftol, and to the W Indies.
It is I o miles sw of Cockermoiith, and
305 sw of London. Lon. 3 34. w, lat.
54 36 N.
White Mountains, the higheft part
of a ridg^ of mountains, in the Itate of
New Hampfhire, in N America. They
extend he and sw; and their height
ibove an adjacent meadow, is 5500 feet j
ard the meadow is 3560 feet above the
I .i^el of the fea. The ihovr and ice cover
them nine or tea months in the year;
and during that time they exhibit the
bright r.ppearance from which they are
deno:ninated the White Mountains. Al-
though they are 70 miles inland, they are
iteti many leagues off at fea, and appear
like an exceedingly bright cloud in the
horizon. Their higheft I'umrait is in lat.
44° N.
White Sea, a bay of the Frozen
Ocean, in the N part of Ruffia, on the e
fide of which ftands the city of Ar.;har.-
gel.
Whitsuntide Island, one of the
New Hebrides, in the Pacific Ocean. It
is 12 miles long and five broad, and was
difcovered by captain Wallis, on Whit-
funday, 1767. Lon. 168 20 E, lat, 15
44s.
Whittlebury Forest, a foreft in
the s part of Northamptonftiire, nine
miles in length, and, in fome parts, above
three in breadth. Here the wild cat is
ftill found. In 1685, the firft duke of
Grafton was appointed hereditary ranger
of this foreft, in which the preient duke
has a fine fedt, called Wakefield Lodge,
WiBURGH, a government of Kuifia,
formerly Ruflian Finland, and comprlfed in
Carelia. It was ceded by the Swedes to the
Ruilians, partly by the peace of Nyftadt
in 1721, and partly by t]hie tieaty of"^ Abp
in 1743. Befide paiiWs, the coiintry
produces rye, oats, a^d barley, but not
tuffipi^t four the u^ab^taqts. It rctaiAS
W I c
its own civil and criminal courts of juf-
tice j in penal cales, not capital, the jni-
ni(hment« prelcvibcd by the provincial ju-
dicature aie infliiUd; but whenever 4
criminal is condemned to death, the Riir.
fian laws intcriMli:, and reprieving hiin
from the («;ntence of beheading or hang-
ing', as enjoined by the Sweilifh code, con-
fign him to the knoot and tranfiwrtafioij
to Sil)eria. In the govtrnor's court, bu-
finels is tranl'afted in tne SweJifli, Geir
man, and Ruiilan tongues. The pcaCants
talk only the Finnilh d'ukSi j but the in^
habitants of the towns underftand Swedjfli
alio, and many of them German. Luthe-
ranilin is the eltabliflied religion j but the
Greek worfhip has been introduced by the
Ruliians.
WiBURGH, a commercial ftaport of
Rutfia, capital of a government of the
fame name, with a bjftiop's fee, and ^
ftrong citadel. It contains about •»ooo
inhabitants. A few hoiifes are cgnftruw 4
with brick J but the grcateft part are of
wood. It is i'eated on the N fide of the
gulf of Finland, 67 ihiles n by w of
NortburgK, and 250 ne of Riga. Lon,
29 10 E, lat. 60 56 N.
WiBURGH, ai confiderable town of
Denmark, in N Jutland, with a bifliop's
fee. It is the feat of the chief court of
juftice in the province. In 1726, a ter-
rible fire burnt the cathedral, a church,
the townhouie, and the biftiop's palace j
but they have all been magnificently re-
built. It is feated on a lake, in a penin^
iula, 95 miles N of Sld'wick, and iiq
NW of Cophenhagen. Lon. 9 50 e, lat.
56 20 N.
Wick, a borough and feaport inCaith-
nefsfhire, feated on an inlet of the German
Ocean, s of Nofe Head. Lon. 3 a w,
lat. 58 30 N,
Wick, a fortified town of Dutch
Limburg, feated on the Maefe, oppofitf
Maeftricht, with which it communicate^
by a bridge. Lon. 5 41 e, lat. 50
52 N.
WiCK-BY-DuERSTEDE, An ZLcieut
town of the United Provinces, in Utrecht,
with a ftrong caftle. It is feated at the
place where the Leek branchem off from
the Rhine, nine miles w of Rhenen, and
IS SE of Utrecht. Lon. 5 22 e, lat. 5*
ON.
WiCKLOw, a county of Ireland, in
the province of Lcinfter, 33 miles long
and 2o broad } bounded on the N by Dub-
lin, on the E by the ,Iri(h Sea, ,911 tl^e s
by Wexford, on the w by (.^athierlouj^
and Kildare, and on the nw by kll^are*
It is indlffetently fipuitful, coAtaius 5^
'^ T t 4. *
.Iff
^(
, }
! ' I
WI G
W I G
piinfhes, an4 Tends jo members to parlia; by a narrow channel It is ai miles lone
inent. and 13 broad, and divided nearly into
WiCKLQW, the capital of a county of
the fnme name, in Ireland. It is feated
on the Iri(h Sea, with a narrow harbour, -
at the mouth of the riyer Leitiim, over
which Itands a roclc, iurrounded by a
ftrong wal), 24 miles s of Dublin. L^^n.
d 7W, Vdt. 51 55 N.
Wick WARE, a corporate town in
Gloucefterlhire, gpverned by a mayor,
with a market on Monday. It is 1 7 miles
KE of ]^riftol, and 1 1 1 w of London.
Lon^ % 16 w, lat. 51 36 n.
WiED, a fmall principality of Germany,
in the circle of the Upper Rhine. The
capital is Neuwicd.
WiEiuN, a town of Great Poland, In
the palatinate of Siradia. It w^s ruined
by the Swedes in 1656, but has been
fmce rebuilt, and has a good caflle. Tt
is feated on a river which falls into the
Warta, 20 miles s of Siradia. Lon. 18
55 E, lat. 5T II N.
WiELiTSKA, a village of Poland,
lately included in the palatinate of Cra-
t:"'*! parts by the river Mede or Cowes,
whi?h rifing in th« foiuhern angle, enters
at the northern, into the channel, oppofite
the mouth of Southampton Bay. The !?
coaft is edged w''h very fteep cliffs of
chalk and freeltone, hollowed into ca-
verns in variovis parts. The w fide is
fenced 'vith ridges of rocks, of which
the moft remaikablf are thofe called,
from their fliarp txtremities, the Needles.
Between the ilUnd and the mainland are
■fariou5 fandbanks, efpecially off the eafteni
part, where is the fale road of St. Helen's.
Acrofs the ifland, from E to w, nms a
ridge of fine downs, with a chalky or
marly foil, which feed a great number of
fine fleeced fheep. Rabbits are alfo very
plentiful here. To the N of this ridge
the land is chiefly pafture : ^o the s of it
is a rich arable country, producing great
crops cf corn. The variety of profpecls
whibh this ifland affords, its mild air, and
the neat manner in which the fields are laid
outj render it a very delightful fpot. It
tbvr, but now comprifed in the Auftrian is devoted alraoft foleiy to hufbandry, and
Jcingdom of Lodomeria. It is celebated is one of the principal refourc^s '-f the
for its ialt-mines, which He eight miles London market for barley. Among its
Se of Cracow. In thefe ixexhauftible produfts are a pure white pipe clay,
mines, are feveral fmall chapels excavated and a fine white ci7ftalline fand j of the
in the fait, in which mafs Is faid on cer- latter great quantities are exported for the
tain days of the year. One of thefe cha
pels IS 30 feet long and 25 broad; the
altar, crucifix, flatues, and ornaments, all
carved out of the fait. Thefe mines are
of a moft ftupendoxis extent and depth,
and perfeflly dry. There is, however,
one fraall fpring of water, which is im-
piegnated with fait, as it mns through
the mine. Thefe mines have been worked
above 600 years. Before the partition
of Poland, in 1772, they fumiflied a
ufe of the glafs-wojks in various parts,
Its principal town Is the borough of Ne\v-
port : it likewile contains the two fmall
boroughs of Newton and Yarmouth.
WiGHTON, a town in the E riding of
Yorkfhire, with a mavkei. on Vvednelday.
feated at the lource of the Skelfler, 16
miles SE of York, and 19* N by w of
London. Lon. o 4.0 w, lat. 53 52 N.
"WiGTON, a town in Cumberland,
with a Market on Tuefday, feated among
confiderable part of the revenue of the the moors, 12 miles sw of Carlifle, and
.in average 304. nnw of London. Lon. 34 w, lat.
5450N.
WiGTON, r. borough and fcaport, the
county-towii of Wigtonftiire. On the ^
fide are the veftlges of" an ancient caftle j
and to the ne is a great mbrafs, called
the Ivlofs of Cree. It is fituate on a Hill^
which overlooks the bay of Wigton, 95
miles sw of Edinburgh. Lon. 4 43 w,
lat. 55 ON.
WiGTONSHiRE, a county of Scotland,
fometimes called lTrPER4f)r \^est Gal-
loway; bounded on the N by Ayrfhire,
on the E by Kircudbrightihire, and on
the s and w by the Iriflt Sea. Its greateft
extent, in any direftlon, does riot exceed
30 miles. The k part, called the Moors^
i^ naked aijd mountAinous. Great nunv-
kin;', who drew from thein »..
profit of about 97,0001. flerling.
• V/iG AN, a borcycrh in L?^ica(hire, with
a market on Monday and Friday. It is
governed by a mayor, and fends two
members to rarKamfent. Here the (^rongef^
checks aic made^ arid other articles of
lineh and cotton riia'nufailur'e. That
tf\egdnt fpecies of roal, called Cannel,
is foiiud m plenty and great perfeflion in
the ne'ghbourhood. The river Douglas
5s made navigable hence to the Ribble }
and it is joined by a canal from Liverpool.
Wigan is 30 miles s of Lancafter, and
'^gtf'NNW of London. Lon. 2 jo w, lat.
•S3'34K. ••,;;■'
Wight, an ifland on the coaft of
Hampfhire', <from which it U feparated
W I L
bers of (heep and black-cattle are ral/ed
here; and they have a Ihiall breed of
horfes peculiar to this county : they are
called galloways, and are very ftrong and
gentle.
WiHlTSCH, a frontier town of Euro-
fiean Turkey, in Bofnia, i'eated on a
ake formed by the river Unna, 40 miles
SE of Carlftadt. Lon. 16 10 e» lat. 45
3+N.
WiLDESHUSEN, atownof Weftphalia,
capital of a fmall bailiwic, united to the
..uchy of Bremen. It is feated on the
Hunde, 18 miles sw of Bremen. Lon.
8 »7E, lat. 52 55 N.
WiLKESBOROUGH, the county-towrn
of Luzerne, in Pennfylvania, on the ne
branch of the Sufquehaunah. Lon. 75 59
W, lat. 41 J 3 N.
WiLKOMEi^, a town of Lithuania,
in the palatinate of Wilna, feated on the
Sweita, 45 miles NW of Wilna. Lon.
44 54 E, lat. 55 19 N.
William, Fort. See Calcutta.
William, Fort, a fort in Invernefs.
of a triangular form, fituate on Loch Ell,
where that arm of the fea bend^ to
the N\v.
WjLLiAMSBtJRG, a town of Virginia,
formerly capital of that ftate. It is fitu-
ate between two creeks ; one falling into
James, and the other into York River.
The diftaiice of each landing place is
about a mije from the town, which, with
the dlfadvantage of not bring able to
bring up 'arge veiTels, has occafioned its
decay. Here is a college, defigned for
t^e education of the Indians, but wliich
never anfwered the pur pole. It is 60
mile§ E of Richmond. Lon. 76 30 w,
|at. 37 ION.
WiLLiAMSTAD.', a ftrong feaport of
Holland, built by William i, prince .of
Orange, in 1585. The river near which
it ftands, is called Butterfliet, or Hol-
land Diep, and is one of ♦he bulwarks of
the Dutch on the fide of Brabant. This
place made a gallant defence, in 1793,
againft the French> who were obliged to
raife the fiege 5 but it furrendered to them
in January 1795. ^^ ^* *5 miles ne of
feergeh-op-Zoom, and 12 sw of Dct.
Lon. 4 30 E, lat. 51 39 N.
Willis' Island, a rocky Illand at
the N end of the ifland of Southern Geor-
gia. It was difcovered in 1775, ^"<1 con-
tained the nefts of many thoufand ftiags.
Lon. 38 '29 w, lat. 54 o s.
WiLLiSA\y, 9 town of Swifferland,
in the canton of Lucern, feated among
high mountains, on the river Wigcr, *5
talks NW of Lucern."- '*'' r^ ^^7
Wilmington, a town of the tJnitedL
States, the largelt and plcalantelt in the
ftate of Delawai-e. It is lituate on Chrif-
tinna Creek, near two miles w of the
river Delaware, and 28 of Philadv^lphia.
Wilmington, a town of N Carolina,
fituate on the e fide of the E branch of
Cape Fear River, 34 miles N of Cape
Ftar, and 85 swof Newburn.
Wilna, a large, populous, and com-
mercial city of Lithuania, in a palatinate
of the Hime name, with a bifhop's fee, a
aniverfity, an ancient caftle, and a palace.
The houfes are all built of wood. It
was taken by the Ruffians in 1794 ; and
is feated at the confluence of the Villa
and Wilna, 15 miles E of Troki, and
215 NE of Warfaw. Lon. 15 39 E, lat.
54 38 N.
WiLSHOVEN, a town of Germany, in
Bavaria, feated at the confluence of the
Wils and Danub«, 30 miles NW of
Paflau.
WiLSNACTf, a town of Germany, in
the margravate of Brandenburg, feated
en a rivulet that falls not fai from it into
the Elbe.
Wilton, an ancient borough in Wilt-
fhlre, with a market on Wednefday. It
was formerly the capital of the county,
but now a mean town, though it fends
two members to parliament, and has a
manufafture of carpets and thin woolleu
fluffs. It is feated at the conflux of the
Willy and Nadder, feven miles NW of
Salifbury, and 85 w by s of London.
Lon. T 52 w, lat. 51 5 n.
Wiltshire, a county of England, fo
called from the town of Wilton, once its
cajyital. It is 53 miles long und 3S
broad} bounded on the ne by Berkfliire,
on the E b/ Berkftiire and Hampfliire, on
the w by Somerfetfliire, on the s by Dor-
fetftiire and Hampfhire, and on the nw
and N by Gloucelter. The air is fweet
and healthy, though fomething fharp on
the hiils in winter ; but it is mild during
that fealbn in the vales. The land in the
N parts is generally hilly and woody, but
very fertile j here being' made that kind
of cheefe which is fo much elicemed as
North Wiltftiire. In the s it is ri'.h and
fertile. In the middle it chiefly ctnfifts
of downs, that afford the beft pafture for
fheep; and in the vallies, which divide
tht: downs, are corn-fields, and rich mea-
dows. Its chief commodities are fheep,
wool, wood, and (tone j of this la there
are excellent quarries on the banks of
the Nadder, where fome of the ftones are
20 yards in length, and four in thicicnefs,
without a flaw. Th« chief manufuclures
WIN
aie tl>e dlfTercnt branches of the clothing
trade. The principal rivers are the
Upper and Lower Avon, the Nadder,
Willy, Bourne, and Ktnnet. This county
lies in the diocele oi Salifbury j contains
«9 hundreds, one city, 24 market-towns,
and 304. pariihes ; and lends 34 members
to pailiameni. Salilbury is the capital.
WiMBLETON, a vilUge in Surry, on
a fine elevated heath, levcn miles sw of
London. Earl Spencer has a park ht e,
from which may be icen 1 9 parifli churches,
exclunve of thofe of London and Weft-
minfter. On the s w angle of Wimbledon
Common, i« a circular encampment, in-
cluding feven acres } the trench very deep
and perfeft. Camden is of opinion, that
this was the fite of a battle in 568, be-
tween Ceaulln, king of the Welt Saxons,
and Ethtlbert, king of Kent, in which
the latter was deteated. On the fame
common, near the village, is a well, the
tvatev of which is never known to freez*.
At Wimbledon are copper mills, a ma-
nufafture for printing callicoes, and
another of japan ware. ^
WiMPSEN, ^ free imperial town of
Suabia, faated on the Neckar, eight miles
N of Hailbron, and 21 E of Heidelberg.
Lon. 9 iS E» lat. 49 *o n.
WiNBORN, or WlNBORN MiNSTER,
a town in Dorfetlhire, with a market on
Friday. It had a monafter/, in which
weie interred tlie W Saxon kings Ethel-
dred and Sieeforth, and queen Ethelburga.
Its noble church, called the Minfter, is
built cathedral-wife, and was formerly
collegiate. It is feated between the Stour
and Allen, fix miles N of Poole, and io»
iw of London. Lon. z i w, lat. 50 47 N.
WiNCAUNTON, a town in Somerfct-
fcire, with a market on Wednesday,
feated on the fide of a hill, 14 miles s of
3ath, and 108 w by s of London. Lon.
» iS w, lat. 51 I N.
WlNCHCOMB, a town in Gloucettcr-
ihire, with a market on Sutuitlay. It
was formerly noted for its abbey, whole
mitred abbot fat in parliament. It is
feated in a deep bottom, 16 miles ne of
"loucefter, and 93 wnw of London.
Lon.i ow, lat. 51 55 n.
WiNCHELSEA, a town in Suflex, one,
of the cinque ports. It was built in the
reign of V^ .Iward I, when a more ancient
town of the fanic name, which had 18
churches, and was dillant about, three
miles, was fwallowcd up by the iea, in a
tevriljle tcmpcft. Tliie new town being
facked by the French and Spaniards, ami
deferted by the fea, dwindled to a mean
pLcej but it ;» jjovevncd by a mayor.
W I N
and fends two members to parliament '
It is feated on a rocky cliff, on an inlet
ot the Tea, and had a haven, now choked
up. Three of the gates are Itill ftandinff.
but much decayed : they are three miles
afunder. Winchelfea is two miles sw of
Rye, and 71 sw of London. Lon. o 44.
E, lat. so 58 N.
Winchester, an ancient city in
Hampfhire, with a market on Wediiefday
and Saturday. It is one mile and a half
in circumference round the walls, which
are greatly decayed, and through them
are four gates. Here aie fix churches,
befide the cathedral, a beautiful ftrufture,
in which were intered feveral Saxon kings
and queens, whofe bones were collefted by
bifhop Fox, put into fix fmall gilded cot-
fins, and placed on a wall in the s fide
of the choir. In this cathedral alfo is the
marbl? coffin of William Rufiis, and,
among other mciiuments, are thofe of
William of Wykeham, cardinal Beaufort,
and Benjamin Hoadly, all bifliops of this
fee. On a fine eminence, overlooking the
city, is the fljell of a palace, built for
Charles 11, but never finifhed ; in the la:;
wars it was fitted up for the reccn^io^ - *
prilbners of war, but is now in '>•
by a great number of the French eiiagrant
clergy. Near this palace is St. Mary's
College., foxmded by William of Wyke-
ham, for a warden, 70 fchoiars, 10 fel-
lows, three chaiilains, three clerks, a
fchoolmafter, ufner, organift, and 16
chorifters: the fchoiars are educated for
New College, Oxford. Near the s end
of the city is the hofpital of St. Crofs,
founded by a Sifhon of this fee, for a
mafter, nine poor brethren, and four out-
penfioners. All travellers, who call at
this hoipital, have a right to demand
feme breaJ and beer, which is always
brought I > them. Near the E gate of the
city is St. John's hofpital, in the hall of
which the corporation give their enter-
tainments. Winchefter wasof great note
in the time of the Saxons, and here Egbert
was crowned the firft fole monarch of
England. Here Henry 11 held a parlia-
ment, king John rcfided, Heniy in was
born, Richard 11 held a parliament, and
Henry iv was married, as was alfo queen
Mary i. The. city is governed by a
mayor, and fenJs two members to parlia-
ment. It is ieated in a valley, on the
river Itchen, ii miles NW of Chicheft:r,
and 63 w by N of Lpndon. Lon. i z«
w, lat. 51 5N.
Winchester, a town of Virginia,
with a gr^at manufa£li.<re of hats and
aiiother of fuddlea. It is U^^ttd on the
«
Potomac, II
mond.
WiNDAW
Coarland, w
at the mouth
70 miles N\^
Memel. L<
Winder
pER-MERE,
England, lyi
Lancaihire.
,to 5, but in
and exhibit
landfcapes t
is famous ic
alfo with t
It has a CO
Efthwaite-
are the rivei
lake is freq
tories, and
thefe, the
oblong tra£
in an obllq
ber of infei
one bulruOi
margin of
WiNDH
WiNDIS
many, ton
Metling is
Windl|
the duchy
Neckar, 1
Winds
county of
commonly
nington i'
feated on
of Bennin
Winds
Bt^rkfhire,
Thames, '
« celebrs
trai^ ori
<^u '"or.
ara was
rncr iclu
in it) ca
taken d<
ftrudlurc
rtituted t
addition!
Heniy \
Charles
I'plendou
m.ide tl"
^;artmt
terrace
on the I
another
His pit
W I M
W I N
Potomat, 115 miles n by W of Rich- fine in^rovemcnts in it. This caftleis
laond. feated un a higli UiU, which rifes by a
WiNDAW, a town of the duchy of gentle alcent. On the declivity ot this
Coarland, with a caltle, and a harbour
at the mouth of the Wetaw, in the Baltic*
70 miles NW of Mittau, and 100 N of
Memel. Lon. aa 5E, lat. 57 aoN.
WlNDEIlMERE-"ATER, Or WlNAN-
DKR-MERE, the itiOii extenfive lake in
England, lying between Weftmorland and
Lancalhire. It extends 10 miles from N
M s, but in no part broader than a mile;
and exhibits a greater variety of fine
iandfcapes than any lake in England. It
hill is the fine terrace, faced with a ram-
part of iVeeftone, 1870 feet in length » it
is one of the nohleft walks in Europe,
with refp'cct to ftrength, grandeur, and
proipefts. From that pait of the caftle,
called the Round Tower, is an extenfive
view to London, and into the counties of
Berks, Middlelex, Elfex, Herts, Bucks,
Oxford, Wilts, Hants, Surry, Suflex,
Kent, and Bedford. St. George's Cha-
pel, or the collegiate chuich, which ftands
is famous for its fine char, arid abounds between the upper and lower <:ourt'., is a
alfo with trout, perch, pike, and eel. beautiful Gotiiic ftrufturc, originally
It has a communication on the w with erc(51ed by Ew^ward iii, in 1377, in honour
Efthwaite-water i and its principal feeoers of the order 0/ the garter. Edward iv,
are the rivers Rothay and Brathay. This finding it not completed, enlarged the de-
lake is frequently interlefled by promon- fien, and began the prefent building*
tories, and fnotted with illands. Among which was finilhed by Henry vn. The
thefe, the Holme, or Great Illand, an interior architedure is greatly admired,
oblong traft of 30 acres, croffes the lake particularly its ftone roof } and the y/holt
in an oblique line, furrounded by a num- was repaired and beautified in 1790. la
ber of inferior ifles, finely woodtd. Not this chapel are inteiTed Henry vi, Ed-
one bulruOi, or fwampy reed, defiles the
margin of this lake.
Windham. See Wvmondham.
WiNDiSMERK, a territory of Ger
ward IV, Henry vill, his queen Jan«
Seymour, and Charles i. The royal
foundations in this caftle are j the order
of the garter, inftituted in 13+9, con-
many, forming the e part of Carniola. filting of the fovereign, and 15 knight*
Metling is the capital. companions, exclufive of the princes of
WiNOLlNGEN, a town of Suabia, in the blood royal; and the royal college of
the duchy of Wirtemburg, feated on the St. George, confining of a dean, i»
Neckar, 12 miles from Stutgard. canons, leven minor canons, and 18 piJoi'
Windsor, a town of Vermont, in the knights. Oppofite the se fide of the
county of Windfor, where the aflembly caltle, is a modem-built manfion, called
commonly holds its felfion, although Ben- the Qii^een's Lodge, which is the royal
nington is the principal town. It is refidence in fummer; and below this is
feated on the Connecticut, 98 miles ne
of Bennington.
WjtNDsOR, a confiderable borough in
B«?rkfhire, feated on an emir.<;nce, on the
Thames, with a market on Saturday. It
." celebrated for its magnificent caftle,
':« lit originally by William the Con-
<ju '-or. It was enlarged by Henry i,
■xr a was the refidence of the fucceeding
jiicr ichs, till Edward III (who was bom
in it) cuufed the ancient building to be
taken down, and erefted the prellnt
ftru6tur< -indSt. George's chapel, and in-
fHtuted tlie order of the garter. Great
additions v ..-re made to it by Edward iv,
Hemy vii, Henry vni, and Elil'abeth.
Charles II icltored tlui c;i(tlc to its prittine
Iplendour: he cnlar*=;ctl the windows, and
the Lower Lodge, for the accommodation
of the younger branches of the royal fa-
mily. Adjoining the Queen's Lodge it
the Little Park, which extends round the
N and E fides of the caftle, and forms a
beautiful lawn, fo r miles in circumfer-
On tlie s fide of the town is the
ence.
Great Park, which is 14. miles in cir-
cumference. It has a noble road from
the town, through a double plantation of
trees, to the Ranger's Lodge, which was
a favorite refidence of William duke of
Cumberland, wlio liid out vaft iiims in
the decoration of different parts o'f thfc
park. On the death of the laft ranger,
Henry Frederic duke of Cumberland, his
majelty took the management of (his
park into his own hands: and the im-
made them regular ; iiirniihed the royal provenients niatle by his majelty, are Very
4j artmtnts with paintings j enlarged the confiderable with rcfpecl to agricultural
terrace walk, made by queen Elilabeth utility, as well as rural beauty. Windfor
on the N fide of the caftle ; and carried is 1 7 miles e by N of Reading, and
another terrace round the E and s fides, za w of London. Lon. o 36 w, lat. 51
His prefent majeiiy has alfo made very 30 N.
<'.
I
I
I -:
' ,
\\
It
W I N
W I S
Windsor Forest, a foreft in the e
part of BerkHiire, 30 miles in circumfer-
ence. Though the foil is generally barren
and uncultivated, it is finely diverfified
by hills and ditles, woods and lawns, and
delightful villas. It contains feveral
towns and villages, of which Okinghani,
near the centre of the foreft, is the prin-
cipal. See BiNPlELD.
Windward Islands, fuch of the
Can-ihbean Iflands, in the W Indies, as
commence at Martinico, and extend to
Xobago.
Windward Passage, the ftrait be-
tween Point Maizi, at the E end of the
iHand of Cuba, and Cape St. Nicholas, at
the NW extremity of St. Domingo.
WiNNiczA, a ftrong town of Poland,
Ml PodoUa, capital of a territory of the
fame name, with a caftle. It vvas taken
by the Coflacks in 1658, but retaken
loon after. It is feated on the river Bog,
35 miles N of Bracklaw. Lon. 2S iz e,
lat.4.9 Z3N.
WiNscHOTiN, ♦^^'.vn of the United
Provinces, in Gromr/ Here, in 1 568,
was fought the firft ba between the re-
volted Dutch and the tipaniards, who
were defeated by prince Lewis, brother
to William I, prince of Orange. It is
fix miles sw of Dollart Bay, and 16 SB
of Groningen. Lon. 6 58 E, lat. 53 3 n.
Win SEN., a town of Lower Saxony, in
the diKhy of Lunenburg,, leated at the
conflutnce of the Elbe and Ilmenau, 1 3
miles NW of Lmienburg. Lon. 10 11 £,
lat- 53 i4N.
WiNSHEiM, an imperial town of Fran-
conia, in the margravate of Anl'pach.
It is furrounded by a good rampart, a
double ditch, and thick walls flanked
with so towers. The inhabitants are
proteftants. In 1730, a fire reduced al-
moft the whole town to afhes. It is
feated on the Aifch, 30 miles NW of
Nuremburg. Lon. 10 31 E, lat. 49 32 N.
WiNSLOW, a town in Buckingham-
Ihire, with a market on Tuefday, feven
mile* NW of Ailefbury, and 50 wnw of
London. Lon.o4sw, lat. 51 57 N.
WiNSTER, a town in Derbyftiire,
which has a meeting for the fale of provi-
fions on Saturday. It is five miles NW of
Derby, and 151 nnw of London.
WiNTERTHUR- a town of Swiflerland,
in the canton of Zuric, where there is a
rich library and a mineral fpring. It is
ieated in a fertile plain, on the river
Ulach, 15 miles ne of Zuric. Lon. 8
45 E, lat.47 31 N.
WiNTERTONNESS, the NI CapC of
Korfolk, fouv miles n of Yarinoutb.
^ WiPPERFURT, a tov^ of Weftphalij.l
in the duchy ot Bern, feated near thr
fource of the Wipper, whofe water is of I
a peculiar quality for bleaching, j6 miles '
ESE of Duflekiorf.
WiRKSwoRTH, a populous town In
Derbyfhire, with a market on Tuefday -
It is lieated in a valley, near the fource of
the Ecclefborn, and remarkable for hav-
ing the greatelt lead market hi England.
It IS 13 miles N by w of Derby, and
1 j9 NNW of London. Lon. i 30 w, lat
53 fiN.
WiRTEMBURG, or WURTENBURG,
a fovereign duchy of Germany, in the
circle of Suabi* j bounded on the n by
Franconia, the archbifho|»-ic of Mentz
and the palatinate of the Rhine ; on the
E by the county of Oeting, the marquifate
of Burgaw, and the territory of Ulm •
on th^ s by the principality of Hohenzol!
lern, the county of Furftenburg, and the
marquifate of Hohenburg j and on the w
by the marquifate of Baden, and the
Black Foreft. It is 65 miles in length,
and nearly as much in breadth; and is
one of the moft populous and fertile coun-
tries in Germany, though there are many
mountains and woods. It produces plenty
of pafture, corn, fruit, and a great deal
of wine. There are alfo mines and lalt
fprings, and much game. Stutgard is
the capital.
WiSBADEN, a tovm of Germany, Jn
the principality of Naffau, capital of a
lordlhip ot the fame name, fubjeft to the
prince of Naflau-Saarbruck. It is fa-
mous for its warm baths, which were
known to the ancient Romans, and is five
miles N of Mentz. Lon. 8 20 E, lat. 49
56 N.
Wi^BEACH, a town in Cambridge-
fliire, with a market on Saturday. It is
feated in the Ifle of Ely, between two
rivers, and pofleffes a confiderable trade
in the export of corn, and of oil prefled
from feeds at mills in its neighbourhood.
Barges only can come up its river, large
veffels flopping fix miles below. It is ig
miles N of Ely, and 89 N by E of London.
Lon. o 6e, lat. 52 38 N.
WiSBY, a feaport of Sweden, in the
ifle of Gothland, with a caftle. It is
feated on the fide of a rock, on the Baltic,
88 miles SE of Stockholm. Lot. 1841
E, lat. 57 36 N.
WiSET, a fortified town of the Ne-
therlands, in the duchy of Limburg,
feated on the Maefe, feven miles N of
Liege, and 20 NW of Limburg. Lon.
5 40 E, lat. 50 41 N.
' WiscuGROD, a towQ of Polaodi h
I WIT .
I the palatinate of Plockflco, feated on the
Viftula, . 8 milca E by s of Plocklko,
and 58 Nw of Warfaw. Lon. 19 50 e,
lat. 5X44TI.
WiSLOiCE, a town of Germany, in the
palatinate of the Rhine, leated. on the
Eliatz, eight miles s of Heidelberg.
Lon. 8 4.8 £, lat. 49 1 8 N.
Wjsmar, a ftrong feaport of Ger-
many* in the duchy of Mecklenburg,
feated at the bottom of a bay of the
Baltic, 36 miles e of Lubec, and 6d w by
s of Strallund. Lon. 1 1 44 e , lat. 53 54 N.
Wib >N, a corporate town in Pem-
hrokeihiie, with a market on Wednefday.
It is governed by a mayor, and was for-
jnerly ftrengthened with a caftle, which is
novi^ a gentleinan's f^at. It is 10 miles
N of Pembroke, and 235 WNW of Lon*
don. Lon.4 52 w, lat. 51 53N.- >
Witch WOOD, a foreft in Oxfordfhire,
between Burford and Charlbury ; the
only (;onriderable one now remaining in
that county.
WiTEPSKi, a town of Lithyania, ca-
pital of a palatinate of the iame name,
witli a caftle. It is feated in a morafs,
which renders its approach dilhcult } and
its fortifications are Co good, that > the
Ruiliaas beiieged it ieverai tintes in vain.
It ftands at, the confluence of the Dwina
and Widflu|, 65 miles E of Polotlk, 8c
WNW of Smolenlko, and 165 ens of
Wilna. Lon. 29 40 E, lat. 55 43 N.
WiTHAM, a town in Eiiex, with a
naarket on Tuefday. Its church, an an-
cient Gothic ftrufture, ftands one mile
from the town, at a place called Chipping
Hill. It Is eight. miles ne of CheJmi-
ford, and 37 ene of London. Lon. o
41 E, lat. 51 51 N.
Wit HAM, a river in Lincolnftiire,
which waters Lincoln, and enters the
German Ocean, be^w Bolton. From
Lincoln it has a communication with the
Trent, by a navigable canal, called the
Fofsdike, cut by king Henry i.
WiTLiSTH, a town of Germany, in
the archbi/hopric of Treves, with a caftle,
leated on the river Lefer.
WiTMEY, a populous town in Oxford-
fliire, with a market on Thurfday. It Is
noted for its manufafture of the fineft
blankets, and other thick woollens, called
bearfkins and kerfeys. It is eight miles
NW of Oxford, and 64 wnw ofLpndon.
LoD. I 18 w, lat. 51 52 N.
WiTSHAUSEN, a town of Germany,
in the iandgravate of Hefle Caftel, capital
of a territory of the fame name. It is
feated en the Wefer, eight miles en£ of
Caflel, LoR.*$ 4-6 ii^ Ut. 5 1 74 n^
. WO B .
WiTTEMBERG, a ftrdng town of Gef»
many, capital of the ducny of Saxony*
with a famous uoiverfity, and a caftle.
It is the place where the geneial afliein-
biles of the circle of Upper Saxony arc
held. Mut'tin Luther was profeftbr in
theunivtrftty, aiul buried in a chapel
belonging to the ca. .e. It is feated on
the i^l.be, 5 5 miles N w of Dreiden. Lon.
12 47E, lat. 51 49 N.
WiTTLNSTEiN, a town of RuiTia, in
the goyernmeot of Livonia, 40 miles se
of Revel. Lon. 24 39 B, lat. 58 47 iii, :
WiTTiMUND, a town of Weftphalia,
in E Friefland, feated near the Gernvan
Ocean, 15 miles n of Embden. Lon. j
4 E, lat. S3 41 N.
WiTTLESEA-MERE, a lake in the nb
p^jTt of Huntingdonftiire, fix miles long ^
and three broad. It is torn- miles 3 of
Peterborough.
,. WiVLEsqoMB, a town in StMnerfet-
fhire, with a market on Tueluay, 20 mile*
NNE of Exeter, and 155 w by s of Lon-
don, . Lon. 3 »8.W, lat. 51 4.Nw I i!:ii,i T
Wlosimeitz, a town of Little Po-
land, in Volhinia, capital of a duchy of
the i^mie n^n^e, with a caftle. It is^ feated ;
on the Lny, which falls into the figig, 3S
■ mile? w of Lucko, and 56 n of Lemburg,
Lon..«4 30 E, lat. 51 3 n. ;i
Wo A H o q, one of the Sandwich- Mands,
feven leagues nw of Morotoi. From the
appearance of the NE and nw parts, it is
the fineft ifland of the group.. Nothing
can exceed the verdure of the hills, the
variety of wood and lawn, and i;icli cul-
tivated vailies, which tlie whole face of
the country difplays. A bay is formed
by the N and w extremities, into which a
fine river empties itlelf, through a deep
valley ; but the water is brackifli for 20*
yards from the entrance. It contain*
60,000 inhabitants. Lieutenant Hergift,
commander of the Daedalus ftor. <hip,
who had been fent from England, in 1791,
with a lupply of provifions €fr the Difco-
very floop, captain Vancouver, then on a
voyage of dilcovery, was here furpriled
and mjjrdered by the natives, together
with Mr. Gooch, the aftronomer. Lon.
157 5» w, lat. 21 43 N.
WoBURN, a town in Bedfordfhire,
with a market on Friday. It is feated on
a rifmg ground, and was formerly fanious
fojf its abbey, which npw belongs to the
duke of Bedford, and is his country feat.
Woborn was burnt down in 1724, b\it
has been neatly rebuilt, and has a frecf
fchool, and a charity-fchool, founded by
a duke of Bedford. Near it is found great
plenty of fulicr^s eartlu It is 12 miles 3
I !■
n'
! »■
i
ffi!''
I
fl
>
wo L
WOO
of Bedford, and 41 nUw of London.
Loti'O iiw, lat. 52 aN.
W00NAY1 4 town of Bohemia, in the
cirde of Prach, feaiul oi. the Bianitz,
t2 miles NW of Budweis, a>:d 56 's of
Prague-. Lon. 14 50 E, lat. 4a 9 N.
WOERivENf a town of the United
Provinces, in Holland, feated on the
Rhine, tS nviks s of Amlteidam. It
was taken by the French in 1672 and
1794. Lon. 4 51 £, lat. 52 6n.
WOKEYy or Okey, a village in So-
merfcfftire, on the s fids of the Mendip
Hills, two miles w of Well». Here is a
Aunous cavern, called Wakey Hole, the
month of which is 15 or to feet high,
refembling the infide of- a cathedral ; -the
roof compo&d of (pendant rocksj whence
a clear -water, tot a petrifying quality,
contimially drops. From this grotto a
naiTow palTage defcends to arother of lefs
height ; and beyoml a i'econo nairow paf-
lage is a third grotto.
- WoKiNp, a village in' Surry, five
miles NNE of Guildford. In the manor-
huvie here, died Margaret countefs of
Richmond, mother of Henry vii. ^Phe
AidI of t^he guard room is<ftill remaining.
0 W4MC^N<GHAM. See^KIMCHAM.
'WOX.AW, a ftrong toMMi of Sileiia,
capital of a duchy of the fame name,
^th ft (;aftle. The greateft part of the
jiihabttants are employed in a^woollen
3nanufa<^turft. It -is feated rtearthe Oder,
fto miles NW of Breflaw, and 32 se of
jQlowgaw. Lon. 16 j4e, lat. 51 18 n.
WoLFENBUTTLE, one of the ftrongeft
towns of Oennany, in the duchy of
Srunfwiok, with a caftle, where the duke
<of.Brunftvick 'Wolfenbuttle refides. Here
ds an excellent library, with a cabinet of
•curiotities relating' to natural hiftory. It
is feated on the Ocker, feven miles s of
.Brunlwick, and 30 w of Halberftadt.
JU>n. 10 42 E, lat. 52 18 N.
WoLPERSOi«E, an idand of the
-United Provinces, in .2^aiand, between
,'N Bevekmd and 8 fieveland.
WoLFSPERO, a town of Germany, in
Lower Carinthia, with a qaftle, on which
the diftrifl about it depends, which is 20
miles in Uugth, and 10 in breadth. It is
ieated on the 'Lavand, at the foot of a
mountain covered with wood, and full of
•wolves, wiwnce the town took its name.
It is 36 miles Eof'Clagenfurt. Lon. 15
10 E, lat. 46 j6^N.
WoLOAsT, a confiderahle town of
Germany, in Swedifli Pomerania, capital
of a tenitok y of the fame name, with a
caftle, and one of the beft and largeft
faariuMrs -on tbe Baltic. It ia Aa^ 00
the Plln, 12 miles se of Grlpfwald. lel
6E ot Stralfund, snd 45 nw of Stetin
J-on. i4 4E,-lat, 54 I N.
WoLKOSKoi, a town of Ruffia, :«
the government of Novogorod, 100 miles
8E of Novogorod. Lon. 34 to e, lat. c,
SON. •"
, WoLKOWSKA, a town of -Lithuania,
m the palatinate of Novogrodeck, feated
on the R08, 23 miles se of Grodno
Lon.»4 46E, lat. 53 4 n.
WOOLER, a town in Northumberland,
with a market on Thurfday. It is feated
on the fide of a hill, 14 miles s of Ber-
wick, and 3 1 8 N by w ot London . Lon
I 4<Sw, lat.55 34N.
WoLUN, a feaport of Germany, in
Pniffian Pomerania, capital of an" Ifland
of the fame name, in the mouth of the
Oder. It is 10 miles w of Cammin,
Lon. 14 39 E, lat. 544 N.
WoLMAR, a town of Ruflia, in the
government of Livonia, feated on theAa,
38 miles N of Riga.- Lon. 24 25 j, Jat
S7 3»N. :.'
WoLSiNOHAM, a town in the county
of Durham, »6 miles sw of Di^-hani,
and 259 nnw of London.
^ Wolverhampton, a flourifliingtown
-m StafFordfliire, with a good market on
Wednefday. It has an ancient collegiate
church, annexed to the deanery of Wind-
for, and a handfome chapel. It is noted
for its iron manufaaure, confitting of
locks, hinges, buckles, corkfcrews, and
japanned ware. It is feated on a hill, 1 3
miles s of Stafford, and 124 nw of Lon-
don. Lon. 2 o w, lat. 5» 47N.
WooDBRiDGE, a town in' Suffolk,.
with a market on Wednelday, feated on
the E fide of a fandy hill, on the river
Deben, eight miles from the fea. It has
docks for building (hips, has a great corn
trade, and is famous for refining fait.
It had an abbey, of which there are no re-
markable ruins. It is feven miles ene
of Iplwich, and 76 ne of London. Lon.
I 25 B, lat. 52 II N.
WoODFORDi a village in EflTex, fituate
in Epping Forreft, near the river Roding,
eight miles ne of London. A min«al
fpring here formerly attracted much com-
pany to a houfe of public entertainment,
called Woodfoixi Wells } but the water
has long loft its reputation> and the houfe
is now a private one.
Woods, Lake of the, a lake of N
America, which makes part of the N
boxmdary of the Weflem Territory, of
the United States. It is 150 miles long,
and 60 where broadeft, but is very iritr-
gular in Its fhape, , , >. t- U
W O R
W O R
Woodstock, a borough In Oxford-
(hire> <vith a market on Tuefday. It is
feated on a nfnig ground, on a rivulet,
and chidiy noted for Blenheim -Houfe } a
fine palace, built in memory of the vic-
tory obtained by the duke of Marl-
borough, over the French and Bavarians,
in 1704. In Blenheim Park, originally
ftood a royal palace, the favorite retreat
of feveral kings of England, till the reien
of Charles i, when it was almoft wholly
in ruins. After the building of Blen-
heim, every trace of the ancient edifice
was removed, and two elms were planted
on its fite. King Ethelred held a parlia-
ment at WoodlTock Palace ; and there
Alfred the Great tra^iflated Boetius de
Confolatiotie Philofophix. Henry i beau-
tified the palace ; and here refided Rofa-
mond, miftrers of Henry 11, for whom
diat prince is faid to have contrived a
labyrinth, by which her romantic retreat
(placed by tradition near the fprlng that
Ititl bears her name in Blenheim Park)
might communicate with the palace, and
Krevetit any furptife from the jealoufy of
is queen. Ed!ti>Ubd, fecond ion of Ed-
Vrzra i. Who was born at this palace,
was hence called Edmund of Woodftock;
at well as Edward, eldeft Ton of Edward
III, commohly known by the name of
the Black Prince. Chaucer the poet,
was born, lived, and died, at Woodftock.
The priucefs Elifabeth was confined here
by her fifter Mary. Woodftock has a
manufacture of excellent gloves, and of
fteel vtratch chains. It is eight miles Nw
of Oxford, and 6a wNW of London.
Lon. I 15W, lat.51 52 N.
WooLPiT, a town in Suffolk, fup-
pofed to be the ancient Sitomagus, and
noted for making the beft white bricks.
It is eight miles e by s of Bury St. Ed-
mund's, and 75 NE of London.
Woolwich, a town in Kent, with a
market on Friday. It is feated on the
Thames, and of great note for its fine
docks and yards, where men of war arc
built ; as alfo for its vaft magazines of
breat guns, mortars, bombs, balls, pow-
der, and other warlike ftores. It has
likewife an acadeny, where the mathema-
'tics are taught, and young officers in-
ftrufied in the military art. Some hulks
ai'e moored off this towh, for the recep-
tion of convifts, who are employed in
raifing gravel frdm the river. It is 10
miles E of London. Lono ioE,lat 51 30 n.
Worcester, the county-town of
Worcefter, in the ftate of Maflachufets,
and the largeft inland town ia New £ng-
laihl. It is -4.7 miks w of Bofton.
Worcester, a city in Worcefter*
fliire, capital of that county, with a
market on Wcdneiday, Friday, and Sa-
turday, and a biihop's fee. It contains
nine churches, befide the cathedral, and
St. Michael's without the liberties of the
city i and has alfo three grammar-ichools}
feven hofpitals, and a well-contrived
quay. It is governed by a mayor, fends
two members to parliament, carries on a
confiderablc trade in woollen ftuffs and
gloves, and has likewife a mannfa/^ure
of elegant china ware. Hei-e Cromwell, ia
1 651, obtained a vifloiy over the Scotch
army, which had marched into England
to reinitate Charles 11, who, after this
defeat, elcaped with great difficulty inno
France. Worcelter is feated on a gentle
alcent, on the Severn, 36 miles nne of
Briftol, and 118 WNvv of London. Lon.
a o w, lat. 52 9N.
WoRCESTERSfHRE, a county of Eng-
land, 30 miles long and 20 broad}
bounded on the n by bhropfhire and Staf"
fordftiire, on the e by Warwickfhire, on
the w by Herefordmire, and on the SB
and s by Gloucefterftiire. It lies in the
diocefe of Worcefter, contains feven hun-
dreds, one city, ten market-towns, and
152 parifties ; and fends nine members tp
parliament. The air is very healthy»
and the foil in the vales and meadows
very rich, producing com and pafture,
particularly the vale of Evefliam, whidh
is ftyled the granary of thefe parts. The
hills have generally an eafy aiicent, except
the Malvern hills in the sw part of the
county, and feed large flocks of fheep.
The other hills are the Licky, near
Bromigrove, toward the N j and tlic Bre-
don- hills, toward the SE. This county
had formerly two lai-ge forefts, but tlie
iron and falt-works have in a manner de-
ftrgyed them ; and thefe works are now
chiefly c^ried on with coal. Here
is plenty of fruits of moft forts, efpeci-
ally pears, which are in many places
found growing in the hedges. The dhief
commodities are coal, corn, hops, cloth,
cheefe, cider, perry, and fait. The .prin-
cipal rivers are the Severn, Teme or
Tend, and Avon.
WoRcuM, a town of Dutch Bi'abant,
feated on the s fide of the Maefe, jult
below its junction with theWaliai, tight
miles NNW of Htufden, and 22 E ot*
Rotterdam. Lon.4 52£, lat.51 52K.
WoRcuM, a I'eaport of the United
, Provinces, in Friefland, feated on the
Zuider-Zee, 18 miles sw of Lewardeli.
Lon. s isE, lat. 53 on.
WoKiac&tif a town of Gefmatiy, in
i
P,
< 1
■1 i'i<
i i
\.
WOT
the eleftorate of Cologne, featcd on the
Khine, eight miles troin Cologne.
Workington, a lea^iort in Cumber-
land, Icated on the Derwcnt, over which
is a ftone hr.Jge. From this port a large
<juaiitity o£ coal is exported. This was
the landing place of Mary qut^en of
ilScots, when (he was driven to take refuge
in England. In the neighbourhood is a
iajge iron foundry. Workington is fevcn
miles w of Cockermouth, and 307 N cf
I^ondon. Lon. 3' 35 Wj lat. 53 42 N.
Worksop, a town in .^ottiAghaip-
fitire, with a market on Wednefday. It
is noted for a magnificent feat of the
duke of Norfplk. Here was once an
abbey, the gate of which remains, and
the room over it is converted into a
fchool } and on the w ilde of the town is
a circular hill, which was I'he fite of a
caftle. Quantities of licorice are grown
in its I vicinity, which is alio peculiarly
remarkable for the number </f noblemen's
feats. The canal from the Trent to
ChefterBeld pafles near this place. It is
similes N of Nottingham, and 146 N by
W of London. Lon. i o w, lat. 53' 20 n.
'..Worms, , an ancient imperial city of
'Germany, in the circle of the Upper
Rhine, with an epifcopal fee, whofe bi-
fliop is a prince of the empire. It is fa-
mous for a diet held in 1 5 z i , at which Lu-
ther aflltted in perfon. The proteftants
feave a church here, where Luther is
repi-efehted as appearing at the diet.
Worms is noted lor an excellent wint,
called our Lady's Milk. In the war of
1689, it was taken by the French, who
almoft reduced it to afhes; and it was
again taken by them in 1794. It is
feated on the w bank of the Rhine, 20
miles N w of Heidelberg, 20 SE of Mentz,
and 32 sw of Francfort. Lon. 8 ^9 e,
lat. 49 32 N.
Worsted, a town in Norfolk, with a
market on Saturday. It is noted fca- be-
ing the place, where worfteds were firft
made. It is 12 miles N of Noi-wieh, and
izo NE of London. Lon. i z6e, lat. '52
52 N.
Wotton-Ba s s EiT, a borough inWllt-
Ihire, with a market on Friday. It fends
two members to parliament, and is 30
. miles N of Saliftury, and 89 w of London.
Lon. I 54 w, lat. 51 31 n. '
Wotton-under-Edge, a corporate
town in Gloucefterfhire, with a market on
Friday. The inhabitants are principally
clothiers, and it is governed by a mayor.
It is feated under the hills, 20 miles ne
of Briftol, and 108 wNw of London.
1.00. X iiWi l^t. 51 40 N.
WUR
Wrath, Cape, a vaft promontory in
Sutherlandrture, which forms the nw
pomt of Great Britain. Againft its rue-
ged and lofty cliffs the rapid tide burlts
with incredible fury.
Wraysbury, a village in Bucks, near
the Thames, two mileg ss w of Colnbrook.
An ifland in the river, in this parifti, i»
ftlU called Chai-ter Ifland, in which it is
faid, the Great Charter was figned by
king John, although his conlent was ex-
torted in Runnymead.
Wrekin, a noted mountain of Shrop-
fliire, eight miles ese of Shrewfljury.
Wrexham, a town in Denbighfliire,
with tf market on Monday and Thiu Iday.
It Is the nioft. populous tojvn in all N
Wales, and a place of conficlerable traffic,
noted for its fairs. It is of Saxon origin,
retains thp langjuageand appearance of an
Englith towrt, and has an ancient Gothic
church, the lofty fteeple of which is the
boa(t of this part of the country. Near
Wrexham is a large foundry for cannon
and other articles. It is feated on a
river, which falls into the Dee, in a coun-
try affording plenty of lead, 13 itiiles s
by w of Chefter, and 188^ W of London.
Lon. 3 10 w, lai.jjj'ji N.
. Wrinton, a town in SOraerfetlhire^
Vlth a market oh Tuefday. . It is the
birthplace of Mr. Locke, and feated
among the Mendip Hijls, nine miles' N of
Wells, and- 125 w of London.' Lon.^
38 w, lat. 51 21 N. See Layer.
WrOtham, a town in Kent, with a
market on Tuefday. It has a large
church, in which are 1 6 ftajls^ fujpipof^d to
have b'een made for the clergy^ attl^nding
the archbifhop of Canterburjri' whQ had
a palaie here,, till archbifhojp I0avt »»
the 14th ceptury, d^mpUihed jit, ;ind l)Milt
another at Maidftbne. It is 11 miles
WNW of Maidftone, and 24 SE of London.
Lon.o24E, lat. 51 18 N.
Wroxeter, a town iii Shropfhirc,
five miles SE of Shrewfbury. It is laid t«
have been built by the Brltpn^, on the
banks of the Severn, over which are the
traces of a bridge, difcernible at low
water. The circumference was three
miles, environed by a wall three yards
broad, with a deep trench on the outfide>
which may be traced in fe^reral places.
Roman coins are frequently found here,
but none of the Saxon, which is looked
upon as a proof that it was deftit>yed be-
fore their arrival,
s WuRtenburg., See Wirtem-
BURG.
WuRTZBURG, a biihopric of Ger-
jnatiyi comprehending the principal part
WYE
X A V
ef Franconla. It ii 65 miles long and 50
broad } bounded by the county of llcnne-
berg, the duchy at Coburg, the abbey of
Fulde, the arcnbilhopr'ic of Mentz, the
marquilate of Anfpach, the biAioprir of
Bamberg, and the county of Werth.im.
The foil is very fertile, and produces wort.
torn and wine than the inhabitants con-
Aime. The territories of the bi(hop com-
prehend above 400 towns and yilla<^r!!, of
which he is fovereign, being one ot" the
giwf.telt ecclefialtic princes of the empire.
WuRTZBURO, a large fortified city
of Germany, one of the principal in Fran-
conia,' with a magnificeat palace, a uni-
verdty, an ariisnal, and a handfome hof-
pit-J. The cattle Itands on an eminence,
and communicates with the city by a itonc
bridge, on which are it ftatues, repre-
fenting as many faints. Wurtzburg was
taken, in July 1796, by the French, who
w»tre defeated here in September tbilowlngi
and the city retaken. It is feattd on the
Maine, 40 mites sw of Bamberg, and
300 NW of Vienna. Lon. 10 >3£, lat.
49 46 N.
Wycomb, Chifpino, or High Wy-
COMBt a populous borough in Bucking-
hamfliire, with a market on Friday, faid
to he one of the greateft for corn in this
pait of England. In 1744, a Roman
teflelated paventent was dil'covered in an
adjacent meadow ; and in its neighbour-
hood are many corn and fSaper-mills.
This town is governed by a mayor, and
fends two me.nbers to parliament. It is
ftated on the Wyck, i« rtrriei SSfe of
Ailefbufy, and 31 wnw of- Loitdbti-/
Lon.o 39lW) lat. 51 37 N.
WYC0MB,-.WE«!r> a village in Bueks,
two miles w of Chipping Wycomb. It
is noted for the beautiful villa of the''kit(^
Francis lord Le DeCpencer,- who, *at His
Ible expence, ^er65l«d the parifli thiitth,
onf a lufty eminence, on the fite of th^
oW church.
Wye, a town in Kent, wiih a market
oil Thurfday, fea;ed on the Stour, to
miles s of Canterbury, and 56 SE of
London. ''.lAin.' i 4 E, lat. 51 ion.
Wye, a rivirof S Wales, which iflu-
ing out of Flynlimmon Hill, very hear the
iburce of tne Severn, crofles the ne
corner of Radnor/hire, giving name to the
town of Rayadergowy, or, the fall of the
Wye, where it is precipitated in a ca-
taraft. Then flowing between this county
and Breckr.ockftiire: it croflTes Hereford-
ihire, and dividing the counties of Glou-
ceftcr and Monmouth, falls into the
mouth of the Severn, below Chepftow. The
romantic beauties of the Wye, which flows
in a deep bed, between lofty rocks clothed
with hanging woods, and here and there
crowned by ruined caltles, have employed
the delcriptive powers of the per and petjc i 1 .
WvK, a river in Derbyfhiie, whicli
rifts in the NW pan, above Buxton, ani
flowitig SE falls into the Dcrwent, below
BakcwLll.
Wyf, a populous town of SwifTerland,
in a territory of the abbey of Sit. Gallen,
.with a palace. It is built en an eminence,
16 miie» ssw of Conilaiicc. Lcn.9 4E,
lat. 47 34 N.
WvL. Ssee Wkil.
Wymondham, or Windham, a town
in >terfolk, with a market on Friiiay.
The ItecpU of the church is very high,
and on it was hung Ket; the relxl, in the
reign of Edward vi. It is nine miles
ssw of Norwich, and 100 nne of London.
Lon. I 6 E, lat. 51 36 n.-
Wynendale, a town o£ Auflrian
Flanders, where general Webb, in 1708,
with 6000 men only, defeated 14,000
French. It is eight miles ene of Dixmude,
Wyre, a river in Lancafhire, which
rifes near Wyrefdale, fix miles s|E of Lanr
calter, and pafTmg by Garltaiig, t^^ri
the Iriftx Sea, below Poulton. 1
■'/',
X
XACCA, or Sacca, a ieaport of SJ.!
cily, with an old caftle. ft is feate«i
on the s coaft of the ifland, at the foot 6t
a mountain, 20 m\les SE of Mazara, and
41 ssw of Patcrrfcid: !£,on. 13 i'E, lat'.
37 4iN> "^ ':f- • ■•'• :-.'-•
JCAdVA, a fcajidrt' on t^e s coaft of the
ifland of Cuba, ope of the fineftio Ame-
rica, 84\niles SE bf Havaniia. ^ Lon. ^
45W, 4at. aa 10 N. ,:,' ^ '
Xamsco, a town of New Spain, Hi
the' province of Guarfalajara Proper,
feated on the Pacific Ocean, 400 miles W
of Mexico. Lon, 1105 w, lat. aa 30 N^
Xativa, formerly a flourifhing town
of Spain, in Valencia. Having taken the
part of Charles ni, in 1707, Philip v ofr
^ dercd It to be demolifhed', and, inltead of
it, a new town to be built, called St.
Philip. It is feattd on the fide of a hill,
at the foot of which runs the Xucar, 3*
miles sw of Valencia, and 50 Kw of AU-
cant. Lcn.o 14 \v, lat. 39 4N.
Xavier, or Sabi, the capital of tJie
kingdom of Whidah, on the Slave Coaft
of Guinea, It is noted for its great
market, which is held at the diftance of
a mile from the walls. The market-place
is furrounded by luttlers' booths, whicl^
U u
II
ft '
!!i
. i
I
■ i
U
Y A R
»re only permitted to (c\\ certain forts of tween N and S Holland i and U pronounced
hieat, as beef, purk> and the ilelh of Ey.
goats and dogs. Here Haves of both
Icxes are bought and fold, as well as oxen,
iheep, dogs, hogs, fiih, and birds. Here
are to be found various commodities of
\Vhidau manutaiSlure, and every thing of
European, Afiatic, or African produ6Vion.
Xavier is featcd one mile fx'om the river
Euphrates.
Xavier, a town of Spain, in Navarre,
•'t4'<
Yadkin River. See Pkdee.
Yaik. See Ural.
Yaic Cossacks. SeellRALiANCo^
SACKS.
Yaitsk. See UitAtSK.
Yakutsk, one of the four provinces
of the Rufllan government of Iikutzk, in
the eaftern .part of Siberia.
Yakutsk, a town of Siberia, capital
nnttd as the birthplace of the celebrated of a KulTian province of the lun-te n
Komifh faint and miillonary of that name
It is 35 miles SE of Pampeluna.
Xavier, St. a town of S America, in
the province of La Plata, »oo . miles w
of Rio Janeiro. Lon. 50 6 w, lat. 94 o s.
Xeres-de-Baoajo^» a cotifiderable
town of Spain, in Eftramadura, and in
the territory of Tra-la-Guadiana, feated
on the rivulet Ardilla, 27 miles SE of
3adajoz. Lon. 6 32 w, lat. 38 9 n. ,
Xeres-de-Guadiana, a town of ing interfered by a number of canaU,
Spahl, in Aridaliifvii, feated on the Guadi- it nas 14 (tone bridges, each confifting of
feated on the river Lena. Lon. 1x9 53 e,
lat. 6z I N.
Yale, the capital of a province of the;
fame name, in the iiland of Ceylon.
YambOi a feaport of Arabia, with a
caftle, on the coalt of the Red Sea, 60
miles sw of Medina. Lon. 40 10 e» lat.
13 40 N.
Yanc-tcheov, a populous city of
China, in the province ot Kiang-nan. Be-
iina, 18 miles N of Ayainome
I5W, lat.37 3DN.\;.,j/
' X£Rfe's-DE-LA-FRONTERA, aconfider-
al>t(e tov<m of Spain, in Andalufia. It is
JTaAlous' rot- excellent wine j and hence, it
is thought, is derived the name of that
Lon. J feveral avches. It is 45 miles NE of Nan»
king.
Yano-tsi-kianc, a ^reat river of
China, which rifes in the province of
Yun-han, and having crofled Hou-quang
and Kiang-nant enters the Ealtem Ocean,
vre call SheiTy. It is called de la Fror.terat oppofite theiile of Tfong-miiiff, which ^
becaufe, wlien the Moors pofl'efled Cadiz, formed by the fand accumulated at its
it was the frontier of the Chriftians. It mouth.
is featcfl oij, the Guajialeta, five miles « Yar,b, a river ia NorfolJCj formed by
of Port St. I^Iary, and iios by ^^^ of the conftuence of< feveral A>^«?mjS ths^t rile
p^AHrid. Lon. ^ 59 vv^ lat., 3 6 42 n. in the heart (rf the county f It pafles by
XERES-DE-LA;FRO^f,TERA, a town o( Norwichj.^whepce it isiyivigftljk to Yar»
New Sjjain, iaj^e a^Uiei^e of Guadal^r^
jarl. ' ' X,oh . 1*64 a 5 w, fat. 2 z 3 5 N .
r9j»)»th, belffW which it faHs inl;<> the Ge;"-
man Ocean. It .is, noted for pl^Wy of ruffs.
fTa;'Kn^ in'the lenl'toryoi Segura, with a d^y. It is feated at the mouth of the
ftrong cafti . , It is iesu^cd among moun- Y^e> .^n^^^ of confideraWe confequenCe,
tairts, in a country that produces excellent both as. a port and fiflung town. %
wine, i 5 miles svv of Alicant. Lon. o means of its rivers, it enjoys the export
ioW, lat. 38 6 N. , and import trade of yaiious places in
• ' Xuc Ak, 'a river of Snain, wbich rifes Norfolk and Suffolk. Its harbour is ex-
^' l^evv Caftile, : in tl« SieiTa-de-Cuenza. tremely convenient for bufinefs, the veffels
'ft pafTes by Ciienza,' and entering the lying in the river, along a very extenfive
ji^vince of Vakncia, runs into the gulf and beautiful quay. Us f^areign trade is
df, Valencia, at the town of Culkra. chiefly to the Baltic, Hplland, Portugal,
^XtnJMOGROD.atownof TurkiftiCro- and the Mediterranean, It alio fends
nfla, 17 miles N of Sebenico, and 37 B of
Kzara. Lon. j6 51 e, lat. 40 ;i4 n.
Y,
an arm of the Zulf^er Zee, which
(hips to the Gre nland filhery. The
home filhing is carried on atHwo feafons j
that for mackerel in May and June, and
that for herrings in 06lober and Novem-
ber. The herrings are chiefly cured here
by falling, and then drying them in wood
Imoke J when, under the name of red
) enters that lea, five miles E of heirings, they are either coniumed at
Amfterdani. It forms the boundary be- home, or exported to fouthern counuics.
3 .
Y E L
V^rniemh U much frequented in the fea-
fon a« a place for fea-bathing. It is go-
vetned by 9 mayor, and lends two mem-
bers to parliament. The market-place
is very fpaclous j but the ftreets, in ^e-
ncralf are very narrow, and jull wide
enough tor their little carriages to pafs
through. Thel'e carriages are a kind of
(Icdee, drawn by one norfe, and calcu-
lated intirely tor thefe narrow ftreets.
Here are two churches: that of St. Ni-
cholas has a lofty (leeole, which ferves as
a feamarki anq whichever way it is
viewed, it appears crooked. Off the
mouth of the narbour is a bar, which
prevents the entry of /hips of laige bur-
den; and the many landbariks off the
coafi, at a diftance, form the Yarmouth
Roads, fo noted for frequent fliipWrecks.
Yarmouth is 27 miles E of Norwich, and
III NE of Loivlonr Lon. i 55 e, lat. 52
45 N.
YARMOUTk, a borough in Hampshire,
on the w coaft of the Ifle of Wight,
\y|th a ftrone caftle. It fends two mem-
hi^rs \ to parTiamejnt, and is fealed on a
creek, eight miles w of Newport, and
223;sw o,f London. Lon. i 18 w, lat.
50 4*0 N.
Yar'oslaf, a i^vemment of Ruflia,
formerly a province of the government of
Mofcow.
YaROSLAF, a town of Ruflia, capital
of a govemmeiit of the fame name. It
is feated at the confluence of the Volga
with the Kotorofl, 140 miles nb- of Mof-
cow. Lon. 38 59 E, lat. 57 35 N.
Yarum, a town in the N riding of
Yor^dhire, "yvith" a market on Thurlday.
It is feated on the Tees, over which is a
ftoi^e bridge, 46 miles nnw of York, and
a j8 > N by w of London. Lon. i izvf,
]at.i4 3it(.
^RLEYy a town in Huntingdonihire,
^4 iniles i4 of Huntingdo^, and 78 N by
W of London.
Yelu one of the Shetland Iflands, ts
the N of that called Maii^and. It is ix
miles long and eight broad, and has feve-
ral eood harbours.
Yellow River, or Hoang-ho, a
larg? fiver of Afia, which, after a courfe
of lieai'ly 600 leagues acrois Tartary and
China, enters the Eaftern Sea, to the N
of the nouth of the Yan-tfe-kiang. It
is very brond and rapid, but fo ftiallow,
that it is fcarcely navigable. It is called
the Yellow River, becaufe the clay and
fand which it wafhes down, efpecially in
time of rain, makes its water appear of
a yellow colour.
Yellow Sea, a gulf of China, be-
Y 0 R
tWMp the pro vi fees of Pe-tcheli and
Chang-tong on the w, and the peninfula
of Corea on the e.
Yemen, a province of Arabia Felix.
Sanaa is the capital.
Ye NIK ale, an important fortrefs of
the Crimea. See Kertsch.
Yenisei, or Jenisa, a river of Siberia,
which naming in»m s to N, enters the
Frozen Ocean, to the E of the bay of
Oby.
YEfiiiSEiSJC, or Jeniskoi, a large and
populous town of Siberia, in the province
of Toinflc, feated on the river Yenilci.
Lon. 91 35 E, lat. 57 46 N.
Yen-ping-fou, a city of China, in
the province of Fokien. It has in its
diftriA feven cities of the third clafs, and
is feated on the brow of a mountain, ac
the foot of which is the river Minho. It
is 175 miles s of Nan-king.
Yen-tcheou-fou, a city of China,
in the province of Chang-tong. Its dif-
trift contains four cities ot the fecond
and 23 of the third clafs ; and it is feated
between two rivers, 275 miles se"' of
Pekin.
YfiN-TCHiNC, a city of China, in tlie
province of Chang-tong and jurirdifliop
of Tf^nan•tbu. Here a kind of glafs is
made, fo delicate and brittle, tnat it
cracks when expofed to the linalleft inju-
ries of the air.
Yeovil, or Ivel, a corporate town
in Someri'etlhire, with a market on Friday.
Here is a manufacture of cloth, but. the
pi'incipal one is of gloves. It is feated
on the Ivel, 20 mites s of Wells, and
123 w by 8 of London. Lon. 2 37 w»
lat. 50 55 N.
Yesd, a town of Perfia, In Irac Agemi,
on the road from Kerman to Itpahan. |t
has a filk manufaAure} and here are
made the Hnelt carpets in thejkvorld. It
is 200 miles e'sb of li'pahan. Lon. 56
50 E, lat. 32 o N.
YoNNE, a department of France, con-
taining part of the late province of Bur-
gundy. It is fo called from a river that
riles in the department of Nievre, and
paifingby Chateau-Chinon, Clameci, Au-
xerre, Joigny, and Sens, falls into the
Seine. Auxerre is the capital,
YoRiMAN, a province of S America,
in Guiana, about 1 50 milts in length, on
the river Amazon. The native inha-
bitants are (trong, robult, and ad\ive,
and both fexes go naked.
York, an ancient city, the capital of
Yorkftiire, with an archbifliop's fee, and
a market on Tuel'day, Thurfday, and
Saturday, It is the Eboracura of the
U u X
I
i
i
)
Y O R
Y O R
Fomam, and many of thrir coffint, tirn«, cut, MaflTachuflets, and Vermont; on the
coins, ice, have hcin found here. It has n. by the 45® of lat. which divides it
always been confidered a« the capital of from Canada ; on the NW by the river
the North, ami, in point of rank* as the
fecoiid city in the kingdoiYii}' and, although
it is now Airpafied in wealth and jjopuloui-
nefs by many of the more modtin trading
towns, it ftill fupports a confiderable de-
gree of confequence, and is the refidence
of many genteel families. The cathedral
St. Lawrence, and the lakts cJntario and
Erie } and on the sw and s by PenniyU
vania rnd New Jerfey. It is 350 milct
long and 300 broad, and is divided into
13 counties. Ntw York, in general, is
interfered by ridges of mountains running
in a NE and sw direction. Bevond th«
of St. Peter, generally called the minfter, Allegany mountains, however, the coun-
is reckoned the moft elegant and magnifi- try is quite level, of a fine rich foil,
cent Gothic ftruAure in the kingilom, covered in its natural flate, with various
Lincoln perhaps excepted. Befide this kiuas of trees. Eaft of thelie mountains
cathedral, York contains but 1 7 churches it is broken into hills a,nd vallics : the
inufe; though, in the »tip;n of Henry v hills are thickly clothed with timber, and,
there were 44 yariih churches, 17 chapels, when cleared, atford fine palturc ; and the
and nine religious houfes. It is divided vallies produce wheat, hemp, flax, peas,
by the Oufe into two parts, which are gral's, oats, and Indian corn. Ot the
united by a ftone bridge of five arches, commodities pibduc'cd from culture, wheat
the centre one 81 feet wide ; dnd the river is the rtaple, of which immenfe quantities
is navigable to this city for veffels of 70 are railed and. exported. The beft lands
tons burden, although it is 60 miles from in this province, which lie along Mohawk
the lea. York is furrounded by a itrong River, nnd w of the Allegany mountains,
wall, through which are entrances by four are yet in a ftnte of nature, or jult begin-
gates and five pofterns} and it has a ring to be IctlK'd. This (late abounds
caftle, built by vVjlUam the Conqueror,
'^which was formerly a place of great
ftrength, but it is now a county prifon
for debtoj^ and felons. Without Boot-
ham bar ftood the magnificent abbey of
St. Mary, fome ruins of which remain,
and on the fite of part of it is the manor or
royal palace, built by Henry viii, where
feveral of our kings have lodged, though
it is now ncglefted. York is a city and
county of itfclf, governed by a loid-niayor,
and fends two mejnbers to parliatucnt : its
with Jcveral finfc rivers and bkes.
' York, New,*^ a city of the United
Statfij, capital of a ftate pf the flune
name. It is fituate on the sw point of an
iflnnd, at the confluence of Hudfon and
EaXt Rivers, and is four miles ir " -cum-
ferfcnce. Surrounded on all by
water, it is refrefhed by cool j in
fun^.mef , and the air itt winter is more tem-
perate than in other places under the fame
parallel. Yorkllland is 1 5 miles in length,
but hardly one in breadth »• and is joined
county includes Ainfty Liberty, in which to the mainland by a bridge tailed King's
are 35 villages and hamlets. The guild
hall, built in 1446, is a grand ftru^ture,
iupported by two rows of oak pillars,
each pillar, a fincle tree. The rorpora-
tion built a manlion-houfe, in 1728, for
the lord-mayor; and, among the modern
buildings, are a noble aflembly-houfe, de-
figned by the eai*l of Burlington, and an
elegant court-houfe, on the right of the
calTle; here is alfo a theatre-royal, and an
afylum for lunatics. York is 70 mijes s
by E of Durham, 89 e of Lancafter, and
198 N'byw of London, Lon.iiw,lat.
i3 59N.
York, a county of Pennfylvsnla, 64
miles long and 24 broad. In J790, it
contained 37,747 inhabitants. Its capital,
of the fame hame, is 15 miles sw of
Philadelphia. Lon. 76 43 w, lat. 39 7 N.
York, New, one of the United State?
of America, bounded on the SE by the
Atlantic Ocean) on the £ by Connefti-
Bridge. There is no balm br'bay for the
veception of (hipsj but the road wh^re
they lit, In Eaft River, is dtfcnded frdrt
the violence of the iea by Ibme llkhd-s
which interlock With' each other 5 lothat,
excepf that of Ithode lilahd, the harbour
of New York, which admits fliips of. any
burden, is the beft of the United States.
The tiumbp- of ir habitants, in 1786,
was 23,614. New York is 97 miles ne
of Philadelphia. Lcn. 74^ W, lat. 4o4;N.
York River, a liv^r of N America,
in Virginia, fbrned by the c'dnflilence
of the Pamunky and Mattapony, 30
miles above York Town, below which
place it enters Chefapeak Bay.
York Town, a town of the United
States, in Virginia, fituate on the 5 fide
of York River. It has the beft harbour
in the f^ate for veflTels of the largeft fue,
and is 1 5 miles E of Williamfburgh.
YuRK SHIRE, the largeft county in
■a-,.
YOU
Y V E
KngUnd, hounded on the N by Weft-
morlnnd, ana the bilhopric of Durhuni ;
>n the E by titc Grrman Oce.iti ; on the
s by Lincolnlhire, Nuttinghamniitc, mid
Derbylliiiej on the sw bv Chclhiit ;
on tht w by I.ancaftjiic ; and on the uw
by WcitiTioiland. It extends 90 miles
i'lom N to s, and 115 honi k to vv. It
is di-.ldcd into three ridit.i;*, i:tUed the
North, Eaft, and Welt; and lubdividcd
into 26 wapentakes, which contain one
cliy, 54. market- towns, and ^63 pariDirs.
It li«b in the dioccle of York (except
Kicliinoixifliire, whicli belongs to the
diocc-iie of Cheftcr) and fends 30 members
to parliament. The air -"nd foil 'of this
txtcufjvc county vary extremely. The g
riding is lets healthy than tne others;
but this inconvenience decre.Ues in pro-
portion as the county recedes from the
lea. On the hilly parts of this riding,
cipecially in what is called the York
Wolds, the foil is generally barren,
dry, and I'andy ; but great numbers of
lean Hieep are fold hence* and lent into
Other parts to be fattened. The w riding
enjoys a ftiarp but healthy air, and the
land on the weftern fide is hilly, ftony,
and not very fruitful i but the intermedi-
ate vallies confiit of much good arable
ground, and pafture for the largelt cattle.
It aifo produces iron, coal, jet, alum,
horfes, and goats. Here the clothing
manufa^ures principally flourifh. The
N riding, in general, exceeds the other
two in tlie faluL.lt; of the air. The
worlt parts breed lean cattle; but, on
the fides of the hills, in the vallies and
plains, it produces good corn, and rich
paftures for large cattle. Richmondfliire,
on the NW of this riding, was formerly a
coirnty of itfelf: here many lead mines
are worked to great advantage. In York-
shire likcwiie arc the dift'i'^ts of Cleve-
land, Holdernels, and Craven. In this
Jaft diitrift are two of the higlieft hills in
England ; the one named Warnfide, the
other Inglcborough. The princip". rivers
are the OuCe, Don, Derwent, CaKier,
Aire, Warf, Nidd, Urc, and Hull, all
which terminate in the Humbtr, which
falls into the German Ocean, between
Yorkfhire and Lincolnlbire.
Yo-TctiEOu-FOt;, a populous and
commercial city of China, in the province
of Hou-quang. Its diftricl contains one
city of the fecond, and lieven of the third
clafs J and it is feated on the Yang-tfe-
kiang, Z75 miles sw of Nan-king.
YoucHALL, a confiderable town of
Ireland, In the county of Cork. It is
iurrouoded by walisj has a very coinn^>
diout harbour, with a wdl-dcfcudrj
ynay, and lends two nicmbtrs to parlia-
nu nt. It has a manufacture of earthen
ware, and is Uated on the lide 0/ a iiiil,
at the mouth cf the river' Blickwater, iX
miles E by N of Cork. Lou. 7 4.5 w,
lat. 51 59 N.
YPRiis, a large city of Auftriau
Flanders, with a biftiup's fee. It has a
confiderable manutaii^ure of cloth and
Icrges i and every year in lent ilurc is a
wclMrequcnteJ fair. It was one of the
barrier towns belonging to tiie Dutch,
till 1781, when the emperor Jolcph 11
obliged them to withdraw their garrison.
It has been often taken and retaken; the
laft time by the French in 1794.. It is
leated on the river Yperlec, 1 1 miles w
of Courtray, 15NW of Lifle, and 130N
of J|aris. Lon. 2 4S u, lar. 50 51 n.
Yriex, St. a town of France, in the
depaitmcnt of Upper Viennc and lite
province of Limofin. It derives its name
trom a faint who built a monalteiy here,
and is feated on the river We, ao miies s
of Limoges.
YsENDiCK, a Itrong town of Dutch
Flanders, in tlie ifle of CalianJ, feated
on a branch of the river Schcid, called
Blic, eight miles E of Sluys, and 18 NW
of Ghent. Lon. 3 3S e, kt. 51 aoN,
YssEL. See ISSEL.
YssELBURG, a town of Dutch Gud-
derland, la miles E of Clcves, and ax
NE of Gueldrcs. Lon. 6 15 £, lat. ci
42 N.
YssKLMOND, an ifland of Holland,
fituatc between the Merwe on the N, and
another branch of the Made on the s.
It .has a town of the lame name, near
three miles w of Rotterdam.
YssELSTEi.N, a town of the United
Provinces, in Holland, with a caftle,
leatfd on the river Yssel, five miles sw
ot Utrecht. Lon. 5 5 e, lat.. 52 7 n.
YssENGEAUX, a town of France, in
the department of Upper Loire and late
province of Velay, 10 miles NE ®f Puy.
YtHAN. See ElTHAN.
Yucatan. SeeJucATAN.
Yuen- YANG- Fou, a city of Qilna,
in the province of Hou-quang. Its dif-
tria contains one city of the fecond, and .
iix of the third clafs. It is 300 miles w
oi Nan-king.
Yverdun, a ftrong and anc'ent ^o'vn
of Swiflerland, in the Pays de Vaud,
capital of a tiaillwlc of the fame name,
with a caftle. It Is feated at the head of
a lake of the fame name, on the rivers
Orbc and Tbicle, 30 miles sw uf Bun*
Lon. 6 50 E, lat. 46 ^on.
*" ' tf u J ' • ^
fi!
Z A B
Z A M
YvERDUN, Lake of. See Neu-
CHATEL.
YvETOT, a town of France, In the de-
partment of Lower Sem4 and late province
of Normandy, five miles NE of Caudebec.
Yi'MA, one of theBsihama Iflands, in
the \V Indies, lying to tne JJ of Cuba j
55 miles in length, and 17 in breadth.
YuMETO, one of the Bahama iflands,
in the W Indies, to the N of the ifle of
Yuma, lying under the tropic of Cancer.
It is 37 miles in length.
YvN, the largeft canal in China, called
alfo The Impfrial Canal. This tc-
lebrated canal, which extends from Canton
to Pekin, forms a communication between
the N and s provinces. The traffic upon
it is exceedinp-ly great, and it is, in va-
rious other rer^)e£ls, an objcft of wonder
and admiration to Europeans.
YuNO-piNG fox), a city of China,
in the province of Pe-tcheli. Its diftrift
contains one city of the fecond and five
of the third clafs ; and it is 87 miles E of
Pekin.
Yu-Ni^tj-FOU, a city of China, in
the province of ho-nan. Its diRrift con-
tains two cities of ti>e fecond and i z of
the third clafs. It is 175 miles Nw of
Nan-king.
YuN-NAN, one of the moft fertile and
opulent provinces in C'lina } bounded on
the N by Se-tcheuen aud Thibet, on the
E by Quang-fi and Koei-tcheou, on the s
hy the kingdoms of Laos and Tonquin,
and on the w by thofe of Burm.^h and
Pegu. Its gold, copper, and tin mines j
ih amber, rubies, Vapphires, agates,
pearls) marble, mulk, filk, elephants,
horfes, gums, medicinal phnts, and
linen, have procured it the higheft I'epu-
tation. Its commerce and riches are im-
naenfe.
" Yt;N-NAN-FOU, the capital of the
provmce of Yun-nan, in China, once
rjinarkable for its extent and the beauty
of its public buildings, all which have
b'-en deltroyed by the Tartars, in their
different invafions. Its diflri6l contains
four cities of the fecond and thiid clafs.
It is 430 miles nw of Canton.
Yvov, a town of France, in the dr-
^ttment of the Ardennes and late pro-
vince of Champagne, fcated on the Cher,
10 miles s of Sedan* Lon. 54E) lat.
49 3» N.
ZABSRN, a town bf bertkihy, in
the palatixatelsf H^ic fi^tii^ x smile*
w of Phillpiburg. Lon. 8 10 E, lat. 4,9
II N.
Zabola, a town of Tranfylvania, on
the confines v*' Moldavia, five miles sw
of Ncumark.
Zaburn, a town of France, in the de-
partment of the Lower Rhine and late
province of Alface. 15 miles N of Straf-
burg. Lon- 7 50 e, lac. 48 50 n.
Zacatecas, a city of New Spain, in
the audience of Guadalajanu It is l\tr>
rounded by very rich filver mines, and in
312 miles NE of Mexico.
Zafra, a town of Spain, in Fftrama-
di'.ra, with a caftle. It is feated at the
foot of a mountain, near the river Gua-
daxiera, 20 miles SW of Medina. Lon.
6 12 w, lat. 38 19N.
Zagatulla, a town of New Spain,
in the audience of Mexico, 200 miles sw
of that city, at the mouth of a river of
the fame name. Lon. 104 35 w, lat. 17
50 N.
Zagara, a famous mountain of Eu-
ropean Turkey, in Livadia, on the gulf
of Corinth, nea/ mount Pamaflu*, and
ahnoft always covered with fnow. It was
.ie ancient Helicon, from which ilTucd
the fountain Hippocrene, and was facred
to tlie Mufes, who had here a temple.
Zagrad, a ftrong and populous town
of Sclavonia, capital of a county of the
fame name, with a bifliop's fee. It is
feated on the Save, 25 miles NE of CarU
ftadt, and 137 sw of Buda. Lon. 15
41 E, lat. 46 20 N.
Zahara, a ftrong town of Spain, in
Andaluila, feated on a craggy rock, and
defended by a citadci. It is 47 miles
SE of Seville. Lon. 4 55 w, lat. 36
5aN.
Zahara, or the Desert, a vaft
country of Africa, bounded on the N by
Barbary, on the E by Fezzan ar 1 Ca(h-
na, on the s by Tombu^floo, and on th*
W by the Atlantic Ocean- The air is
very hct, but wholefome to the native"-.
The foil is generally fandy and barren,
infomuch that the caravans crofling it to
and from Negroland are often reduced to
great extremities. The inhabitants arc
wild and ignoiant. They have a numbep
of petty princes; and the Mahometan
religion is profefled thi'oughout the
country.
ZAIRE) a large river of Africa, which,
> tiling in the kingdom of Macoco, divides
the kingdoms of Leango and Congo, and
falls into the Atlantic Ocean, b^low
Ssgno.
Zamqra, 1 ftroBf;; and (^fid^iable
town of Spain) in Leon, with a~blflv6p>
"^ffVf
Z A N
2i A T
fte. In it» environs fine turcois ftones (hakes when trod upon, like a quagmire;
are found. It is feated on a hill, on the and a fpring, which throws out a great
river Douero, over which is a bridge of deal of bitumen, efpecially at the tin.e ot'
17 arches, 35 miles N of Salamanca, and an earthquake. This illand belongs to
150 NW of Madrid. Lon. 5 iSw, lat. the Venetians, who have conftantly a gOr-
41 41 N.
Zamora, a town of Peru, in the au-
dience of Quito* In its neighbourhood
are rich mines of gold, and it is feated
near the Andes, 230 miles s of Quito.
Lon. 75 55 w, lat. 56 s.
Zamora, a town of Algiers, in the
province of Conftantine, 250 miles w of
Hamamet. Lon. 6 25 e, lat. 36 20 n.
Zamoski, a Itrong town of Poland,
in Red Ruffia, now the Auftrian kingdom
of Lodomeria. It has a citadel, and is
37 miles NW of Lemburg. Lon. 23 26
E, lat. 50 52 N.
Zampango, a town of New Spain,
in the province of Mexico Proper, aff
miles N of Acapulco.
Zanfara, a kingdom of Negroland,
to the w of the kingdom cf Zegzeg. The
inhabitants are tall in ftature, ot a very
verriorrefidlng in the fortrefs; There are
about 50 vlfiagcs, but no other large
town than Zante, which is feated on the
E fide of the illand, and has a good har-
bour. It contains near 20,000 inl.abi-
tants ; and the houfes are low, on account
of the frequent earthquakes. The Eng-
lifli and Dutch have each a fa^ory a^d
conful here. Lon. 21 3E, lat< 37 53 N.
Zanzibar, an ifland of Africa, on
the coatt of Zanguebar, between the
iilands of Pembr> and Moniia, with the
title of a kingdom, tributary to Por-
tugal. 'It abounds in lugar canes and!
citrons, The inhabitants are Mahome-
tans. Lon. 38 25 E, lat. 60s.
Zara, nn ancient, (Irong, and coulr-
derable city of Venetian Dalmatia, ca-
pital of a county of ths fame name, with
an archbiihop's lee,a citadel,and a harbour*
black complexion, with broad faces, and It was formerly much more confiderablC;
IS
very
little
favage diipofitions. It
known to Europeans.
Zanguebar, a country on the E coaft
of Africa, between 3°N and i8*s lat.
It includes feveral petty kingdoms, in
which the Portuguefe have fettlements.
The inhabitants, except thofe converted
by the Portuguefe, are either Mahome-
tans or pagans, the latter much the more
numerous. The pjincipal teiritories are Simeon, brought from Judea, and
Mombaza, Lamo, Melinda, Quiola, Mo- in a ftrine, with a cryflal before it.
lan.bique, and Snftila. The Portuguefe
trade tor flaves, ivory, gold, oftrich fea-
thers, wax, and di-ugs. The prodU(?lion3
are mi^ch the fame as in other parts of
Africa between the tropics.
Zante, an ifland of the Mediterranean,
near the coaft of the Morea, 17 miles se
of the illand of Cephalonia. It is 24
<niles long and 1 2 broad, and very plea-
Ihnt and fertile. Its princioal riches con-
fills in currants, with which it abounds:
they are cultivated in a large plam, under
the f.ielter of mountains on the fhore,
xvhich rives the fun greater power tc
bring them to maturitty. Heye are alio
the finelt peaches in the world, each of
ivhich weighs eight or ten ounces : alio
excellent ^s and oil. In fhort, it would
be a perteft paradife if \«or-d. were not lo
dear, though this ifland was formerly full
of forcft*. The nati, 'S fpeak bo* .
Greek and Italian, though there are v«;r>
few Roman catholics among them; but
they have a bifliop « ■■ 'vdll as the Greeks.
In «»c pvx of this tflfand i« a pl&ce w^ich^ of Ratibor. Lon
i;i»4
the circumference of the walls bemg now
but two miles, and the iiUtabitants noC
above 6000. Neai' the church, which
the Greeks call St. Helia, are rwo fluted
Columns of the Corinthian order, fup-
pofed to liave been part of the temple of
Juno. There are Arte paintings in thei
churches, done by the beft matters ; and
they pretend to have the body crt St.
kept
Zara
is feated on a fmall peninfula, in the gulf
of Venice, 80 miles sw of Jaicza, :uid
I50SE of Venice. Lon. 16 6 e, kt. 44!
ZaRnat* e, a flrong town of European .
Turkey, in the Morea, feated' on 9Xk
eminence, 20 miles w of Mifitra.
Zarnaw, a town of Little PolaniJ, in
the palatinate of Sandomir, 63 miics N
of Gracow. Lof^. i^ 56K, lat. 51 13 R.
Zaslaw, a town of Poland, in Vol-
hinia, feated on the Horin, 15 miles s£
of Oftrog. Lon. i7 11 e, lat. 50 20 n.
Zatmar, a ftrong town of Uppef
Hungai-y, capital of a county, of the Jame
name. It is feated on a flnaU lake form-
ed by the river Samos, 50 miles £ by *
of Tockay, and 1 30 a »f Bud». Lon,
S3 34 E, ht. 47 50 a^
Zator, a town of Poland, in the pala.*
linate of Cra<:ow, and ca|>ital of a ftarofly
M' the fame name, NVith a Caftle. It is
leated oh an eminence, near th» i^iycr
Viltuia, io inilcs swof Cracow, and 50,88^
19 4* Ei lat. 49 54 N.
I
Z fi A . V
Zbara/,, a town of Polaml, in FoJo-
lia, 70 miles N by w of Kaminieck.
ZboroW, a town of Auftrian Poland,
in the palatinate of Lemburg. Here, in
1649, John Cafunir, kiiig of Poland,
with 20,000 men, wa^ attacked in hi»
camp by 110,000 Cofl'acks and Tartars,
tor three days fucceflively, but defended
bimfelf fo bravely, that the latter were
Z E A
found it to confift of two large iflands
leparated by a itrait four or five leagues
broad, to which he gave his own laine.
On the w fide of this ftrait is Qiiees
Charlotte's Sound, which was made a
principal place of rend zvous in his fub-
lequent voyages. Thefc iflands lie be-
tween lat. 34. and 48OS, and Ion. 166 and
i8o°E. Along the coalt many fmali
glad to content to terms of accommcdsi- iflands are formed, and it is indented by
tion. Zbmow is %$ miles w of Zbaraz, deep bays, affording excellent ftieltcr foe
and 52 E by s of Lemburg. Lon. 25 "
46*E, lat. 49 46 N.
Zealand, an ifland of Denmark, al-
moft of a round form, 700 milts m cir-
cumference, and the lurgett of the ilies
belonging to the king ot Denmark. It
lies at the cnrrancc of the Baltic, having
the Schaggerach Sea on the N, the Sound
on the E, the Baltic en the s, and the
Great Belt on the w. It is exceedingly
fertile ; pro(!ucing grain of all Ibrts, and
in great plenty, and abounding with
excellent pafture. It is particularly fa-
.rnous for its bree'l of horfcs. Copenhagen
Ihipping J and there are alfo feveral rivers
capable of receiving large veflels. Of
the two iflands, the fouthernmoft is for the
molt part mountainous and barren. As
far inland as the eye can reach, nothing
appears but mountains of ftupcndous
height, confifting of rocks that are totallv
naked, except where they are covered
with Ihow; but the land bordering on the
feacoalt is clothed thick with wood, almult
down to the water's edge. The northern-
molt illand has a much better appearance :
It is indeed not only hilly, but mountain-
ous ; yet even the hills and mountains are
is not only the capital of this ifland, but covered with wood, and every valley has a
of the whole kingdom
ZEALANb, one of the {t\tn United
Provinces of the Netherlands, bounded
\ on the N by the illes of Holland, on the
• E by Dutch Brabant, on the s by Dutch
. Flanders, and on the w and Nw by the
German Ocean. It is compofed of lev ;ral
iflands, the principal of which are Wal-
cheren, Schowen, N and S Bevcbnd,
Tolen, Diiyveland, ^nd Wolieridikc.
The inhabitants are at a great exptnce r©
* defend themlclvcs from the encroach-
ments of the fca, and in keeping up their
dikes. The rivtr Sclield forms the molt
of thefe iflands; and the Ibil of them is
fruittul, but tlie air unhealthy, elpccially
for flirangers. The principal towns are
• Middleburg and Fiufljing.
Zealand, Ntw, an ifland in the
rivulet of excellent water. The foil g:
thefe vallies, and the plains, of which there
are many overgrown with wood, is in ge-
neral light, but fertile. The winters are
milder than in England, and the Aimmers
not hotter, though more equally warm.
Thtre are forelts of vaft: extent, full of
the ftraightell and largeft timber, flt for
building of any kind- Wild celery, and
a kind of cieflTes, grow plentifully in al-
molt every cove. Yams, fwcet potatoes,
and cocoas, are railed by cultiva;iun.
Captain Coak, in 1773, planted feveral
fpors of ground with European garden
feeds J and, in 1777, in leveral of thefe
fpots, although totally neglefled and
overjun by weeds, were found cabbages,
onions, leeks, purilain, radilhes, niuflard,
iS:c, and a few fine potatoes, greatly ini-
Pacific Ocean, difcovered by Tafman, in proved by change of foil. In other places
1643. He travcrfed the e coaft fioiu lat. every thing had been rooted out to make
34t6*43®s, and enteral a (trait ; but be- room for temporary villages. The only
ing attacked by the natives, loon alter he quadrupeds are dogs a.nd rats : the former
came to an anchor, in the place to which aie domeltic, and tor food j and the latter
he gave the name of Murderers-Bay, he though not numerous, leem alfo to be
did not go on flaore. He called the eaten. The birds, like the vegetable
csuntry Staten Land, in iionour of the produ6tious, are almolt intircly peculiai'
States General, though it has been gene- to the counti-y. Captain Cook introduced
rally diftinguifhed in our maps by t!ie European poultry, and, on his laft viliti
name of New Zealand. From the time
of Tafmani the whole country, except
tlwit part of the coaft which was fcen by
him, remained altogether unknown, and
had the fatist'aclion to find them incrcafed,
both in a wild and dcmeftic ftate, beyond
all danger of being ever exterminated.
The men are (tout, well-made, and fleflw j
was by many fup^fed to make part of a but hone of them corpulent, like the m-
fouthern continent, ttU 1770, when it was habitants of Otaheite and the Society
circumnavigated by captain Cook, who IHes y and they arc exceedingly vigoious
((*
Z E A
Z E L
utd af^tve. The women, in general, are
(haaller than the men } but pofleifing few
peculiar graces of form or perfcr., and
chiefly diftingulfhed by the i'oftnefs of
their voices. The bodies of both ibxes
ai'c marked with black ftains, called
amoco, which is the fame as tattowing
at Otaheite. Their diet's confifts of an
oblong garment} about five feet long and
four broad ; they bring two corners of
it over dieir (boulders, and fallen it on the
brealt with the other parts, which covers
the body ; and about tlie belly it is again
tied with a girdle of mat. 'I hey orna-
ment their heads with feathers, pcarl-
Ihells, bones, ice. The women iome-
times wear necklaces of (Irarks teeth, or
bunches of long beads made of bones or
fliells. Their houfes are mifei-able lodg-
ing-places ; and their only furniture is a
few linall balkets, in which they put their
fiihing-hooks and other trifles. Their
food confilts chiefly of fifh ; and inftead
of bread, they eat the root of a kind \>f
tern, v.'hich they fcorch over the fire, and
then beat with a ftick till the bark. Or
dry outfide, falls oif. Belide their dogs,
they alfo contrive to kill birds ; and in
nioft parts of the northern illand, they
have I'weet potatoes, cocoas, and yams ;
but in the fouthern, nothing is raifed by
cultivation. Their cookery confifts wholly
in roafting a:ui baking, which latter is
performed in the iame manner as at Ota-
heite. The women eat in common with
the men, and their method of feeding
correfponds with the naltiiiefs of tlieir
perfons. From Cape Kidnappers, iiv
iat. 39 43, for upward of eighty leagues
to the northward, the people acknowle<i<'t*
one Ibvereign, called Teratu, and u r
him feveral ftibordinate chiefs, who pro
bably adminilter jultice, and to whom
great refpecl is paidj but whether his
authority be hereditary or delegated is
uncertain. This part of the coait is
much the molt populous ; tillage, weav-
ing, and the other arts of peace, being
here bcft known, and moil praclii'ed.
The canoes are more decorated, the plan-
tations m<jre numerous> and the clothes
and carving finer, than any where elfc.
In othei' parts, they are Scattered along
the coaft, in fingle familiei, or in larger
tribes, and each in a ftate of perpetual
hoftility. Fop inch contiftiial wars, and
the inhuman banquet that is the confc <
quence of victory, among a people In
other refpefts mild and gentle, perhaps
no better reafon ca»» be adigned, th:\n
that what at firit originated in necelTity,
hl»s been perpetuated by habits and ex*
afperated by revenge. Upon the whole*
there is little room to doubt that tlieie
people are canibals.
Zebu, or Cebu, one of the Philip-
pine lUands in the Indian Ocean, between
thofe of Leyte and Negro's. It is 14.0
miles long and 30 broad.
ZEGTfCy a kingdom of Negroland,
lying on the river Niger, by which it is
feparated, on the N, trom the empire of
Caflina. On the £ it is bounded by Zan.
fara, on the s by Benin, and or ^lie w
by unknown delerts. It confilts partly
pf plains and partly of mountains. The
latter are extremely cold, while the for-
mer are intolerably hot ; but abound with
water, and are exceedingly fruitful.
Zexghewheim, a town of Germany,
in the hndgravate of Heffe Caflel, 30
miles s of Callel. Lon. 9 19 £> Iat. 5a
S^ N.
Zeil, a town of Suabia, capital of a
county of the fame name, in the Algau,
between the county of Wurzach and Leut-
kircher Heath. It has a caitle, and is
feated on the Iktle river Altiach, 70 miles
miles s of Ulm.
Zeito n, a towfli of European Turkey,
in Janna, with a caitle and anarchbifhop's
fee, though a fmall place, and thin of
people. It is feated on a hill, by a gulf
of the fame name, near the river Eaylada,
50 miles SE of Lariifa.
Zeitz, a town of Upper Saxony, in
the duchy of Naumburg, with a caftle,
and a well- frequented college. It i%
leated on the Eltcr, 25 miles sw of Ltip-
fick, and 45 E of Erfurt. Lon. 12 8 £,
li'- 50 59 N.
Zei.l, a town of Lower Saxony, ca-
pital of a duchy of the fame nime,
whicli tU'volvid to the houfc of Hanover
by man
and
cheitaut :nd lime trees. It is r. fmall
town, witiiout trade 01 manufactures j but
the high courts of appeal loi all the terri-
tories of the ele^cral h ife of Brunf-
wick-Lunenbur- jrc held hcie, and the
inhabitants deri . thtir principal me;ins
of fubfifttnce trom this ciicumltance.
The calUe, a (lately building, luircunded
by a moat, v/as form, .y tlie refidente of
the dukes of Zdi od was repaired, by
order of the kin^ oi Great Britain, lor
the refidence of his unfortunate fitter, the
quren of Denmark, who died here. In
i7S7> the French reduced the fuburbs of
Zeil to allies, and even fet fire to the
the orphan hofpital, in which a great
number of hclpltfs children are laid to
have perilhed. Zeil is leated on the AUcTt
age. It is lurronrided uy ditches
iparts, on which ait; planted
i
J
r
2 1 A
2 N A
31 miles NW of Brunfwick, and 4.7 s by
W of Lunenburg. Lon. 10 ta £, lot. 52
Zell, an imperiul town ot Suabia,
stated on the Kintzig, *< n»iles s of
Aaden, and -52 wsw ot Scutgurd. Lon.
S 8e, tit. 48 21 N.
Zell> an imperial town of Suabia,
Icated on a lake of the fame name, other-
wife called the Zelier See, or lower lake of
ConfVance, 14 miles NW of Conftance. ,
Zell, a linall town of Germany, in
the ele6lerate of Ireves, feated on the
Mofelle, 33 miles NE of Treves.
Zbll-:n-the-Pinzgau, a town of
Germany, in the archbilhopric of Saltz-
bmg, feated on a lake, 37 miks sw of
Saltzbuiig. -
Zellin-Ziller-Thal, a town of
Gennaay, in tlie archbilhopric of Saitz-
burg, feated on die Ziller, 60 miles sw
4>f Saltzbnrg.
, Zellany. ^ee Jeso.
Zembla, Nova, a large ifland, in
the Northern Ocean, to the N of Ruflia,
i'rom which It is feparated by the fttait of
Waigate. It has no inhabitants, except
wild beafts, particularly white foxes, and
bears. In 1595, a Dutch veifel was caft
away on the coaft, and the crew were
obliged to winter here : they did not lee
the iun from the 4.th of 'November to the
beginning of February, and had great
difficulty to keep themf"lves from being
frozen to death.
Zemlin, or Zemplin, a town of
TJpper Hungary, capital of a county of
the lame name. It is leated on the river
Bodrcg, 25 miles ' : of Caflbvia, and
8 7 NE of Tockay. Lon. 11 35 E, lat.
4? 36 N. ij- » »;
Zerbi. See Gerbes.
:• Zerbst, a town of Upper Saxony, '.ii
tl w' principality of Anhalt, capital of a
diftrlfl of that name, with a caitle, where
the princes commonly rellde. The inha-
bitants are partly Lutherans and purtly
Calvinlfts, and are famous for buwing
good beer ; but it is remarkable that the
women are more concerned in brewing it
than the men. It is 27 miles N\v of
Wittcmberg. Lon. 12 I'jE, lat-szoN.
Zeriga, a town of Perlla, in Irac-
Arabia, feated in a nwnow plain, be-
tween mountains. It has pro<luccd feve-
raivcry famous Arabian horles.
ZiA, an ifland of the Archipcbgo, one
of the Cyclades, to the sw of Ncgro-
pont. It is t5 miles long and aight
broad, and wellcultivated. It abounds in
barley, wine, and filk ; alio a fine fort ot
Q'jik, whole fruit, called Villam, is the
beft trading commodity of the ifland, it
being ufed by diers and tanners. The
principal town, of the fame namt, is
leated jn an eminence, 30 miles from the
harbour, at the further end »t' a valley.
It refembies an amphitheatre, and con-
tains 2509 hoiUi^s, afl flat at the top.
It l>elortgs to the Turks, but moit of the
inhal>itants are Greeks, and have a biflion.
ZiBiT, a territory in Arabia Felix,
extending from the principaljty of Mecca
to that of Mocha, being bounded on the
E by the principality of Tehama, and on
the w by the Red Sea, The Turks were
formerly mafters of thi< country, but it
now belongs to an Arabian prince.
ZiBiT, a lai-ge trading town of Arabia
Felix, capital of a territoi^ of the fame
name. It is feated on the river Zibit,
150 miles NW of Aden.
ZiRiczEE, a ftrong town of the United
Provinces, in Zealand, and the principal
of the ifte of Schowen. It was the an-
cient rclidence of the coimts of Zealand,
and was then a place of much more con-
fecjuence, the port having been fmce filled,
with fand. It was taken by the Spaniard*
in 1576.. It is 12 miles NS of Middle-
burg, and 18 sw of firiel. Lqa. 4. to e,
lat. 51 36 N.
ZiTTAW, a fortified town ofOermany,
in Lufatia, fubjefl to the eltfttH: of Sax-
ony. Befide the fuburbs and handibmc
gardens that furround it on all fides, there
are a number of fine villages that depend
thereon. The principal bufmefs ot the
inhabitants is brewing beerj but there
are above 100 clothiers, and in the neigh-
bouring villages above iogo weavers. Its
merchants trade with thofe of Prague and
Leipfic, and extend their commerce a:{
far as Holland. The cathedral has three
organs, and two high fteeplcs. Near it
is a college, where the languages, draw-
ing, and other arts, are taught gratis.
Joining to the cloiiters is a librai'y, the
tineft in all Lufatia ; and at a fmall dif-
i.uice from it, is the orphan-houfe. Zittaw
being occupied by the Prulfians, in 1757,
was taken by the Auftrians, who pillaged
the town, and almolt intirely dertroyed
it, no.withftandihg the unfortunate inha-
bitants were the lubjeits of their ally,
the elector of Saxony. It is feated on the
Neiffe, 17 miles sw of Gorlitz, and 25
S£ of Drefden. Lon. I5 5 e, lat. 50 59 N.
Znaim, I ihong town of Gttrmany,
in Moravia, with art ancient cattle, in
which are a 1 eat many pagati antiquities.
It i3 leated on the river Teya, 24. miles
SW of Brnn, and 31 N of Vienna. Lon.
»6 40 5, liW..4j jlM. , .M.
r'. it
[The
P> is
the
\lky.
Con,
'top.
"the
UUx,
fecca
the
Hon
vere
|it it
bit,
jited
[ipai
an-
md,
:on.
filed,
irdi
Ue-
in o
^OAkA, a fortified town on the c daft:
of Barbary, with a good harbour> 60
miles w of Tripoli. Lon. 11 55 £, lat.
3»45N.
201-FXNGEN, an ancient town of Swif.
ferland, in the canton of Bern, with an
cUtgant church, and a public library,
containing feveral curious manufcripts.
The inhabitants, about zooo, have their
own magiftrates } and, what is peculiar,
their own courts of juftlee, both civil and
criminal, which decide in the laft re fort.
Without an appeal to Bern. It is feated
near a large rorreft, which contains the-
beft pine-trees in all Swiflerland, three
miles from Arburg. Lon. 7 6 E, lat.
4> 5 M.
ZoLNOCK, a town in Upper Hungary,
capital of a county of the fjime name. ,,
It was taken by the Turks in 1554, and'
retaken in 1685. It is feated on the
Teyfle, where the Sagelia falls into it,
61 miles NE of Colocza, and 62 e of
Buda. Lon. 20 50 £, lat. 4.7 ion.
ZoRNpoRP, a village of Germany, in
the new marche of Brandenburg,_«tie
mile N of Cuftiinr Here, In^t758, the
king of Piuflia, after a dreadful conflift,
totally defeated the Ruffians.
ZouT Pan, a curiuus fait ^ake in the
country of the Hottentcns, a few miles N
o'f Pttint Padron. It is a plain, much
above the level of the lea, and above
three miles in circumference. At fome
feafons it is foi-med into an intire mafs of
fine white ialt, which has a very ftriking
appearance.
ZuEELA, a town of the kingdom of
Fezzan, fituatc in a diftrift of remarkable
fertility, in which the remnants of ancient
buildings, the number and iize of the cif-
terns, and the confti-uiSlion of the vaulted
caves, intended perhaps as repofjtories of
corn, exhibit wonderful veltiges of anci-
ent fplendom-. It is 14.0 miles E of
Mourzook. Lon. 16 34. e, lat. 27 59 n.
ZuG, a fmall canton of Swiflerland,
bounded on the E and N by that of Zuric,
on the w by that of Lucern and the Free
Provinces, and on the s by that of
Schweitz. It is rich in pafturage j has
plenty of varisus kinds of ftone fruit, as
well as walnuts and cheftniits ; and its
wine is of a very add flavour. The in-
habitants are Koman catholics, and- re-
markable for their beauty, courtefy, and
holpitality; yet they arc held to be the
molt reftlcfs people In Swiflerland. The
government is democratic, and exceed-
ingly complicated. The fiiprenie power
r-cfides in the Inhabitants of the four dif-
tricls of Zifg, Bar, Egcri, and Nf cutzingen.
Z U R
ZuG, a confiderable town of Swliler*
land, capital of a canton of the Tame
name; feated on a beautiful lake, in a
fertile valley, abounding with com, paf-
ture, and wood. In 14-35, the ftreet
which was on the fide of the lake, was
fwallowed up, and therefore another was
built on an eminence. There are feveral
handfome churches, and a good town-
houfe. It is remarkable, that Ofwald^
a faxon king of Nonhumberland, in the
feventh century, is the tutelar faint of
this placi:. Zug is la miles NE of Lu-
cern, and 4z 61 of Badl. Lon. 8 16 £,
lat. 47 10 N.
Zuider-Zee, a great bay of the Ger-
man Ocean, which extends from s to N
in the United Provinces, between Fricf-
land, Overyifel, Guelderland, and Hol-
land.
ZuiLLiCHAW, a town of Sileiia, in
the province of Croffen, 16 miles me of
Cronen. Lon. 16 iz e, lat. 52 iz N.
Zu:.PHA, a town of Perfia, alraoft
CiciL- to Ifpahan, to which it is a fort of
fuburb, and ieparated from it by the
river Sanderou. It is peopled by a colonjr
of Armenians, who were brought into
Perfia by Shah Abbas. It is an arch-
bifhop's fee, and contains icveral churches
and monalteries.
ZuLPiCH, or ZuLCH, an ancient
town of Germany, in the duchy of Ju-
iiers, belonging to the archbifhop of
Cologne. It is feated on the NaOel, to
miles s of Juliers, and 10 w of Boniu
Lon. 6 40 £, lat. 50 4.6 n.
ZuRic, one of the 13 cantons of
Swiflerland, 50 miles long and 30 broad j
bounded on the N by the Rhine, 'whicfa
feparates it from the canton of Schaff^
haufen, on the 3 by that of Schweitr,
on the E by Thurgaw and the county of
Tockenburg, and on the w by the can-
ton of Zug and the Free Provinces. The
civil war between the inagKtrates and
people of Znric, in 1335, nearly reduced
that cky to ruins ; but the former being
baniflicd, the citizens, in 1337, eltablifhcd-
a new form of government. The exiles,
after feveral fruitlels attempts, were re-
admitted j but, engaging lu a confpiracy
againlt the citizens, were diicovered and
put to death. In conlequence of this, tlic
nobles In the neighbourhood took up ann»i
and Zuric, for proteftion, formed an
alliance with Lucern, Uri, Schweitz, ana
Underwalden, and was admitted a member
of their confederacy in 1351. The four
cantons yiiliAtd the pre eminence to Zu-
ric; a priviL'ge it ftill enjoys, being the
Biit cjnton iu rank, and the nvjft tunlKler-
!
-f^
It
Z U R
Z W I
able in extent both of territory and power
next to that of Bu-n. Thi6 canton, in,
1784, contained i74>57z louls, includ-
ing 10,500 in the capital. It abounds in
wme and excellent palture } but as there
is not a iiitticient fupplv of corn, fof in-
terior confuinption, the deficiency is chiefly
iuj^piied i)roM\ Suabia. The lovereign
power lefidcB exclulively in the burgelles
uf the town, confiUing of about 2000,^
which aie divided into 1 3 tribes. The
legiltativc. authority is velted by the
burghers in the fovereigh council of ao6
members drawn front the 13 tribes.
This council coniprifes the Senate, or
Little Council (con)polcd of 50 members,
including the two burgomalters) which
has a junfdiilion in all civil and criminal
cauli;s. The burghers, moreover, enjoy
the Ible right of commerce ; all Itrangers,
and even lubjc^s, being excluded troni
purchafmg wrought manufaftures in any
part of the canton.
ZuRic, an cncient, large, and popu-
lous city of Swiflerland, ca^ntal ot a
canton of the lame name. It Itands at
the N end of the lake of Zuric, and occu-
pies both fidts of the rapid and tranl'pa-
rent Limmat, which iiiies from that lake,
and divides the town into two unequal
parts, which communicate by three
bridges. It was formerly an imperial
city, and is one of the belt built in this
country, but the llreets are narrow, and
the houfcs high. The cathedral was
founded, by Charlemagne, and is adorned
with a itatue ot that emperor. Zuric
was the hrlt town in Swiflerland that
leparated trom the church of Rome, be-
ing converted by the arguments of Zuin-
glius. The two divilions of Zuric are
called the Old Town and the Suburbs.
The former is iurrounded by the lame
anclnit battlements and towers that
exittcd in the 13th century: the latter
aie Itrengthencd by fortifications in the
niodern Ityle. The arlitnal is well lup-
plied with cannon and ammunition, and
contains mukjuets fdr 30,000 men.
Among the charitable toundations are an
orphan- houle; an holpital ior the lick of
all nations, which ul'ually contains above
600 patients J and the Allmolen-Amt,
01 foundation for the pioor, which puts
out children as apprentices, and dittri-
butes money, clothes, and books of de-
votion, to poor perlbns, not of the town
onlv, but of the eanton, to the amount
©f upward of 5000!. a year. Here are
levtral nianufailures j particularly uiul-
lins, cottons, linens, and filk handker-
chiefs. Zuric is 35 miles $w of Con-
ftsnee, 40 8£ of Bade, and 55 NE-of
Bern. Lon. i 30 e, lat. 47 zo n.
ZuRiC) a lake of Swiflferland, near
Id leagues in length, and on^ in breadth.
It is of an oblong form, and the borders
are ftudded thickly with villages and
towns. The adjacent country is finely
cultivated and well peopled ) and the s
part of the lake appears bounded by the
ftupendous high mountains of Schweitz
and Glarus : the fcenery Is pidurelque,
lively, and diverfified. The river Lim-
nfiat runs througl} the whole length of
this lake to the city of Zuric.
ZuRiTA, a town of Spain, in Old
Cailiile, with an old caltlc. It is feated.
oli the Tajo, very near Toledo. Lon. 3
17 w, lat. 39 saN.
ZuRZACH, an ancient town of Swif-
ferland,. in the county. of Baden, remark-
able for two fairs much frequented by the
merchants of Germany and France. It
is feated on the Rhine, juft: above the
juni5lion of the Aar with that river.
ZuTPHEN, a county of the United
Provinces, in Guelderland } bounded on
the N by the Yffel, which feparates it
from Velaw, on the w by OverylTel, on
the E by the bifhopric ot Munfter, and
on the s by the duchy of Cleves.
ZUTPHiN, a Itrong and confiderable
town of Dutch Guelderland, capital of a'
county of. the fame name. It was taken,
in 167a, by the French, who reftored it
in 1674. It is' feated at the confluence
of the Berkel and YfTel, nine miles s by
E ofDerventcr,and 5'^ E by s of Amtter-
dam. Lon. 60 E, lat. 52 10 N.
ZuTZ, a town of Swiflerland, in the
country of the Grifons. Though not the
laigeft, it is the principal place of the
di(tri6l of Upper Engadina, becaufe it
contains the criminal court of juftice.
ZuvsT, a village o-f the United Pro-
vince, five miles from Utrecht. It abounds
in plantations and fliady walks, and is
greatly ornamented by the fpacious build-
ing which count Zinzendorf appropriated
to the fraternity of Herrenhuters or Mo-
ravians. The brethren are employed in
various kinds of manufafture; and as
many of them have been either educated in
, England, or have worked there, their
workmanlhip far exceeds that of any other
part of Holland ; but the articles are pro-
portionably dearer. Zuyft is much fre-
quented, in the fummer months, by a
iubftantial clals of Dutch merchants (par-
ticularly from Aniftcrdam) who have no
countiy feats of their own.
ZwiCKOW, a town of Upper Saxony,
in Milhia, formerly unperisil, but now
z.w o
iin'iofi
Z Y T
fubJeSl to the eleftof of Szxottf. The Au^ftine convent, in which Thomat
place where the inhabitants are buried it Kenipia lived 71 years, and died in
w Voigtlandj and therefore it is com-. 147»' It was fprmerljr an imperial and
munly laid, that they are Mifnians while hanfeatic town, and is I'eated on an emi-
alive, (but Voigtlandert after they are nonce, on the rivers Aa and Yflel, fire
dead.- Zwiekow is feated on the MvU . milessof HalTelt, and eight sB of Campen.
daw, 15 miles 5 of Altenburg, and ><> Lon, 6 10 e, lat. jx 33 N.
NE of Plawen.. Lon> s» 2$ fi» lat> 50 . Zyqeth, a ftrong town of Lower
45 N. Hungary, capital of a county of the
ZwiNO^ENBURCailsoWti of Germany, in lam« name, with a citadel. It was be-
the landgravatr of Heffc Darmftadt, eight fieged, in 1566, by Solyman 11, emperor
miles »of Darmftadty and t».N of Worms, of the Turks, and taken three days after
ZWOLl, a <onMerable town; of the his de^th^ but was afterward retaken by
United Prozindes, In Overyflel, and in the Au (Mans. It is feated in a morafs,
the diftrid of Zailant. ; It is defended by inade by the river Alma, 50 miles nw
ibme fortifications ; and the canal, which of Efllck. L,on. 18 58 E, lat. 46 1 7 n.
begins near thU plase, .and extend^ t? , Zytomierz, a town of. Poland, in
the river Yffel, is defended by fevex-al Volhinia, feated on the river Ciecirief, 7*
forts. Near it is the mduntain of St, miles w of K.ipf, .and lao E of Lucko.
Agnes, where there *rat fornierly ih Lon.ay aa e, lat..' 50 35 n. ,
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